Feather's Composition of South Polar Skua (Stercorarius maccormicki) Using WDXRF

This study investigated the feathers' composition of South polar skua (Stercorarius maccormicki) using WDXRF, evaluating the concentration of essential and non-essential elements in the feathers, and dividing it into rachis and barb parts. We collected South polar skuas feathers from Hennequin Point, King George Island, South Shetland, Antarctic Peninsula in January of 2013. Our results show that 18 elements were observed in the composition of the feathers, with a different concentration between the rachis and barbs, qualitatively and quantitatively. Only 3 elements observed were classified as non-essentials but still mostly elements do not have a function described in the literature to the feathers. According to our knowledge, this is the first study that uses this technique to evaluate the concentration of different elements in the feathers. The findings of this study highlight the use of alternative techniques to biomonitoring elements in the ecosystem and bring baseline information for future studies.

Dietary supplementation with canthaxanthin and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol on the incubation performance and fertility of European quail breeders

This study assessed the effects of combined supplementation with canthaxanthin (Cx) and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D₃) on incubation performance, fertility, and chick quality in European quail breeders. A total of 240 birds were distributed in a completely randomized design with 5 diets and 8 replicates. The animals were fed a basal diet containing 50 µg of vitamin D₃ or the basal diet supplemented with 3 ppm Cx and 34.5 µg 25-OH-D₃, 6 ppm Cx, and 69 µg 25-OH-D₃, 9 ppm Cx and 103.5 µg 25-OH-D₃, or 12 ppm Cx and 138 µg 25-OH-D₃. Incubation performance was analyzed in 2 periods (32 and 38 wk). Breeders aged 32 wk produced eggs with higher hatchability (P = 0.024), hatchability of fertile eggs (P = 0.026) and lower initial plus mid embryonic mortality (P = 0.021), whereas 38-week-old breeders generated chicks with a higher length at hatching (P < 0.001) and lower final plus pipped embryonic mortality (P = 0.021). In both age groups, Cx + 25-OH-D₃ levels had a quadratic effect on egg fertility (P < 0.001), hatchability of total (P < 0.001), and fertile eggs (P < 0.001). The fertility and the number of sperm cells in the perivitelline membrane was analyzed in two periods (26 and 40 wk). A quadratic effect of diet and days after mating on both parameters (P < 0.05) was observed. Eggs from supplementing breeders showed a high fertility (P < 0.001) and sperm cell counts (P < 0.001) for up to 7 and 3 d after mating, respectively, then the control group. Moreover, the supplementation of quail breeder diets with 6 ppm Cx + 69 µg 25-OH-D₃ enhances sperm cell longevity in sperm storage tubules, hatchability of total and fertile eggs, fertility, and chick quality, especially in older quail's breeders and reduces embryonic mortality.

Unpaved road conservation planning at the catchment scale

In addition to soil losses on hillslopes, unpaved rural roads, especially when poorly designed and maintained, can be a significant contributor to the erosive processes seen at the catchment scale. In areas with deep soils, the solutions primarily focus on channeling excess surface runoff into settling ponds or terraces. However, few studies have addressed runoff control from roads on steep slopes in areas of shallow soil. Modeling hydrological processes at the catchment scale is a useful strategy for choosing the most effective and least costly conservation practices to control surface runoff. This study applies a mathematical model to a monitored catchment in southern Brazil to better understand the effects of conservation practices on unpaved roads and their impact on the hydrological and erosive dynamics of a small rural catchment. We calibrated the LISEM model using data from eight stormwater events and evaluated how three different road conservation scenarios-low (LI), medium (MI), and high intensity (HI)-contributed to sediment yield (SY), surface runoff volume (Qe), and peak flow (Qp) reduction. The LI and MI scenarios involved installation of hydraulic structures to control the road surface runoff (i.e. road ditch graveling, diversion weirs and grass waterways) while the HI scenario added surface runoff control practices (grass strips) to surrounding crop fields, in addition to the practices included in the MI scenario. Based on these scenarios, the results showed a Qe reduction at the catchment outlet from - 3.5% (LI) to - 22.5% (HI). The Qp and SY varied from + 6.0% (LI) to - 292.5% (HI) and from + 20.0% (LI) to - 963.9% (HI), respectively. These results show that the low- and medium-intensity practices were not effective in controlling surface runoff from roads, based on the Qe, Qb, and SY observed at the catchment's outlet. On the other hand, when MI scenarios were complemented with practices to control surface runoff in the cultivated areas, a significant reduction in surface runoff (Qe and Qp) and SY was verified.

Effects of melatonin on insulin signaling and inflammatory pathways of rats with apical periodontitis

AIM

To verify the effects of melatonin supplementation on insulin sensitivity, plasma concentrations of inflammatory cytokines, insulin signalling and inflammatory pathways in the soleus (SM) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles of rats with apical periodontitis (AP).

METHODOLOGY

Seventy-two Wistar rats were distributed into 4 groups: (a) control (C), (b) control supplemented with melatonin (M), (c) AP (AP), and (d) AP supplemented with melatonin (AP + M). AP was induced by pulp exposure of the maxillary and mandibular right first and second molars to the oral environment. After AP induction, oral supplementation with 5 mg kg^-1 melatonin (diluted in drinking water) for 60 days was initiated. At the end of the treatment, the following were analysed: (1) plasma concentrations of insulin and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and IL-10) using ELISA kits; (2) glycaemia using enzymatic assay; (3) insulin resistance using homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index; and (4) phosphorylation status of pp185 tyrosine, Akt serine, IKKα/β, and JNK in SM and EDL using Western blot. Analysis of variance of two or three factors was performed, followed by the Bonferroni test. P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

AP promoted insulin resistance, significantly increased (P < 0.05) plasma concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β), significantly decreased (P < 0.05) the concentration of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, impaired insulin signalling in SM, and increased IKKα/β phosphorylation status in SM and EDL. Melatonin supplementation in rats with AP improved insulin sensitivity, significantly decreased (P < 0.05) TNF-α and IL-1β, significantly increased (P < 0.05) IL-10 plasma concentrations, and changed the insulin signalling in soleus muscle and IKKα/β phosphorylation status in SM and EDL muscles.

