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Roces CB, Christensen D, Perrie Y. Translating the fabrication of protein-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles from bench to scale-independent production using microfluidics. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 10:582-593. [PMID: 31919746 PMCID: PMC7228990 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-019-00699-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In the formulation of nanoparticles, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is commonly employed due to its Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency approval for human use, its ability to encapsulate a variety of moieties, its biocompatibility and biodegradability and its ability to offer a range of controlled release profiles. Common methods for the production of PLGA particles often adopt harsh solvents, surfactants/stabilisers and in general are multi-step and time-consuming processes. This limits the translation of these drug delivery systems from bench to bedside. To address this, we have applied microfluidic processes to develop a scale-independent platform for the manufacture, purification and monitoring of nanoparticles. Thereby, the influence of various microfluidic parameters on the physicochemical characteristics of the empty and the protein-loaded PLGA particles was evaluated in combination with the copolymer employed (PLGA 85:15, 75:25 or 50:50) and the type of protein loaded. Using this rapid production process, emulsifying/stabilising agents (such as polyvinyl alcohol) are not required. We also incorporate in-line purification systems and at-line particle size monitoring. Our results demonstrate the microfluidic control parameters that can be adopted to control particle size and the impact of PLGA copolymer type on the characteristics of the produced particles. With these nanoparticles, protein encapsulation efficiency varies from 8 to 50% and is controlled by the copolymer of choice and the production parameters employed; higher flow rates, combined with medium flow rate ratios (3:1), should be adopted to promote higher protein loading (% wt/wt). In conclusion, herein, we outline the process controls for the fabrication of PLGA polymeric nanoparticles incorporating proteins in a rapid and scalable manufacturing process. Scale-independent production of polymer nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla B Roces
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral St, Glasgow, G4 0RE, Scotland
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yvonne Perrie
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral St, Glasgow, G4 0RE, Scotland.
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Roces CB, Lou G, Jain N, Abraham S, Thomas A, Halbert GW, Perrie Y. Manufacturing Considerations for the Development of Lipid Nanoparticles Using Microfluidics. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1095. [PMID: 33203082 PMCID: PMC7697682 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the recent of years, the use of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) for RNA delivery has gained considerable attention, with a large number in the clinical pipeline as vaccine candidates or to treat a wide range of diseases. Microfluidics offers considerable advantages for their manufacture due to its scalability, reproducibility and fast preparation. Thus, in this study, we have evaluated operating and formulation parameters to be considered when developing LNPs. Among them, the flow rate ratio (FRR) and the total flow rate (TFR) have been shown to significantly influence the physicochemical characteristics of the produced particles. In particular, increasing the TFR or increasing the FRR decreased the particle size. The amino lipid choice (cationic-DOTAP and DDAB; ionisable-MC3), buffer choice (citrate buffer pH 6 or TRIS pH 7.4) and type of nucleic acid payload (PolyA, ssDNA or mRNA) have also been shown to have an impact on the characteristics of these LNPs. LNPs were shown to have a high (>90%) loading in all cases and were below 100 nm with a low polydispersity index (≤0.25). The results within this paper could be used as a guide for the development and scalable manufacture of LNP systems using microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla B. Roces
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK; (C.B.R.); (G.L.); (G.W.H.)
| | - Gustavo Lou
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK; (C.B.R.); (G.L.); (G.W.H.)
| | - Nikita Jain
- Precision NanoSystems Inc., #50 655 W Kent Ave N, Vancouver, BC V6P 6T7, Canada; (N.J.); (S.A.); (A.T.)
| | - Suraj Abraham
- Precision NanoSystems Inc., #50 655 W Kent Ave N, Vancouver, BC V6P 6T7, Canada; (N.J.); (S.A.); (A.T.)
| | - Anitha Thomas
- Precision NanoSystems Inc., #50 655 W Kent Ave N, Vancouver, BC V6P 6T7, Canada; (N.J.); (S.A.); (A.T.)
| | - Gavin W. Halbert
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK; (C.B.R.); (G.L.); (G.W.H.)
| | - Yvonne Perrie
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK; (C.B.R.); (G.L.); (G.W.H.)
