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Tripathi M, Sharma A, Sinharay S, Raichur AM. Effect of PVP Molecular Weights on the Synthesis of Ultrasmall Cus Nanoflakes: Synthesis, Properties, and Potential Application for Phototheranostics. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2024; 7:1671-1681. [PMID: 38447193 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c01123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Copper sulfide nanoparticles (CuS) hold tremendous potential for applications in photothermal therapy (PTT) and photoacoustic imaging (PAI). However, the conventional chemical coprecipitation method often leads to particle agglomeration issues. To overcome this challenge, we utilized polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a stabilizing agent, resulting in the synthesis of small PVP-CuS nanoparticles named PC10, PCK30, and PC40. Our study aimed to investigate how different molecular weights of PVP influence the nanoparticles' crystalline characteristics and essential properties, especially their photoacoustic and photothermal responses. While prior research on PVP-assisted CuS nanoparticles has been conducted, our study delves deeper into this area, providing insights into optical properties. Remarkably, all synthesized nanoparticles exhibited a crystalline structure, were smaller than 10 nm, and featured an absorbance peak at 1020 nm, indicating their robust photoacoustic and photothermal capabilities. Among these nanoparticles, PC10 emerged as the standout performer, displaying superior photoacoustic properties. Our photothermal experiments demonstrated significant temperature increases in all cases, with PC10 achieving an impressive efficiency of 51%. Moreover, cytotoxicity assays revealed the nanoparticles' compatibility with cells, coupled with an enhanced incidence of apoptosis compared to necrosis. These findings underscore the promising potential of PVP-stabilized CuS nanoparticles for advanced cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavi Tripathi
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Ananya Sharma
- Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Sanhita Sinharay
- Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Ashok M Raichur
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
- College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa
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Ajisafe VA, Raichur AM. Snail Mucus-Enhanced Adhesion of Human Chondrocytes on 3D Porous Agarose Scaffolds. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:11324-11335. [PMID: 38406881 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c19557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
This study reports the preparation of a novel porous 3D scaffold from agarose-snail mucus (AGSMu) for cartilage tissue repair applications. AG is reported for its unique thermal and mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, making it suitable for biomedical applications. Still, it lacks the cell adhesion properties required for tissue engineering applications. SMu is a complex substance identified to contain glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and other bioactive molecules that promote wound healing and reduce cartilage deterioration and inflammation. Hence, porous 3D blend scaffolds containing AG and SMu were prepared by the freeze-drying method, characterized, and investigated for bioactive effects on human chondrocyte (C28/I2) cells. The scaffolds had a microporous structure with an average pore size of 245 μm. FTIR spectroscopy showed that SMu was successfully incorporated into the scaffolds. The SMu increased the mechanical strength of the composite scaffolds by more than 80% compared to the pristine AG scaffold. The scaffolds were found to be biocompatible with tunable degradation. The human chondrocyte cells attached and proliferated well on the 3D scaffolds in a few days, demonstrating a marked improvement in adhesion due to the presence of SMu. Enhanced cell adhesion and mechanical properties of 3D porous AG scaffolds could make them suitable for articular cartilage repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A Ajisafe
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Ashok M Raichur
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
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Kurungottu P, Thomas MB, Lalitha MM, Ganesh P, Gnanadhas DP, Chakravortty D, Raichur AM, Kurapati R. Biodegradable Nanocomposite of ZnS(Mn) Quantum Dots Immobilized Graphene Oxide for Bioimaging Applications. Nanotheranostics 2024; 8:150-162. [PMID: 38328615 PMCID: PMC10845254 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.87536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Developing a biocompatible and biodegradable graphene-based fluorescent nanoprobe with the ability to visualize live cells could be interesting for intracellular imaging and monitoring the efficiency of chemotherapy. Herein, we report a biodegradable and biocompatible hybrid fluorescent graphene oxide (GO)-ZnS(Mn) composite synthesized via in situ growth of ZnS(Mn) quantum dots (QDs) on the surface of GO in the aqueous medium. The prepared 'GO-ZnS(Mn)' composite was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) along with selected area electron diffraction (SAED). Further, the fluorescence properties of the GO-ZnS(Mn) composite were studied using fluorescence emission spectroscopy. The composite material exhibited a strong and broad visible light fluorescence from 500 to 600 nm by excitation with 365 nm (UV) light. The cytotoxic experiments of folic acid (FA) conjugated GO-ZnS(Mn) using MTT [(3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide)] assay revealed that the composite had excellent biocompatibility even at higher concentrations up to 200 µg/mL in HeLa cell lines. Next, the bioimaging experiments carried out using confocal fluorescence laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) revealed that GO-ZnS(Mn) composite was taken up by the HeLa cells effectively within 12 h of incubation via receptor (folate) mediated endocytosis with strong fluorescence throughout the cell surface. Finally, the biodegradability of GO-ZnS(Mn) composite was studied by treating it with human myeloperoxidase enzyme (hMPO) isolated from the primary immune cells, neutrophils, which is important to understand the in vivo fate of GO-Zns(Mn). The HR-TEM and Raman analyses confirmed the biodegradation of GO-ZnS(Mn) within 15 h of hMPO treatment. Thus, the biodegradable GO-ZnS (Mn) composite could be helpful for chemotherapy and bioimaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavithra Kurungottu
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Midhun Ben Thomas
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Mahesh M Lalitha
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Prathiksha Ganesh
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Divya Prakash Gnanadhas
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu., India
| | - Dipshika Chakravortty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Ashok M Raichur
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Rajendra Kurapati
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, India
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Tadge T, Garje S, Saxena V, Raichur AM. Application of Shape Memory and Self-Healable Polymers/Composites in the Biomedical Field: A Review. ACS Omega 2023; 8:32294-32310. [PMID: 37720748 PMCID: PMC10500588 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Shape memory-assisted self-healing polymers have drawn attention over the past few years owing to their interdisciplinary and wide range of applications. Self-healing and shape memory are two approaches used to improve the applicability of polymers in the biomedical field. Combining both these approaches in a polymer composite opens new possibilities for its use in biomedical applications, such as the "close then heal" concept, which uses the shape memory capabilities of polymers to bring injured sections together to promote autonomous healing. This review focuses on using shape memory-assisted self-healing approaches along with their respective affecting factors for biomedical applications such as tissue engineering, drug delivery, biomaterial-inks, and 4D printed scaffolds, soft actuators, wearable electronics, etc. In addition, quantification of self-healing and shape memory efficiency is also discussed. The challenges and prospects of these polymers for biomedical applications have been summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Varun Saxena
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Ashok M. Raichur
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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Abstract
This study reports the novel use of Achatina fulica (A. fulica) mucus as a potential therapeutic repair agent in osteoarthritis and cartilage tissue repair in vitro. Snail mucus was isolated, sterilized, and characterized using FTIR, XPS, rheology, and LC-MS/MS. The GAGs, sugar, phenol, and protein contents were estimated using standard assays. The LC-MS/MS identified 6-gingerol and some other small molecules. The effects of the sterilized mucus were studied on human chondrocytes using the C28/I2 cell as a model for the in vitro assays. The MTT assay indicates that mucus extracted from the pedal of A. fulica is biocompatible with the cells up to a concentration of 50 μg/mL. The mucus promoted cell migration and proliferation and completely closed the wound within 72 h, as indicated in the in vitro scratch assay. In addition, the snail mucus reduced apoptosis significantly (p < 0.05) in the treated cells by 74.6%. It preserved the cytoskeletal integrity of the C28/I2 cells, attributed mainly to GAGs and 6-gingerol content of the mucus. In conclusion, this present study suggests that GAGs and 6-gingerol conferred wound-healing and antiapoptotic properties on the mucus secretion from A. fulica and can be explored for therapeutic repair and cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A Ajisafe
