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Frebel K, Albring JC, Wohlgemuth A, Schwöppe C, Hailfinger S, Lenz G, Stelljes M. Comparison of antibody-based immunotherapeutics for malignant hematological disease in an experimental murine model. Blood Adv 2024; 8:1934-1945. [PMID: 38197968 PMCID: PMC11021910 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2023011647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Antibody-based immunotherapies have revolutionized leukemia and lymphoma treatment, with animal studies being crucial in evaluating effectiveness and side effects. By targeting the evolutionary conserved Slamf7 immune receptor, which is naturally expressed by the murine multiple myeloma cell line MPC-11, we have developed a syngeneic mouse model for direct comparison of 3 immunotherapies: monoclonal antibodies (mAb), bispecific T-cell engagers (BiTE), and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells (CART), all targeting Slamf7. Slamf7-BiTE is a bispecific single-chain antibody consisting of α-Slamf7 and α-CD3 Fv fragments joined through a Gly-Ser linker, and Slamf7-CART comprises the α-Slamf7 Fv fragment fused to the msCD8α transmembrane and msCD28, 4-1BB, and CD3ζ intracellular signaling domains. Slamf7-BiTE and Slamf7-CART effectively killed MPC-11 cells in vitro, independently of Slamf7-mediated inhibitory signaling by self-ligation. After chimerizing the constant region of the rat-anti-mouse Slamf7 antibody to mouse Fc-immunoglobulin G2a for enhanced effector functions, Slamf7-mAb triggered antigen-specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity by binding to Fcγ receptor IV. In vivo, all 3 immunotherapies showed antitumor effects against Slamf7-expressing targets. Unlike Slamf7-mAb, Slamf7-BiTE led to considerable side effects in test animals, including weight loss and general malaise, which were also observed to a lesser extent after Slamf7-CART infusion. In allogeneic transplant, Slamf7-BiTE and Slamf7-CART maintained activity compared with the nontransplant setting, whereas Slamf7-mAb displayed enhanced antimyeloma activity. In summary, our model faithfully replicates treatment efficacy and side effects detected after human immunotherapy. It aids in developing and improving immunotherapies and may help devise novel approaches to mitigate undesired effects in steady state and allogeneic stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Frebel
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jörn C. Albring
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Anika Wohlgemuth
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Schwöppe
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Stephan Hailfinger
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Georg Lenz
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Stelljes
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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Altvater B, Kailayangiri S, Spurny C, Flügge M, Meltzer J, Greune L, Urban K, Schwöppe C, Brand C, Schliemann C, Hintelmann H, Harrach S, Hartmann W, Abken H, Kuehle J, Schambach A, Görlich D, Berdel WE, Rossig C. CAR T cells as micropharmacies against solid cancers: Combining effector T-cell mediated cell death with vascular targeting in a one-step engineering process. Cancer Gene Ther 2023; 30:1355-1368. [PMID: 37391502 PMCID: PMC10581901 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-023-00642-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
To enhance the potency of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) engineered T cells in solid cancers, we designed a novel cell-based combination strategy with an additional therapeutic mode of action. CAR T cells are used as micropharmacies to produce a targeted pro-coagulatory fusion protein, truncated tissue factor (tTF)-NGR, which exerts pro-coagulatory activity and hypoxia upon relocalization to the vascular endothelial cells that invade tumor tissues. Delivery by CAR T cells aimed to induce locoregional tumor vascular infarction for combined immune-mediated and hypoxic tumor cell death. Human T cells that were one-vector gene-modified to express a GD2-specific CAR along with CAR-inducible tTF-NGR exerted potent GD2-specific effector functions while secreting tTF-NGR that activates the extrinsic coagulation pathway in a strictly GD2-dependent manner. In murine models, the CAR T cells infiltrated GD2-positive tumor xenografts, secreted tTF-NGR into the tumor microenvironment and showed a trend towards superior therapeutic activity compared with control cells producing functionally inactive tTF-NGR. In vitro evidence supports a mechanism of hypoxia-mediated enhancement of T cell cytolytic activity. We conclude that combined CAR T cell targeting with an additional mechanism of antitumor action in a one-vector engineering strategy is a promising approach to be further developed for targeted treatment of solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Altvater
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Sareetha Kailayangiri
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Christian Spurny
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Maike Flügge
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Jutta Meltzer
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Lea Greune
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Katja Urban
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | | | - Caroline Brand
- Department of Medicine A, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | | | - Heike Hintelmann
- Department of Medicine A, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Saliha Harrach
- Department of Medicine A, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hartmann
- Division of Translational Pathology, Gerhard-Domagk-Institute of Pathology, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Hinrich Abken
- Division of Genetic Immunotherapy, Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy (LIT), and University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Kuehle
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Axel Schambach
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- REBIRTH Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dennis Görlich
- Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E Berdel
- Department of Medicine A, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 - CiM), University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Claudia Rossig
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 - CiM), University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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3
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Altvater B, Kailayangiri S, Spurny C, Flügge M, Meltzer J, Greune L, Schwöppe C, Brand C, Schliemann C, Hartmann W, Abken H, Schambach A, Farwick N, Berdel WE, Rossig C. Abstract 3182: CAR T cells as micropharmacies to induce locoregional tumor vascular infarction by antigen-specific delivery of tissue factor to the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-3182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
CAR T cell therapy of solid tumors is challenged by the heterogeneity of target expression and by mechanical and immune-modulatory barriers in the tumor microenvironment (TME). To combine CAR-retargeted T cell effector functions with a second therapeutic mode of action, we designed an innovative cell-based combination strategy. CAR-engineered antitumor effector T cells are used as micropharmacies to produce and deliver a pro-coagulatory fusion protein, tTF-NGR, in the TME to induce locoregional tumor vascular infarction for combined T-cell mediated and hypoxic tumor cell death. tTF-NGR is a CD13-targeted tissue factor variant with coagulation activity upon relocalization into the phospholipid membranes of the CD13-expressing vascular endothelial cells that invade tumor tissues. Consequent thrombosis in tumor blood vessels induces tumor infarction, growth retardation and regression in preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies and selective reduction of tumor blood flow in a clinical phase I study. Human T cells were co-transduced by retroviral one-vector gene transfer to express genes encoding for a GD2-specific CAR and for tTF-NGR, the latter in an antigen-dependent CAR-mediated manner. The engineered T cells exerted potent GD2 antigen-specific effector functions, including secretion of IFN-γ and TNF-α, upregulation of CD107 and tumor cell lysis, comparable to control CAR T cells producing mutant tTF-NGR lacking pro-coagulatory function. They secreted recombinant tTF-NGR in a strictly antigen-dependent manner upon coincubation with the anti-idiotype antibody ganglidiomab, which selectively engages the extracellular scFv of the CAR, or with GD2-positive tumor cells, shown by ELISA. tTF-NGR produced by human T cells effectively activates the extrinsic coagulation cascade, thus it retains its pro-coagulatory activity. In a murine Ewing sarcoma xenograft model which expresses the CAR target GD2on tumor cells along with CD13 on tumor vascular endothelial cells, GD2-specific CAR T cells with inducible tTF-NGR had noticeably superior therapeutic activity compared with control cells excreting mutant tTF-NGR. Mechanistic evidence hints at hypoxia-induced higher CAR T cell cytolytic activity. We conclude that combined CAR-mediated T cell targeting of cancer cells with CD13-targeted vascular infarction of the TME in a one-vector engineering strategy is a promising approach to overcome limitations of both strategies for effective targeting and eradication of solid cancers.
Citation Format: Bianca Altvater, Sareetha Kailayangiri, Christian Spurny, Maike Flügge, Jutta Meltzer, Lea Greune, Christian Schwöppe, Caroline Brand, Christoph Schliemann, Wolfgang Hartmann, Hinrich Abken, Axel Schambach, Nicole Farwick, Wolfgang E. Berdel, Claudia Rossig. CAR T cells as micropharmacies to induce locoregional tumor vascular infarction by antigen-specific delivery of tissue factor to the tumor microenvironment [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 3182.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maike Flügge
- 2Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Jutta Meltzer
- 1University Children's Hospital Münster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Lea Greune
- 1University Children's Hospital Münster, Muenster, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Wolfgang Hartmann
- 4Gerhard-Domagk-Institute of Pathology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Hinrich Abken
- 5Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy (LIT) and University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Axel Schambach
- 6Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicole Farwick
- 1University Children's Hospital Münster, Muenster, Germany
| | | | - Claudia Rossig
- 1University Children's Hospital Münster, Muenster, Germany
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Gerwing M, Krähling T, Schliemann C, Harrach S, Schwöppe C, Berdel AF, Klein S, Hartmann W, Wardelmann E, Heindel WL, Lenz G, Berdel WE, Wildgruber M. Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Immediate Target Hit Assessment of CD13-Targeted Tissue Factor tTF-NGR in Advanced Malignant Disease. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13235880. [PMID: 34884988 PMCID: PMC8657298 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13235880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Since the knowledge of tumor biology has advanced, a variety of targeted therapies has been developed. These do not immediately affect the tumor size, so optimized oncological imaging is needed. In this phase I study of patients with advanced malignant disease, a multiparametric imaging approach was used to assess changes in tumor perfusion after vessel-occluding therapy with the CD13 targeted truncated tissue factor with a C-terminal NGR-peptide. It comprises different sequences and the use of two different contrast media, ferucarbotran and gadobutrol. This multiparametric MRI protocol enables assessing the therapy effectiveness as early as five hours after therapy initiation. Abstract Early assessment of target hit in anti-cancer therapies is a major task in oncologic imaging. In this study, immediate target hit and effectiveness of CD13-targeted tissue factor tTF-NGR in patients with advanced malignant disease enrolled in a phase I trial was assessed using a multiparametric MRI protocol. Seventeen patients with advanced solid malignancies were enrolled in the trial and received tTF-NGR for at least one cycle of five daily infusions. Tumor target lesions were imaged with multiparametric MRI before therapy initiation, five hours after the first infusion and after five days. The imaging protocol comprised ADC, calculated from DWI, and DCE imaging and vascular volume fraction (VVF) assessment. DCE and VVF values decreased within 5 h after therapy initiation, indicating early target hit with a subsequent decrease in tumor perfusion due to selective tumor vessel occlusion and thrombosis induced by tTF-NGR. Simultaneously, ADC values increased at five hours after tTF-NGR administration. In four patients, treatment had to be stopped due to an increase in troponin T hs, with subsequent anticoagulation. In these patients, a reversed effect, with DCE and VVF values increasing and ADC values decreasing, was observed after anticoagulation. Changes in imaging parameters were independent of the mean vessel density determined by immunohistochemistry. By using a multiparametric imaging approach, changes in tumor perfusion after initiation of a tumor vessel occluding therapy can be evaluated as early as five hours after therapy initiation, enabling early assessment of target hit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Gerwing
- Clinic of Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (T.K.); (W.L.H.); (M.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Tobias Krähling
- Clinic of Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (T.K.); (W.L.H.); (M.W.)