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Roces CB, Port EC, Daskalakis NN, Watts JA, Aylott JW, Halbert GW, Perrie Y. Rapid scale-up and production of active-loaded PEGylated liposomes. Int J Pharm 2020; 586:119566. [PMID: 32622812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Manufacturing of liposomal nanomedicines (e.g. Doxil®/Caelyx®) is a challenging and slow process based on multiple-vessel and batch processing techniques. As a result, the translation of these nanomedicines from bench to bedside has been limited. Microfluidic-based manufacturing offers the opportunity to address this issue, and de-risk the wider adoption of nanomedicines. Here we demonstrate the applicability of microfluidics for continuous manufacturing of PEGylated liposomes encapsulating ammonium sulfate (250 mM). Doxorubicin was subsequently active-loaded into these pre-formed liposomes. Critical process parameters and material considerations demonstrated to influence the liposomal product attributes included solvent selection and lipid concentration, flow rate ratio, and temperature and duration used for drug loading. However, the total flow rate did not affect the liposome product characteristics, allowing high production speeds to be adopted. The final liposomal product comprised of 80-100 nm vesicles (PDI < 0.2) encapsulating ≥ 90% doxorubicin, with matching release profiles to the innovator product and is stable for at least 6 months. Additionally, vincristine and acridine orange were active-loaded into these PEGylated liposomes (≥ 90% and ~100 nm in size) using the same process. These results demonstrate the ability to produce active-loaded PEGylated liposomes with high encapsulation efficiencies and particle sizes which support tumour targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla B Roces
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, 161 Cathedral Street, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland G4 0RE, UK
| | - Emily Charlotte Port
- Centre for Process Innovation, The Coxon Building, John Walker Road, Sedgefield, England TS21 3FE, UK
| | - Nikolaos N Daskalakis
- Centre for Process Innovation, The Coxon Building, John Walker Road, Sedgefield, England TS21 3FE, UK
| | - Julie A Watts
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, England NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Jonathan W Aylott
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, England NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Gavin W Halbert
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, 161 Cathedral Street, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland G4 0RE, UK
| | - Yvonne Perrie
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, 161 Cathedral Street, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland G4 0RE, UK.
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Khadke S, Roces CB, Donaghey R, Giacobbo V, Su Y, Perrie Y. Scalable solvent-free production of liposomes. J Pharm Pharmacol 2020; 72:1328-1340. [PMID: 32671856 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A major challenge faced with the manufacture of liposomes is the high volumes of organic solvents used during manufacturing. Therefore, we have implemented an organic solvent-free production method for drug-loaded liposomes and demonstrated its applicability with both aqueous core-loaded and bilayer-loaded drugs. METHODS Liposomes were produced by high shear mixing dry powder lipids with an aqueous buffer, followed by down-sizing using a Microfluidizer processor. Liposomes were purified via tangential flow filtration and characterised in terms of size, polydispersity index, zeta potential and drug loading. KEY FINDINGS Doxorubicin-loaded PEGylated liposomes can be manufactured using this solvent-free method with particle sizes of 100-110 nm, low polydispersity index (PDI) (<0.2) and high drug loading (97-98%). If required, liposomes can be further down-sized via microfluidic processing without impacting drug loading. Similar results were achieved with non-PEGylated liposomes. With bilayer-loaded amphotericin B liposomes, again liposomes can be prepared within a clinically appropriate size range (100-110 nm in size, low PDI) with high drug loading (98-100%). CONCLUSIONS We apply a simple and scalable solvent-free method for the production of both aqueous core or bilayer drug-loaded liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil Khadke
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Carla B Roces
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Rachel Donaghey
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Valeria Giacobbo
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Yang Su
- Microfluidics International Corporation, Westwood, MA, USA
| | - Yvonne Perrie