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Ashok M Raichur
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
- College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa
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Ciobanu RC, Damian RF, Schreiner CM, Aradoaei M, Sover A, Raichur AM. Simulation of Dielectric Properties of Nanocomposites with Non-Uniform Filler Distribution. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15071636. [PMID: 37050250 PMCID: PMC10096867 DOI: 10.3390/polym15071636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dielectric properties for nanocomposites with metallic fillers inside a polymer matrix were determined using CST STUDIO SUITE—Electromagnetic field simulation software followed by the free-space Nicolson–Ross–Weir procedure. The structure is randomly generated to simulate the intrinsic non-uniformity of real nanomaterials. Cubic insertions were equated to corresponding spherical particles in order to provide either the same volume index or the same exterior surface index. The energy concentration around the inserts and within the entire material was determined as useful information in practice in order to design materials tailored to avoid exceeding the field/temperature limit values. The paper successfully associated the dialectic measurements with the results from the computer simulations, which are mainly based on energetic effects in electromagnetic applications. The experimental results are comparable with the software simulation in terms of precision. The conclusions outline the practical applications of the method for both electromagnetic shielding and microwave domain/telecommunications applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romeo C. Ciobanu
- Department of Electrical Measurements and Materials, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University, 700050 Iasi, Romania
- All Green SRL, 700029 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Radu F. Damian
- Department of Electrical Measurements and Materials, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University, 700050 Iasi, Romania
| | - Cristina M. Schreiner
- Department of Electrical Measurements and Materials, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University, 700050 Iasi, Romania
- All Green SRL, 700029 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mihaela Aradoaei
- Department of Electrical Measurements and Materials, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University, 700050 Iasi, Romania
- All Green SRL, 700029 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alexandru Sover
- Department of Technology, Technical Faculty, Ansbach University of Applied Sciences, 91522 Ansbach, Germany
| | - Ashok M. Raichur
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
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Shwetha HJ, Arathi BP, Beto Mukherjee M, Ambedkar R, Shivaprasad S, Raichur AM, Lakshminarayana R. Zein-Alginate-Phosphatidylcholine Nanocomplex Efficiently Delivers Lycopene and Lutein over Dietary-Derived Carotenoid Mixed Micelles in Caco-2 Cells. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:15474-15486. [PMID: 36456189 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the potency of zein-alginate-phosphatidylcholine nanoparticles (NPs) on bioaccessibility/intestinal uptake of encapsulated lycopene (LY) and lutein (LT) versus dietary absorption using simulated digestion and human intestinal Caco-2 cells. LY-zein-alginate-PC (LYZAP) and LT-zein-alginate-PC (LTZAP) NPs yield desired properties, which exhibit sustained release and are suitable for oral administration. Interestingly, co-treatment of LYZAP + LTZAP showed better release of carotenoids instead of individual treatment at intestinal pH. Bioaccessibility, cellular uptake, and basolateral secretion of LY and LT from NPs were significantly enhanced than micellar carotenoids (dietary mode of absorption). The increased absorption of carotenoids from NPs correlated with triglyceride levels. The intestinal cell uptake of carotenoids by nanoencapsulation may be due to endocytosis, paracellular, and SRB-1 protein-mediated transport. Overall, LYZAP and LTZAP NPs possess superior properties to control the release and cellular uptake of unique or distinct carotenoids. The inclusion of alginate and phosphatidylcholine in zein-based nanoencapsulation could be a promising strategy to improve carotenoid bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hulikere Jagdish Shwetha
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Bangalore University, Jnana Bharathi Campus, Bengaluru560 056, India
| | | | - Mousumi Beto Mukherjee
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru560 012, India
| | - Rudrappa Ambedkar
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Bangalore University, Jnana Bharathi Campus, Bengaluru560 056, India
| | - Shilpa Shivaprasad
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Bangalore University, Jnana Bharathi Campus, Bengaluru560 056, India
| | - Ashok M Raichur
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru560 012, India
| | - Rangaswamy Lakshminarayana
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Bangalore University, Jnana Bharathi Campus, Bengaluru560 056, India
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8
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Lokesh KN, Raichur AM. Bioactive nutraceutical ligands and their efficiency to chelate elemental iron of varying dynamic oxidation states to mitigate associated clinical conditions. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:517-543. [PMID: 35943179 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2106936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The natural bioactive or nutraceuticals exhibit several health benefits, including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, metal chelation, antiviral, and antimicrobial activity. The inherent limitation of nutraceuticals or bioactive ligand(s) in terms of poor pharmacokinetic and other physicochemical properties affects their overall therapeutic efficiency. The excess of iron in the physiological compartments and its varying dynamic oxidation state [Fe(II) and Fe(III)] precipitates various clinical conditions such as non-transferrin bound iron (NTBI), labile iron pool (LIP), ferroptosis, cancer, etc. Though several natural bioactive ligands are proposed to chelate iron, the efficiency of bioactive ligands is limited due to poor bioavailability, denticity, and other related physicochemical properties. The present review provides insight into the relevance of studying the dynamic oxidation state of iron(II) and iron(III) in the physiological compartments and its clinical significance for selecting diagnostics and therapeutic regimes. We suggested a three-pronged approach, i.e., diagnosis, selection of therapeutic regime (natural bioactive), and integration of novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) or nanotechnology-based principles. This systematic approach improves the overall therapeutic efficiency of natural iron chelators to manage iron overload-related clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Lokesh
- Department of Biotechnology, Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Ashok M Raichur
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Sahu M, Narasimhan L, Raichur AM, Sover A, Ciobanu RC, Lucanu N, Aradoaei M. Improving Fracture Toughness of Tetrafunctional Epoxy with Functionalized 2D Molybdenum Disulfide Nanosheets. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:4440. [PMID: 34960991 PMCID: PMC8708359 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, improved fracture toughness of tetra-functional epoxy polymer was obtained using two-dimensional (2H polytype) molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nano-platelets as a filler. Simultaneous in-situ exfoliation and functionalization of MoS2 were achieved in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) via sonication. The aim was to improve the dispersion of MoS2 nanoplatelets in epoxy and enhance the interfacial interaction between nanoplatelets and epoxy matrix. Epoxy nanocomposites with CTAB functionalized MoS2 (f-MoS2) nanoplatelets, ranging in content from 0.1 wt% up to 1 wt%, were fabricated. Modified MoS2 improved the fracture properties (81%) of tetrafunctional epoxy nanocomposites. The flexural strength and compressive strength improved by 64% and 47%, respectively, with 0.25 wt% loading of f-MoS2 nanoplatelets compared to neat epoxy. The addition of f-MoS2 nanoplatelets enhanced the thermomechanical properties of epoxy. This work demonstrated the potential of organically modified MoS2 nanoplatelets for improving the fracture and thermal behavior of tetrafunctional epoxy nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Sahu
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India; (M.S.); (L.N.)
| | - Lakshmi Narasimhan
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India; (M.S.); (L.N.)
| | - Ashok M. Raichur
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India; (M.S.); (L.N.)
| | - Alexandru Sover
- Department of Technology, Technical Faculty, Ansbach University of Applied Sciences, 91522 Ansbach, Germany;
| | - Romeo C. Ciobanu
- Department of Electrical Measurements and Materials, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Technical University Gh. Asachi Iasi, 700050 Iasi, Romania; (R.C.C.); (N.L.); (M.A.)
| | - Nicolae Lucanu
- Department of Electrical Measurements and Materials, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Technical University Gh. Asachi Iasi, 700050 Iasi, Romania; (R.C.C.); (N.L.); (M.A.)
| | - Mihaela Aradoaei
- Department of Electrical Measurements and Materials, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Technical University Gh. Asachi Iasi, 700050 Iasi, Romania; (R.C.C.); (N.L.); (M.A.)
