1
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Jiang J, Ding X, Patra SS, Cross JN, Huang C, Kumar V, Price P, Reidy EK, Tasoglou A, Huber H, Stevens PS, Boor BE, Jung N. Siloxane Emissions and Exposures during the Use of Hair Care Products in Buildings. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:19999-20009. [PMID: 37971371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes (cVMS) are ubiquitous in hair care products (HCPs). cVMS emissions from HCPs are of concern, given the potential adverse impact of siloxanes on the environment and human health. To characterize cVMS emissions and exposures during the use of HCPs, realistic hair care experiments were conducted in a residential building. Siloxane-based HCPs were tested using common hair styling techniques, including straightening, curling, waving, and oiling. VOC concentrations were measured via proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry. HCP use drove rapid changes in the chemical composition of the indoor atmosphere. cVMS dominated VOC emissions from HCP use, and decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) contributed the most to cVMS emissions. cVMS emission factors (EFs) during hair care routines ranged from 110-1500 mg/person and were influenced by HCP type, styling tools, operation temperatures, and hair length. The high temperature of styling tools and the high surface area of hair enhanced VOC emissions. Increasing the hair straightener temperature from room temperature to 210 °C increased cVMS EFs by 50-310%. Elevated indoor cVMS concentrations can result in substantial indoor-to-outdoor transport of cVMS via ventilation (0.4-6 tons D5/year in the U.S.); thus, hair care routines may augment the abundance of cVMS in the outdoor atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglin Jiang
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Xiaosu Ding
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Satya S Patra
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jordan N Cross
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Chunxu Huang
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Vinay Kumar
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Paige Price
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Emily K Reidy
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | | | - Heinz Huber
- Edelweiss Technology Solutions, LLC, Novelty, Ohio 44072, United States
| | - Philip S Stevens
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Brandon E Boor
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Nusrat Jung
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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2
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Xia L, Noh Y, Whelton AJ, Boor BE, Cooper B, Lichti NI, Park JH, Shannahan JH. Pulmonary and Neurological Health Effects Associated with Exposure to Representative Composite Manufacturing Emissions and Corresponding Alterations in Circulating Metabolite Profiles. Toxicol Sci 2023; 193:62-79. [PMID: 36912746 PMCID: PMC10176243 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) technology is increasingly being utilized to repair aging and damaged pipes, however, there are concerns associated with the public health hazards of emissions. CIPP installation involves the manufacture of a new plastic composite pipe at the worksite and includes multiple variable components including resin material, curing methods, and operational conditions. We hypothesize styrene-based composite manufacturing emissions (CMEs) will induce greater pulmonary inflammatory responses and oxidative stress, as well as neurological toxicity compared to non-styrene CMEs. Further, these CME-toxicological responses will be sex- and time-dependent. To test the hypothesis, representative CMEs were generated using a laboratory curing chamber and characterized using thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) and photoionization detector (PID). Styrene was released during all three phases of the curing process and peaked during the cooling phase. Male and female C57BL6/J mice were utilized to examine alterations in pulmonary responses and neurotoxicity 1 d and 7 d following exposure to air (controls), non-styrene-CMEs, or styrene-CMEs. Serum styrene metabolites were increased in mice exposed to styrene-CMEs. Metabolic and lipid profiling revealed alterations related to CIPP emissions that were resin-, time-, and sex-dependent. Exposure to styrene-CMEs resulted in an influx of lymphocytes in both sexes. Expression of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, including Tnfα, Vcam1, Ccl2, Cxcl2, Il6, Cxcl1, Tgfβ1, Tgmt2, and Hmox1, displayed alterations following exposure to emissions. These changes in pulmonary and neurological markers of toxicity were dependent on resin type, sex, and time. Overall, this study demonstrates resin-specific differences in representative CMEs and alterations in toxicity endpoints, which can potentially inform safer utilization of composite manufacturing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xia
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Yoorae Noh
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Andrew J Whelton
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Brandon E Boor
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Bruce Cooper
- Bindley Bioscience Center Metabolomic Profiling Facility, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | - Jae Hong Park
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jonathan H Shannahan
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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3
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Noh Y, Xia L, Zyaykina NN, Boor BE, Shannahan JH, Whelton AJ. Regulatory Significance of Plastic Manufacturing Air Pollution Discharged into Terrestrial Environments and Real-Time Sensing Challenges. Environ Sci Technol Lett 2023; 10:152-158. [PMID: 36818461 PMCID: PMC9933524 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.2c00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cured-in-place-pipe (CIPP) is an onsite plastic manufacturing technology used in the U.S. and has not been evaluated for regulatory compliance with federal air pollution laws. The practice involves the discharge of manufacturing waste into the environment. The study goal was to estimate the magnitude of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) discharged into the atmosphere for styrene and nonstyrene composite manufacture and examine low-cost air monitoring sensor reliability. Time-resolved emission analysis revealed that VOC emission was not only isolated to the thermal curing period but also occurred before and after curing. In addition to the styrene monomer, other gas-phase hazardous air pollutants regulated under the Clean Air Act were also emitted. Based on typical CIPP installations, 0.9 to 16.6 U.S. tons of emitted VOCs were estimated for styrene CIPPs, and 0.09 to 1.6 U.S. tons of emitted VOCs were estimated for nonstyrene CIPPs. Because the number and size of CIPPs manufactured in a single community can vary, the total air pollution burden will significantly differ across communities. Low-cost VOC sensors commonly utilized near CIPP manufacturing activities did not accurately quantify styrene and should not be relied upon for that purpose. Up to several thousand-fold detection differences were observed. Regulatory evaluation of CIPP air pollution and PID sensor reliability assessments are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoorae Noh
- Lyles
School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Li Xia
- School
of Health Sciences, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Nadezhda N. Zyaykina
- Division
of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, 500
Central Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United
States
| | - Brandon E. Boor
- Lyles
School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jonathan H. Shannahan
- School
of Health Sciences, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Andrew J. Whelton
- Lyles School
of Civil Engineering and Division of Ecological and Environmental
Engineering, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2051, United States
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4
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Morales AC, Tomlin JM, West CP, Rivera-Adorno FA, Peterson BN, Sharpe SAL, Noh Y, Sendesi SMT, Boor BE, Howarter JA, Moffet RC, China S, O'Callahan BT, El-Khoury PZ, Whelton AJ, Laskin A. Atmospheric emission of nanoplastics from sewer pipe repairs. Nat Nanotechnol 2022; 17:1171-1177. [PMID: 36203091 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01219-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanoplastic particles are inadequately characterized environmental pollutants that have adverse effects on aquatic and atmospheric systems, causing detrimental effects to human health through inhalation, ingestion and skin penetration1-3. At present, it is explicitly assumed that environmental nanoplastics (EnvNPs) are weathering fragments of microplastic or larger plastic debris that have been discharged into terrestrial and aquatic environments, while atmospheric EnvNPs are attributed solely to aerosolization by wind and other mechanical forces. However, the sources and emissions of unintended EnvNPs are poorly understood and are therefore largely unaccounted for in various risk assessments4. Here we show that large quantities of EnvNPs may be directly emitted into the atmosphere as steam-laden waste components discharged from a technology commonly used to repair sewer pipes in urban areas. A comprehensive chemical analysis of the discharged waste condensate has revealed the abundant presence of insoluble colloids, which after drying form solid organic particles with a composition and viscosity consistent with EnvNPs. We suggest that airborne emissions of EnvNPs from these globally used sewer repair practices may be prevalent in highly populated urban areas5, and may have important implications for air quality and toxicological levels that need to be mitigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Morales