| | - Christoph Schliemann
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Hemostaseology, Oncology and Pulmonology, University Hospital Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (C.S.); (S.H.); (C.S.); (A.F.B.); (G.L.); (W.E.B.)
| | - Saliha Harrach
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Hemostaseology, Oncology and Pulmonology, University Hospital Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (C.S.); (S.H.); (C.S.); (A.F.B.); (G.L.); (W.E.B.)
| | - Christian Schwöppe
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Hemostaseology, Oncology and Pulmonology, University Hospital Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (C.S.); (S.H.); (C.S.); (A.F.B.); (G.L.); (W.E.B.)
| | - Andrew F. Berdel
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Hemostaseology, Oncology and Pulmonology, University Hospital Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (C.S.); (S.H.); (C.S.); (A.F.B.); (G.L.); (W.E.B.)
| | - Sebastian Klein
- Gerhard-Domagk-Institute for Pathology, University of Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (S.K.); (W.H.); (E.W.)
| | - Wolfgang Hartmann
- Gerhard-Domagk-Institute for Pathology, University of Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (S.K.); (W.H.); (E.W.)
| | - Eva Wardelmann
- Gerhard-Domagk-Institute for Pathology, University of Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (S.K.); (W.H.); (E.W.)
| | - Walter L. Heindel
- Clinic of Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (T.K.); (W.L.H.); (M.W.)
| | - Georg Lenz
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Hemostaseology, Oncology and Pulmonology, University Hospital Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (C.S.); (S.H.); (C.S.); (A.F.B.); (G.L.); (W.E.B.)
| | - Wolfgang E. Berdel
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Hemostaseology, Oncology and Pulmonology, University Hospital Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (C.S.); (S.H.); (C.S.); (A.F.B.); (G.L.); (W.E.B.)
| | - Moritz Wildgruber
- Clinic of Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (T.K.); (W.L.H.); (M.W.)
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, D-81377 Munich, Germany
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Schliemann C, Gerwing M, Heinzow H, Harrach S, Schwöppe C, Wildgruber M, Hansmeier A, Angenendt L, Berdel A, Kessler T, Wilms C, Hartmann W, Wardelmann E, Kraehling T, Heindel W, Gerss J, Schmidt H, Lenz G, Mesters R, Berdel W. 563P First-in-class CD13-targeted tissue factor tTF-NGR in patients with recurrent or refractory malignant tumours: Safety and pharmacokinetic results of a phase I study. Ann Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.08.677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Floeth M, Elges S, Gerss J, Schwöppe C, Kessler T, Herold T, Wardelmann E, Berdel WE, Lenz G, Mikesch JH, Hartmann W, Schliemann C, Angenendt L. Low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) is an independent adverse prognostic factor in acute myeloid leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2020; 192:494-503. [PMID: 32511755 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.16853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) is a membrane receptor that mediates the endocytosis of low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Uptake of LDL has been proposed to contribute to chemotherapy resistance of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) cell lines in vitro. In the present study, we analysed LDLR expression and survival using bone marrow biopsies from 187 intensively treated patients with AML. Here, increasing LDLR expression was associated with decreasing overall (58·4%, 44·2%, and 24·4%; P = 0·0018), as well as event-free survival (41·7%, 18·1%, and 14·3%; P = 0·0077), and an increasing cumulative incidence of relapse (33·9%, 55·1%, and 71·4%; P = 0·0011). Associations of LDLR expression with survival were confirmed in 557 intensively treated patients from two international validation cohorts. In the analytic and validation cohorts, LDLR expression remained associated with outcome in multivariable regression analyses including the European LeukemiaNet genetic risk classification. Thus, LDLR predicts outcome of patients with AML beyond existing risk factors. Furthermore, we found low expression levels of LDLR in most healthy tissues, suggesting it as a promising target for antibody-based pharmacodelivery approaches in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Floeth
- Department of Medicine A, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sandra Elges
- Gerhard-Domagk-Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Joachim Gerss
- Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Torsten Kessler
- Department of Medicine A, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Tobias Herold
- Laboratory for Leukemia Diagnostics, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eva Wardelmann
- Gerhard-Domagk-Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E Berdel
- Department of Medicine A, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Georg Lenz
- Department of Medicine A, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Hartmann
- Gerhard-Domagk-Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Linus Angenendt
- Department of Medicine A, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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7
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Brand C, Greve B, Bölling T, Eich HT, Willich N, Harrach S, Hintelmann H, Lenz G, Mesters RM, Kessler T, Schliemann C, Berdel WE, Schwöppe C. Radiation synergizes with antitumor activity of CD13-targeted tissue factor in a HT1080 xenograft model of human soft tissue sarcoma. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229271. [PMID: 32084238 PMCID: PMC7034830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Truncated tissue factor (tTF) retargeted by NGR-peptides to aminopeptidase N (CD13) in tumor vasculature is effective in experimental tumor therapy. tTF-NGR induces tumor growth inhibition in a variety of human tumor xenografts of different histology. To improve on the therapeutic efficacy we have combined tTF-NGR with radiotherapy. METHODS Serum-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and human HT1080 sarcoma cells were irradiated in vitro, and upregulated early-apoptotic phosphatidylserine (PS) on the cell surface was measured by standard flow cytometry. Increase of cellular procoagulant function in relation to irradiation and PS cell surface concentration was measured in a tTF-NGR-dependent Factor X activation assay. In vivo experiments with CD-1 athymic mice bearing human HT1080 sarcoma xenotransplants were performed to test the systemic therapeutic effects of tTF-NGR on tumor growth alone or in combination with regional tumor ionizing radiotherapy. RESULTS As shown by flow cytometry with HUVEC and HT1080 sarcoma cells in vitro, irradiation with 4 and 6 Gy in the process of apoptosis induced upregulation of PS presence on the outer surface of both cell types. Proapoptotic HUVEC and HT1080 cells both showed significantly higher procoagulant efficacy on the basis of equimolar concentrations of tTF-NGR as measured by FX activation. This effect can be reverted by masking of PS with Annexin V. HT1080 human sarcoma xenografted tumors showed shrinkage induced by combined regional radiotherapy and systemic tTF-NGR as compared to growth inhibition achieved by either of the treatment modalities alone. CONCLUSIONS Irradiation renders tumor and tumor vascular cells procoagulant by PS upregulation on their outer surface and radiotherapy can significantly improve the therapeutic antitumor efficacy of tTF-NGR in the xenograft model used. This synergistic effect will influence design of future clinical combination studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Brand
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Burkhard Greve
- Department of Radiation Therapy and Radiation-Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Tobias Bölling
- Department of Radiation Therapy and Radiation-Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Hans T. Eich
- Department of Radiation Therapy and Radiation-Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Normann Willich
- Department of Radiation Therapy and Radiation-Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Saliha Harrach
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Heike Hintelmann
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Georg Lenz
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Rolf M. Mesters
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Torsten Kessler
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Christoph Schliemann
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E. Berdel
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- * E-mail: (CSch); (WEB)
| | - Christian Schwöppe
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- * E-mail: (CSch); (WEB)
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8
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Angenendt L, Bormann E, Pabst C, Alla V, Görlich D, Braun L, Dohlich K, Schwöppe C, Bohlander SK, Arteaga MF, Wethmar K, Hartmann W, Angenendt A, Kessler T, Mesters RM, Stelljes M, Rothenberg-Thurley M, Spiekermann K, Hébert J, Sauvageau G, Valk PJM, Löwenberg B, Serve H, Müller-Tidow C, Lenz G, Wörmann BJ, Sauerland MC, Hiddemann W, Berdel WE, Krug U, Metzeler KH, Mikesch JH, Herold T, Schliemann C. The neuropeptide receptor calcitonin receptor-like (CALCRL) is a potential therapeutic target in acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2019; 33:2830-2841. [PMID: 31182782 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-019-0505-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin receptor-like (CALCRL) is a G-protein-coupled neuropeptide receptor involved in the regulation of blood pressure, angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and apoptosis, and is currently emerging as a novel target for the treatment of migraine. This study characterizes the role of CALCRL in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We analyzed CALCRL expression in collectively more than 1500 well-characterized AML patients from five international cohorts (AMLCG, HOVON, TCGA, Leucegene, and UKM) and evaluated associations with survival. In the AMLCG analytic cohort, increasing transcript levels of CALCRL were associated with decreasing complete remission rates (71.5%, 53.7%, 49.6% for low, intermediate, high CALCRL expression), 5-year overall (43.1%, 26.2%, 7.1%), and event-free survival (29.9%, 15.8%, 4.7%) (all P < 0.001). CALCRL levels remained associated with all endpoints on multivariable regression analyses. The prognostic impact was confirmed in all validation sets. Genes highly expressed in CALCRLhigh AML were significantly enriched in leukemic stem cell signatures and CALCRL levels were positively linked to the engraftment capacity of primary patient samples in immunocompromised mice. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout of CALCRL significantly impaired colony formation in human myeloid leukemia cell lines. Overall, our study demonstrates that CALCRL predicts outcome beyond existing risk factors and is a potential therapeutic target in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus Angenendt
- Department of Medicine A, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | - Eike Bormann
- Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Caroline Pabst
- Department of Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vijay Alla
- Department of Medicine A, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Dennis Görlich
- Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Leonie Braun
- Department of Medicine A, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Kim Dohlich
- Department of Medicine A, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Stefan K Bohlander
- Leukaemia & Blood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Klaus Wethmar
- Department of Medicine A, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hartmann
- Gerhard-Domagk-Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Adrian Angenendt
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Kessler
- Department of Medicine A, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Rolf M Mesters
- Department of Medicine A, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Stelljes
- Department of Medicine A, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Karsten Spiekermann
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Grosshadern, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Josée Hébert
- The Leucegene Project at Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Quebec Leukemia Cell Bank, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Guy Sauvageau
- The Leucegene Project at Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Quebec Leukemia Cell Bank, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Peter J M Valk
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bob Löwenberg
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hubert Serve
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Georg Lenz
- Department of Medicine A, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Bernhard J Wörmann
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité University Medicine, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Christina Sauerland
- Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hiddemann
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Grosshadern, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E Berdel
- Department of Medicine A, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Utz Krug
- Department of Medicine 3, Klinikum Leverkusen, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Klaus H Metzeler
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Grosshadern, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Tobias Herold
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Grosshadern, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany. .,Research Unit Apoptosis in Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Munich, Germany.