CONCLUSIONS

Melatonin is a potent adjuvant treatment for improving apical periodontitis-associated changes in insulin sensitivity, insulin signalling and inflammatory pathways. In addition, the negative impact of AP on general health was also demonstrated.

The dietary supplementation of canthaxanthin in combination with 25OHD3 results in reproductive, performance, and progeny quality gains in broiler breeders

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the dietary supplementation of canthaxanthin and cholecalciferol (25OHD3) to broiler breeders and their progenies on their performance. Eighty 25-wk-old Cobb 500 broiler breeders were distributed according to a completely randomized design in 2 experimental treatments, with 10 replicates of 4 birds each. The treatments consisted of the supplementation or not of a corn-soybean meal diet with canthaxanthin + 25OHD3 to broiler breeders fed from 25 to 62 wk of age. Egg production, fertility, hatchability, hatchability of fertile eggs, embryonic mortality, and egg specific gravity were evaluated. Breeders were inseminated at 35, 45, and 62 wk of age, the eggs were incubated, and the performance of the progenies was evaluated. From the progeny of each breeder age, 300 male chicks were distributed according to a completely randomized design in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (chicks from breeders supplemented or not with canthaxanthin + 25OHD3 and chicks supplemented or not with canthaxanthin + 25OHD3), totaling 4 treatments with 5 replicates of 15 birds each. Canthaxanthin + 25OHD3 were supplied to the chicks until 21 D of age. The combination of canthaxanthin and 25OHD3, containing 69 mg of 25OHD3 and 6 g of canthaxanthin, was supplemented at 1 kg/t of feed. Breeders supplemented with canthaxanthin + 25OHD3 showed higher egg production, total hatchability, hatchability of fertile eggs, and lower early embryo mortality compared with those fed the control diet. Broilers from breeders fed canthaxanthin + 25OHD3 and supplemented with this additive up to 21 D of age presented a better feed conversion ratio and higher carcass and breast yields than those derived from nonsupplemented breeders.

Different dietary trace mineral sources for broiler breeders and their progenies

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different trace mineral supplementation sources in the diet of broiler breeders on their performance and on their progenies. In total, 128 Cobb 500 broiler breeders were distributed according to a completely randomized experimental design in 2 experimental treatments. The control group was fed a diet supplemented with inorganic trace minerals (ITM), while the other group was fed a diet supplemented with reduced levels of trace minerals in the organic form. Eggs were collected when breeders were 35, 47, and 53 wk old. Their progeny (450 hatchlings) were divided according to trace mineral supplementation source from the maternal diet, creating 2 treatments with 16 replicates of 15 birds each. Organic trace mineral (OTM) supplementation improved broiler breeder performance, as shown by higher egg production and better eggshell quality of OTM-fed hens compared with those fed ITM. Egg fertility and hatchability were not influenced by the treatments. As to progeny performance, higher weight gain, and consequently, better feed conversion ratio, were obtained in the 41-day-old progenies of OTM-fed breeders, independently of hen age. Maternal diet trace mineral source did not affect broiler carcass, breast meat, or leg yields. The results of the present study show that supplementing broiler breeder diets with organic trace mineral sources enhances the performance of breeders and their progenies.

Male-Produced Sex Pheromone of Tibraca limbativentris Revisited: Absolute Configurations of Zingiberenol Stereoisomers and their Influence on Chemotaxis Behavior of Conspecific Females

The rice stalk stink bug, Tibraca limbativentris, is an important rice pest in Brazil with a high invasive potential for Mexico and the USA. The sex pheromone of this species was previously identified as a combination of two stereoisomers of 1,10-bisaboladien-3-ol (zingiberenol), but the absolute configurations of these sesquiterpenes were not determined, neither were their effect(s) on T. limbativentris behavior evaluated. In this study, using two chiral columns, we compared retention times of the two natural 1,10-bisaboladien-3-ol stereoisomers from air-entrainment samples of male T. limbativentris with those of synthetic stereoisomers of 1,10-bisaboladien-3-ol. The results showed that T. limbativentris males produce (3S,6S,7R)-1,10-bisaboladien-3-ol (1) and (3R,6S,7R)-1,10-bisaboladien-3-ol (5) as their sex pheromone. Two new minor, male-specific components were also identified as cis and trans isomers of 2,10-bisaboladien-1-ol (sesquipiperitol). Y-tube olfactometer bioassays showed that the major (3S,6S,7R) isomer 1 was essential for attraction of T. limbativentris females, but the minor (3R,6S,7R) isomer 2 was not, nor did it show synergistic/antagonistic effects when added to the major isomer. The (1S,6S,7R) and (1R,6S,7R) stereoisomers of sesquipepiritol also attracted T. limbativentris females.

Palatogingival groove and root canal instrumentation

AIM

To evaluate the morphology and impact of root canal preparation in maxillary incisors with palatogingival grooves (PGG).

METHODOLOGY

Twenty extracted human maxillary incisors with PGG were subjected to macroscopic analysis and scanning electron microscopy analysis (SEM). The following characteristics of the PGG were evaluated: depth, point of origin in the cingulum, extension and position on the lingual surface. Furthermore, the presence of calculus, communications between the root canal system and the PGG, and root resorptions were investigated. The root canals were subsequently instrumented with K-files of three consecutive sizes. The teeth were sectioned, and the axial plane of each tooth section was imaged using SEM before and after instrumentation. The distance between the root canal walls and the PGG was calculated according to the location. Additionally, the distance between canal walls and cementum was measured at three different sites, to verify if instrumentation influenced dentine removal on a specific wall in teeth with PGG. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney or Student's t-test (P < 0.05).