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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Webb C, Forbes N, Roces CB, Anderluzzi G, Lou G, Abraham S, Ingalls L, Marshall K, Leaver TJ, Watts JA, Aylott JW, Perrie Y. Using microfluidics for scalable manufacturing of nanomedicines from bench to GMP: A case study using protein-loaded liposomes. Int J Pharm 2020; 582:119266. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Roces CB, Hussain MT, Schmidt ST, Christensen D, Perrie Y. Investigating Prime-Pull Vaccination through a Combination of Parenteral Vaccination and Intranasal Boosting. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 8:vaccines8010010. [PMID: 31906072 PMCID: PMC7157738 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Formulation of inhalable delivery systems containing tuberculosis (TB) antigens to target the site of infection (lungs) have been considered for the development of subunit vaccines. Inert delivery systems such as poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) are an interesting approach due to its approval for human use. However, PLGA suffers hydrolytic degradation when stored in a liquid environment for prolonged time. Therefore, in this study, nano- and microparticles composed of different PLGA copolymers (50:50, 75:25 and 85:15), sucrose (10% w/v) and L-leucine (1% w/v) encapsulating H56 TB vaccine candidate were produced as dried powders. In vitro studies in three macrophage cell lines (MH-S, RAW264.7 and THP-1) showed the ability of these cells to take up the formulated PLGA:H56 particles and process the antigen. An in vivo prime-pull immunisation approach consisting of priming with CAF01:H56 (2 × subcutaneous (s.c.) injection) followed by a mucosal boost with PLGA:H56 (intranasal (i.n.) administration) demonstrated the retention of the immunogenicity of the antigen encapsulated within the lyophilised PLGA delivery system, although no enhancing effect could be observed compared to the administration of antigen alone as a boost. The work here could provide the foundations for the scale independent manufacture of polymer delivery systems encapsulating antigens for inhalation/aerolisation to the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla B. Roces
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK; (C.B.R.); (M.T.H.)
| | - Maryam T. Hussain
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK; (C.B.R.); (M.T.H.)
| | - Signe T. Schmidt
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (S.T.S.); (D.C.)
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (S.T.S.); (D.C.)
| | - Yvonne Perrie
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK; (C.B.R.); (M.T.H.)
- Correspondence:
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Webb C, Khadke S, Tandrup Schmidt S, Roces CB, Forbes N, Berrie G, Perrie Y. The Impact of Solvent Selection: Strategies to Guide the Manufacturing of Liposomes Using Microfluidics. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E653. [PMID: 31817217 PMCID: PMC6955969 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11120653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to assess the impact of solvent selection on the microfluidic production of liposomes. To achieve this, liposomes were manufactured using small-scale and bench-scale microfluidics systems using three aqueous miscible solvents (methanol, ethanol or isopropanol, alone or in combination). Liposomes composed of different lipid compositions were manufactured using these different solvents and characterised to investigate the influence of solvents on liposome attributes. Our studies demonstrate that solvent selection is a key consideration during the microfluidics manufacturing process, not only when considering lipid solubility but also with regard to the resultant liposome critical quality attributes. In general, reducing the polarity of the solvent (from methanol to isopropanol) increased the liposome particle size without impacting liposome short-term stability or release characteristics. Furthermore, solvent combinations such as methanol/isopropanol mixtures can be used to modify solvent polarity and the resultant liposome particle size. However, the impact of solvent choice on the liposome product is also influenced by the liposome formulation; liposomes containing charged lipids tended to show more sensitivity to solvent selection and formulations containing increased concentrations of cholesterol or pegylated-lipids were less influenced by the choice of solvent. Indeed, incorporation of 14 wt% or more of pegylated-lipid was shown to negate the impact of solvent selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Webb
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK; (C.W.); (S.K.); (S.T.S.); (C.B.R.); (N.F.); (G.B.)
| | - Swapnil Khadke
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK; (C.W.); (S.K.); (S.T.S.); (C.B.R.); (N.F.); (G.B.)
| | - Signe Tandrup Schmidt
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK; (C.W.); (S.K.); (S.T.S.); (C.B.R.); (N.F.); (G.B.)