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jay M Tomlin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Yoorae Noh
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Seyedeh M T Sendesi
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Brandon E Boor
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - John A Howarter
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | - Swarup China
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Brian T O'Callahan
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Patrick Z El-Khoury
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Andrew J Whelton
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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5
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Wagner DN, Odhiambo SR, Ayikukwei RM, Boor BE. High time-resolution measurements of ultrafine and fine woodsmoke aerosol number and surface area concentrations in biomass burning kitchens: A case study in Western Kenya. Indoor Air 2022; 32:e13132. [PMID: 36305061 PMCID: PMC9828051 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Indoor air pollution associated with biomass combustion for cooking remains a significant environmental health challenge in rural regions of sub-Saharan Africa; however, routine monitoring of woodsmoke aerosol concentrations continues to remain sparse. There is a paucity of field data on concentrations of combustion-generated ultrafine particles, which efficiently deposit in the human respiratory system, in such environments. Field measurements of ultrafine and fine woodsmoke aerosol (diameter range: 10-2500 nm) with field-portable diffusion chargers were conducted across nine wood-burning kitchens in Nandi County, Kenya. High time-resolution measurements (1 Hz) revealed that indoor particle number (PN) and particle surface area (PSA) concentrations of ultrafine and fine woodsmoke aerosol are strongly temporally variant, reach exceedingly high levels (PN > 106 /cm3 ; PSA > 104 μm2 /cm3 ) that are seldom observed in non-biomass burning environments, are influenced by kitchen architectural features, and are moderately to poorly correlated with carbon monoxide concentrations. In five kitchens, PN concentrations remained above 105 /cm3 for more than half of the day due to frequent cooking episodes. Indoor/outdoor ratios of PN and PSA concentrations were greater than 10 in most kitchens and exceeded 100 in several kitchens. Notably, the use of metal chimneys significantly reduced indoor PN and PSA concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle N. Wagner
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
- Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance BuildingsPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | | | | | - Brandon E. Boor
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
- Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance BuildingsPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
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6
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Rosales CMF, Jiang J, Lahib A, Bottorff BP, Reidy EK, Kumar V, Tasoglou A, Huber H, Dusanter S, Tomas A, Boor BE, Stevens PS. Chemistry and human exposure implications of secondary organic aerosol production from indoor terpene ozonolysis. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabj9156. [PMID: 35213219 PMCID: PMC8880786 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj9156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Surface cleaning using commercial disinfectants, which has recently increased during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, can generate secondary indoor pollutants both in gas and aerosol phases. It can also affect indoor air quality and health, especially for workers repeatedly exposed to disinfectants. Here, we cleaned the floor of a mechanically ventilated office room using a commercial cleaner while concurrently measuring gas-phase precursors, oxidants, radicals, secondary oxidation products, and aerosols in real-time; these were detected within minutes after cleaner application. During cleaning, indoor monoterpene concentrations exceeded outdoor concentrations by two orders of magnitude, increasing the rate of ozonolysis under low (<10 ppb) ozone levels. High number concentrations of freshly nucleated sub-10-nm particles (≥105 cm-3) resulted in respiratory tract deposited dose rates comparable to or exceeding that of inhalation of vehicle-associated aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jinglin Jiang
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance Buildings, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ahmad Lahib
- O’Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- IMT Lille Douai, Institut Mines-Télécom, Université de Lille, Center for Energy and Environment, 59000 Lille, France
| | | | - Emily K. Reidy
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Vinay Kumar
- O’Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | | | - Heinz Huber
- RJ Lee Group Inc., Monroeville, PA 15146, USA
- Edelweiss Technology Solutions LLC, Novelty, OH 44072, USA
| | - Sebastien Dusanter
- IMT Lille Douai, Institut Mines-Télécom, Université de Lille, Center for Energy and Environment, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Alexandre Tomas
- IMT Lille Douai, Institut Mines-Télécom, Université de Lille, Center for Energy and Environment, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Brandon E. Boor
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance Buildings, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Corresponding author. (B.E.B.); (P.S.S.)
| | - Philip S. Stevens
- O’Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- Corresponding author. (B.E.B.); (P.S.S.)
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7
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Noh Y, Boor BE, Shannahan JH, Troy CD, Jafvert CT, Whelton AJ. Emergency responder and public health considerations for plastic sewer lining chemical waste exposures in indoor environments. J Hazard Mater 2022; 422:126832. [PMID: 34449354 PMCID: PMC9614704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) manufacturing process is used to repair buried pipes, and its waste commonly discharged into the air can enter nearby buildings. Exposure can prompt illness and the need for medical care. A mass balance model was applied to estimate indoor styrene concentrations due to intrusion of CIPP emissions through plumbing under different bathroom ventilation conditions. To better understand building contamination and recommend emergency response actions, calculations to estimate chemical intrusion through plumbing were developed. Field reports and study calculations showed that contractor-applied external pressures during plastic manufacture have and can displace plumbing trap water seals. Modeled styrene vapor concentrations that entered the building (1, 300, 1000 ppm) were similar to those measured at CIPP worksites. Modeling revealed that in some cases, bathroom exhaust fan operation during a CIPP project may increase indoor styrene concentrations due to enhanced entrainment of styrene-laden air from the sink and toilet. However, styrene concentrations decreased with increasing air leakage across the bathroom door due to reduced suction from the plumbing system. CIPP waste discharge should be treated as a hazardous material release and can pose a threat to human health. Immediate building evacuation, respiratory protection, provision of medical assistance, source elimination, and building decontamination are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoorae Noh
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Brandon E Boor
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Jonathan H Shannahan
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Cary D Troy
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Chad T Jafvert
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Division of Ecological and Environmental Engineering, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Andrew J Whelton
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Division of Ecological and Environmental Engineering, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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8