RESULTS

Macroscopic analysis revealed that a deep groove was most frequently observed (75%), followed by a depression/shallow groove (25%) (P < 0.05). PGG typically originated in the distal margin ridge of the cingulum (65%) (P < 0.05), extending only to the middle (45%) or up to the apical (50%) third of the root (P < 0.05). Additionally, PGGs were typically located on the distal aspect of the lingual surface (70%) (P < 0.05). Calculus was concentrated on the surface of the crown and cementum-enamel junction (P < 0.05). Communication between the root canal and PGG was present in 35% of teeth, and root resorptions were noted in 50% of teeth. The distance between the external root surface and the pulp cavity was significantly narrower after instrumentation (P < 0.05); however, root canal preparation did not influence dentine removal on the specific wall associated with the groove (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Palatogingival grooves were characteristically deep and originated from the distal margin of the cingulum. Although it has been associated with a thinner root wall, root canal preparation did not influence the thickness of the specific wall in the maxillary incisors with PGG.

Multispecies biofilm formation by the contaminating microbiota in raw milk

Biofilms can be formed on the surfaces of dairy processing equipment and are a potential source of product contamination. This study evaluated the diversity of multispecies biofilms formed on stainless steel (SS) due to the contaminating microbiota in raw milk. Samples of raw milk were used: one was fresh milk and the other maintained in refrigerated bulk tanks for up to 48 h. The mesophilic aerobic contamination was ∼10⁴ CFU ml^-1 in fresh milk and 10⁶ CFU ml^-1 in bulk milk. SS coupons were kept immersed in the milk at 7 ±2 °C for 10 days, and every two days, the raw milk was changed for samples of the same origin collected on the current day. After incubation for 10 days, sessile cells in the biofilm reached 10⁵ CFU cm^-2 in the presence of fresh milk, and 10⁶ CFU cm^-2 in the presence of bulk milk. The genetic diversity analysis showed that Gammaproteobacteria and Bacilli predominated in the biofilms throughout the incubation of both milk samples and these biofilms showed a reduction in diversity over time. The main classes of bacteria found in these biofilms have representatives of great importance since many of them have spoilage potential.

Self-regulation model applied to menopause: a mixed-methods study

Objectives: Considering that bio-psycho-sociocultural variables influence menopause, this research aimed to assess the suitability of the self-regulation model in explaining the menopausal experience, and to explore differences among participants with different characteristics (e.g. health, sexual related) regarding menopause representations.Methods: Overall, 27 Portuguese women aged 40-65 years were assessed for sociodemographics, health, and sexual activity, as well as menopausal status and symptoms. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted. A directed content analysis was performed, and the qualitative data presented. Afterward, the frequencies of the categories were analyzed through quantitative methods (Mann-Whitney U tests).Results: Aging was the most frequently mentioned feature regarding menopause Identity, whereas vasomotor symptoms were the most mentioned regarding Negative Consequences and menses cessation regarding Positive Consequences. Features related to Cause (hormonal changes) and Control (need for acceptance) of menopause were also identified. No differences were found in the frequency of menopause representations between women with different characteristics (e.g. with higher vs. lower vasomotor symptom severity).Conclusion: The suitability of the self-regulation model to explain these women's menopause experience was confirmed and the representations did not vary among participants with different characteristics. This research might help professionals and researchers in developing comprehensive interventions, based on this theoretical model.

A preliminary study of static and dynamic balance in sedentary obese young adults: the relationship between BMI, posture and postural balance

The aim of this study was to evaluate the postural control of obese young adults with normal body mass index during different static (bipedic and unipedic support) and dynamic postural conditions (gait velocity and limits of stability) in order to compare the static and dynamic balance of these individuals. A cross-sectional quantitative study was carried out to evaluate static and dynamic balance in 25 sedentary individuals. The sample was divided into two groups, 10 in the normal-weight group (24.70 ± 3.89 years and 21.5 ± 1.66 kg m^-2 ) and 15 in the obese group (26.80 ± 5.16 years and 35.66 ± 4.29 kg m^-2 ). Postural evaluation was performed through visual inspection, and balance analyses were performed using the Timed Up & Go test (TUGT) and Balance System (Biodex). Descriptive analyses, Fisher's exact test and Mann Whitney U-tests were performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS - 20.0, Armonk, NY) software. Most of the obese volunteers presented postural alterations, such as head protrusion (47.6%), hyperkyphosis (46.7%) and hyperlordosis (26.7%). Medial-lateral dynamic displacement, risk of falls and mean time to perform the limits of stability test and TUGT were higher for obese subjects (P < 0.05), while there were no significant differences between the groups (P > 0.05) for static balance tests for either bipedal or unipedal tasks. The disadvantage presented by the young obese subjects occurs in dynamic activities, representing worse balance and an increase in time needed to accomplish these activities.

Association of exercise training and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 activator improves baroreflex sensitivity of spontaneously hypertensive rats

The present study sought to determine cardiovascular effects of aerobic training associated with diminazene aceturate (DIZE), an activator of the angiotensin converting enzyme 2, in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Male SHRs (280–350 g) were either subjected to exercise training or not (sedentary group). The trained group was subjected to 8 weeks of aerobic training on a treadmill (five times a week, lasting 60 min at an intensity of 50–60% of maximum aerobic speed). In the last 15 days of the experimental protocol, these groups were redistributed into four groups: i) sedentary SHRs with daily treatment of 1 mg/kg DIZE (S+D1); ii) trained SHRs with daily treatment of 1 mg/kg DIZE (T+D1); iii) sedentary SHRs with daily treatment of vehicle (S+V); and iv) trained SHRs with daily treatment of vehicle (T+V). After treatment, SHRs were anesthetized and subjected to artery and femoral vein cannulation prior to the implantation of ECG electrode. After 24 h, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded; the baroreflex sensitivity and the effect of double autonomic blockade (DAB) were evaluated in non-anesthetized SHRs. DIZE treatment improved baroreflex sensitivity in the T+D1 group as compared with the T+V and S+D1 groups. The intrinsic heart rate (IHR) and MAP were reduced in T+D1 group as compared with T+V and S+D1 groups. Hence, we conclude that the association of exercise training with DIZE treatment improved baroreflex function and cardiovascular regulation.