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Carla B. Roces
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK; (C.W.); (S.K.); (S.T.S.); (C.B.R.); (N.F.); (G.B.)
| | - Neil Forbes
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK; (C.W.); (S.K.); (S.T.S.); (C.B.R.); (N.F.); (G.B.)
| | - Gillian Berrie
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK; (C.W.); (S.K.); (S.T.S.); (C.B.R.); (N.F.); (G.B.)
| | - Yvonne Perrie
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK; (C.W.); (S.K.); (S.T.S.); (C.B.R.); (N.F.); (G.B.)
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Roces CB, Khadke S, Christensen D, Perrie Y. Scale-Independent Microfluidic Production of Cationic Liposomal Adjuvants and Development of Enhanced Lymphatic Targeting Strategies. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:4372-4386. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carla B. Roces
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, Scotland
| | - Swapnil Khadke
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, Scotland
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yvonne Perrie
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, Scotland
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Wilkinson A, Lattmann E, Roces CB, Pedersen GK, Christensen D, Perrie Y. Lipid conjugation of TLR7 agonist Resiquimod ensures co-delivery with the liposomal Cationic Adjuvant Formulation 01 (CAF01) but does not enhance immunopotentiation compared to non-conjugated Resiquimod+CAF01. J Control Release 2018; 291:1-10. [PMID: 30291987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors, including the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), are important in the induction and activation of two critical arms of the host defence to pathogens and microorganisms: the rapid innate immune response (as characterised by the production of Th1 promoting cytokines and type 1 interferons) and the adaptive immune response. Through this activation, ligands and agonists of TLRs can enhance immunotherapeutic efficacy. Resiquimod is a small (water-soluble) agonist of the endosome-located Toll-like receptors 7 and 8 (TLR7/8). However due to its molecular attributes it rapidly distributes throughout the body after injection. To circumvent this, these TLR agonists can be incorporated within delivery systems, such as liposomes, to promote the co-delivery of both antigen and agonists to antigen presenting cells. In this present study, resiquimod has been chemically conjugated to a lipid to form a lipid-TLR7/8 agonist conjugate which can be incorporated within immunogenic cationic liposomes composed of dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DDA) and the immunostimulatory glycolipid trehalose 6,6' - dibehenate (TDB). This DDA:TDB-TLR7/8 formulation offers similar vesicle characteristics to DDA:TDB (size and charge) and offers high retention of both resiquimod and the electrostatically adsorbed TB subunit antigen Ag85B-ESAT6-Rv2660c (H56). Following immunisation through the intramuscular (i.m.) route, these cationic DDA:TDB-TLR7/8 liposomes form a vaccine depot at the injection site. However, immunisation studies have shown that this biodistribution does not translate into notably increased antibody nor Th1 responses at the spleen and draining popliteal lymph node compared to DDA:TDB liposomes. This work demonstrates that the conjugation of TLR7/8 agonists to cationic liposomes can promote co-delivery but the immune responses stimulated do not merit the added complexity considerations of the formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Lattmann
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Carla B Roces
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral St, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Gabriel K Pedersen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yvonne Perrie
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral St, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
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Abstract
A wide range of studies have shown that liposomes can act as suitable adjuvants for a range of vaccine antigens. Properties such as their amphiphilic character and biphasic nature allow them to incorporate antigens within the lipid bilayer, on the surface, or encapsulated within the inner core. However, appropriate methods for the manufacture of liposomes are limited and this has resulted in issues with cost, supply, and wider scale application of these systems. Within this chapter we explore manufacturing processes that can be used for the production of liposomal adjuvants, and we outline new manufacturing methods can that offer fast, scalable, and cost-effective production of liposomal adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Perrie
- Schol of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK.