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9
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Kessler T, Baumeier A, Brand C, Grau M, Angenendt L, Harrach S, Stalmann U, Schmidt LH, Gosheger G, Hardes J, Andreou D, Dreischalück J, Lenz G, Wardelmann E, Mesters RM, Schwöppe C, Berdel WE, Hartmann W, Schliemann C. Aminopeptidase N (CD13): Expression, Prognostic Impact, and Use as Therapeutic Target for Tissue Factor Induced Tumor Vascular Infarction in Soft Tissue Sarcoma. Transl Oncol 2018; 11:1271-1282. [PMID: 30125801 PMCID: PMC6113655 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminopeptidase N (CD13) is expressed on tumor vasculature and tumor cells. It represents a candidate for targeted therapy, e.g., by truncated tissue factor (tTF)-NGR, binding to CD13, and causing tumor vascular thrombosis. We analyzed CD13 expression by immunohistochemistry in 97 patients with STS who were treated by wide resection and uniform chemo-radio-chemotherapy. Using a semiquantitative score with four intensity levels, CD13 was expressed by tumor vasculature, or tumor cells, or both (composite value, intensity scores 1-3) in 93.9% of the STS. In 49.5% tumor cells, in 48.5% vascular/perivascular cells, and in 58.8%, composite value showed strong intensity score 3 staining. Leiomyosarcoma and synovial sarcoma showed low expression; fibrosarcoma and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma showed high expression. We found a significant prognostic impact of CD13, as high expression in tumor cells or vascular/perivascular cells correlated with better relapse-free survival and overall survival. CD13 retained prognostic significance in multivariable analyses. Systemic tTF-NGR resulted in significant growth reduction of CD13-positive human HT1080 sarcoma cell line xenografts. Our results recommend further investigation of tTF-NGR in STS patients. CD13 might be a suitable predictive biomarker for patient selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Kessler
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
| | - Ariane Baumeier
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Caroline Brand
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Michael Grau
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Linus Angenendt
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Saliha Harrach
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Ursula Stalmann
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Lars Henning Schmidt
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Georg Gosheger
- Department of Orthopedics and Tumor-Orthopedics, University Hospital Muenster, Germany
| | - Jendrik Hardes
- Department of Orthopedics and Tumor-Orthopedics, University Hospital Muenster, Germany
| | - Dimosthenis Andreou
- Department of Orthopedics and Tumor-Orthopedics, University Hospital Muenster, Germany
| | - Johannes Dreischalück
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Sankt Elisabeth Hospital Guetersloh, Guetersloh
| | - Georg Lenz
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany; Translational Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany; Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, Muenster, Germany
| | - Eva Wardelmann
- Gerhard-Domagk-Institute of Pathology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Rolf M Mesters
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Christian Schwöppe
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E Berdel
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany; Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, Muenster, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Hartmann
- Gerhard-Domagk-Institute of Pathology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Christoph Schliemann
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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10
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Sampedro A, Ramos‐Torres Á, Schwöppe C, Mück‐Lichtenfeld C, Helmers I, Bort A, Díaz‐Laviada I, Fernández G. Hierarchical Self‐Assembly of BODIPY Dyes as a Tool to Improve the Antitumor Activity of Capsaicin in Prostate Cancer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:17235-17239. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angel Sampedro
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Correnstrasse 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Ágata Ramos‐Torres
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Correnstrasse 40 48149 Münster Germany
- Department of System Biology Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit School of Medicine and Chemical Research Institute “Andrés M. del Río” Alcalá University Alcalá de Henares 28871 Madrid Spain
| | - Christian Schwöppe
- Universitätsklinikum Münster Medizinische Klinik A Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1/A15 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Christian Mück‐Lichtenfeld
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Correnstrasse 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Ingo Helmers
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Correnstrasse 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Alicia Bort
- Department of System Biology Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit School of Medicine and Chemical Research Institute “Andrés M. del Río” Alcalá University Alcalá de Henares 28871 Madrid Spain
| | - Inés Díaz‐Laviada
- Department of System Biology Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit School of Medicine and Chemical Research Institute “Andrés M. del Río” Alcalá University Alcalá de Henares 28871 Madrid Spain
| | - Gustavo Fernández
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Correnstrasse 40 48149 Münster Germany
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11
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Sampedro A, Ramos‐Torres Á, Schwöppe C, Mück‐Lichtenfeld C, Helmers I, Bort A, Díaz‐Laviada I, Fernández G. Selbstanordnung von BODIPY‐Farbstoffen als Werkzeug, um die Antitumoraktivität von Capsaicin bei Prostatakrebs zu erhöhen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angel Sampedro
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Correnstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Ágata Ramos‐Torres
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Correnstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
- Department of System Biology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit School of Medicine and Chemical Research Institute “Andrés M. del Río” Alcalá University Alcalá de Henares 28871 Madrid Spanien
| | - Christian Schwöppe
- Universitätsklinikum Münster Medizinische Klinik A Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1/A15 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Christian Mück‐Lichtenfeld
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Correnstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Ingo Helmers
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Correnstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Alicia Bort
- Department of System Biology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit School of Medicine and Chemical Research Institute “Andrés M. del Río” Alcalá University Alcalá de Henares 28871 Madrid Spanien
| | - Inés Díaz‐Laviada
- Department of System Biology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit School of Medicine and Chemical Research Institute “Andrés M. del Río” Alcalá University Alcalá de Henares 28871 Madrid Spanien
| | - Gustavo Fernández
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Correnstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
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12
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Höink A, Persigehl T, Kwiecien R, Balthasar M, Mesters R, Berdel W, Heindel W, Bremer C, Schwöppe C. Gadofosveset-enhanced MRI as simple surrogate parameter for real-time evaluation of the initial tumour vessel infarction by retargeted tissue factor tTF-NGR. Oncol Lett 2018; 17:270-280. [PMID: 30655764 PMCID: PMC6313167 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Truncated tissue factor (tTF)-NGR consists of the extracellular domain of the human TF and the binding motif NGR. tTF-NGR activates blood coagulation within the tumour vasculature following binding to CD13, and is overexpressed in the endothelial cells of tumour vessels, resulting in tumour vessel infarction and subsequent retardation/regression of tumour growth. The aim of the present study was to investigate gadofosveset-based real-time dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) in evaluating the initial therapeutic effects of the anti-vascular tTF-NGR approach. DCE-MRI (3.0 T) was performed in human U87-glioblastoma tumour-bearing nude mice. During a dynamic T1w GE-sequence, a gadolinium-based blood pool contrast agent (gadofosveset) was injected via a tail vein catheter. Following the maximum contrast intensity inside the tumour being obtained, tTF-NGR was injected (controls received NaCl) and the contrast behaviour of the tumour was monitored by ROI analysis. The slope difference of signal intensities between controls and the tTF-NGR group was investigated, as well as the differences between the average area under the curve (AUC) of the two groups. The association between intensity, group (control vs. tTF-NGR group) and time was analysed by fitting a linear mixed model. Following the injection of tTF-NGR, the signal intensity inside the tumours exhibited a statistically significantly stronger average slope decrease compared with the signal intensity of the tumours in the NaCl group. Furthermore, the initial average AUC values of mice treated with tTF-NGR were 5.7% lower than the average AUC of the control animals (P<0.05). Gadofosveset-enhanced MRI enables the visualization of the initial tumour response to anti-vascular treatment in real-time. Considering the clinical application of tTF-NGR, this method may provide a simple alternative parameter for monitoring the tumour response to vascular disrupting agents and certain vascular targeting agents in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Höink
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.,Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Cologne, D-50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Thorsten Persigehl
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.,Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Cologne, D-50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Robert Kwiecien
- Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Balthasar
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Cologne, D-50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Rolf Mesters
- Department of Medicine A - Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Berdel
- Department of Medicine A - Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Walter Heindel
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Christoph Bremer
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.,Department of Radiology, St. Franziskus-Hospital Münster, D-48145 Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Schwöppe
- Department of Radiology, St. Franziskus-Hospital Münster, D-48145 Münster, Germany
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13