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Sover A, Ermolai V, Raichur AM, Ciobanu R, Aradoaei M, Lucanu N. Feasibility of Producing Core-Shell Filaments through Fused Filament Fabrication. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13234253. [PMID: 34883756 PMCID: PMC8659984 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fused filament fabrication is a technology of additive manufacturing that uses molten thermoplastics for building parts. Due to the convenient shape of the raw material, a simple filament, the market offers a great variety of materials from simple to blends of compatible materials. However, finding a material with the desired properties can be difficult. Making it in-house or using a material manufacturer can be costly and time-consuming, especially when the optimum blend ratios are unknown or new design perspectives are tested. This paper presents an accessible method of producing core-shell filaments using material extrusion 3D printing. The printed filaments are characterised by a polycarbonate (PC) core and acryl butadiene styrene (ABS) shell with three material ratios. Their performance was investigated through printed samples. Additionally, the material mixing degree was studied by varying the extrusion temperature, nozzle feeding geometry, and layer thickness. The influence of all four factors was evaluated using a graphical representation of the main effects. The results showed that a core-shell filament can be processed using a 3D printer with a dual extrusion configuration and that the mechanical properties of the samples can be improved by varying the PC-ABS ratio. This research provides an accessible method for developing new hybrid filaments with a predesigned structure using a 3D printer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Sover
- Department of Technology, Technical Faculty, Ansbach University of Applied Sciences, 91522 Ansbach, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (V.E.)
| | - Vasile Ermolai
- Department of Technology, Technical Faculty, Ansbach University of Applied Sciences, 91522 Ansbach, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (V.E.)
| | - Ashok M. Raichur
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India;
| | - Romeo Ciobanu
- Department of Electrical Measurements and Electrotechnical Materials, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University, 700050 Iasi, Romania; (R.C.); (M.A.); (N.L.)
| | - Mihaela Aradoaei
- Department of Electrical Measurements and Electrotechnical Materials, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University, 700050 Iasi, Romania; (R.C.); (M.A.); (N.L.)
| | - Nicolae Lucanu
- Department of Electrical Measurements and Electrotechnical Materials, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University, 700050 Iasi, Romania; (R.C.); (M.A.); (N.L.)
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Parvathy PA, Ayobami AV, Raichur AM, Sahoo SK. Methacrylated alkali lignin grafted P(Nipam-Co-AAc) copolymeric hydrogels: Tuning the mechanical and stimuli-responsive properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 192:180-196. [PMID: 34619273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The current study reports the preparation of lignin grafted temperature and pH responsive hydrogels through copolymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide, acrylic acid and varying amount of lignin methacrylate (LMA = 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg) as crosslinker adopting radical polymerization technique. Functional group and structural characterizations were carried out to confirm hydrogels synthesis and their network structure. The variation in pore size on addition of lignin revealed the tuning of pores as well as swelling capacity of the hydrogels by suitable amount of LMA. All LMA grafted hydrogels showed temperature responsive behavior and pH dependent sensitivity in swelling, with reduced equilibrium swelling capacity values compared to sample without lignin. In alkali medium at room temperature, the maximum swelling capacity with 48% higher retention was noticed, while a significant reduction in swelling was observed at 40 °C in all media. The addition of lignin still preserved the tensile strength up to 100 kPa and compressive load bearing ability up to 30 kPa in freeze dried state with adequate interfacial stress transfer. An increase in lignin concentration showed enhanced storage modulus (~two-fold increase), adequate loss modulus values and improved cell viability, which paves the way for possible biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Parvathy
- Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (ACSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ajisafe V Ayobami
- Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology lab, Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India
| | - Ashok M Raichur
- Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology lab, Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India
| | - Sushanta K Sahoo
- Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (ACSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Jain A, Prajapati SK, Tripathi M, Raichur AM, Kanwar JR. Exploring the room for repurposed hydroxychloroquine to impede COVID-19: toxicities and multipronged combination approaches with pharmaceutical insights. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2021; 14:715-734. [PMID: 33769888 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2021.1909473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 has fatally affected the whole world with millions of deaths. Amidst the dilemma of a breakthrough in vaccine development, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) was looked upon as a prospective repurposed candidate. It has confronted numerous controversies in the past few months as a chemoprophylactic and treatment option for COVID-19. Recently, it has been withdrawn by the World Health Organization for its use in an ongoing pandemic. However, its benefit/risk ratio regarding its use in COVID-19 disease remains poorly justified. An extensive literature search was done using Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, www.cdc.gov, www.fda.gov, and who.int.Areas covered: Toxicity vexations of HCQ; pharmaceutical perspectives on new advances in drug delivery approaches; computational modeling (PBPK and PD modeling) overtures; multipronged combination approaches for enhanced synergism with antiviral and anti-inflammatory agents; immuno-boosting effects.Expert commentary: Harnessing the multipronged pharmaceutical perspectives will optimistically help the researchers, scientists, biotech, and pharmaceutical companies to bring new horizons in the safe and efficacious utilization of HCQ alone or in combination with remdesivir and immunomodulatory molecules like bovine lactoferrin in a fight against COVID-19. Combinational therapies with free forms or nanomedicine based targeted approaches can act synergistically to boost host immunity and stop SARS-CoV-2 replication and invasion to impede the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Jain
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore - Karnataka, India
| | - Shiv Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ram-Eesh Institute of Vocational and Technical Education, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Madhavi Tripathi
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore - Karnataka, India
| | - Ashok M Raichur
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore - Karnataka, India
| | - Jagat R Kanwar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Narayan R, Gadag S, Mudakavi RJ, Garg S, Raichur AM, Nayak Y, Kini SG, Pai KSR, Nayak UY. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles capped with chitosan-glucuronic acid conjugate for pH-responsive targeted delivery of 5-fluorouracil. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Wazalwar R, Sahu M, Raichur AM. Mechanical properties of aerospace epoxy composites reinforced with 2D nano-fillers: current status and road to industrialization. Nanoscale Adv 2021; 3:2741-2776. [PMID: 36134191 PMCID: PMC9417658 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00050k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