Multiple Exposures to Ascaris suum Induce Tissue Injury and Mixed Th2/Th17 Immune Response in Mice

Ascaris spp. infection affects 800 million people worldwide, and half of the world population is currently at risk of infection. Recurrent reinfection in humans is mostly due to the simplicity of the parasite life cycle, but the impact of multiple exposures to the biology of the infection and the consequences to the host's homeostasis are poorly understood. In this context, single and multiple exposures in mice were performed in order to characterize the parasitological, histopathological, tissue functional and immunological aspects of experimental larval ascariasis. The most important findings revealed that reinfected mice presented a significant reduction of parasite burden in the lung and an increase in the cellularity in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) associated with a robust granulocytic pulmonary inflammation, leading to a severe impairment of respiratory function. Moreover, the multiple exposures to Ascaris elicited an increased number of circulating inflammatory cells as well as production of higher levels of systemic cytokines, mainly IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A and TNF-α when compared to single-infected animals. Taken together, our results suggest the intense pulmonary inflammation associated with a polarized systemic Th2/Th17 immune response are crucial to control larval migration after multiple exposures to Ascaris.

Population biology and color patterns of the blue land crab, Cardisoma guanhumi (Latreille 1828) (Crustacea: Gecarcinidae) in the Northeastern Brazil

The objective of this study was to analyze the population biology and color patterns of Cardisoma guanhumi Latreille, 1828 in a mangrove area in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Crabs were collected monthly between February 2010 and January 2012 and totaled 1,837 individuals. Sex ratios were similar between males and females in the first year and differed in the second. Sex ratios by size class differed statistically in the extremes of the distribution, with an abundance of males in the large size classes. There was no difference (p > 0.05) in carapace width between males and females in the first year, but in the second year, males were larger than females (p = 0.003), showing the importance of considering interannual variation in such studies. Both sexes presented a unimodal distribution. The size of first maturing of the females was 6.00 cm. Asymptotic carapace width for males was 9.4 cm and females for 9.2 cm, using the Wetherall method. There was no defined modal progression, which made the determination of the Von Bertalanffy growth parameter K impossible. Juveniles were found throughout all months of the year, demonstrating that there was no defined period of recruiting, although slightly fewer juveniles were found in the dry season. Four color patterns were observed, the three first patterns were the same for both sexes, while the fourth pattern was observed in females only. The four color patterns identified could be clearly related to the stage of development (size) and sexual maturity of the animal.

Differences in evolution of children with non-severe acute lower respiratory tract infection with and without radiographically diagnosed pneumonia

OBJECTIVE

To identify differences in the evolution of children with non-severe acute lower respiratory tract infection between those with and without radiographically diagnosed pneumonia.

DESIGN

Prospective cohort study.

SETTING

A public university pediatric hospital in Salvador, Northeast Brazil.

PATIENTS

Children aged 2-59 months.

METHODS

By active surveillance, the pneumonia cases were prospectively identified in a 2-year period. Each case was followed-up for changes in various clinical symptoms and signs. Demographic, clinical and radiographic data were recorded in standardized forms. Exclusion was due to antibiotic use in the previous 48 hours, signs of severe disease, refusal to give informed consent, underlying chronic illness, hospitalization in the previous 7 days or amoxicillin allergy. Chest X-ray (CXR) was later read by at least 2 independent pediatric radiologists.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Radiographic diagnosed pneumonia based on agreed detection of pulmonary infiltrate or pleural effusion in 2 assessments.

RESULTS

A total of 382 patients receiving amoxicillin were studied, of whom, 372 (97.4%) had concordant radiographic diagnosis which was pneumonia (52%), normal CXR (41%) and others (7%). By multivariate analysis, age (OR=1.03; 95% CI: 1.02-1.05), disease > 5 days (OR = 1.04; 95% CI: 1.001-1.08), reduced pulmonary expansion (OR = 3.3; 95% CI: 1.4-8.0), absence of wheezing (OR = 0.5; 95% CI: 0.3-0.9), crackles on admission (OR = 2.0; 95% CI: 1.2-3.5), inability to drink on day 1 (OR = 4.2; 95% CI: 1.05-17.3), consolidation percussion sign (OR = 7.0; 95% CI: 1.5-32.3), tachypnea (OR = 2.0; 95% CI: 1.09-3.6) and fever (OR = 3.6; 95% CI: 1.4-9.4) on day 2 were independently associated with pneumonia. The highest positive predictive value was at the 2nd day of evolution for tachypnea (71.0%) and fever (81.1%).

CONCLUSION

Persistence of fever or tachypnea up to the second day of amoxicillin treatment is predictive of radiographically diagnosed pneumonia among children with non-severe lower respiratory tract diseases.