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Stucke-Ring J, Ronnacker J, Brand C, Höltke C, Schliemann C, Kessler T, Schmidt LH, Harrach S, Mantke V, Hintelmann H, Hartmann W, Wardelmann E, Lenz G, Wünsch B, Müller-Tidow C, Mesters RM, Schwöppe C, Berdel WE. Combinatorial effects of doxorubicin and retargeted tissue factor by intratumoral entrapment of doxorubicin and proapoptotic increase of tumor vascular infarction. Oncotarget 2018; 7:82458-82472. [PMID: 27738341 PMCID: PMC5347705 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Truncated tissue factor (tTF), retargeted to tumor vasculature by GNGRAHA peptide (tTF-NGR), and doxorubicin have therapeutic activity against a variety of tumors. We report on combination experiments of both drugs using different schedules. We have tested fluorescence- and HPLC-based intratumoral pharmacokinetics of doxorubicin, flow cytometry for cellular phosphatidylserine (PS) expression, and tumor xenograft studies for showing in vivo apoptosis, proliferation decrease, and tumor shrinkage upon combination therapy with doxorubicin and induced tumor vascular infarction. tTF-NGR given before doxorubicin inhibits the uptake of the drug into human fibrosarcoma xenografts in vivo. Reverse sequence does not influence the uptake of doxorubicin into tumor, but significantly inhibits the late wash-out phase, thus entrapping doxorubicin in tumor tissue by vascular occlusion. Incubation of endothelial and tumor cells with doxorubicin in vitro increases PS concentrations in the outer layer of the cell membrane as a sign of early apoptosis. Cells expressing increased PS concentrations show comparatively higher procoagulatory efficacy on the basis of equimolar tTF-NGR present in the Factor X assay. Experiments using human M21 melanoma and HT1080 fibrosarcoma xenografts in athymic nude mice indeed show a combinatorial tumor growth inhibition applying doxorubicin and tTF-NGR in sequence over single drug treatment. Combination of cytotoxic drugs such as doxorubicin with tTF-NGR-induced tumor vessel infarction can improve pharmacodynamics of the drugs by new mechanisms, entrapping a cytotoxic molecule inside tumor tissue and reciprocally improving procoagulatory activity of tTF-NGR in the tumor vasculature via apoptosis induction in tumor endothelial and tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Stucke-Ring
- Department of Medicine A (Hematology, Hemostaseology, Oncology and Pneumology), University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Julian Ronnacker
- Department of Medicine A (Hematology, Hemostaseology, Oncology and Pneumology), University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Caroline Brand
- Department of Medicine A (Hematology, Hemostaseology, Oncology and Pneumology), University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Carsten Höltke
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Christoph Schliemann
- Department of Medicine A (Hematology, Hemostaseology, Oncology and Pneumology), University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Torsten Kessler
- Department of Medicine A (Hematology, Hemostaseology, Oncology and Pneumology), University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Lars Henning Schmidt
- Department of Medicine A (Hematology, Hemostaseology, Oncology and Pneumology), University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Saliha Harrach
- Department of Medicine A (Hematology, Hemostaseology, Oncology and Pneumology), University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Verena Mantke
- Department of Medicine A (Hematology, Hemostaseology, Oncology and Pneumology), University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Heike Hintelmann
- Department of Medicine A (Hematology, Hemostaseology, Oncology and Pneumology), University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hartmann
- Gerhard-Domagk Institute for Pathology, University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Eva Wardelmann
- Gerhard-Domagk Institute for Pathology, University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Georg Lenz
- Department of Medicine A (Hematology, Hemostaseology, Oncology and Pneumology), University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Bernhard Wünsch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Westfalian Wilhelms-University, Muenster, Germany
| | - Carsten Müller-Tidow
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Rolf M Mesters
- Department of Medicine A (Hematology, Hemostaseology, Oncology and Pneumology), University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Christian Schwöppe
- Department of Medicine A (Hematology, Hemostaseology, Oncology and Pneumology), University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E Berdel
- Department of Medicine A (Hematology, Hemostaseology, Oncology and Pneumology), University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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14
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Schmidt LH, Brand C, Stucke-Ring J, Schliemann C, Kessler T, Harrach S, Mohr M, Görlich D, Marra A, Hillejan L, Müller-Tidow C, Lenz G, Wardelmann E, Wiewrodt R, Berdel WE, Schwöppe C, Hartmann W. Correction: Potential therapeutic impact of CD13 expression in non-small cell lung cancer. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183201. [PMID: 28793330 PMCID: PMC5549952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177146.].
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15
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Brand C, Schliemann C, Ring J, Kessler T, Bäumer S, Angenendt L, Mantke V, Ross R, Hintelmann H, Spieker T, Wardelmann E, Mesters RM, Berdel WE, Schwöppe C. NG2 proteoglycan as a pericyte target for anticancer therapy by tumor vessel infarction with retargeted tissue factor. Oncotarget 2017; 7:6774-89. [PMID: 26735180 PMCID: PMC4872748 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
tTF-TAA and tTF-LTL are fusion proteins consisting of the extracellular domain of tissue factor (TF) and the peptides TAASGVRSMH and LTLRWVGLMS, respectively. These peptides represent ligands of NG2, a surface proteoglycan expressed on angiogenic pericytes and some tumor cells. Here we have expressed the model compound tTF-NGR, tTF-TAA, and tTF-LTL with different lengths in the TF domain in E. coli and used these fusion proteins for functional studies in anticancer therapy. We aimed to retarget TF to tumor vessels leading to tumor vessel infarction with two barriers of selectivity, a) the leaky endothelial lining in tumor vessels with the target NG2 being expressed on pericytes on the abluminal side of the endothelial cell barrier and b) the preferential expression of NG2 on angiogenic vessels such as in tumors. Chromatography-purified tTF-TAA showed identical Factor X (FX)-activating procoagulatory activity as the model compound tTF-NGR with Km values of approx. 0.15 nM in Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The procoagulatory activity of tTF-LTL varied with the chosen length of the TF part of the fusion protein. Flow cytometry revealed specific binding of tTF-TAA to NG2-expressing pericytes and tumor cells with low affinity and dissociation KD in the high nM range. In vivo and ex vivo fluorescence imaging of tumor xenograft-carrying animals and of the explanted tumors showed reduction of tumor blood flow upon tTF-TAA application. Therapeutic experiments showed a reproducible antitumor activity of tTF-TAA against NG2-expressing A549-tumor xenografts, however, with a rather small therapeutic window (active/toxic dose in mg/kg body weight).
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Brand
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University of Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D-48129 Muenster, Germany
| | - Christoph Schliemann
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University of Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D-48129 Muenster, Germany
| | - Janine Ring
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University of Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D-48129 Muenster, Germany
| | - Torsten Kessler
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University of Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D-48129 Muenster, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bäumer
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University of Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D-48129 Muenster, Germany
| | - Linus Angenendt
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University of Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D-48129 Muenster, Germany
| | - Verena Mantke
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University of Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D-48129 Muenster, Germany
| | - Rebecca Ross
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University of Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D-48129 Muenster, Germany
| | - Heike Hintelmann
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University of Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D-48129 Muenster, Germany
| | - Tilmann Spieker
- Gerhard-Domagk Institute for Pathology, University of Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D-48129 Muenster, Germany
| | - Eva Wardelmann
- Gerhard-Domagk Institute for Pathology, University of Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D-48129 Muenster, Germany
| | - Rolf M Mesters
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University of Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D-48129 Muenster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E Berdel
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University of Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D-48129 Muenster, Germany
| | - Christian Schwöppe
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University of Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D-48129 Muenster, Germany
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16
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Stucke-Ring J, Ronnacker JT, Brand C, Mantke V, Höltke C, Schliemann C, Kessler T, Mesters RM, Schwöppe C, Berdel WE. Abstract LB-223: Intratumoral accumulation/entrapment of doxorubicin by tumor vascular infarction with retargeted tissue factor tTF-NGR. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-lb-223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Truncated tissue factor (tTF) retargeted to tumor vasculature by C-terminal GNGRAHA peptide (tTF-NGR) is able to induce tumor vessel infarction. Here, we describe the identification of the optimum therapeutic regimen for the use of tTF-NGR (or a random-PEGylated derivative of tTF-NGR) in combination with the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin in vitro and in vivo.
First, we treated human HT1080 xenografts subcutaneously transplanted in athymic CD-1 mice with doxorubicin (5 mg/kg body weight (bw), i.v.) and excised the tumors at different times after injection. Fluorescence spectrometric analyses of the autofluorescence of doxorubicin revealed that intratumoral maximum of doxorubicin accumulation was reached approximately 6 hours after injection. While tTF-NGR given before doxorubicin inhibits the uptake of the latter into HT1080 human fibrosarcoma xenografts in vivo, the reverse sequence does not influence the uptake of doxorubicin in tumor tissue, but significantly inhibits the late wash-out phase entrapping doxorubicin in tumor tissue by vascular occlusion. Incubation of endothelial and tumor cells with various concentrations of doxorubicin in vitro increases concentrations of phosphatidylserine (PS) in the outer layer of the lipid bilayer induced by pro-apoptotic stress. In Factor X activation kinetics, both HUVEC and HT1080 cells showed a significantly higher procoagulatory efficacy when used with equimolar concentrations of tTF-NGR upon doxorubicin incubation and higher PS externalization than identical numbers of control cells with low PS externalization. For proof of a causal relation between doxorubicin-induced PS externalization and procoagulant behaviour of the cells, we could show that preincubation with an phosphatidylserine-inhibiting antibody completely abolished this elevated procoagulatory state of the cells. Thus, we hypothesized that both drugs by the reciprocal mechanisms described mutually increase their therapeutic anti-tumor efficacy in vivo.
Therapeutic experiments using human M21 melanoma and HT1080 fibrosarcoma xenografts in CD1 nude mice revealed a significantly increased tumor growth inhibition applying suboptimal doses of doxorubicin and tTF-NGR in sequence over single drug treatment. In conclusion, combination of cytotoxic drugs such as doxorubicin with tTF-NGR-induced tumor vessel infarction can improve pharmacodynamics of the drugs by a new mechanism, entrapping a cytotoxic molecule inside tumor tissue and reciprocally improving procoagulatory activity of tTF-NGR in the tumor vasculature via apoptosis induction in endothelial and tumor cells.
Citation Format: Janine Stucke-Ring, Julian Timo Ronnacker, Caroline Brand, Verena Mantke, Carsten Höltke, Christoph Schliemann, Torsten Kessler, Rolf M. Mesters, Christian Schwöppe, Wolfgang E. Berdel. Intratumoral accumulation/entrapment of doxorubicin by tumor vascular infarction with retargeted tissue factor tTF-NGR. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-223.