High-performance epoxy composites find application in the aerospace industry. Although epoxy is a high-performance polymer, its fracture toughness is compromised due to its highly cross-linked nature. Nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene derivatives, and inorganic 2-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials are being explored to improve epoxy composites' mechanical properties. Graphene is one of the most popular 2D nano-reinforcing agents for epoxy composites. Following graphene discovery, the research community's attention was brought to various other few-atom thick 2D nanomaterials. Hence, apart from graphene, inorganic nanosheets such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), etc., are also being studied as modifiers for enhancing the mechanical performance of epoxy composites. Graphene, TMDs and hBN are known to possess a high aspect ratio, high specific surface area and inherently high mechanical strength and stiffness, contributing to a stronger and tougher composite. Despite that, the challenges associated with these nanomaterials, such as dispersion issues, lack of standardization, underlying health hazards, etc., have hampered their commercialization. It has been long past a decade since the discovery of graphene, yet there are concerns regarding the lab to industry scale-up, and health and environmental hazards associated with nanomaterials for the fabrication of aerospace composites. This review offers a comprehensive literature survey and a perspective into the possible ways of bridging the gaps between the laboratory research and industrialization of 2D nanosheet-filled epoxy composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Wazalwar
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Bengaluru India +91-80-22933238
| | - Megha Sahu
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Bengaluru India +91-80-22933238
| | - Ashok M Raichur
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Bengaluru India +91-80-22933238
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Narayan R, Gadag S, Cheruku SP, Raichur AM, Day CM, Garg S, Manandhar S, Pai KSR, Suresh A, Mehta CH, Nayak Y, Kumar N, Nayak UY. Chitosan-glucuronic acid conjugate coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles: A smart pH-responsive and receptor-targeted system for colorectal cancer therapy. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 261:117893. [PMID: 33766378 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylated pH-sensitive mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) of capecitabine (CAP) were developed for targeting colorectal cancer. The MSNs possessed an average pore diameter of 8.12 ± 0.43 nm, pore volume of 0.73 ± 0.21 cm3/g, and particle size of 245.24 ± 5.75 nm. A high loading of 180.51 ± 5.23 mg/g attributed to the larger pore volume was observed. The surface of the drug-loaded MSNs were capped with chitosan-glucuronic acid (CHS-GCA) conjugate to combine two strategies viz. pH-sensitive, and lectin receptor mediated uptake. In vitro studies demonstrated a pH-sensitive and controlled release of CAP which was further enhanced in the presence of rat caecal content. Higher uptake of the (CAP-MSN)CHS-GCA was observed in HCT 116 cell lines. The glycosylated nanoparticles revealed reduction in the tumors, aberrant crypt foci, dysplasia and inflammation, and alleviation in the toxic features. This illustrated that the nanoparticles showed promising antitumor efficacy with reduced toxicity and may be used as a effective carrier against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reema Narayan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Shivaprasad Gadag
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Sri Pragnya Cheruku
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Ashok M Raichur
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Candace Minhthu Day
- UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Sanjay Garg
- UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Suman Manandhar
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Karkala Sreedhara Ranganath Pai
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Akhil Suresh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Chetan Hasmukh Mehta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Yogendra Nayak
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Nitesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Usha Yogendra Nayak
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
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Mukherjee MB, Mullick R, Reddy BU, Das S, Raichur AM. Galactose Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles As Delivery Vehicle in the Treatment of Hepatitis C Infection. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2020; 3:7598-7610. [PMID: 35019500 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
DNA and RNA based antiviral strategies using nonviral vectors have shown better potential over the viral pathway due to the fewer chances of gene recombination and immunogenicity. In this work a mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN) based carrier system has been used for targeted delivery of shDNA molecule against the conserved 5'-untranslated region (UTR) in the RNA of a hepatitis C virus to inhibit its replication. The MSNs coated with amine and galactose could specifically target liver cells. Significant reduction (about 94%) of viral RNA level was achieved in HCV-JFH1 infectious cell culture compared to the control RNA levels directed the successful delivery and action of the shDNA. This study showed that Gal-AMSN can be used as a synthetic delivery vector to deliver the shDNA effectively for the treatment of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousumi Beto Mukherjee
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Ranajoy Mullick
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - B Uma Reddy
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Saumitra Das
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Ashok M Raichur
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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Shwetha HJ, Shilpa S, Mukherjee MB, Ambedkar R, Raichur AM, Lakshminarayana R. Fabrication of chitosan nanoparticles with phosphatidylcholine for improved sustain release, basolateral secretion, and transport of lutein in Caco-2 cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:2224-2235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Kurapati
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, National University of Ireland, Galway H91 W2TY, Ireland
| | | | - Ashok M. Raichur
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
- Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Unit, University of South Africa, Florida 1710, South Africa
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Narayan R, Nayak UY, Raichur AM, Garg S. Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles: A Comprehensive Review on Synthesis and Recent Advances. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E118. [PMID: 30082647 PMCID: PMC6160987 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in drug delivery technologies utilizing a variety of carriers have resulted in a path-breaking revolution in the approach towards diagnosis and therapy alike in the current times. Need for materials with high thermal, chemical and mechanical properties have led to the development of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs). These ordered porous materials have garnered immense attention as drug carriers owing to their distinctive features over the others. They can be synthesized using a relatively simple process, thus making it cost effective. Moreover, by controlling the parameters during the synthesis; the morphology, pore size and volume and particle size can be transformed accordingly. Over the last few years, a rapid increase in research on MSNs as drug carriers for the treatment of various diseases has been observed indicating its potential benefits in drug delivery. Their widespread application for the loading of small molecules as well as macromolecules such as proteins, siRNA and so forth, has made it a versatile carrier. In the recent times, researchers have sorted to several modifications in the framework of MSNs to explore its potential in drug resistant chemotherapy, antimicrobial therapy. In this review, we have discussed the synthesis of these multitalented nanoparticles and the factors influencing the size and morphology of this wonder carrier. The second part of this review emphasizes on the applications and the advances made in the MSNs to broaden the spectrum of its use especially in the field of biomedicine. We have also touched upon the lacunae in the thorough understanding of its interaction with a biological system which poses a major hurdle in the passage of this carrier to the clinical level. In the final part of this review, we have discussed some of the major patents filed in the field of MSNs for therapeutic purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reema Narayan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India.
| | - Usha Y Nayak
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India.
| | - Ashok M Raichur
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India.