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK.
| | - Elisabeth Kastner
- Schol of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Swapnil Khadke
- Aston Pharmacy School, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Carla B Roces
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - Peter Stone
- Aston Pharmacy School, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
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Joshi S, Hussain MT, Roces CB, Anderluzzi G, Kastner E, Salmaso S, Kirby DJ, Perrie Y. Microfluidics based manufacture of liposomes simultaneously entrapping hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. Int J Pharm 2016; 514:160-168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Roces CB, Kastner E, Stone P, Lowry D, Perrie Y. Rapid Quantification and Validation of Lipid Concentrations within Liposomes. Pharmaceutics 2016; 8:pharmaceutics8030029. [PMID: 27649231 PMCID: PMC5039448 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics8030029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantification of the lipid content in liposomal adjuvants for subunit vaccine formulation is of extreme importance, since this concentration impacts both efficacy and stability. In this paper, we outline a high performance liquid chromatography-evaporative light scattering detector (HPLC-ELSD) method that allows for the rapid and simultaneous quantification of lipid concentrations within liposomal systems prepared by three liposomal manufacturing techniques (lipid film hydration, high shear mixing, and microfluidics). The ELSD system was used to quantify four lipids: 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC), cholesterol, dimethyldioctadecylammonium (DDA) bromide, and d-(+)-trehalose 6,6′-dibehenate (TDB). The developed method offers rapidity, high sensitivity, direct linearity, and a good consistency on the responses (R2 > 0.993 for the four lipids tested). The corresponding limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.11 and 0.36 mg/mL (DMPC), 0.02 and 0.80 mg/mL (cholesterol), 0.06 and 0.20 mg/mL (DDA), and 0.05 and 0.16 mg/mL (TDB), respectively. HPLC-ELSD was shown to be a rapid and effective method for the quantification of lipids within liposome formulations without the need for lipid extraction processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla B Roces
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
| | - Elisabeth Kastner
- Aston Pharmacy School, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK.
| | - Peter Stone
- Aston Pharmacy School, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK.
| | - Deborah Lowry
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK.
| | - Yvonne Perrie
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
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Martin-Bertelsen B, Korsholm KS, Roces CB, Nielsen MH, Christensen D, Franzyk H, Yaghmur A, Foged C. Nano-Self-Assemblies Based on Synthetic Analogues of Mycobacterial Monomycoloyl Glycerol and DDA: Supramolecular Structure and Adjuvant Efficacy. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:2771-81. [PMID: 27377146 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mycobacterial cell-wall lipid monomycoloyl glycerol (MMG) is a potent immunostimulator, and cationic liposomes composed of a shorter synthetic analogue (MMG-1) and dimethyldioctadecylammonium (DDA) bromide represent a promising adjuvant that induces strong antigen-specific Th1 and Th17 responses. In the present study, we investigated the supramolecular structure and in vivo adjuvant activity of dispersions based on binary mixtures of DDA and an array of synthetic MMG-1 analogues (MMG-2/3/5/6) displaying longer (MMG-2) or shorter (MMG-3) alkyl chain lengths, or variations in stereochemistry of the polar headgroup (MMG-5) or of the hydrophobic moiety (MMG-6). Synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering experiments and cryo transmission electron microscopy revealed that DDA:MMG-1/2/5/6 dispersions consisted of unilamellar and multilamellar vesicles (ULVs/MLVs), whereas a coexistence of both ULVs and hexosomes was observed for DDA:MMG-3, depending on the DDA:MMG molar ratio. The studies also showed that ULVs were formed, regardless of the structural characteristics of the neat MMG analogues in excess buffer [lamellar (MMG-1/2/5) or inverse hexagonal (MMG-3/6) phases]. Immunization of mice with a chlamydia antigen surface-adsorbed to DDA:MMG-1/3/6 dispersions revealed that all tested adjuvants were immunoactive and induced strong Th1 and Th17 responses with a potential for a central effector memory profile. The MMG-1 and MMG-6 analogues were equally immunoactive in vivo upon incorporation into DDA liposomes, despite the reported highly different immunostimulatory properties of the neat analogues in vitro, which were attributed to the different nanostructural characteristics. This clearly demonstrates that optimal formulation and delivery of MMG analogues to the immune system is of major importance and challenges the use of in vitro screening assays with nondispersed compounds to identify potential new vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte Martin-Bertelsen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karen S Korsholm
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Vaccine Adjuvant Research, Statens Serum Institut , Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carla B Roces
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maja H Nielsen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Vaccine Adjuvant Research, Statens Serum Institut , Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Franzyk
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anan Yaghmur
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla Foged
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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