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Brand C, Fröhlich M, Ring J, Schliemann C, Kessler T, Mantke V, König S, Lücke M, Mesters RM, Berdel WE, Schwöppe C. Tumor Growth Inhibition via Occlusion of Tumor Vasculature Induced by N-Terminally PEGylated Retargeted Tissue Factor tTF-NGR. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:3749-58. [PMID: 26310827 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
tTF-NGR retargets the extracellular domain of tissue factor via a C-terminal peptide GNGRAHA, a ligand of the surface protein aminopeptidase N (CD13) and upon deamidation of integrin αvβ3, to tumor vasculature. tTF-NGR induces tumor vascular infarction with consecutive antitumor activity against xenografts and selectively inhibits tumor blood flow in cancer patients. Since random PEGylation resulted in favorable pharmacodynamics of tTF-NGR, we performed site-directed PEGylation of PEG units to the N-terminus of tTF-NGR to further improve the antitumor profile of the molecule. Mono-PEGylation to the N-terminus did not change the procoagulatory activity of the tTF-NGR molecule as measured by Factor X activation. Experiments to characterize pharmacokinetics in mice showed a more than 1 log step higher mean area under the curve of PEG20k-tTF-NGR over tTF-NGR. Acute (24 h) tolerability upon intravenous application for the mono-PEGylated versus non-PEGylated tTF-NGR compounds was comparable. PEG20k-tTF-NGR showed clear antitumor efficacy in vivo against human tumor xenografts when systemically applied. However, site-directed mono-PEGylation to the N-terminus does not unequivocally improve the therapeutic profile of tTF-NGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Brand
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, ‡Integrated Functional Genomics (IZKF Muenster), and §Central Institute for Animal Experimentation, University of Muenster , Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D-48129 Muenster, Germany
| | - Max Fröhlich
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, ‡Integrated Functional Genomics (IZKF Muenster), and §Central Institute for Animal Experimentation, University of Muenster , Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D-48129 Muenster, Germany
| | - Janine Ring
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, ‡Integrated Functional Genomics (IZKF Muenster), and §Central Institute for Animal Experimentation, University of Muenster , Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D-48129 Muenster, Germany
| | - Christoph Schliemann
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, ‡Integrated Functional Genomics (IZKF Muenster), and §Central Institute for Animal Experimentation, University of Muenster , Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D-48129 Muenster, Germany
| | - Torsten Kessler
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, ‡Integrated Functional Genomics (IZKF Muenster), and §Central Institute for Animal Experimentation, University of Muenster , Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D-48129 Muenster, Germany
| | - Verena Mantke
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, ‡Integrated Functional Genomics (IZKF Muenster), and §Central Institute for Animal Experimentation, University of Muenster , Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D-48129 Muenster, Germany
| | - Simone König
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, ‡Integrated Functional Genomics (IZKF Muenster), and §Central Institute for Animal Experimentation, University of Muenster , Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D-48129 Muenster, Germany
| | - Martin Lücke
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, ‡Integrated Functional Genomics (IZKF Muenster), and §Central Institute for Animal Experimentation, University of Muenster , Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D-48129 Muenster, Germany
| | - Rolf M Mesters
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, ‡Integrated Functional Genomics (IZKF Muenster), and §Central Institute for Animal Experimentation, University of Muenster , Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D-48129 Muenster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E Berdel
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, ‡Integrated Functional Genomics (IZKF Muenster), and §Central Institute for Animal Experimentation, University of Muenster , Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D-48129 Muenster, Germany
| | - Christian Schwöppe
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, ‡Integrated Functional Genomics (IZKF Muenster), and §Central Institute for Animal Experimentation, University of Muenster , Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D-48129 Muenster, Germany
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Driessen WHP, Burton N, Schwöppe C, Berd WE, Weinhage T, Varga G, Geyer C. Abstract 5114: Multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) as a novel approach for dynamic, noninvasive assessment of tumor therapy response and chronic inflammation. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-5114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Biomedical imaging has offered a dramatic leap forward in cancer research by enabling non-invasive assessment of tumor biology in its native environment. Multiple modalities are currently utilized for this purpose, including molecular (e.g. PET, SPECT, optical imaging), functional (e.g. Doppler ultrasound) or anatomical (e.g. ultrasound, MRI, CT) endpoints. However, integrated multi-modality imaging can be impractical due to cost or infrastructure requirements, while co-registration of sequential imaging sessions can pose technical challenges. A single modality that offers anatomical, functional and molecular contrast could therefore provide the next leap forward in cancer research.
Multispectral Optoacoustic Imaging (MSOT) is an emerging modality that combines ultrasound resolution of 150 μm and acquisition times of a few microseconds with optical contrast in the near infrared (NIR) spectral region. Multispectral imaging allows the localization of injected targeted fluorophores with NIR absorbance to offer molecular contrast, while visualization of endogenous contrast such as deoxy-/oxy-hemoglobin or melanin offers both functional and anatomical information. A core imaging rate of 10 images/second allows the acquisition of a multispectral image within a second or even less.
In the present work, MSOT was used to track the fate of injected monocytes, labeled with an NIR chromophore, in a model of dss-induced colitis. Monocyte distribution in lymphoid organs (e.g. spleen) and chronic sites of inflammation, often a prerequisite for tumor development, in the gut was monitored over a 48 hour period. The axial image plane enables the discrimination of signal origin throughout the entire depth of the mouse, while 3D renderings of axial image stacks allow visualization of monocyte distribution throughout the abdominal region.
The functional response to an injection of a vascular disrupting agent in the HT1090 fibrosarcoma model was assessed by MSOT-mediated differentiation of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin signals. Truncated tissue factor (tTF) fused to an NGR-peptide (tTF-NGR) targets CD13, which is overexpressed in tumor endothelial cells. After binding, it is known to cause vascular disruption, blood pooling and vessel occlusions within the tumor vasculature. These processes were associated with an increase in MSOT-associated deoxyhemoblin signal in the tumor.
In summary, MSOT offers an imaging modality that can provide anatomical, functional, molecular and kinetic information at high temporal and spatial resolution. When combined with (molecular) imaging agents that possess appropriate targeting properties, this modality can be leveraged for new biomarker imaging approaches in cancer research.
Citation Format: Wouter H. P. Driessen, Neal Burton, Christian Schwöppe, Wolfgang E. Berd, Toni Weinhage, Georg Varga, Christiane Geyer. Multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) as a novel approach for dynamic, noninvasive assessment of tumor therapy response and chronic inflammation. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 5114. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-5114
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Georg Varga
- 2University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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Zerbst C, Ring J, Fröhlich M, Schliemann C, Mesters RM, Berdel WE, Schwöppe C. Abstract 2629: Site-directed and random PEGylation of retargeted tissue factor can improve the activity/toxicity profile of the molecule. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-2629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Retargeted tissue factor can induce tumor vessel infarction as a new approach for tumor therapy via vascular targeting. To optimize this anti-vascular approach with retargeted tissue factor (tTF) and to simplify the characterization and batch-to-batch reproducibility, single polyethylene glycol (PEG) units were site-specifically linked to tTF proteins such as tTF-NGR and compared to randomly PEGylated tTF derivatives.
Experimental procedures
Site-directed (SD) coupling of PEG units (4 and 20 kDa, respectively) to the N-terminus of recombinant tTF-fusion proteins was performed by reductive alkylation according to the PEGylation of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor G-CSF (Kinstler et al., 1996 & 2002). Random PEGylation was accomplished by nucleophilic substitution of short, branched PEG units (2.4 kDa each) to primary amines such as lysine residues. Successful coupling and purification steps were verified by HPLC, SDS-PAGE, Western blotting and mass spectrometry. The biological ability of PEGylated tTF derivatives to induce coagulation was assessed by FX-activation assay according to Ruf et al. (1991). Pharmacokinetic analyses were performed with blood probes from CD-1 mice after intravenous application of the PEG-tTF proteins, using a tissue factor ELISA kit. For in vivo evaluation of tumor growth, immunodeficient CD-1 nude mice were xenotransplanted with human tumor cells; tolerability studies were carried out with non-tumor-bearing mice. Histological analyses of tumor tissues and normal organs were performed according to standard protocols using an anti-PEG antibody. The anti-vascular mechanism was further verified by molecular imaging methods such as MRI.
Results
SD-PEGylation revealed mono-PEGylated tTF proteins, clearly separable from non-PEGylated tTF by using cation-exchange HPLC, leading to a homogeneous protein solution with a high batch-to-batch reproducibility. The ability of the SD-PEGylated tTF-NGR to induce coagulation within the FX-activation assay was barely affected in comparison to the non-PEGylated tTF-NGR protein, while the pharmacokinetic profile of the mono-PEGylated tTF-NGR resembles the profile of the randomly PEGylated protein (area under the curve was increased more than 1-log step). In vivo studies of mono-PEGylated tTF-NGR revealed a markedly reduced effective dose for tumor growth inhibition compared to the non-PEGylated protein (0.2 vs. 1 mg/kg bw). Tolerability and molecular imaging studies are ongoing to study in vivo activity/safety of mono-PEGylated tTF-NGR.
Conclusion
Promising results have been achieved to 1. simplify the characterization and batch-to-batch reproducibility and 2. to optimize the activity/toxicity profile of tumor-vessel infarction by retargeted tTF. The therapeutic range of tTF-NGR fusion protein can be improved by using SD- and random-PEGylation techniques, respectively.