| | - Sanjay Garg
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
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Babu PJ, Doble M, Raichur AM. Silver oxide nanoparticles embedded silk fibroin spuns: Microwave mediated preparation, characterization and their synergistic wound healing and anti-bacterial activity. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 513:62-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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21
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Tripathy A, Pahal S, Mudakavi RJ, Raichur AM, Varma MM, Sen P. Impact of Bioinspired Nanotopography on the Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Efficacy of Chitosan. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:1340-1346. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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22
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Prathna TC, Raichur AM. Fluoride Removal from Aqueous Solutions Using Poly(Styrene Sulfonate)/Nanoalumina Multilayer Thin Films. Glob Chall 2018; 2:1700064. [PMID: 31565320 PMCID: PMC6607118 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.201700064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, fluoride removal from drinking water is investigated using layer-by-layer (LbL) fabricated poly(sodium 4-styrene-sulfonate) (PSS)/Al2O3 thin films. The surface morphology of the fabricated thin films is characterized using atomic force microscopy and field emission-scanning electron microscopy. Optical profilometry is used to determine the self-assembly of the multilayer thin films. The effect of various parameters such as adsorbent dosage, contact time, initial fluoride content, number of bilayers, surface area, and pH is thoroughly studied. Fluoride removal increases with the number of bilayers and number of slides (total surface area). The amount of fluoride adsorbed increases from 11.32 to 26 mg L-1 when the number of substrates increases from 1 to 5. A 68% removal of fluoride is observed when 20 bilayers of PSS/Al2O3 thin films with three slides at an initial fluoride concentration of 5 mg L-1 are used, thereby bringing down the fluoride concentration level below the World Health Organization permissible limit. Slide reusability studies reveal that the fabricated thin films can be used for ten cycles without affecting the fluoride removal properties of the film. This study demonstrates the potential application of immobilized PSS/Al2O3 thin films as an effective adsorbent for drinking water purification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashok M. Raichur
- Department of Materials EngineeringIndian Institute of ScienceBangalore560012India
- Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research UnitUniversity of South AfricaThe Science CampusFlorida Park1710Roodepoort JohannesburgSouth Africa
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Pahal S, Gakhar R, Raichur AM, Varma MM. Polyelectrolyte multilayers for bio-applications: recent advancements. IET Nanobiotechnol 2017; 11:903-908. [PMID: 29155388 PMCID: PMC8676474 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2017.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The synergistic relationship between structure and the bulk properties of polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) films has generated tremendous interest in their application for loading and release of bioactive species. Layer-by-layer assembly is the simplest, cost effective process for fabrication of such PEMs films, leading to one of the most widely accepted platforms for incorporating biological molecules with nanometre precision. The bulk reservoir properties of PEM films render them a potential candidate for applications such as biosensing, drug delivery and tissue engineering. Various biomolecules such as proteins, DNA, RNA or other desired molecules can be incorporated into the PEM stack via electrostatic interactions and various other secondary interactions such as hydrophobic interactions. The location and availability of the biological molecules within the PEM stack mediates its applicability in various fields of biomedical engineering such as programmed drug delivery. The development of advanced technologies for biomedical applications using PEM films has seen rapid progress recently. This review briefly summarises the recent successes of PEM being utilised for diverse bio-applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Pahal
- Centre for Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Ruchi Gakhar
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ashok M Raichur
- Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Unit, University of South Africa, Florida 1710, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Manoj M Varma
- Centre for Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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Kumar D, Roy R, Parashar A, Raichur AM, Chandrasekaran N, Mukherjee A, Mukherjee A. Toxicity assessment of zero valent iron nanoparticles on Artemia salina. Environ Toxicol 2017; 32:1617-1627. [PMID: 28101988 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study deals with the toxicity assessment of two differently synthesized zero valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI, chemical and biological) as well as Fe2+ ions on Artemia salina at three different initial concentrations of 1, 10, and 100 mg/L of these particles. The assessment was done till 96 h at time intervals of 24 h. EC50 value was calculated to evaluate the 50% mortality of Artemia salina at all exposure time durations. Between chemically and biologically synthesized nZVI nanoparticles, insignificant differences in the level of mortality were demonstrated. At even 24 h, Fe2+ ion imparted complete lethality at the highest exposure concentration (100 mg/L). To understand intracellular oxidative stress because of zero valent iron nanoparticles, ROS estimation, SOD activity, GSH activity, and catalase activity was performed which demonstrated that ionic form of iron is quite lethal at high concentrations as compared with the same concentration of nZVI exposure. Lower concentrations of nZVI were more toxic as compared with the ionic form and was in order of CS-nZVI > BS-nZVI > Fe2+ . Cell membrane damage and bio-uptake of nanoparticles were also evaluated for all three concentrations of BS-nZVI, CS-nZVI, and Fe2+ using adult Artemia salina in marine water; both of which supported the observations made in toxicity assessment. This study can be further explored to exploit Artemia salina as a model organism and a biomarker in an nZVI prone aquatic system to detect toxic levels of these nanoparticles. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 1617-1627, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kumar
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, VIT University, Vellore, India
| | - Rajdeep Roy
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, VIT University, Vellore, India
| | | | - Ashok M Raichur
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Anita Mukherjee
- Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
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Sahu M, Narashimhan L, Prakash O, Raichur AM. Noncovalently Functionalized Tungsten Disulfide Nanosheets for Enhanced Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Epoxy Nanocomposites. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:14347-14357. [PMID: 28378577 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b01608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, noncovalently functionalized tungsten disulfide (WS2) nanosheets were used as a toughening agent for epoxy nanocomposites. WS2 was modified with branched polyethyleneimine (PEI) to increase the degree of interaction of nanosheets with the epoxy matrix and prevent restacking and agglomeration of the sheets in the epoxy matrix. The functionalization of WS2 sheets was confirmed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The exfoliation of the bulk WS2 was confirmed through X-ray diffraction and various microscopic techniques. Epoxy nanocomposites containing up to 1 wt % of WS2-PEI nanosheets were fabricated. They showed a remarkable improvement in fracture toughness (KIC). KIC increased from 0.94 to 1.72 MPa m-1/2 for WS2-PEI nanosheet loadings as low as 0.25 wt %. Compressive and flexural properties also showed a significant improvement as incorporation of 0.25 wt % of WS2-PEI nanosheets resulted in 43 and 65% increase in the compressive and flexural strengths of epoxy nanocomposites, respectively, compared with neat epoxy. Thermal stability and thermomechanical properties of the WS2-PEI-modified epoxy also showed a significant improvement. The simultaneous improvement in the mechanical and thermal properties could be attributed to the good dispersion of WS2-PEI nanosheets in the matrix, intrinsic high strength and thermal properties of the nanosheets, and improved interaction of the WS2 nanosheets with the epoxy matrix owing to the presence of PEI molecules on the surface of the WS2 nanosheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Sahu
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science , Bengaluru 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Lakshmi Narashimhan
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science , Bengaluru 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Om Prakash