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Wu T, Tasoglou A, Huber H, Stevens PS, Boor BE. Influence of Mechanical Ventilation Systems and Human Occupancy on Time-Resolved Source Rates of Volatile Skin Oil Ozonolysis Products in a LEED-Certified Office Building. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:16477-16488. [PMID: 34851619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Building mechanical ventilation systems are a major driver of indoor air chemistry as their design and operation influences indoor ozone (O3) concentrations, the dilution and transport of indoor-generated volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and indoor environmental conditions. Real-time VOC and O3 measurements were integrated with a building sensing platform to evaluate the influence of mechanical ventilation modes and human occupancy on the dynamics of skin oil ozonolysis products (SOOPs) in an office in a LEED-certified building during the winter. The ventilation system operated under variable recirculation ratios (RRs) from RR = 0 (100% outdoor air) to RR = 1 (100% recirculation air). Time-resolved source rates for 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (6-MHO), 4-oxopentanal (4-OPA), and decanal were highly dynamic and changed throughout the day with RR and occupancy. Total SOOP source rates during high-occupancy periods (10:00-18:00) varied from 2500-3000 μg h-1 when RR = 0.1 to 6300-6700 μg h-1 when RR = 1. Source rates for gas-phase reactions, outdoor air, and occupant-associated emissions generally decreased with increasing RR. The recirculation air source rate increased with RR and typically became the dominant source for RR > 0.5. SOOP emissions from surface reservoirs were also a prominent source, contributing 10-50% to total source rates. Elevated per person SOOP emission factors were observed, potentially due to multiple layers of soiled clothing worn during winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianren Wu
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance Buildings, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Antonios Tasoglou
- RJ Lee Group Incorporated, Monroeville, Pennsylvania 15146, United States
| | - Heinz Huber
- Edelweiss Technology Solutions, Limited Liability Company, Novelty, Ohio 44072, United States
| | - Philip S Stevens
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Brandon E Boor
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance Buildings, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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9
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Jiang J, Ding X, Isaacson KP, Tasoglou A, Huber H, Shah AD, Jung N, Boor BE. Ethanol-based disinfectant sprays drive rapid changes in the chemical composition of indoor air in residential buildings. J Hazard Mater Lett 2021; 2:100042. [PMID: 34977843 PMCID: PMC8423670 DOI: 10.1016/j.hazl.2021.100042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in increased usage of ethanol-based disinfectants for surface inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 in buildings. Emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particles from ethanol-based disinfectant sprays were characterized in real-time (1 Hz) via a proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-TOF-MS) and a high-resolution electrical low-pressure impactor (HR-ELPI+), respectively. Ethanol-based disinfectants drove sudden changes in the chemical composition of indoor air. VOC and particle concentrations increased immediately after application of the disinfectants, remained elevated during surface contact time, and gradually decreased after wiping. The disinfectants produced a broad spectrum of VOCs with mixing ratios spanning the sub-ppb to ppm range. Ethanol was the dominant VOC emitted by mass, with concentrations exceeding 103 μg m-3 and emission factors ranging from 101 to 102 mg g-1. Listed and unlisted diols, monoterpenes, and monoterpenoids were also abundant. The pressurized sprays released significant quantities (104-105 cm-3) of nano-sized particles smaller than 100 nm, resulting in large deposited doses in the tracheobronchial and pulmonary regions of the respiratory system. Inhalation exposure to VOCs varied with time during the building disinfection events. Much of the VOC inhalation intake (>60 %) occurred after the disinfectant was sprayed and wiped off the surface. Routine building disinfection with ethanol-based sprays during the COVID-19 pandemic may present a human health risk given the elevated production of volatile chemicals and nano-sized particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglin Jiang
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance Buildings, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Xiaosu Ding
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Kristofer P Isaacson
- Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | | | - Heinz Huber
- Edelweiss Technology Solutions, LLC, Novelty, OH, United States
| | - Amisha D Shah
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Nusrat Jung
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Brandon E Boor
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance Buildings, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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10
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Koivisto AJ, Jayjock M, Hämeri KJ, Kulmala M, Van Sprang P, Yu M, Boor BE, Hussein T, Koponen IK, Löndahl J, Morawska L, Little JC, Arnold S. Evaluating the Theoretical Background of STOFFENMANAGER® and the Advanced REACH Tool. Ann Work Expo Health 2021; 66:520-536. [PMID: 34365499 PMCID: PMC9030124 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxab057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
STOFFENMANAGER® and the Advanced REACH Tool (ART) are recommended tools by the European Chemical Agency for regulatory chemical safety assessment. The models are widely used and accepted within the scientific community. STOFFENMANAGER® alone has more than 37 000 users globally and more than 310 000 risk assessment have been carried out by 2020. Regardless of their widespread use, this is the first study evaluating the theoretical backgrounds of each model. STOFFENMANAGER® and ART are based on a modified multiplicative model where an exposure base level (mg m−3) is replaced with a dimensionless intrinsic emission score and the exposure modifying factors are replaced with multipliers that are mainly based on subjective categories that are selected by using exposure taxonomy. The intrinsic emission is a unit of concentration to the substance emission potential that represents the concentration generated in a standardized task without local ventilation. Further information or scientific justification for this selection is not provided. The multipliers have mainly discrete values given in natural logarithm steps (…, 0.3, 1, 3, …) that are allocated by expert judgements. The multipliers scientific reasoning or link to physical quantities is not reported. The models calculate a subjective exposure score, which is then translated to an exposure level (mg m−3) by using a calibration factor. The calibration factor is assigned by comparing the measured personal exposure levels with the exposure score that is calculated for the respective exposure scenarios. A mixed effect regression model was used to calculate correlation factors for four exposure group [e.g. dusts, vapors, mists (low-volatiles), and solid object/abrasion] by using ~1000 measurements for STOFFENMANAGER® and 3000 measurements for ART. The measurement data for calibration are collected from different exposure groups. For example, for dusts the calibration data were pooled from exposure measurements sampled from pharmacies, bakeries, construction industry, and so on, which violates the empirical model basic principles. The calibration databases are not publicly available and thus their quality or subjective selections cannot be evaluated. STOFFENMANAGER® and ART can be classified as subjective categorization tools providing qualitative values as their outputs. By definition, STOFFENMANAGER® and ART cannot be classified as mechanistic models or empirical models. This modeling algorithm does not reflect the physical concept originally presented for the STOFFENMANAGER® and ART. A literature review showed that the models have been validated only at the ‘operational analysis’ level that describes the model usability. This review revealed that the accuracy of STOFFENMANAGER® is in the range of 100 000 and for ART 100. Calibration and validation studies have shown that typical log-transformed predicted exposure concentration and measured exposure levels often exhibit weak Pearson’s correlations (r is <0.6) for both STOFFENMANAGER® and ART. Based on these limitations and performance departure from regulatory criteria for risk assessment models, it is recommended that STOFFENMANAGER® and ART regulatory acceptance for chemical safety decision making should be explicitly qualified as to their current deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Joonas Koivisto
- ARCHE Consulting, Liefkensstraat 35D, B-9032 Wondelgem, Belgium.,Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, PL 64, FI-00014 UHEL, Helsinki, Finland.,Air Pollution Management, Willemoesgade 16, st tv, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | | | - Kaarle J Hämeri
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, PL 64, FI-00014 UHEL, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, PL 64, FI-00014 UHEL, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Mingzhou Yu