Citation Format: Caroline Zerbst, Janine Ring, Max Fröhlich, Christoph Schliemann, Rolf M. Mesters, Wolfgang E. Berdel, Christian Schwöppe. Site-directed and random PEGylation of retargeted tissue factor can improve the activity/toxicity profile of the molecule. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2629. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-2629
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janine Ring
- University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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Brand C, Dencks S, Schmitz G, Mühlmeister M, Stypmann J, Ross R, Hintelmann H, Schliemann C, Müller-Tidow C, Mesters RM, Berdel WE, Schwöppe C. Low-Energy Ultrasound Treatment Improves Regional Tumor Vessel Infarction by Retargeted Tissue Factor. J Ultrasound Med 2015; 34:1227-36. [PMID: 26112625 DOI: 10.7863/ultra.34.7.1227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To enhance the regional antitumor activity of the vascular-targeting agent truncated tissue factor (tTF)-NGR by combining the therapy with low-energy ultrasound (US) treatment. METHODS For the in vitro US exposure of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), cells were put in the focus of a US transducer. For analysis of the US-induced phosphatidylserine (PS) surface concentration on HUVECs, flow cytometry was used. To demonstrate the differences in the procoagulatory efficacy of TF-derivative tTF-NGR on binding to HUVECs with a low versus high surface concentration of PS, we performed factor X activation assays. For low-energy US pretreatment, HT1080 fibrosarcoma xenotransplant-bearing nude mice were treated by tumor-regional US-mediated stimulation (ie, destruction) of microbubbles. The therapy cohorts received the tumor vessel-infarcting tTF-NGR protein with or without US pretreatment (5 minutes after US stimulation via intraperitoneal injection on 3 consecutive days). RESULTS Combination therapy experiments with xenotransplant-bearing nude mice significantly increased the antitumor activity of tTF-NGR by regional low-energy US destruction of vascular microbubbles in tumor vessels shortly before application of tTF-NGR (P < .05). Mechanistic studies proved the upregulation of anionic PS on the outer leaflet of the lipid bilayer of endothelial cell membranes by low-energy US and a consecutive higher potential of these preapoptotic endothelial cells to activate coagulation via tTF-NGR and coagulation factor X as being a basis for this synergistic activity. CONCLUSIONS Combining retargeted tTF to tumor vessels with proapoptotic stimuli for the tumor vascular endothelium increases the antitumor effects of tumor vascular infarction. Ultrasound treatment may thus be useful in this respect for regional tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Brand
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology (C.B., R.R., H.H., C.S., C.M.-T., R.M.M., W.E.B., C.S.), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Division of Cardiology (J.S.), and Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion (W.E.B.), University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany; Institute of Medical Engineering, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany (S.D., G.S.); and Nijmegen Center for Mitochondrial Disorders, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (M.M.)
| | - Stefanie Dencks
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology (C.B., R.R., H.H., C.S., C.M.-T., R.M.M., W.E.B., C.S.), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Division of Cardiology (J.S.), and Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion (W.E.B.), University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany; Institute of Medical Engineering, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany (S.D., G.S.); and Nijmegen Center for Mitochondrial Disorders, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (M.M.)
| | - Georg Schmitz
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology (C.B., R.R., H.H., C.S., C.M.-T., R.M.M., W.E.B., C.S.), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Division of Cardiology (J.S.), and Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion (W.E.B.), University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany; Institute of Medical Engineering, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany (S.D., G.S.); and Nijmegen Center for Mitochondrial Disorders, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (M.M.)
| | - Mareike Mühlmeister
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology (C.B., R.R., H.H., C.S., C.M.-T., R.M.M., W.E.B., C.S.), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Division of Cardiology (J.S.), and Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion (W.E.B.), University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany; Institute of Medical Engineering, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany (S.D., G.S.); and Nijmegen Center for Mitochondrial Disorders, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (M.M.)
| | - Jörg Stypmann
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology (C.B., R.R., H.H., C.S., C.M.-T., R.M.M., W.E.B., C.S.), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Division of Cardiology (J.S.), and Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion (W.E.B.), University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany; Institute of Medical Engineering, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany (S.D., G.S.); and Nijmegen Center for Mitochondrial Disorders, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (M.M.)
| | - Rebecca Ross
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology (C.B., R.R., H.H., C.S., C.M.-T., R.M.M., W.E.B., C.S.), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Division of Cardiology (J.S.), and Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion (W.E.B.), University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany; Institute of Medical Engineering, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany (S.D., G.S.); and Nijmegen Center for Mitochondrial Disorders, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (M.M.)
| | - Heike Hintelmann
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology (C.B., R.R., H.H., C.S., C.M.-T., R.M.M., W.E.B., C.S.), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Division of Cardiology (J.S.), and Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion (W.E.B.), University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany; Institute of Medical Engineering, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany (S.D., G.S.); and Nijmegen Center for Mitochondrial Disorders, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (M.M.)
| | - Christoph Schliemann
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology (C.B., R.R., H.H., C.S., C.M.-T., R.M.M., W.E.B., C.S.), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Division of Cardiology (J.S.), and Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion (W.E.B.), University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany; Institute of Medical Engineering, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany (S.D., G.S.); and Nijmegen Center for Mitochondrial Disorders, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (M.M.)
| | - Carsten Müller-Tidow
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology (C.B., R.R., H.H., C.S., C.M.-T., R.M.M., W.E.B., C.S.), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Division of Cardiology (J.S.), and Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion (W.E.B.), University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany; Institute of Medical Engineering, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany (S.D., G.S.); and Nijmegen Center for Mitochondrial Disorders, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (M.M.)
| | - Rolf M Mesters
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology (C.B., R.R., H.H., C.S., C.M.-T., R.M.M., W.E.B., C.S.), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Division of Cardiology (J.S.), and Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion (W.E.B.), University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany; Institute of Medical Engineering, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany (S.D., G.S.); and Nijmegen Center for Mitochondrial Disorders, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (M.M.)
| | - Wolfgang E Berdel
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology (C.B., R.R., H.H., C.S., C.M.-T., R.M.M., W.E.B., C.S.), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Division of Cardiology (J.S.), and Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion (W.E.B.), University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany; Institute of Medical Engineering, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany (S.D., G.S.); and Nijmegen Center for Mitochondrial Disorders, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (M.M.)
| | - Christian Schwöppe
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology (C.B., R.R., H.H., C.S., C.M.-T., R.M.M., W.E.B., C.S.), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Division of Cardiology (J.S.), and Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion (W.E.B.), University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany; Institute of Medical Engineering, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany (S.D., G.S.); and Nijmegen Center for Mitochondrial Disorders, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (M.M.).
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Börschel N, Schwöppe C, Zerbst C, Angenendt L, Kessler T, Klapper W, Giovannoni L, Elia G, Neri D, Berdel WE, Mesters RM, Schliemann C. Potentiating the activity of rituximab against mantle cell lymphoma in mice by targeting interleukin-2 to the neovasculature. Leuk Res 2015; 39:739-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Schwöppe C, Zerbst C, Schliemann C, Mesters RM, Berdel WE. Abstract 2675: Optimization of antivascular tumor therapy with retargeted tissue factor proteins to improve the activity/toxicity profiles and therapeutic outcome. Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-2675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to improve the safety and activity profile of therapeutic tumor vascular infarction using retargeted tissue factor-(tTF-) by in vitro- and in-vivo analysis of 1. newly generated tTF fusion proteins, 2. site-specific and randomly PEGylated tTF-NGR protein, 3. combination therapy with radiation, cytotoxics, low-energy ultrasound, and by 4. using different routes of application.
Experimental procedures
Molecular cloning strategies and site-directed mutagenesis were used to generate new tTF constructs. Coupling of polyethylene glycol (PEG) units to the recombinant tTF proteins was performed by site-directed and random PEGylation and coupling of non-peptidic ligands was performed by maleimide-activated reagents. The biological ability of the tTF-fusion proteins to induce coagulation was assessed by a FX assay. The differential binding of fusion proteins to HUVECs and HuAoSMCs was analyzed by FACS. For the in-vivo evaluation of tumor growth, immunodeficient CD-1 nude mice were transplanted with various human tumor xenotransplants. The anti-vascular mechanism was verified by the molecular imaging methods SPECT, MRI, FRI, and CEUS.
Results
To improve the specificity of the therapy, novel fusion proteins were constructed which are supposed to selectively target the receptor protein NG2 on tumor vessel pericytes. The newly synthesized tTF-TAA/-LTL fusion proteins retained their thrombogenic activity and specific binding to the pericyte marker NG2 in vitro; first therapeutic trials with tumor-bearing mice revealed a comparatively small therapeutic range.
The conjugation of tTF-NGR with low-molecular PEG-chains improved the therapeutic range of the tTF-fusion protein substantially, together with increased in-vivo tolerance. Moreover, site-directed PEGylated of cysteinated tTF molecules were constructed and revealed promising analytical and in-vitro thrombogenic effects. Cysteinated tTF (tTF-C) acts as fast and convenient “building block” for non-peptidic ligands of receptor proteins overexpressed in the tumor vasculature (such as CD13, αV-integrins etc.).
Combination therapies of tTF-NGR with doxorubicin, irradiation, or low-energy-ultrasound, respectively, showed synergistic effects.
Conclusion
Promising results have been achieved to optimize the anticancer profile of tumor-vessel infarction by retargeted tTF: The therapeutic range of the tTF-NGR fusion protein has been improved by PEGylation and by combination with either radiation, chemotherapy with doxorubicin, or low-energy ultrasound, respectively. Ongoing experiments further optimize this anti-vascular therapy by using new (PEG) polymers.