Schistosomiasis mansoni: ultrasound-evaluated hepatic fibrosis and serum concentrations of hyaluronic acid

Schistosomiasis mansoni is a fibrogenic liver disease that constitutes a major health problem in north-eastern Brazil. Although one common manifestation of the disease, periportal fibrosis (PPF), can be assessed by ultrasonography by well-trained physicians, the necessary equipment and personnel are not always readily available. Serum markers, including hyaluronic acid (HA), have been used as alternative means of measuring fibrosis. Recently serum concentrations of HA have been evaluated in 77 Brazilians (61 cases of schistosomiasis mansoni and 16 healthy controls) and compared against the ultrasound-evaluated PPF in the same subjects. The HA was measured using a non-competitive fluorescence-based assay, while the PPF was explored using a portable ultrasound scanner (SSD-500; Aloka, Tokyo) and graded, as patterns A-F, according to the World Health Organization's 'Niamey protocol'. In general, the serum concentrations of HA were found to be positively correlated with the severity of the PPF. The mean concentration of HA in the sera of the 16 controls was significantly lower than that recorded in the schistosomiasis cases who showed PPF of patterns D or E (P<0·001 for each). The cases who showed pattern-C PPF also had significantly less HA in their sera than the cases with PPF of patterns D or E (P<0·001 for each), and the cases with pattern-D fibrosis had significantly lower HA concentrations in their sera than the cases with PPF of pattern E (P<0·001). In an analysis based on a receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curve, an HA concentration of 20·2 μg/litre of serum was identified as a threshold that could be used to distinguish moderate cases of PPF (i.e. patterns C or D) from the more advanced cases (i.e. patterns E or F), with a sensitivity of 60% and specificity of 65%. In conclusion, it appears that serum concentrations of hyaluronic acid could be used as markers for periportal fibrosis in patients with schistosomiasis mansoni.

The reliability of experts' opinions in constructing a composite environmental index: the case of ESI 2005

The complexity of the environment demands a well-constructed composite environmental index (CEI) to provide a useful tool to draw attention to environmental conditions and trends for policy purposes. Among the common difficulties in constructing a proper CEI are uncertainties due to the selection of the most representative underlying variables or indicators. A degree of uncertainty accompanies experts' judgments, and to deal with vague, subjective or inconsistent information, logic other than classic is required. This study analyzes a procedure that uses different experts' opinions in constructing a CEI, with the use of paraconsistent annotated logic. For this, a sensitivity analysis of the Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI 2005) was used as an example to assess the reliability of experts' opinions. The uncertainty due to the disagreement in experts' opinions clearly indicates that the forms we presently use to measure and monitor the actual environment are insufficient, that is, there is a lack of a "science of sustainability".

Study of structural and photoluminescent properties of Ca8Eu2(PO4)6O2

In this work it is presented for the first time the nanostructured hydroxyapatites doped with 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 wt% of Eu(3+) prepared at room temperature by the mechanical alloying technique. X-ray diffraction powder (XRD), infrared (IR) and Raman scattering spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), microhardness measurements as well as luminescent data of Eu(3+) were used to investigate the structural and optical properties of these nanomaterials. The electrical and dielectrical analyses were used with the intention of having a better comprehension about the electromagnetic fields in pure and doped hydroxyapatites.

Apatite coating on anionic and native collagen films by an alternate soaking process

The present study focuses on apatite coating on collagen films, with various different densities of carboxyl groups, using an alternate soaking process. Anionic collagen (AC), which has different densities of carboxylic groups compared to native collagen (NC), was obtained by hydrolysis of carboxyamides of asparagine and glutamine residues. From X-ray diffraction analysis, apatite was found to be coated on AC and NC films. Peaks ascribed to apatite were observed at 26 degrees and 32 degrees in the diffraction patterns of hydroxyapatite crystals. The amount of apatite coated on both AC and NC collagen films continued to increase up to 100 reaction cycles. However, there is a significant difference in apatite coating between the two films. The amount of apatite formed on the surface of AC film increased 1.24 times faster than on NC film. The scanning electron photomicrograph images of the mineralized NC and the AC film coatings formed after 100cycles show that regular porous apatite coating had formed within the collagen fibrils. These results suggest that the higher content of carboxyl groups in AC plays an effective role in the heterogeneous nucleation of apatite in the body environment.

Seasonal variations in the developmental competence of bovine oocytes matured in vitro

Ovaries were collected over a period of two years from heifers slaughtered at under 30 months of age and used to harvest 1757 oocytes. After in vitro maturation, fertilisation and culture, the proportions of oocytes and cleaved embryos that developed to blastocysts were significantly higher (P<0.01) in the autumn, from September to November, than in the spring, from March to May. In contrast, embryo development, as assessed by oocytes that developed to eight or more cells and blastocysts, was lowest (P<0.01) in the spring. These results were consistent during the two-year study, indicating a seasonal fluctuation in oocyte competence.

Genetic load caused by variation in the amount of rDNA in a wasp

Extensive variation in the size of the short (heterochromatic) arm of chromosome 14 was found in the wasp Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) albitarse. Ten different variants were differentiated by size and C-banding pattern. Fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) revealed that ribosomal DNA in this species is clustered in the darkly C-banded parts of the heterochromatic short arm of chromosome 14. On this basis, we got an indirect estimate of the amount of rDNA from the area of these dark C-bands. The significant absence in males of the three chromosome variants with lower amounts of rDNA indicates that these three variants are lethal in this sex, and suggests the existence of a threshold marking the minimum amount of rDNA which is tolerable in haploidy. This implies about 4% genetic load in the population caused by variation in rDNA amount.

Immunohistochemical localization of inhibin/activin alpha, betaA and betaB subunits and follistatin in bovine oocytes during in vitro maturation and fertilization

The aim of this study was to evaluate the distribution of inhibin/activin alpha, beta(A) and beta(B) subunits and follistatin in immature oocytes and in matured oocytes before and after IVF. Denuded oocytes were submitted to a whole-mount immunofluorescence procedure. Specimens were imaged and fluorescent intensities quantified by scanning laser confocal microscopy. Immunoreactivity for inhibin alpha subunit (both alpha(C) and pro-alpha regions), abundant in the ooplasm of immature oocytes, decreased after maturation (a 68% and 88% decrease, respectively; P < 0.001), but increased after IVF by 2- and 5.7-fold, respectively (P < 0.01). Intense staining for beta(A) was detected in immature oocytes (predominantly in the outer ooplasm and zona pellucida) but after maturation and fertilization it was localized mainly in the zona pellucida, perivitelline space and oolemma. Immunoreactivity for beta(A) in the ooplasm decreased by 58% after maturation (P < 0.001) but increased again by 75% after fertilization (P < 0.01). Immunoreactivity for beta(B) was localized mainly in the zona pellucida and did not change after maturation. However, immunoreactivity for beta(B) was not detected in the zona pellucida after fertilization, but remained unchanged in unfertilized oocytes. Immunoreactivity for follistatin was detected in the ooplasm and zona pellucida of immature oocytes but decreased progressively in the ooplasm after maturation (a 63% decrease; P < 0.001) and did not change after IVF. Examination of partially denuded cumulus-oocyte complexes confirmed abundant expression of alpha(C), pro-alpha, beta(A) and follistatin immunoreactivity in cumulus cells, whereas beta(B) subunit staining was weak or absent in cumulus cells, but intense in the zona pellucida. In conclusion, the present study shows that qualitative and quantitative changes in the distribution of inhibin/activin subunits and follistatin accompany oocyte maturation and fertilization. The possibility, indicated by these observations, that activin A and activin B may play distinct roles in bovine oocyte maturation and fertilization warrants further study.