- Laboratory of Aerosol Science and Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Brandon E Boor
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.,Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance Buildings, Purdue University, 177 South Russell Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Tareq Hussein
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, PL 64, FI-00014 UHEL, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Physics, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | | | - Jakob Löndahl
- Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, PO Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.,Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
| | - John C Little
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Susan Arnold
- University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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11
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Wu T, Földes T, Lee LT, Wagner DN, Jiang J, Tasoglou A, Boor BE, Blatchley ER. Real-Time Measurements of Gas-Phase Trichloramine (NCl 3) in an Indoor Aquatic Center. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:8097-8107. [PMID: 34033479 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
NCl3 is formed as a disinfection byproduct in chlorinated swimming pools and can partition between the liquid and gas phases. Exposure to gas-phase NCl3 has been linked to asthma and can irritate the eyes and respiratory airways, thereby affecting the health and athletic performance of swimmers. This study involved an investigation of the spatiotemporal dynamics of gas-phase NCl3 in an aquatic center during a collegiate swim meet. Real-time (up to 1 Hz) measurements of gas-phase NCl3 were made via a novel on-line derivatization cavity ring-down spectrometer and a proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Significant temporal variations in gas-phase NCl3 and CO2 concentrations were observed across varying time scales, from seconds to hours. Gas-phase NCl3 concentrations increased with the number of active swimmers due to swimming-enhanced liquid-to-gas transfer of NCl3, with peak concentrations between 116 and 226 ppb. Strong correlations between concentrations of gas-phase NCl3 with concentrations of CO2 and water (relative humidity) were found and attributed to similar features in their physical transport processes in pool air. A vertical gradient in gas-phase NCl3 concentrations was periodically observed above the water surface, demonstrating that swimmers can be exposed to elevated levels of NCl3 beyond those measured in the bulk air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianren Wu
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance Buildings, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Tomas Földes
- Aquality Technologies Srl, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Spectroscopy, Quantum Chemistry, and Atmospheric Remote Sensing, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lester T Lee
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Danielle N Wagner
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance Buildings, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jinglin Jiang
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance Buildings, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | | | - Brandon E Boor
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance Buildings, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ernest R Blatchley
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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12
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Wu T, Fu M, Valkonen M, Täubel M, Xu Y, Boor BE. Particle Resuspension Dynamics in the Infant Near-Floor Microenvironment. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:1864-1875. [PMID: 33450149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Carpet dust contains microbial and chemical material that can impact early childhood health. Infants may be exposed to greater quantities of resuspended dust, given their close proximity to floor surfaces. Chamber experiments with a robotic infant were integrated with a material balance model to provide new fundamental insights into the size-dependency of infant crawling-induced particle resuspension and exposure. The robotic infant was exposed to resuspended particle concentrations from 105 to 106 m-3 in the near-floor (NF) microzone during crawling, with concentrations generally decreasing following vacuum cleaning of the carpets. A pronounced vertical variation in particle concentrations was observed between the NF microzone and bulk air. Resuspension fractions for crawling are similar to those for adult walking, with values ranging from 10-6 to 10-1 and increasing with particle size. Meaningful amounts of dust are resuspended during crawling, with emission rates of 0.1 to 2 × 104 μg h-1. Size-resolved inhalation intake fractions ranged from 5 to 8 × 103 inhaled particles per million resuspended particles, demonstrating that a significant fraction of resuspended particles can be inhaled. A new exposure metric, the dust-to-breathing zone transport efficiency, was introduced to characterize the overall probability of a settled particle being resuspended and delivered to the respiratory airways. Values ranged from less than 0.1 to over 200 inhaled particles per million settled particles, increased with particle size, and varied by over 2 orders of magnitude among 12 carpet types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianren Wu
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance Buildings, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Manjie Fu
- Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance Buildings, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Maria Valkonen
- Environmental Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio 70701, Finland
| | - Martin Täubel
- Environmental Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio 70701, Finland
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Brandon E Boor
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance Buildings, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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13
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Teimouri Sendesi SM, Noh Y, Nuruddin M, Boor BE, Howarter JA, Youngblood JP, Jafvert CT, Whelton AJ. An emerging mobile air pollution source: outdoor plastic liner manufacturing sites discharge VOCs into urban and rural areas. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2020; 22:1828-1841. [PMID: 32852018 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00190b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The in situ manufacture of cured-in-place-pipe (CIPP) plastic liners in damaged sewer pipes is an emerging mobile source of anthropogenic air pollution. Evidence indicates volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can be released before, during, and after manufacture. The chemical composition of a popular uncured styrene-based CIPP resin was examined, along with the VOCs that remained in the new cured composite. The roles of curing temperature and heating time in waste discharged into the air were examined. Uncured resin contained approximately 39 wt% VOCs. Multiple hazardous air pollutants were present, however, 61 wt% of the uncured resin was not chemically identified. A substantial mass of VOCs (8.87 wt%) was emitted into the air during manufacture, and all cured composites contained about 3 wt% VOCs. Some VOCs were created during manufacture. Curing temperature (65.5-93.3 °C) and heating time (25-100 min) did not cause different composite VOC loadings. High styrene air concentrations inhibited the detection of other VOCs in air. It is estimated that tens of tons of VOCs may be emitted at a single CIPP manufacturing site. Regulators should consider monitoring, and potentially regulating, these growing mobile air pollution and volatile chemical product sources as they are operating in urban and rural areas often in close proximity to residential and commercial buildings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoorae Noh
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA 47907.
| | - Md Nuruddin
- School of Materials Engineering, Neil Armstrong Hall of Engineering, 701 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, IN, USA 47907-2045.
| | - Brandon E Boor
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA 47907.
| | - John A Howarter
- School of Materials Engineering, Division of Environmental & Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, Neil Armstrong Hall of Engineering, 701 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, IN, USA 47907-2045.
| | - Jeffrey P Youngblood
- School of Materials Engineering, Neil Armstrong Hall of Engineering, 701 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, IN, USA 47907-2045.
| | - Chad T Jafvert
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Division of Environmental & Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA 47907.
| | - Andrew J Whelton
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Division of Environmental & Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA 47907.