Citation Format: Christian Schwöppe, Caroline Zerbst, Christoph Schliemann, Rolf M. Mesters, Wolfgang E. Berdel. Optimization of antivascular tumor therapy with retargeted tissue factor proteins to improve the activity/toxicity profiles and therapeutic outcome. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2675. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2675
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schwöppe
- 1University of Muenster, Department of Medicine - Hematology, Oncology & Pneumology, Muenster, Germany
| | - Caroline Zerbst
- 1University of Muenster, Department of Medicine - Hematology, Oncology & Pneumology, Muenster, Germany
| | - Christoph Schliemann
- 1University of Muenster, Department of Medicine - Hematology, Oncology & Pneumology, Muenster, Germany
| | - Rolf M. Mesters
- 1University of Muenster, Department of Medicine - Hematology, Oncology & Pneumology, Muenster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E. Berdel
- 2University of Muenster, Department of Medicine - Hematology, Oncology & Pneumology, Cells in Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003), Muenster, Germany
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Vahle AK, Domikowsky B, Schwöppe C, Krähling H, Mally S, Schäfers M, Hermann S, Shahin V, Haier J, Schwab A, Stock C. Extracellular matrix composition and interstitial pH modulate NHE1-mediated melanoma cell motility. Int J Oncol 2013; 44:78-90. [PMID: 24173371 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.2158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of the Na+/H+ exchanger NHE1 is required for human melanoma cell adhesion and migration. The goal of the present study was to suppress mouse melanoma (B16V) cell invasion in vivo by inhibiting NHE1. Intravital observations in mobilized left liver lobes of laparotomized male Sprague-Dawley rats disclosed that five minutes after intra-arterial administration of the B16V cell suspension, cells adhered to the endothelia of liver sinusoidal capillaries and started to migrate into the surrounding liver tissue. In the presence of the NHE1-specific inhibitor cariporide, migration/invasion was reduced by about 50% while adhesion was not lowered. Time-lapse video microscopy and adhesion/invasion assays revealed that in vitro, blockade of NHE1 by cariporide i) significantly decreased the migratory speed of the cells and ii) completely inhibited the invasive behavior of both an artificial, basement membrane-like and a dermis-like matrix. Cells were more motile on the basement membrane and more invasive on the dermis-like matrix. Small-animal PET (positron-emission tomography) analyses of B16V metastasis in female C57BL/6 mice showed that, although NHE1 inhibition hardly affected the percentage of animals developing metastases or relapses, metastases seem to get directed to the lungs in cariporide-treated animals while animals feeding on the standard diet show metastases spread all over the body. We conclude that i) B16V cells prefer to invade a dermis-like rather than a basement membrane-like matrix; ii) the extracellular matrix (ECM) composition strongly impacts on NHE1-dependent in vitro cell motility and invasion; and iii) the lungs are metastasis‑prone and impair the efficiency of cariporide due to their ECM composition and the pulmonary interstitial (extravascular) pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Kristin Vahle
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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Persigehl T, Ring J, Bremer C, Heindel W, Holtmeier R, Stypmann J, Claesener M, Hermann S, Schäfers M, Zerbst C, Schliemann C, Mesters RM, Berdel WE, Schwöppe C. Non-invasive monitoring of tumor-vessel infarction by retargeted truncated tissue factor tTF-NGR using multi-modal imaging. Angiogenesis 2013; 17:235-46. [PMID: 24136410 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-013-9391-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The fusion protein tTF-NGR consists of the extracellular domain of the thrombogenic human tissue factor (truncated tissue factor, tTF) and the peptide GNGRAHA (NGR), a ligand of the surface protein CD13 (aminopeptidase N), upregulated on endothelial cells of tumor vessels. tTF-NGR preferentially activates blood coagulation within tumor vasculature, resulting in tumor vessel infarction and subsequent tumor growth retardation/regression. The anti-vascular mechanism of the tTF-NGR therapy approach was verified by quantifying the reduced tumor blood-perfusion with contrast-enhanced ultrasound, the reduced relative tumor blood volume by ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, and by in vivo-evaluation of hemorrhagic bleeding with fluorescent biomarkers (AngioSense(680)) in fluorescence reflectance imaging. The accumulation of tTF-NGR within the tumor was proven by visualizing the distribution of the iodine-123-labelled protein by single-photon emission computed tomography. Use of these multi-modal vascular and molecular imaging tools helped to assess the therapeutic effect even at real time and to detect non-responding tumors directly after the first tTF-NGR treatment. This emphasizes the importance of imaging within clinical studies with tTF-NGR. The imaging techniques as used here have applicability within a wider scope of therapeutic regimes interfering with tumor vasculature. Some even are useful to obtain predictive biosignals in personalized cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Persigehl
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University of Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
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Persigehl T, Stypmann J, Hermann S, Remmele S, Ring J, Schäfers M, Heindel W, Mesters R, Berdel W, Bremer C, Schwöppe C. Multi-modales Monitoring der anti-vaskulären tTF-NGR-Tumortherapie mittels USPIO- MRT, KM-Ultraschall (CEUS), Single-Photonen-Emissions-CT (SPECT) und Fluoreszenz-Bildgebung (FRI) im Xenograftmodell. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2013. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1346201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Höink AJ, Persigehl T, Mesters RM, Berdel WE, Heindel WL, Bremer C, Schwöppe C. Echtzeit-Bildgebung des Ansprechens muriner Tumore auf die anti-vaskuläre Therapie mittels tTF-NGR mithilfe Gadofosveset-verstärkter MRT. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2013. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1346432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Schwöppe C, Zerbst C, Fröhlich M, Schliemann C, Kessler T, Liersch R, Overkamp L, Holtmeier R, Stypmann J, Dreiling A, König S, Höltke C, Lücke M, Müller-Tidow C, Mesters RM, Berdel WE. Anticancer therapy by tumor vessel infarction with polyethylene glycol conjugated retargeted tissue factor. J Med Chem 2013; 56:2337-47. [PMID: 23496322 DOI: 10.1021/jm301669z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
tTF-NGR consists of the extracellular domain of tissue factor and the peptide GNGRAHA, a ligand of the surface protein aminopeptidase N and of integrin αvβ3. Both surface proteins are upregulated on endothelial cells of tumor vessels. tTF-NGR shows antitumor activity in xenografts and inhibition of tumor blood flow in cancer patients. We performed random TMS(PEG)12 PEGylation of tTF-NGR to improve the antitumor profile of the molecule. PEGylation resulted in an approximately 2-log step decreased procoagulatory activity of the molecule. Pharmacokinetic studies in mice showed a more than 1-log step higher mean area under the curve. Comparison of the LD10 values for both compounds and their lowest effective antitumor dose against human tumor xenografts showed an improved therapeutic range (active/toxic dose in mg/kg body weight) of 1/5 mg/kg for tTF-NGR and 3/>160 mg/kg for TMS(PEG)12 tTF-NGR. Results demonstrate that PEGylation can significantly improve the therapeutic range of tTF-NGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schwöppe
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University of Muenster , Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D-48129 Muenster, Germany.
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Liersch R, Shin JW, Bayer M, Schwöppe C, Schliemann C, Berdel WE, Mesters R, Detmar M. Analysis of a novel highly metastatic melanoma cell line identifies osteopontin as a new lymphangiogenic factor. Int J Oncol 2012; 41:1455-63. [PMID: 22797548 PMCID: PMC3583651 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cell invasion and metastasis are hallmarks of malignancy. Despite recent advances in the understanding of lymphatic spread, the mechanisms by which tumors metastasize to sentinel/distant lymph nodes and beyond are poorly understood. To gain new insights into this complex process, we established highly metastatic melanoma cell lines by in vivo passaging the B16 parental cell line through the lymphatic system. In this study we characterized morphology, rate of cell proliferation, colony formation, migration, tumorigenicity, lymph flow, and capacities to induce tumor- and sentinel lymph node-lymphangiogenesis. Furthermore, microarray-based comparative analysis between parental and passaged cell lines was performed to identify specific gene expression profiles. The most differentially expressed gene was SPP (osteopontin), a secreted glycophosphoprotein which is known to be involved in cancer metastasis. Overexpression of osteopontin in B16 F1-variant was confirmed by western blot analysis and quantitative RT-PCR. Treatment of cultured lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) with osteopontin promoted cell migration mediated by the integrin α9 pathway. Our results identify osteopontin as a novel lymphangiogenic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruediger Liersch
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, D-48129 Muenster, Germany.
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von Maltzahn G, Park JH, Lin KY, Singh N, Schwöppe C, Mesters R, Berdel WE, Ruoslahti E, Sailor MJ, Bhatia SN. Nanoparticles that communicate in vivo to amplify tumour targeting. Nat Mater 2011; 10:545-52. [PMID: 21685903 PMCID: PMC3361766 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicines have enormous potential to improve the precision of cancer therapy, yet our ability to efficiently home these materials to regions of disease in vivo remains very limited. Inspired by the ability of communication to improve targeting in biological systems, such as inflammatory-cell recruitment to sites of disease, we construct systems where synthetic biological and nanotechnological components communicate to amplify disease targeting in vivo. These systems are composed of 'signalling' modules (nanoparticles or engineered proteins) that target tumours and then locally activate the coagulation cascade to broadcast tumour location to clot-targeted 'receiving' nanoparticles in circulation that carry a diagnostic or therapeutic cargo, thereby amplifying their delivery. We show that communicating nanoparticle systems can be composed of multiple types of signalling and receiving modules, can transmit information through multiple molecular pathways in coagulation, can operate autonomously and can target over 40 times higher doses of chemotherapeutics to tumours than non-communicating controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey von Maltzahn
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
| | - Ji-Ho Park
- Department of Bio and Brain Bioengineering; Korean Advanced Institute of Science and Technology; Chung Moon Soul Bldg (E-16) #1105; 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Dajeon, South Korea
| | - Kevin Y. Lin
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
| | - Neetu Singh
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
| | - Christian Schwöppe
- Department of Medicine/Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, D-48129 Muenster, Germany
| | - Rolf Mesters
- Department of Medicine/Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, D-48129 Muenster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E. Berdel
- Department of Medicine/Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, D-48129 Muenster, Germany
| | - Erkki Ruoslahti
- Vascular Mapping Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research at UCSB, Biology II Bldg., University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9610, (USA)
- Cancer Research Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, (USA)
| | - Michael J. Sailor
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman, La Jolla, CA 92093 (USA)
| | - Sangeeta N. Bhatia
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute
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Meyer T, Hölscher C, Schwöppe C, von Schaewen A. Alternative targeting of Arabidopsis plastidic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase G6PD1 involves cysteine-dependent interaction with G6PD4 in the cytosol. Plant J 2011; 66:745-58. [PMID: 21309870 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04535.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis peroxisomes contain an incomplete oxidative pentose-phosphate pathway (OPPP), consisting of 6-phosphogluconolactonase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase isoforms with peroxisomal targeting signals (PTS). To start the pathway, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is required; however, G6PD isoforms with obvious C-terminal PTS1 or N-terminal PTS2 motifs are lacking. We used fluorescent reporter fusions to explore possibly hidden peroxisomal targeting information. Among the six Arabidopsis G6PD isoforms only plastid-predicted G6PD1 with free C-terminal end localized to peroxisomes. Detailed analyses identified SKY as an internal PTS1-like signal; however, in a medial G6PD1 reporter fusion with free N- and C-terminal ends this cryptic information was overruled by the transit peptide. Yeast two-hybrid analyses revealed selective protein-protein interactions of G6PD1 with catalytically inactive G6PD4, and of both G6PD isoforms with plastid-destined thioredoxin m2 (Trx(m2) ). Serine replacement of redox-sensitive cysteines conserved in G6PD4 abolished the G6PD4-G6PD1 interaction, albeit analogous changes in G6PD1 did not. In planta bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) demonstrated that the G6PD4-G6PD1 interaction results in peroxisomal import. BiFC also confirmed the interaction of Trx(m2) with G6PD4 (or G6PD1) in plastids, but co-expression analyses revealed Trx(m2) -mediated retention of medial G6PD4 (but not G6PD1) reporter fusions in the cytosol that was stabilized by CxxC¹¹³S exchange in Trx(m2) . Based on preliminary findings with plastid-predicted rice G6PD isoforms, we dismiss Arabidopsis G6PD4 as non-functional. G6PD4 orthologs (new P0 class) apparently evolved to become cytosolic redox switches that confer thioredoxin-relayed alternative targeting to peroxisomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Meyer
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossgarten 3, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Dreischalück J, Schwöppe C, Spieker T, Kessler T, Tiemann K, Liersch R, Schliemann C, Kreuter M, Kolkmeyer A, Hintelmann H, Mesters RM, Berdel WE. Vascular infarction by subcutaneous application of tissue factor targeted to tumor vessels with NGR-peptides: activity and toxicity profile. Int J Oncol 2011; 37:1389-97. [PMID: 21042706 DOI: 10.3892/ijo_00000790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
tTF-NGR consists of the extracellular domain of the (truncated) tissue factor (tTF), a central molecule for coagulation in vivo, and the peptide GNGRAHA (NGR), a ligand of the surface protein aminopeptidase N (CD13). After deamidation of the NGR-peptide moiety, the fusion protein is also a ligand for integrin αvβ3 (CD51/CD61). Both surface proteins are upregulated on endothelial cells of tumor vessels. tTF-NGR showed binding to specific binding sites on endothelial cells in vitro as shown by flow cytometry. Subcutaneous injection of tTF-NGR into athymic mice bearing human HT1080 fibrosarcoma tumors induced tumor growth retardation and delay. Contrast enhanced ultrasound detected a decrease in tumor blood flow in vivo after application of tTF-NGR. Histological analysis of the tumors revealed vascular disruption due to blood pooling and thrombotic occlusion of tumor vessels. Furthermore, a lack of resistance was shown by re-exposure of tumor-bearing mice to tTF-NGR after regrowth following a first cycle of treatment. However, after subcutaneous (s.c.) push injection with therapeutic doses (1-5 mg/kg bw) side effects have been observed, such as skin bleeding and reduced performance. Since lethality started within the therapeutic dose range (LD10 approximately 2 mg/kg bw) no safe therapeutic window could be found. Limiting toxicity was represented by thrombo-embolic events in major organ systems as demonstrated by histology. Thus, subcutaneous injection of tTF-NGR represents an active, but toxic application procedure and compares unfavourably to intravenous infusion.