Immunohistochemical localization of inhibin/activin alpha, betaA and betaB subunits and follistatin in bovine oocytes during in vitro maturation and fertilization

The aim of this study was to evaluate the distribution of inhibin/activin alpha, beta(A) and beta(B) subunits and follistatin in immature oocytes and in matured oocytes before and after IVF. Denuded oocytes were submitted to a whole-mount immunofluorescence procedure. Specimens were imaged and fluorescent intensities quantified by scanning laser confocal microscopy. Immunoreactivity for inhibin alpha subunit (both alpha(C) and pro-alpha regions), abundant in the ooplasm of immature oocytes, decreased after maturation (a 68% and 88% decrease, respectively; P < 0.001), but increased after IVF by 2- and 5.7-fold, respectively (P < 0.01). Intense staining for beta(A) was detected in immature oocytes (predominantly in the outer ooplasm and zona pellucida) but after maturation and fertilization it was localized mainly in the zona pellucida, perivitelline space and oolemma. Immunoreactivity for beta(A) in the ooplasm decreased by 58% after maturation (P < 0.001) but increased again by 75% after fertilization (P < 0.01). Immunoreactivity for beta(B) was localized mainly in the zona pellucida and did not change after maturation. However, immunoreactivity for beta(B) was not detected in the zona pellucida after fertilization, but remained unchanged in unfertilized oocytes. Immunoreactivity for follistatin was detected in the ooplasm and zona pellucida of immature oocytes but decreased progressively in the ooplasm after maturation (a 63% decrease; P < 0.001) and did not change after IVF. Examination of partially denuded cumulus-oocyte complexes confirmed abundant expression of alpha(C), pro-alpha, beta(A) and follistatin immunoreactivity in cumulus cells, whereas beta(B) subunit staining was weak or absent in cumulus cells, but intense in the zona pellucida. In conclusion, the present study shows that qualitative and quantitative changes in the distribution of inhibin/activin subunits and follistatin accompany oocyte maturation and fertilization. The possibility, indicated by these observations, that activin A and activin B may play distinct roles in bovine oocyte maturation and fertilization warrants further study.

Metoclopramide for migration of naso-enteral tube

BACKGROUND

Enteral alimentation by feeding tube is a common problem and an efficient method of providing nutritional support to hospitalized patients with insufficient oral intake, but adequate gastrointestinal function. The use of metoclopramide, a prokinetic agent, has been recommended to achieve transpyloric placement, but its efficacy is controversial.

OBJECTIVES

To determine the effect of intravenous metoclopramide on transpyloric passage of the naso-enteral tube.

SEARCH STRATEGY

Relevant RCTs were identified by electronic search through MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register databases.

TYPES OF PARTICIPANTS

Adults needing enteral nutrition. Types of intervention: Intravenous or intramuscular metoclopramide compared to placebo or no intervention. Types of studies: Randomised controlled trials. Types of outcome measures: The success of migration of transpyloric intubation.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

The reviewers evaluated the allocation concealment, which was classified as adequate, uncertain or inadequate. Two reviewers extracted the data independently. All analyses were performed according to the intention-to-treat method.

MAIN RESULTS

Four studies were included and analysed. There was no statistically significant difference between intravenous or intramuscular metoclopramide administered to promote the tube migration (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.33 to 1.28). Intravenous metoclopramide 10 mg (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.37 to 1.23) and 20 mg (OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.01 to 10.84) were equally ineffective in facilitating transpyloric intubation.

REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS

Four studies were included and analysed. There was no statistically significant difference between intravenous or intramuscular metoclopramide administered to promote the tube migration (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.33 to 1.28). Intravenous metoclopramide 10 mg (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.37 to 1.23) and 20 mg (OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.01 to 10.84) were equally ineffective in facilitating transpyloric intubation.

Effects of hydrostatic pressure on the Leptospira interrogans: high immunogenicity of the pressure-inactivated serovar hardjo

The Hardjoprajitno strain of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo was subjected to different hydrostatic pressures. Complete inactivation occurred when the leptospires were treated with 2 kbar for 60 min. Electron microscopy showed dislocation of the outer membrane, partial loss of the helical shape and extrusion of the axial filament from the cytoplasmic cylinder of the pressurized leptospires. When the pressure-treated leptospires were inoculated into rabbits they were highly immunogenic. The sera of these animals presented a titer of 2048 in the microscopic serum agglutination reaction. Fluorescence measurements indicated that the action of pressure on the leptospires might have resulted from perturbation on membrane protein components, permitting the binding of the fluorescent probe bis (8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonate) (Bis-ANS). This is the first report of the use of hydrostatic pressure to inactivate pathogenic bacteria with the potential to lead to a vaccine.

Multiple arterial anomalies in the newborn infant. Echocardiographic and angiographic diagnosis

Multiple arterial anomalies characterized by tortuosity and rolling of the pulmonary arteries and aorta were diagnosed on echocardiography in an asymptomatic newborn infant with a phenotype suggesting Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. These changes were later confirmed on angiography, which also showed peripheral vascular abnormalities. The electrocardiogram showed a probable hemiblock of the left anterosuperior branch, and the chest x-ray showed an excavated pulmonary trunk with normal pulmonary flow.