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14
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Zheng G, Boor BE, Schreder E, Salamova A. Exposure to melamine and its derivatives in childcare facilities. Chemosphere 2020; 244:125505. [PMID: 32050329 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Melamine (MEL) and its derivatives are widely used in many consumer products, including furniture, kitchenware, and plastics. However, very limited knowledge exists on human exposure to MEL and its derivatives, especially in the indoor environment. Here, we determined the occurrence and distribution of 11 MEL derivatives in childcare facilities and estimated children's exposure through dust ingestion and dermal absorption. We analyzed dust and samples of nap mats, a commonly used item in many childcares, from eight facilities located in the United States. Eight MEL-based compounds were detected in dust, and total MEL concentrations ranged from 429 to 117,000 ng/g. The most abundant compounds found in the dust samples were MEL, cyanuric acid (CYA), ammeline (AMN), and ammelide (AMD), with median concentrations of 1620, 585, 1060, and 299 ng/g, respectively. MEL, CYA, AMN and 2,4,6-tris[bis(methoxymethyl)amino]-1,3,5-triazine (TBMMAT) were also detected in nap mats with median concentrations of 45.6, 19.8, 1510 and 2.5 ng/g, respectively. ΣMEL concentrations in mat covers (median 709 ng/g) were significantly higher than those in mat foam (median 15.1 ng/g). Estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of MEL and its derivatives via dust ingestion were two orders of magnitude higher than the EDIs through dermal absorption, but both were below the established tolerable daily intake levels. This is the first report on exposure to MEL and its derivatives in the childcare environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guomao Zheng
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Brandon E Boor
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance Buildings, Purdue University, 177 South Russell Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Erika Schreder
- Toxic Free Future, 4649, Sunnyside Ave N., Suite 540, Seattle, WA, 98103, USA
| | - Amina Salamova
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
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15
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Zheng G, Boor BE, Schreder E, Salamova A. Indoor exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the childcare environment. Environ Pollut 2020; 258:113714. [PMID: 31901805 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widely used in stain-resistant carpets, rugs, and upholstery, as well as in waxes and cleaners, and are potential contaminants in the childcare environment. However, limited knowledge exists on the occurrence of PFAS in indoor environments, apart from residential homes. Here, we determined the occurrence and distribution of 37 neutral and ionic PFAS, including perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSAs), fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), fluorotelomer sulfonates (FTSs), perfluorooctane sulfonamides and perfluorooctane sulfonamidoethanols (FOSAs/FOSEs), and fluorotelomer acrylates and fluorotelomer methacrylates (FTACs/FTMACs) in the childcare environment and estimated children's exposure through dust ingestion and dermal absorption. We analyzed dust and nap mats, a commonly used item in many childcares, from eight facilities located in the United States. Twenty-eight PFAS were detected in dust with total PFAS concentrations (ΣPFAS) ranging from 8.1 to 3,700 ng/g and were dominated by the two neutral PFAS groups: ΣFTOH (n.d. - 3,100 ng/g) and ΣFOSA/FOSE (n.d. - 380 ng/g). The ionic PFAS were detected at lower concentrations and were dominated by 6:2 FTS and 8:2 FTS (median 12 and 5.8 ng/g, respectively). ΣPFAS concentrations in mats (1.6-600 ng/g) were generally an order of magnitude lower than in dust and were dominated by ΣFOSA/FOSE concentrations (n.d. - 220 ng/g). Daily intake of neutral PFAS in the childcare environment via dust ingestion was estimated at 0.20 ng/kg bw/day and accounted for 75% of the ΣPFAS intake. This higher exposure to neutral PFAS is concerning considering that many neutral PFAS are the precursors of toxic ionic PFAS, such as PFOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guomao Zheng
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Brandon E Boor
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States; Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance Buildings, Purdue University, 177 South Russell Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Erika Schreder
- Toxic Free Future, 4649, Sunnyside Ave N., Suite 540, Seattle, WA, 98103, United States
| | - Amina Salamova
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States.
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16
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Haines SR, Adams RI, Boor BE, Bruton TA, Downey J, Ferro AR, Gall E, Green BJ, Hegarty B, Horner E, Jacobs DE, Lemieux P, Misztal PK, Morrison G, Perzanowski M, Reponen T, Rush RE, Virgo T, Alkhayri C, Bope A, Cochran S, Cox J, Donohue A, May AA, Nastasi N, Nishioka M, Renninger N, Tian Y, Uebel-Niemeier C, Wilkinson D, Wu T, Zambrana J, Dannemiller KC. Ten questions concerning the implications of carpet on indoor chemistry and microbiology. Build Environ 2019; 170:1-16. [PMID: 32055099 PMCID: PMC7017391 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.106589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Carpet and rugs currently represent about half of the United States flooring market and offer many benefits as a flooring type. How carpets influence our exposure to both microorganisms and chemicals in indoor environments has important health implications but is not well understood. The goal of this manuscript is to consolidate what is known about how carpet impacts indoor chemistry and microbiology, as well as to identify the important research gaps that remain. After describing the current use of carpet indoors, questions focus on five specific areas: 1) indoor chemistry, 2) indoor microbiology, 3) resuspension and exposure, 4) current practices and future needs, and 5) sustainability. Overall, it is clear that carpet can influence our exposures to particles and volatile compounds in the indoor environment by acting as a direct source, as a reservoir of environmental contaminants, and as a surface supporting chemical and biological transformations. However, the health implications of these processes are not well known, nor how cleaning practices could be optimized to minimize potential negative impacts. Current standards and recommendations focus largely on carpets as a primary source of chemicals and on limiting moisture that would support microbial growth. Future research should consider enhancing knowledge related to the impact of carpet in the indoor environment and how we might improve the design and maintenance of this common material to reduce our exposure to harmful contaminants while retaining the benefits to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R. Haines
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, College of Engineering, Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, and Environmental Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Rachel I. Adams
- Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Brandon E. Boor
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | | | - John Downey
- Cleaning Industry Research Institute, Granville, OH, 43023, USA
| | - Andrea R. Ferro
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
| | - Elliott Gall
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Brett J. Green
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Bridget Hegarty
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Elliott Horner
- UL Environment and Sustainability, Marietta, GA, 30067, USA
| | - David E. Jacobs
- National Center for Healthy Housing, Columbia, MD, 21044, USA
| | - Paul Lemieux
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Pawel K. Misztal
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Glenn Morrison
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Matthew Perzanowski
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Tiina Reponen
- Division of Environmental and Industrial Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA
| | - Rachael E. Rush
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Troy Virgo
- Shaw Industries, Inc., Dalton, GA, 30722-2128, USA
| | - Celine Alkhayri
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Ashleigh Bope
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, College of Engineering, Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, and Environmental Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Samuel Cochran
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, College of Engineering, Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, and Environmental Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jennie Cox
- Division of Environmental and Industrial Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA
| | - Allie Donohue
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Andrew A. May
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Nicholas Nastasi
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, College of Engineering, Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, and Environmental Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Marcia Nishioka
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Nicole Renninger
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Yilin Tian
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Christina Uebel-Niemeier
- Division of Environmental and Industrial Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA
| | | | - Tianren Wu
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jordan Zambrana
- Indoor Environments Division, Office of Air and Radiation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 20460, USA
| | - Karen C. Dannemiller