- Boeing International Corporation India Private Limited , RMZ Infinity, Tower D, 5th Floor, Old Madras Road, Bengaluru 560001, Karnataka, India
| | - Ashok M Raichur
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science , Bengaluru 560012, Karnataka, India
- Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit, University of South Africa , The Science Campus, Florida Park, Roodepoort, Johannesburg 1710, South Africa
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Mudakavi RJ, Vanamali S, Chakravortty D, Raichur AM. Development of arginine based nanocarriers for targeting and treatment of intracellular Salmonella. RSC Adv 2017; 7:7022-7032. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra27868j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Arginine decorated nanocarriers exhibited intravacuolar targeting capability which was utilized to deliver antibiotics and reactive NO into the intracellular niche of pathogens likeSalmonellaandMycobacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev J. Mudakavi
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore
- India
- Department of Materials Engineering
| | - Surya Vanamali
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore
- India
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore
- India
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering
| | - Ashok M. Raichur
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore
- India
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering
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Paul IE, Raichur AM, Chandrasekaran N, Mukherjee A. Fluorometric sensing of endotoxin based on aggregation of CTAB capped gold nanospheres. Journal of Luminescence 2016; 178:106-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jlumin.2016.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
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Pulakkat S, Balaji SA, Rangarajan A, Raichur AM. Surface Engineered Protein Nanoparticles With Hyaluronic Acid Based Multilayers For Targeted Delivery Of Anticancer Agents. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:23437-23449. [PMID: 27560126 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b04179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Layer-by-layer (LbL) technique was employed to modify the surface of doxorubicin (Dox)-loaded bovine serum albumin (BSA) nanoparticles using hyaluronic acid (HA) to enable targeted delivery to overexpressed CD44 receptors in metastatic breast cancer cells. LbL technique offers a versatile approach to modify the surface of colloidal nanoparticles without any covalent modification. Dox-loaded BSA (Dox Ab) nanoparticles optimized for their size, zeta potential, and drug encapsulation efficiency were prepared by modified desolvation technique. The cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of the LbL coated Dox Ab nanoparticles were analyzed in CD44 overexpressing breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. Nanoparticles with HA as the final layer (Dox Ab HA) showed maximum cellular uptake in MDA-MB-231 cells owing to the CD44 receptor-mediated endocytosis and hence, exhibited more cytotoxicity as compared to free Dox. Further, luciferase-transfected MDA-MB-231 cells were used to induce tumor in BALB/c female nude mice to enable whole body tumor imaging. The mice were imaged before and after Dox treatment to visualize the tumor growth. The in vivo biodistribution of Dox Ab HA nanoparticles in nude mice showed maximum accumulation in tumor, and importantly, better tumor reduction in comparison with free Dox, thus paving the way for improved drug delivery into tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreeranjini Pulakkat
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Sai A Balaji
- Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore, 560012, India
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University , Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Annapoorni Rangarajan
- Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Ashok M Raichur
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore, 560012, India
- Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit, University of South Africa , The Science Campus, Florida Park, 1710 Roodepoort, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Paul IE, Rajeshwari A, Satija J, Raichur AM, Chandrasekaran N, Mukherjee A. Fluorescence Based Study for Melamine Detection Using Gold Colloidal Solutions. J Fluoresc 2016; 26:2225-2235. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-016-1918-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
The measurement of molecular transport within polymer films yields information about the internal structural organization of the films and is useful in applications such as the design of polymeric capsules for drug delivery. Layer-by-layer assembly of polyelectrolyte multilayer films has been widely used in such applications where the multilayer structure often exhibits anisotropic transport resulting in different diffusivities in the lateral (parallel to the film) and transverse (normal to the film) directions. Although lateral transport can be probed using techniques such as fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), it cannot be applied to probing transverse diffusivity in polymer films smaller than the diffraction limit of light. Here we present a technique to probe the transport of molecules tagged with fluorphores in polymer films thinner than the optical diffraction limit using the modulation of fluorescence emission depending on the distance of the tagged molecules from a metal surface. We have used this technique to probe the diffusion of proteins biotin and bovine serum albumin (BSA) in polyelectrolyte multilayer films. We also studied the interdiffusion of chains in multilayer films using this technique. We observed a 3 order of magnitude increase in interdiffusion as a function of the ionic strength of the medium. This technique, along with FRAP, will be useful in studying anisotropic transport in polymer films, even those thinner than the diffraction limit, because the signal in this technique arises only from transverse and not lateral transport. Finally, this technique is also applicable to studying the diffusion of chromophore-labeled species within a polymer film. We demonstrate this aspect by measuring the transverse diffusion of methylene blue in the PAH-PAA multilayer system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashok M Raichur
- Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Unit, University of South Africa , Florida 1710, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Ramesh Kumar D, Elumalai R, Raichur AM, Sanjuktha M, Rajan JJ, Alavandi SV, Vijayan KK, Poornima M, Santiago TC. Development of antiviral gene therapy for Monodon baculovirus using dsRNA loaded chitosan-dextran sulfate nanocapsule delivery system in Penaeus monodon post-larvae. Antiviral Res 2016; 131:124-30. [PMID: 27132538 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a suitable carrier system was developed for the delivery of dsRNA into Penaeus monodon (P. monodon) post larvae to silence the Monodon baculovirus (MBV) structural gene of p74. The carrier system was developed by layer by layer adsorption of oppositely charged chitosan-dextran sulfate, on charged silica nanoparticles. The silica template was removedto produce multilayered hollow nanocapsules (CS-DS) that were utilized for dsRNA loading at an alkaline pH. The capsule's surface was modified by conjugating with shrimp feed for enhanced cellular uptake. In vivo cellular uptake of CS-DS/FITC loaded nanocapsules conjugated with feed was studied after oral administration into post-larvae. The results revealed that the encapsulated FITC was effectively delivered and exhibited a sustained release into the cytoplasm of shrimp post-larvae. The MBV challenge study for structural gene p74was conducted after 3-25 days of post infection (dpi) with respective CS-DS/dsRNA coated with feed. The results showed a significant survival rate of 86.63% and effective gene silencing in P. monodon. Our findings indicated that the delivery of dsRNA using shrimp feed coatedCS-DSnanocapsules could be a novel approach to prevent viral infections in shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ramesh Kumar
- Aquatic Animal Health and Environment Division, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai 600028, India
| | - Rajasegaran Elumalai
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Ashok M Raichur
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - M Sanjuktha
- Aquatic Animal Health and Environment Division, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai 600028, India
| | - J J Rajan
- Aquatic Animal Health and Environment Division, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai 600028, India
| | - S V Alavandi
- Aquatic Animal Health and Environment Division, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai 600028, India
| | - K K Vijayan
- Aquatic Animal Health and Environment Division, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai 600028, India
| | - M Poornima
- Aquatic Animal Health and Environment Division, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai 600028, India
| | - T C Santiago
- Aquatic Animal Health and Environment Division, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai 600028, India; Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Nungambakkam, Chennai 600 034, India.