Effects of androgens, progesterone and their antagonists on the developmental competence of in vitro matured bovine oocytes

The aim of the present study was to determine whether androgens and progesterone influence the in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes as assessed by cleavage rates and competence to form blastocysts after in vitro fertilization. Bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes were cultured (n = 20 per drop) for 22-24 h at 38.5 degrees C in TCM-199 medium supplemented with 10% oestrous cow serum, eCG (2.5 iu ml(-1)) and a range of treatments that included aromatizable (testosterone; 100 nmol l(-1)) and non-aromatizable (dihydrotestosterone; 100 nmol l(-1)) androgens, an androgen antagonist (flutamide; 36 micromol l(-1)), progesterone (300 nmol l(-1)) and a progesterone antagonist (mifeprisone, RU486; 100 nmol l(-1)). Production of inhibin A, total alpha-subunit, activin A and follistatin by each group of cumulus-oocyte complexes was also measured, since inhibin-related peptides have been implicated as modulators of oocyte maturation and their production may be influenced by steroids and anti-steroids. Both testosterone and dihydrotestosterone increased oocyte cleavage rate (25%; P < 0.01) and dihydrotestosterone also increased (24%; P < 0.05) the proportion of oocytes that reached the >/= eight-cell stage. However, neither androgen affected blastocyst yield, or the proportion of blastocysts that hatched. The stimulatory effect of dihydrotestosterone on cleavage rate was reduced by flutamide but the anti-androgen had no effect when tested alone. Treatment with testosterone, but not dihydrotestosterone, decreased (P < 0.05) endogenous follistatin and increased (P < 0.05) the activin A:follistatin ratio in maturation medium. Concentrations of inhibin A, total alpha-subunit and activin A were not affected significantly by androgen or flutamide. Addition of progesterone or the anti-progestin mifepristone to cumulus-oocyte complexes had no effect on cleavage rate. However, progesterone reduced by approximately 40% (P < 0.05) the proportions of both total oocytes and cleaved oocytes that formed blastocysts. This effect was partially reversed by mifepristone. Neither progesterone nor mifepristone affected inhibin A, activin A or follistatin production. However, total alpha-subunit concentration was significantly greater in the progesterone-treated group than in the controls (50%; P < 0.05), indicating that the negative effect of progesterone on blastocyst yield may be mediated by increased inhibin alpha-subunit expression by cumulus cells.

Association of pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum and aortic valve stenosis. Prenatal diagnosis

A rare association of pulmonary atresia with an intact septum was diagnosed through echocardiography in a fetus 32 weeks of gestational age. The diagnosis was later confirmed by echocardiography of the newborn infant and further on autopsy. The aortic valve was bicuspid with a pressure gradient of 81 mmHg, and the right ventricle was hypoplastic, as were the pulmonary trunk and arteries, and the blood flow was totally dependent on the ductus arteriosus.

[Perceptions of children about care received during hospitalization]

This is an exploratory qualitative study carried out in a hospital-school in Porto Alegre. Its purpose is to identify children's perception concerning the care received during hospitalization. Eight children, from six to twelve years of age participated in this investigation, after each person responsible for the child signed a consent form. Data was collected in the in-patient unit through in-depth interviews. Five different themes emerged from the analysis of the interviews: identification of the caretakers; children's perception of care; expression of inner feelings, description of the care received and the caretakers and perception of time. The study shows that hospitalization generates stress for the child and its family. Health care which is more appropriate and efficient minimizes the impact of hospitalization and should include the following aspects: family's and child's commitment to self-care, maintenance of family bonds and of regular activities, previous explanation of procedures to be performed respect for the child's opinions and suggestions, nursing team's availability and attention to the child's needs.

Right coronary artery fistula with congestive heart failure in the neonate. Doppler echocardiographic diagnosis and closure with detachable balloon

We report here a case of coronary artery fistula in a neonate with clinical signs of heart failure. The electrocardiogram showed signs of left ventricular hypertrophy and diffuse alterations in ventricular repolarization. Chest X-ray showed an enlargement of the cardiac silhouette with an increase in pulmonary flow. After echocardiographic diagnosis and angiographic confirmation, closure of the fistulous trajectory was performed with a detachable balloon with an early and late successful outcome.

Role of carbon monoxide in L-glutamate-induced cardiovascular responses in nucleus tractus solitarius of conscious rats

Heme oxygenase degrades heme to form carbon monoxide. It has been reported that heme oxygenase-derived carbon monoxide may interact with L-glutamate (L-Glu) receptors in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). Integrative studies suggest that heme oxygenase inhibitors raise blood pressure, in part, by inhibiting carbon monoxide formation in the NTS. The currents studies were designed to determine if heme oxygenase inhibitors affect the cardiovascular actions of L-Glu in the NTS. Accordingly, MAP and HR responses to unilateral microinjections of L-Glu (5 nmol/100 nl) into the NTS were measured before and after ipsilateral microinjections of zinc deuteroporphyrin 2,4-bis glycol (ZnDPBG, 4.5 nmol/100 nl) or chromium mesoporphyrin (CrMP, 1.5 nmol/100 nl) in awake rats chronically instrumented with NTS guide cannulaes and arterial catheters. With respect to non-treatment (+36+/-5 mmHg, -107 bpm, n=10), ZnDPBG pre-treatment attenuated the pressor and bradycardic responses to L-Glu (+7+/-3 mmHg, -10+/-6 bpm, P<0.05). CrMP similarly attenuated cardiovascular responses to L-Glu (+47+/-3 mmHg, -68+/-8 bpm vs. +20+/-5 mmHg, -40+/-9 bpm; before vs. after, n=10, P<0.05). Matched series yielded no vehicle- or time-related effects. Our findings suggest that a heme oxygenase product, such as carbon monoxide, may affect NTS glutamatergic neurotransmission to participate in cardiovascular control.