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, College of Engineering, and Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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Kobos L, Teimouri Sendesi SM, Whelton AJ, Boor BE, Howarter JA, Shannahan J. In vitro toxicity assessment of emitted materials collected during the manufacture of water pipe plastic linings. Inhal Toxicol 2019; 31:131-146. [PMID: 31187656 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2019.1621966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: US water infrastructure is in need of widespread repair due to age-related deterioration. Currently, the cured-in-place (CIPP) procedure is the most common method for water pipe repair. This method involves the on-site manufacture of a new polymer composite plastic liner within the damaged pipe. The CIPP process can release materials resulting in occupational and public health concerns. To understand hazards associated with CIPP-related emission exposures, an in vitro toxicity assessment was performed. Materials and Methods: Mouse alveolar epithelial and alveolar macrophage cell lines and condensates collected at 3 worksites utilizing styrene-based resins were utilized for evaluations. All condensate samples were normalized based on the major emission component, styrene. Further, a styrene-only exposure group was used as a control to determine mixture related toxicity. Results: Cytotoxicity differences were observed between worksite samples, with the CIPP worksite 4 sample inducing the most cell death. A proteomic evaluation was performed, which demonstrated styrene-, worksite-, and cell-specific alterations. This examination of protein expression changes determined potential biomarkers of exposure including transglutaminase 2, advillin, collagen type 1, perilipin-2, and others. Pathway analysis of exposure-induced proteomic alterations identified MYC and p53 to be regulators of cellular responses. Protein changes were also related to pathways involved in cell damage, immune response, and cancer. Conclusions: Together these findings demonstrate potential risks associated with the CIPP procedure as well as variations between worksites regarding emissions and toxicity. Our evaluation identified biological pathways that require a future evaluation and also demonstrates that exposure assessment of CIPP worksites should examine multiple chemical components beyond styrene, as many cellular responses were styrene-independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Kobos
- a School of Health Sciences, College of Human and Health Sciences , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN , USA
| | - Seyedeh Mahboobeh Teimouri Sendesi
- b Lyles School of Civil Engineering and Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering , College of Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN , USA
| | - Andrew J Whelton
- b Lyles School of Civil Engineering and Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering , College of Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN , USA
| | - Brandon E Boor
- b Lyles School of Civil Engineering and Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering , College of Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN , USA
| | - John A Howarter
- c Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, and School of Materials Engineering, College of Engineering , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN , USA
| | - Jonathan Shannahan
- a School of Health Sciences, College of Human and Health Sciences , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN , USA
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Koivisto AJ, Kling KI, Hänninen O, Jayjock M, Löndahl J, Wierzbicka A, Fonseca AS, Uhrbrand K, Boor BE, Jiménez AS, Hämeri K, Maso MD, Arnold SF, Jensen KA, Viana M, Morawska L, Hussein T. Source specific exposure and risk assessment for indoor aerosols. Sci Total Environ 2019; 668:13-24. [PMID: 30851679 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Poor air quality is a leading contributor to the global disease burden and total number of deaths worldwide. Humans spend most of their time in built environments where the majority of the inhalation exposure occurs. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) is challenged by outdoor air pollution entering indoors through ventilation and infiltration and by indoor emission sources. The aim of this study was to understand the current knowledge level and gaps regarding effective approaches to improve IAQ. Emission regulations currently focus on outdoor emissions, whereas quantitative understanding of emissions from indoor sources is generally lacking. Therefore, specific indoor sources need to be identified, characterized, and quantified according to their environmental and human health impact. The emission sources should be stored in terms of relevant metrics and statistics in an easily accessible format that is applicable for source specific exposure assessment by using mathematical mass balance modelings. This forms a foundation for comprehensive risk assessment and efficient interventions. For such a general exposure assessment model we need 1) systematic methods for indoor aerosol emission source assessment, 2) source emission documentation in terms of relevant a) aerosol metrics and b) biological metrics, 3) default model parameterization for predictive exposure modeling, 4) other needs related to aerosol characterization techniques and modeling methods. Such a general exposure assessment model can be applicable for private, public, and occupational indoor exposure assessment, making it a valuable tool for public health professionals, product safety designers, industrial hygienists, building scientists, and environmental consultants working in the field of IAQ and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Joonas Koivisto
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark.
| | - Kirsten Inga Kling
- National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 307, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Otto Hänninen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Jakob Löndahl
- Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Aneta Wierzbicka
- Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ana Sofia Fonseca
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Katrine Uhrbrand
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Brandon E Boor
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States; Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance Buildings, Purdue University, 177 South Russell Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Araceli Sánchez Jiménez
- Centre for Human Exposure Science (CHES), Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Research Avenue North, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK
| | - Kaarle Hämeri
- University of Helsinki, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), PL 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Miikka Dal Maso
- Aerosol Physics, Faculty of Natural Science, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Susan F Arnold
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Keld A Jensen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Mar Viana
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Tareq Hussein
- University of Helsinki, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), PL 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; The University of Jordan, Department of Physics, Amman 11942, Jordan
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19
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Ra K, Teimouri Sendesi SM, Nuruddin M, Zyaykina NN, Conkling EN, Boor BE, Jafvert CT, Howarter JA, Youngblood JP, Whelton AJ. Considerations for emission monitoring and liner analysis of thermally manufactured sewer cured-in-place-pipes (CIPP). J Hazard Mater 2019; 371:540-549. [PMID: 30877867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.02.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Cured-in-place-pipes (CIPP) are plastic liners chemically manufactured inside existing damaged sewer pipes. They are gaining popularity in North America, Africa, Asia, Europe, and Oceania. Volatile and semi-volatile organic compound (VOC/SVOC) emissions from storm sewer CIPP installations were investigated at a dedicated outdoor research site. Tedlar bag, sorbent tube, and photoionization detector (PID) air sampling was conducted for five steam-CIPP installations and was coupled with composite characterizations. New CIPPs contained up to 2.21 wt% volatile material and only 6-31% chemical mass extracted per CIPP was identified. Each 6.1 m [20 ft] liner contained an estimated 5-10 kg [11-22 lbs] of residual chemical. Extracted chemicals included hazardous air pollutants and suspected and known carcinogens that were not reported by others. These included monomers, monomer oxidation products, antioxidants, initiator degradation products, and a plasticizer. PID signals did not accurately represent styrene air concentration differing sometimes by 10s- to 1000s-fold. Multiple VOCs found in air samples likely affected PID responses. Styrene (>86.4 ppmv) and methylene chloride (>1.56 ppmv) air concentrations were likely greater onsite and phenol was also detected. Additional studies are needed to examine pollutant emissions so process monitoring can be improved, and environment impacts and associated human exposures can be minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungyeon Ra
- Division of Ecological and Environmental Engineering, 500 Central Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, IN, USA.
| | | | - Md Nuruddin
- School of Materials Engineering, 701 W Stadium Avenue, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, IN, USA.
| | - Nadezhda N Zyaykina
- Division of Ecological and Environmental Engineering, 500 Central Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, IN, USA; Lyles School of Civil Engineering, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, IN, USA.
| | - Emily N Conkling
- Division of Ecological and Environmental Engineering, 500 Central Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, IN, USA.
| | - Brandon E Boor
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, IN, USA.
| | - Chad T Jafvert
- Division of Ecological and Environmental Engineering, 500 Central Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, IN, USA; Lyles School of Civil Engineering, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, IN, USA.
| | - John A Howarter
- Division of Ecological and Environmental Engineering, 500 Central Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, IN, USA; Lyles School of Civil Engineering, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, IN, USA.
| | - Jeffrey P Youngblood
- School of Materials Engineering, 701 W Stadium Avenue, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, IN, USA.
| | - Andrew J Whelton
- Division of Ecological and Environmental Engineering, 500 Central Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, IN, USA; Lyles School of Civil Engineering, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, IN, USA.