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Paul IE, Rajeshwari A, Alex SA, Sangeetha S, Raichur AM, Chandrasekaran N, Mukherjee A. Label-Free Colorimetric Detection of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide in Food Samples Using Gold Nanorods. Sen Lett 2016; 14:19-25. [DOI: 10.1166/sl.2016.3525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
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Kurapati R, Vaidyanathan M, Raichur AM. Synergistic photothermal antimicrobial therapy using graphene oxide/polymer composite layer-by-layer thin films. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra23038a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple and highly-efficient synergistic antimicrobial coatings based on graphene oxide, which could be coated on any substrate irrespective of shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Kurapati
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore
- India 560012
| | | | - Ashok M. Raichur
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore
- India 560012
- Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit
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34
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Radhakrishnan K, Thomas MB, Pulakkat S, Gnanadhas DP, Chakravortty D, Raichur AM. Stimuli-responsive protamine-based biodegradable nanocapsules for enhanced bioavailability and intracellular delivery of anticancer agents. J Nanopart Res 2015; 17:341. [DOI: 10.1007/s11051-015-3145-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
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35
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Elumalai R, Patil S, Maliyakkal N, Rangarajan A, Kondaiah P, Raichur AM. Protamine-carboxymethyl cellulose magnetic nanocapsules for enhanced delivery of anticancer drugs against drug resistant cancers. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 2015; 11:969-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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36
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Iswarya V, Bhuvaneshwari M, Alex SA, Iyer S, Chaudhuri G, Chandrasekaran PT, Bhalerao GM, Chakravarty S, Raichur AM, Chandrasekaran N, Mukherjee A. Combined toxicity of two crystalline phases (anatase and rutile) of Titania nanoparticles towards freshwater microalgae: Chlorella sp. Aquat Toxicol 2015; 161:154-169. [PMID: 25703177 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In view of the increasing usage of anatase and rutile crystalline phases of titania NPs in the consumer products, their entry into the aquatic environment may pose a serious risk to the ecosystem. In the present study, the possible toxic impact of anatase and rutile nanoparticles (individually and in binary mixture) was investigated using freshwater microalgae, Chlorella sp. at low exposure concentrations (0.25, 0.5 and 1mg/L) in freshwater medium under UV irradiation. Reduction of cell viability as well as a reduction in chlorophyll content were observed due to the presence of NPs. An antagonistic effect was noted at certain concentrations of binary mixture such as (0.25, 0.25), (0.25, 0.5), and (0.5, 0.5) mg/L, and an additive effect for the other combinations, (0.25, 1), (0.5, 0.25), (0.5, 1), (1, 0.25), (1, 0.5), and (1, 1) mg/L. The hydrodynamic size analyses in the test medium revealed that rutile NPs were more stable in lake water than the anatase and binary mixtures [at 6h, the sizes of anatase (1mg/L), rutile NPs (1mg/L), and binary mixture (1, 1mg/L) were 948.83±35.01nm, 555.74±19.93nm, and 1620.24±237.87nm, respectively]. The generation of oxidative stress was found to be strongly dependent on the crystallinity of the nanoparticles. The transmission electron microscopic images revealed damages in the nucleus and cell membrane of algal cells due to the interaction of anatase NPs, whereas rutile NPs were found to cause chloroplast and internal organelle damages. Mis-shaped chloroplasts, lack of nucleus, and starch-pyrenoid complex were noted in binary-treated cells. The findings from the current study may facilitate the environmental risk assessment of titania NPs in an aquatic ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Iswarya
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, VIT University, Vellore, India
| | - M Bhuvaneshwari
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, VIT University, Vellore, India
| | - Sruthi Ann Alex
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, VIT University, Vellore, India
| | - Siddharth Iyer
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, VIT University, Vellore, India
| | - Gouri Chaudhuri
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, VIT University, Vellore, India
| | | | | | | | - Ashok M Raichur
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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Radhakrishnan K, Tripathy J, Datey A, Chakravortty D, Raichur AM. Mesoporous silica–chondroitin sulphate hybrid nanoparticles for targeted and bio-responsive drug delivery. NEW J CHEM 2015; 39:1754-1760. [DOI: 10.1039/c4nj01430h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
A polysaccharide based gatekeeper is attached to seal the nanopores of drug mesoporous silica nanoparticles, which facilitates uptake by cancer cells and undergoes intracellular degradation to initiate drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jasaswini Tripathy
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore
- India
- School of Applied sciences (Chemistry)
| | - Akshay Datey
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore
- India
- Bioengineering Program
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore
- India
- Bioengineering Program
| | - Ashok M. Raichur
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore
- India
- Bioengineering Program
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38
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Paul IE, Rajeshwari A, Prathna TC, Raichur AM, Chandrasekaran N, Mukherjee A. Colorimetric detection of melamine based on the size effect of AuNPs. Anal Methods 2015; 7:1453-1462. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ay02622e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
A simple colorimetric detection of melamine was studied using 15 nm (AuNPs-I), 30 nm (AuNPs-II), and 40 nm (AuNPs-III) citrate-capped gold nanoparticles (AuNPs).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A. Rajeshwari
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology
- VIT University
- Vellore-632014
- India
| | - T. C. Prathna
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore-560012
- India
| | - Ashok M. Raichur
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore-560012
- India
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39
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Kumari J, Kumar D, Mathur A, Naseer A, Kumar RR, Thanjavur Chandrasekaran P, Chaudhuri G, Pulimi M, Raichur AM, Babu S, Chandrasekaran N, Nagarajan R, Mukherjee A. Cytotoxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles towards freshwater sediment microorganisms at low exposure concentrations. Environ Res 2014; 135:333-345. [PMID: 25462683 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
There is a persistent need to assess the effects of TiO2 nanoparticles on the aquatic ecosystem owing to their increasing usage in consumer products and risk of environmental release. The current study is focused on TiO2 nanoparticle-induced acute toxicity at sub-ppm level (≤1ppm) on the three different freshwater sediment bacterial isolates and their consortium under two different irradiation (visible light and dark) conditions. The consortium of the bacterial isolates was found to be less affected by the exposure to the nanoparticles compared to the individual cells. The oxidative stress contributed considerably towards the cytotoxicity under both light and dark conditions. A statistically significant increase in membrane permeability was noted under the dark conditions as compared to the light conditions. The optical and fluorescence microscopic images showed aggregation and chain formation of the bacterial cells, when exposed to the nanoparticles. The electron microscopic (SEM, TEM) observations suggested considerable damage of cells and bio-uptake of nanoparticles. The exopolysaccrides (EPS) production and biofilm formation were noted to increase in the presence of the nanoparticles, and expression of the key genes involved in biofilm formation was studied by RT-PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Kumari
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, India
| | - Ankita Mathur
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, India
| | - Arif Naseer
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, India
| | | | | | - Gouri Chaudhuri
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, India
| | - Mrudula Pulimi
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, India
| | - Ashok M Raichur
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India; Department of Chemical Technology, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - S Babu
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, India
| | | | - R Nagarajan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Amitava Mukherjee
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, India.