Demonstration of a suppressive effect of inhibin alpha-subunit on the developmental competence of in vitro matured bovine oocytes

Changes in intrafollicular concentrations of different forms of inhibin (free alpha-subunits and alpha beta dimers) occur during follicle development and may influence the oocyte maturation process. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of inhibin A and free alpha-subunit (pro-alpha C) isolated from bovine follicular fluid on maturation of bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes, as reflected by their competence for embryo development after in vitro fertilization. Bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes were isolated from ovaries obtained from an abattoir and were cultured for 22-24 h at 38.5 degrees C in TCM-199 medium supplemented with 10% oestrous cow serum, pregnant mares' serum gonadotrophin (2.5 iu ml-1) and either inhibin A (0, 0.2 and 1.0 microgram ml-1) or pro-alpha C (0, 2 and 10 micrograms ml-1). Neither inhibin A nor free alpha-subunit affected the cleavage rate of cumulus-oocyte complexes after fertilization (approximately 60%). Inhibin A reduced the proportion of cleaved oocytes reaching the eight-cell stage by 19% (P < 0.05), but did not affect the yield of blastocysts. However, pro-alpha C decreased the proportion of cleaved oocytes that reached the eight-cell (25%; P < 0.05) and blastocyst (28%; P < 0.05) stages. In addition, a negative correlation (r = -0.55, P < 0.001) was found between concentrations of total immunoreactive (ir) alpha-inhibin (measured by radioimmunoassay) produced by untreated control cumulus-oocyte complexes and their post-cleavage development to the blastocyst stage. In a second experiment, mouse monoclonal antibodies (20 micrograms ml-1) against two different regions of the inhibin alpha-subunit precursor (pro-region and alpha C fragment) were tested for their ability to neutralize endogenous inhibin alpha-subunit-related molecules produced by cumulus cells; control cumulus-oocyte complexes were treated with normal mouse IgG (20 micrograms ml-1). Although the cleavage rate was not affected, the yield of blastocysts was significantly higher in the presence of mouse monoclonal antibodies to both pro-alpha (77% increase; P < 0.05) and alpha C (48% increase; P < 0.05). None of the treatments tested affected endogenous production of activin-A or follistatin by cumulus-oocyte complexes. Overall, these results indicate that the inhibin alpha-subunit (pro-alpha C) has an inhibitory role in oocyte maturation which is independent of the modulatory effects of activin and follistatin.

[Right ventricle-dependent coronary circulation in pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum. Absence of origin of the coronary arteries from the aorta]

This report describes the clinical, echocardiographic and angiographic aspects of a five-day old boy with pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum. Both the echocardiogram and the aortography did not show any coronary arteries arising from the aorta. Two-dimensional echocardiography was able to identify the coronary arteries originating from the right ventricle and so did the right ventricular angiogram. No retrograde flow into the aorta or pulmonary trunk was identified after opacification of the coronary arteries. As far as we know this is the first case diagnosed by echocardiography, and is a vivid example of the necessity of identifying the coronary arteries in patients with pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum.

[Anomalous origin of the right pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta (Hemitruncus)]

The origin of the right pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta is a rare cogenital anomaly, with very few reports in the literature. We describe two cases of this rare malformation, one of them, associated with interruption of the aortic arch (type B). In both cases, the diagnosis was made by two-dimensional echocardiography, with angiographic confirmation in one of them. The origin of the right pulmonary artery was close to the aortic valve, anomaly pathogenetically distinct from the type that arises close to the innominate artery.

Modulatory actions of activin-A and follistatin on the developmental competence of in vitro-matured bovine oocytes

The presence of activin receptors on oocytes and granulosa cells suggests that activin and its binding protein, follistatin, may regulate oocyte maturation. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether activin-A and follistatin can influence the in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes as assessed by their competence to form blastocysts after in vitro fertilization. Bovine cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) were cultured for 22-24 h at 38.5 degrees C in tissue culture medium-199 supplemented with 10% estrous cow serum, eCG (2.5 IU/ml), and either no treatment (control), activin-A (0.1 or 0.5 microg/ml), follistatin (0.1, 1, or 10 microg/ml), or activin-A (0.5 microg/ml) in combination with follistatin (0.5 or 5 microg/ml). In separate experiments, the same treatments were also tested on cumulus-free oocytes, which had a much reduced developmental capacity when compared to COCs. Neither activin-A nor follistatin affected the postfertilization cleavage rate of either COCs (approximately 60%) or cumulus-free oocytes (approximately 40%). Activin increased (p < 0.05) the proportion of cleaved oocytes that reached the blastocyst stage when added to both COCs (38% increase) and cumulus-free oocytes (160% increase), with the magnitude of response much greater with the latter. Follistatin had a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on blastocyst yield from COCs (67% reduction, p < 0.05) and opposed the stimulatory effect of activin (p < 0.05). With cumulus-free oocytes, however, follistatin did not further decrease the low developmental potential of oocytes. A positive correlation (r = 0.57, p < 0.001) was found between endogenous levels of activin-A produced by COCs and their postcleavage development to the blastocyst stage. No such correlation was found between endogenous follistatin level and postcleavage development (r = 0.10, p = 0.46). Endogenous levels of activin-A and follistatin secreted by cumulus-free oocytes were undetectable. These in vitro observations support the hypothesis that activin-A and follistatin, both secretory products of cumulus cells, contribute to the regulation of oocyte maturation in vivo.

[Patent ductus arteriosus and pulmonary artery endarteritis]

We describe a seven year old girl with echocardiographic diagnosis of pulmonary artery endarteritis as a complication of a patent ductus arteriosus, confirmed at surgery. This case illustrates the necessity of complete surgical resection of the infectious source as a way to avoid other complications such as pulmonary embolism.