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20
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Slade JH, Ault AP, Bui AT, Ditto JC, Lei Z, Bondy AL, Olson NE, Cook RD, Desrochers SJ, Harvey RM, Erickson MH, Wallace HW, Alvarez SL, Flynn JH, Boor BE, Petrucci GA, Gentner DR, Griffin RJ, Shepson PB. Bouncier Particles at Night: Biogenic Secondary Organic Aerosol Chemistry and Sulfate Drive Diel Variations in the Aerosol Phase in a Mixed Forest. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:4977-4987. [PMID: 31002496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b07319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol phase state is critical for quantifying aerosol effects on climate and air quality. However, significant challenges remain in our ability to predict and quantify phase state during its evolution in the atmosphere. Herein, we demonstrate that aerosol phase (liquid, semisolid, solid) exhibits a diel cycle in a mixed forest environment, oscillating between a viscous, semisolid phase state at night and liquid phase state with phase separation during the day. The viscous nighttime particles existed despite higher relative humidity and were independently confirmed by bounce factor measurements and atomic force microscopy. High-resolution mass spectrometry shows the more viscous phase state at night is impacted by the formation of terpene-derived and higher molecular weight secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and smaller inorganic sulfate mass fractions. Larger daytime particulate sulfate mass fractions, as well as a predominance of lower molecular weight isoprene-derived SOA, lead to the liquid state of the daytime particles and phase separation after greater uptake of liquid water, despite the lower daytime relative humidity. The observed diel cycle of aerosol phase should provoke rethinking of the SOA atmospheric lifecycle, as it suggests diurnal variability in gas-particle partitioning and mixing time scales, which influence aerosol multiphase chemistry, lifetime, and climate impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Slade
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Andrew P Ault
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Alexander T Bui
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Jenna C Ditto
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Ziying Lei
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Amy L Bondy
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Nicole E Olson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Ryan D Cook
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Sarah J Desrochers
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Rebecca M Harvey
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Matthew H Erickson
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , University of Houston , Houston , Texas 77204 , United States
| | - Henry W Wallace
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Sergio L Alvarez
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , University of Houston , Houston , Texas 77204 , United States
| | - James H Flynn
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , University of Houston , Houston , Texas 77204 , United States
| | - Brandon E Boor
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Giuseppe A Petrucci
- Department of Chemistry , University of Vermont , Burlington , Vermont 05405 , United States
| | - Drew R Gentner
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Robert J Griffin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Paul B Shepson
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
- Purdue Climate Change Research Center , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
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21
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Hyytiäinen HK, Jayaprakash B, Kirjavainen PV, Saari SE, Holopainen R, Keskinen J, Hämeri K, Hyvärinen A, Boor BE, Täubel M. Crawling-induced floor dust resuspension affects the microbiota of the infant breathing zone. Microbiome 2018; 6:25. [PMID: 29394954 PMCID: PMC5797336 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0405-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Floor dust is commonly used for microbial determinations in epidemiological studies to estimate early-life indoor microbial exposures. Resuspension of floor dust and its impact on infant microbial exposure is, however, little explored. The aim of our study was to investigate how floor dust resuspension induced by an infant's crawling motion and an adult walking affects infant inhalation exposure to microbes. RESULTS We conducted controlled chamber experiments with a simplified mechanical crawling infant robot and an adult volunteer walking over carpeted flooring. We applied bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing and quantitative PCR to monitor the infant breathing zone microbial content and compared that to the adult breathing zone and the carpet dust as the source. During crawling, fungal and bacterial levels were, on average, 8- to 21-fold higher in the infant breathing zone compared to measurements from the adult breathing zone. During walking experiments, the increase in microbial levels in the infant breathing zone was far less pronounced. The correlation in rank orders of microbial levels in the carpet dust and the corresponding infant breathing zone sample varied between different microbial groups but was mostly moderate. The relative abundance of bacterial taxa was characteristically distinct in carpet dust and infant and adult breathing zones during the infant crawling experiments. Bacterial diversity in carpet dust and the infant breathing zone did not correlate significantly. CONCLUSIONS The microbiota in the infant breathing zone differ in absolute quantitative and compositional terms from that of the adult breathing zone and of floor dust. Crawling induces resuspension of floor dust from carpeted flooring, creating a concentrated and localized cloud of microbial content around the infant. Thus, the microbial exposure of infants following dust resuspension is difficult to predict based on common house dust or bulk air measurements. Improved approaches for the assessment of infant microbial exposure, such as sampling at the infant breathing zone level, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi K. Hyytiäinen
- Environmental Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Pirkka V. Kirjavainen
- Environmental Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sampo E. Saari
- Aerosol Physics Unit, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tampere, Finland
| | - Rauno Holopainen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
- Oulu University of Applied Sciences, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jorma Keskinen
- Aerosol Physics Unit, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kaarle Hämeri
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne Hyvärinen
- Environmental Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Brandon E. Boor
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
- Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance Buildings, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - Martin Täubel
- Environmental Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
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22
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Wu T, Täubel M, Holopainen R, Viitanen AK, Vainiotalo S, Tuomi T, Keskinen J, Hyvärinen A, Hämeri K, Saari SE, Boor BE. Infant and Adult Inhalation Exposure to Resuspended Biological Particulate Matter. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:237-247. [PMID: 29144737 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Human-induced resuspension of floor dust is a dynamic process that can serve as a major indoor source of biological particulate matter (bioPM). Inhalation exposure to the microbial and allergenic content of indoor dust is associated with adverse and protective health effects. This study evaluates infant and adult inhalation exposures and respiratory tract deposited dose rates of resuspended bioPM from carpets. Chamber experiments were conducted with a robotic crawling infant and an adult performing a walking sequence. Breathing zone (BZ) size distributions of resuspended fluorescent biological aerosol particles (FBAPs), a bioPM proxy, were monitored in real-time. FBAP exposures were highly transient during periods of locomotion. Both crawling and walking delivered a significant number of resuspended FBAPs to the BZ, with concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 2 cm-3 (mass range: ∼50 to 600 μg/m3). Infants and adults are primarily exposed to a unimodal FBAP size distribution between 2 and 6 μm, with infants receiving greater exposures to super-10 μm FBAPs. In just 1 min of crawling or walking, 103-104 resuspended FBAPs can deposit in the respiratory tract, with an infant receiving much of their respiratory tract deposited dose in their lower airways. Per kg body mass, an infant will receive a nearly four times greater respiratory tract deposited dose of resuspended FBAPs compared to an adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianren Wu
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University , 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance Buildings, Purdue University , 177 South Russell Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Martin Täubel
- National Institute for Health and Welfare , P.O. Box 95, Kuopio, FI 70701, Finland
| | - Rauno Holopainen
- Oulu University of Applied Sciences , P.O. Box 222, Oulu, FI 90101, Finland
| | - Anna-Kaisa Viitanen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health , P.O. Box 40, Helsinki, FI 00250, Finland
| | - Sinikka Vainiotalo
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health , P.O. Box 40, Helsinki, FI 00250, Finland
| | - Timo Tuomi
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health , P.O. Box 40, Helsinki, FI 00250, Finland
| | - Jorma Keskinen
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology , P.O. Box 692, Tampere, FI 33101, Finland
| | - Anne Hyvärinen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare , P.O. Box 95, Kuopio, FI 70701, Finland
| | - Kaarle Hämeri
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, Helsinki, FI 00014, Finland
| | - Sampo E Saari
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology , P.O. Box 692, Tampere, FI 33101, Finland
| | - Brandon E Boor