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40
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Kumar D, Kumari J, Pakrashi S, Dalai S, Raichur AM, Sastry TP, Mandal AB, Chandrasekaran N, Mukherjee A. Qualitative toxicity assessment of silver nanoparticles on the fresh water bacterial isolates and consortium at low level of exposure concentration. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2014; 108:152-160. [PMID: 25062447 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) pose a high risk of exposure to the natural environment owing to their extensive usage in various consumer products. In the present study we attempted to understand the harmful effect of AgNPs at environmentally relevant low concentration levels (≤1ppm) towards two different freshwater bacterial isolates and their consortium. The standard plate count assay suggested that the AgNPs were toxic towards the fresh water bacterial isolates as well as the consortium, though toxicity was significantly reduced for the cells in the consortium. The oxidative stress assessment and membrane permeability studies corroborated with the toxicity data. The detailed electron microscopic studies suggested the cell degrading potential of the AgNPs, and the FT-IR studies confirmed the involvement of the surface groups in the toxic effects. No significant ion leaching from the AgNPs was observed at the applied concentration levels signifying the dominant role of the particle size, and size distribution in bacterial toxicity. The reduced toxicity for the cells in the consortium than the individual isolates has major significance in further studies on the ecotoxicity of the AgNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kumar
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, VIT University, Vellore, India
| | - Jyoti Kumari
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, VIT University, Vellore, India
| | | | | | - Ashok M Raichur
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India; Department of Chemical Technology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - T P Sastry
- Bioproducts Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | - A B Mandal
- Bioproducts Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai, India
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41
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Prathna TC, Raichur AM, Chandrasekaran N, Mukherjee A. Recent Developments on Biosynthesis of Noble Metal Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization and Potential Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1166/rase.2014.1067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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42
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Radhakrishnan K, Gupta S, Gnanadhas DP, Ramamurthy PC, Chakravortty D, Raichur AM. Protamine-Capped Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Biologically Triggered Drug Release. Part Part Syst Charact 2014; 31:449-458. [DOI: 10.1002/ppsc.201300219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Radhakrishnan
- Department of Materials Engineering; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Satyajit Gupta
- Department of Materials Engineering; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Divya Prakash Gnanadhas
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Praveen C. Ramamurthy
- Department of Materials Engineering; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Dipshika Chakravortty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Ashok M. Raichur
- Department of Materials Engineering; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore 560012 India
- Department of Applied Chemistry; University of Johannesburg; Doornfontein 2028 South Africa
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43
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Anandhakumar S, Sasidharan M, Tsao CW, Raichur AM. Tailor-made hollow silver nanoparticle cages assembled with silver nanoparticles: an efficient catalyst for epoxidation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2014; 6:3275-81. [PMID: 24552178 DOI: 10.1021/am500229v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach toward the synthesis of hollow silver nanoparticle (NP) cages built with building blocks of silver NPs by layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly is demonstrated. The size of the NP cage depends on the size of template used for the LbL assembly. The microcages showed a uniform distribution of spherical silver nanoparticles with an average diameter of 20 ± 5 nm, which increased to 40 ± 5 nm when the AgNO3 concentration was increased from 25 to 50 mM. Heat treatment of the polyelectrolyte capsules at 80 °C near their pKa values yielded intact nano/micro cages. These cages produced a higher conversion for the epoxidation of olefins and maintained their catalytic activity even after four successive uses. The nanocages exhibited unique and attractive characteristics for metal catalytic systems, thus offering the scope for further development as heterogeneous catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Anandhakumar
- SRM Research Institute, SRM University , Kattankulathur, Chennai 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
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44
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Pakrashi S, Jain N, Dalai S, Jayakumar J, Chandrasekaran PT, Raichur AM, Chandrasekaran N, Mukherjee A. In vivo genotoxicity assessment of titanium dioxide nanoparticles by Allium cepa root tip assay at high exposure concentrations. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87789. [PMID: 24504252 PMCID: PMC3913665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The industrial production and commercial applications of titanium dioxide nanoparticles have increased considerably in recent times, which has increased the probability of environmental contamination with these agents and their adverse effects on living systems. This study was designed to assess the genotoxicity potential of TiO2 NPs at high exposure concentrations, its bio-uptake, and the oxidative stress it generated, a recognised cause of genotoxicity. Allium cepa root tips were treated with TiO2 NP dispersions at four different concentrations (12.5, 25, 50, 100 µg/mL). A dose dependant decrease in the mitotic index (69 to 21) and an increase in the number of distinctive chromosomal aberrations were observed. Optical, fluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed chromosomal aberrations, including chromosomal breaks and sticky, multipolar, and laggard chromosomes, and micronucleus formation. The chromosomal aberrations and DNA damage were also validated by the comet assay. The bio-uptake of TiO2 in particulate form was the key cause of reactive oxygen species generation, which in turn was probably the cause of the DNA aberrations and genotoxicity observed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunandan Pakrashi
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Nitin Jain
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Swayamprava Dalai
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Jerobin Jayakumar
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India
| | | | - Ashok M. Raichur
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Department of Chemical Technology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | | | - Amitava Mukherjee
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India
- * E-mail:
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45
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Mudakavi RJ, Raichur AM, Chakravortty D. Lipid coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles as an oral delivery system for targeting and treatment of intravacuolar Salmonella infections. RSC Adv 2014; 4:61160-61166. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra12973c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid coated mesoporous silica nanoparticle (L-MSN) were synthesized for oral delivery and targeting of ciprofloxacin for intracellular elimination ofSalmonellapathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev J. Mudakavi
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore, India
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
| | - Ashok M. Raichur
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore, India
- The Bioengineering Program
- Indian Institute of Science
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore, India
- The Bioengineering Program
- Indian Institute of Science
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46
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Radhakrishnan K, Tripathy J, Gnanadhas DP, Chakravortty D, Raichur AM. Dual enzyme responsive and targeted nanocapsules for intracellular delivery of anticancer agents. RSC Adv 2014; 4:45961-45968. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra07815b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fabrication of dual enzyme responsive and ligand functionalised nanocapsules are reported that can accumulate and disintegrate inside cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jasaswini Tripathy
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore, India
- School of Applied Sciences (Chemistry)
- KIIT University
| | - Divya P. Gnanadhas
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore, India
| | | | - Ashok M. Raichur
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore, India
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47
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Vishwas M, Rao KN, Priya DN, Raichur AM, Chakradhar R, Venkateswarlu K. Effect of TiO2 Nano-particles on Optical, Electrical and Mechanical Properties of Poly (Vinyl alcohol) Films. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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48
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Anandhakumar S, Raichur AM. Polyelectrolyte/silver nanocomposite multilayer films as multifunctional thin film platforms for remote activated protein and drug delivery. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:8864-74. [PMID: 23791673 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a nanoparticle loading protocol to develop a transparent, multifunctional polyelectrolyte multilayer film for externally activated drug and protein delivery. The composite film was designed by alternate adsorption of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and dextran sulfate (DS) on a glass substrate followed by nanoparticle synthesis through a polyol reduction method. The films showed a uniform distribution of spherical silver nanoparticles with an average diameter of 50±20 nm, which increased to 80±20 nm when the AgNO3 concentration was increased from 25 to 50 mM. The porous and supramolecular structure of the polyelectrolyte multilayer film was used to immobilize ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CH) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) within the polymeric network of the film. When exposed to external triggers such as ultrasonication and laser light the loaded films were ruptured and released the loaded BSA and CH. The release of CH is faster than that of BSA due to a higher diffusion rate. Circular dichroism measurements confirmed that there was no significant change in the conformation of released BSA in comparison with native BSA. The fabricated films showed significant antibacterial activity against the bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. Applications envisioned for such drug-loaded films include drug and vaccine delivery through the transdermal route, antimicrobial or anti-inflammatory coatings on implants and drug-releasing coatings for stents.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Anandhakumar
- SRM Research Institute, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603203, India.
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49
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Sripriya J, Anandhakumar S, Achiraman S, Antony JJ, Siva D, Raichur AM. Laser receptive polyelectrolyte thin films doped with biosynthesized silver nanoparticles for antibacterial coatings and drug delivery applications. Int J Pharm 2013; 457:206-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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50
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Mahlambi MM, Mishra AK, Mishra SB, Krause RW, Mamba BB, Raichur AM. Metal doped nanosized titania used for the photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B dye under visible-light. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2013; 13:4934-4942. [PMID: 23901513 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2013.7587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Metal-doped anatase nanosized titania photocatalysts were successfully synthesized using a sol-gel process. Different amounts of the dopants (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0%) of the metals (Ag, Ni, Co and Pd) were utilized. The UV-Vis spectra (solid state diffuse reflectance spectra) of the doped nanoparticles exhibited a red shift in the absorption edge as a result of metal doping. The metal-doped nanoparticles were investigated for their photocatalytic activity under visible-light irradiation using Rhodamine B (Rh B) as a control pollutant. The results obtained indicate that the metal-doped titania had the highest activity at 0.4% metal loading. The kinetic models revealed that the photodegradation of Rh B followed a pseudo first order reaction. From ion chromatography (IC) analysis the degradation by-products Rhodamine B fragments were found to be acetate, chloride, nitrite, carbonate and nitrate ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mphilisi M Mahlambi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
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