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University , 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance Buildings, Purdue University , 177 South Russell Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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23
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Cao G, Liu S, Boor BE, Novoselac A. Dynamic interaction of a downward plane jet and a cough jet with respect to particle transmission: An analytical and experimental study. J Occup Environ Hyg 2017; 14:620-633. [PMID: 28557668 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2017.1316383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A cough jet can travel beyond the breathing zone of the source person, and thus, infectious viral- and bacterial-laden particles can be transported from the source person to others in close proximity. To reduce the interpersonal transmission of coughed particles, the objective of this study was to analytically and experimentally investigate the performance of downward plane jets with various discharge velocities. Chamber measurements were conducted to examine the interaction between a transient cough jet (discharge velocities of 12 m/sec and 16 m/sec) and a steady downward plane jet (discharge velocities from 1.0-8.5 m/sec) with respect to the transport of and human exposure to coughed particles. The results show that a relatively high-speed cough can easily penetrate a downward plane jet with a discharge velocity of less than 6 m/sec. A downward plane jet with a discharge velocity of 8.5 m/sec can bend the cough jet to a certain extent. In this study, momentum comparison of the cough jet and the downward plane jet shows that the value of personal exposure to coughed particles depends on the ratio of jet momentums. The results show that when the two momentums are equivalent or if the downward plane jet has a greater momentum, the cough jet is deflected downward and does not reach the breathing zone of the target thermal dummy. Using the ratio of the two momentums, it may be estimated whether the transmission of a cough jet can be controlled. A trajectory model was developed based on the ratio of the two momentums of a cough jet and a downward jet and was validated using the experimental data. In addition, the predicted trajectory of the cough jet agreed well with the results from smoke visualization experiments. This model can be used to guide the design of downward plane jet systems for protection of occupants from coughed particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Cao
- a Department of Energy and Process Engineering , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Shichao Liu
- b Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas
- c Center for the Built Environment , University of California , Berkeley , California
| | - Brandon E Boor
- b Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas
- d Lyles School of Civil Engineering , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana
| | - Atila Novoselac
- b Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas
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24
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Boor BE, Spilak MP, Corsi RL, Novoselac A. Characterizing particle resuspension from mattresses: chamber study. Indoor Air 2015; 25:441-456. [PMID: 25077669 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED People spend approximately one-third of their lives sleeping, where they can be exposed to a myriad of particle-bound biological agents and chemical pollutants that originate within mattresses and bedding, including allergens, fungal spores, bacteria, and particle-phase semi-volatile organic compounds. Full-scale particle resuspension experiments were conducted in an environmental chamber, where volunteers performed a prescribed movement routine on an artificially seeded mattress. Human movements in bed, such as rolling from the prone to supine position, were found to resuspend settled particles, leading to elevations in airborne particle concentrations. Resuspension rates were estimated for the size fractions of 1-2 μm, 2-3 μm, 3-5 μm, 5-10 μm, and 10-20 μm, and were in the range of 10(-3) to 10(1) h(-1). Particle size had the most significant impact on the resuspension rate, whereas dust loading, volunteer body mass, and ventilation rate had a much smaller impact. Resuspension increased with the intensity of a movement, as characterized by surface vibrations, and decreased with repeated movement routines. Inhalation exposure was characterized with the intake fraction metric. Intake fractions increased as the particle size and ventilation rate decreased and ranged from 10(2) to 10(4) inhaled particles per million resuspended, demonstrating that a significant fraction of released particles can be inhaled by sleeping occupants. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Full-scale chamber experiments with human volunteers demonstrate that body movements in bed can resuspend settled particles from mattresses, leading to elevated airborne particle concentrations in both the breathing zone and bulk air of the chamber. Numerous variables influence resuspension, including particle size and intensity of a specific body movement. The results suggest that human-induced resuspension in the sleep microenvironment may play an important role in contributing to our inhalation exposure to mattress dust pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Boor
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - M P Spilak
- Danish Building Research Institute, Department of Construction and Health, Aalborg University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - R L Corsi
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - A Novoselac
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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25
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Mølgaard B, Viitanen AK, Kangas A, Huhtiniemi M, Larsen ST, Vanhala E, Hussein T, Boor BE, Hämeri K, Koivisto AJ. Exposure to airborne particles and volatile organic compounds from polyurethane molding, spray painting, lacquering, and gluing in a workshop. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2015; 12:3756-73. [PMID: 25849539 PMCID: PMC4410214 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120403756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Due to the health risk related to occupational air pollution exposure, we assessed concentrations and identified sources of particles and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in a handcraft workshop producing fishing lures. The work processes in the site included polyurethane molding, spray painting, lacquering, and gluing. We measured total VOC (TVOC) concentrations and particle size distributions at three locations representing the various phases of the manufacturing and assembly process. The mean working-hour TVOC concentrations in three locations studied were 41, 37, and 24 ppm according to photo-ionization detector measurements. The mean working-hour particle number concentration varied between locations from 3000 to 36,000 cm−3. Analysis of temporal and spatial variations of TVOC concentrations revealed that there were at least four substantial VOC sources: spray gluing, mold-release agent spraying, continuous evaporation from various lacquer and paint containers, and either spray painting or lacquering (probably both). The mold-release agent spray was indirectly also a major source of ultrafine particles. The workers’ exposure can be reduced by improving the local exhaust ventilation at the known sources and by increasing the ventilation rate in the area with the continuous source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjarke Mølgaard
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 48, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Anna-Kaisa Viitanen
- Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Anneli Kangas
- Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Marika Huhtiniemi
- Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Søren Thor Larsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark.
| | - Esa Vanhala
- Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Tareq Hussein
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 48, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman, JO-11942, Jordan.
| | - Brandon E Boor
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 48, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Kaarle Hämeri
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 48, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Antti Joonas Koivisto
- Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland.
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark.
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26
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Boor BE, Järnström H, Novoselac A, Xu Y. Infant exposure to emissions of volatile organic compounds from crib mattresses. Environ Sci Technol 2014; 48:3541-3549. [PMID: 24548111 DOI: 10.1021/es405625q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Infants spend most of their time sleeping and are likely to be exposed to elevated concentrations of chemicals released from their crib mattresses. Small-scale chamber experiments were conducted to determine the area-specific emission rates (SERs) of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in a collection of twenty new and used crib mattresses. All mattress samples were found to emit VOCs and the mean values of total VOC (TVOC) SERs were 56 μg/m(2)h at 23 °C and 139 μg/m(2)h at 36 °C. TVOC SERs were greater for new mattresses compared to used ones and were influenced by the type of foam material and the presence of mattress cover layer. A variety of VOCs were identified, with polyurethane foam releasing a greater diversity of VOCs compared to polyester foam. Large-scale chamber experiments were conducted with an infant thermal manikin. TVOC concentrations sampled in the breathing zone and interior pore air of the crib mattress foam were found to be greater than the bulk room air by factors in the range of 1.8 to 2.4 and 7.5 to 21, respectively. The results suggest that crib mattresses are an important source of VOCs and infant exposure to VOCs are possibly elevated in their sleep microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon E Boor
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin 78712, Texas, United States
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