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Abstract
Targeted therapies against cancer have become more and more important. In particular, the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and vascular targeting have been the focus of new treatment strategies. Numerous new substances were developed as angiogenesis inhibitors and evaluated in clinical trials for safety, tolerance, and efficacy. With positive study results, some of these molecules have already been approved for clinical use. For example, this is true for the vascular endothelial growth factor neutralizing antibody bevacizumab (BEV) in metastatic colorectal cancer, nonsmall cell lung cancer, renal cancer, and breast cancer. The tyrosine kinase (TK) inhibitors sorafenib and sunitinib have been approved for metastatic renal cancer as well as for hepatocellular carcinoma, and sunitinib has also been approved for gastrointestinal stroma tumors. In this chapter we try to give an overview of the substances currently investigated in Phase III studies and beyond with regard to antiangiogenesis in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Kessler
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse, 33, 48129, Münster, Germany.
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Mormann M, Eble J, Schwöppe C, Mesters RM, Berdel WE, Peter-Katalinić J, Pohlentz G. Fragmentation of intra-peptide and inter-peptide disulfide bonds of proteolytic peptides by nanoESI collision-induced dissociation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 392:831-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2258-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kessler T, Schwöppe C, Liersch R, Schliemann C, Hintelmann H, Bieker R, Berdel WE, Mesters RM. Generation of fusion proteins for selective occlusion of tumor vessels. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2008; 5:1-8. [PMID: 18537561 DOI: 10.2174/157016308783769487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Selective activation of blood coagulation in tumor vessels with subsequent thrombosis and tumor infarction is a promising strategy in cancer therapy. To this end, different fusion proteins consisting of the extracellular domain of tissue factor (truncated tissue factor, tTF) were fused to the peptides GRGDSP (abbr. RGD), GNGRAHA (abbr. NGR) or cyclic derivates of these peptides, which selectively target alpha(v)-integrins or aminopeptidase N (CD13), respectively. Rationale for this strategy is the fact that these surface receptors are preferentially expressed on tumor endothelial cells. The tTF constructs were expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The integrity of the fusion proteins was evaluated by SDS-PAGE, immunoblotting and mass spectrometry. The screening process for the activity contained coagulation assays as well as purified receptor binding assays. The fusion proteins which retained their thrombogenic and binding activity were evaluated further. In vivo studies in nude mice bearing established different malignant human tumors revealed that i.v. administration of tTF-RGD or tTF-NGR induced partial or complete thrombotic occlusion of tumor vessels, which was demonstrated by histological analysis. Furthermore, treatment studies showed that the targeted tTF fusion proteins but not untargeted tTF proteins induced significant tumor growth retardation in human adenocarcinoma of the breast in a nude mice model without apparent side effects such as thrombosis in liver, kidney, heart or lung at therapeutic dose levels. Finally, we illustrate the upscaling process of fusion protein fabrication in order to produce the amounts needed for clinical studies. Thus, generation and screening of active fusion proteins, which induce selective thrombosis in the tumor vasculature, may be a promising strategy for the development of new drugs as cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Kessler
- Department of Medicine / Hematology and Oncology, University of Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse 33, D-48129 Muenster, Germany
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Reinmuth N, Rensinghoff S, Raedel M, Fehrmann N, Schwöppe C, Kessler T, Bisping G, Hilberg F, Roth GJ, Berdel W, Thomas M, Mesters RM. Paracrine interactions of vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor in endothelial and lung cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2007; 31:621-6. [PMID: 17671690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
While the effects of single growth factors on endothelial cells (ECs) have been extensively studied, the importance of induction of growth factors such as PDGF-BB (platelet derived growth factor) in ECs and its impact on tumor cell functions are only partly understood. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured under serum-free conditions and stimulated by 20 ng/ml VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) or 20 ng/ml bFGF (basic fibroblastic growth factor). As determined by real-time PCR, both VEGF and bFGF induced a significant (up to 4-fold) increase in PDGF-B RNA expression which was time- and dose-dependent (p<0.05). Similarly, conditioned medium (CM) from lung cancer cells (A549) which is known to contain multiple growth factors including VEGF and bFGF also induced PDGF-B RNA expression. Using ELISA assays, VEGF and bFGF significantly increased PDGF-BB protein secretion in HUVECs (p<0.01). By addition of BIBF 1000, a novel inhibitor of the VEGF and bFGF receptor kinases, the effect of VEGF on PDGF-B RNA induction was significantly antagonized (p<0.01). Furthermore, we studied the biological significance of EC-derived PDGF-BB on lung cancer cells. Interestingly, HUVEC-derived CM significantly stimulated migration of A549 cells (p<0.001) with a trend to further increased migration with the use of VEGF-stimulated (PDGF-BB rich) CM (p=0.2). Collectively, endothelial and lung cancer cells seem to interact via various paracrine pathways, e.g. by the reciprocal induction of VEGF and PDGF-BB. Thus, targeting key molecules would result in expression alterations of multiple factors and alter the biological functions of both stromal and tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Reinmuth
- Department of Internal Medicine-Thoracic Oncology, Clinic for Thoracic Diseases, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Reinmuth N, Rensinghoff S, Raedel M, Fehrmann N, Schwöppe C, Kessler T, Bisping G, Hilberg F, Roth G, Berdel W, Thomas M, Mesters R. Paracrine interactions of vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor in endothelial and lung cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2007. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.31.3.621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Kessler T, Bieker R, Padró T, Schwöppe C, Persigehl T, Bremer C, Kreuter M, Berdel WE, Mesters RM. Inhibition of tumor growth by RGD peptide-directed delivery of truncated tissue factor to the tumor vasculature. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:6317-24. [PMID: 16144936 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-0389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Selective activation of blood coagulation in tumor vessels with subsequent tumor infarction is a promising anticancer strategy. To this end, a fusion protein consisting of the extracellular domain of tissue factor [truncated tissue factor (tTF)] was fused to the peptide GRGDSP selectively targeting alpha(v)-integrins on tumor endothelial cells. tTF-RGD retained its thrombogenic and integrin-binding activity in vitro. In vivo studies in mice bearing human adenocarcinomas (CCL185), melanoma (M21), and fibrosarcoma (HT1080) revealed that i.v. administration of tTF-RGD induced thrombotic occlusion of tumor vessels resulting in tumor growth retardation or regression in all three types of solid tumors. No apparent side effects, such as thrombosis, in other organs or other treatment-related toxicities were observed. Reduced tumor blood flow in tTF-RGD-treated animals as determined by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging underlines the proposed mechanism. In conclusion, we consider RGD peptide-directed delivery of tTF as alternative to previously used antibody fusion proteins. Small peptide-directed delivery of coaguligands does not cause immunologic side effects and those caused by accumulation in the reticuloendothelial system. This is the first report to describe the induction of selective thrombosis in tumor vessels by RGD peptide-directed delivery of tTF, which may be a promising strategy for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Kessler
- Department of Medicine/Hematology and Oncology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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Schwöppe C, Winkler HH, Neuhaus HE. Connection of transport and sensing by UhpC, the sensor for external glucose-6-phosphate in Escherichia coli. Eur J Biochem 2003; 270:1450-7. [PMID: 12654000 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03507.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
UhpC is a membrane-bound sensor protein in Escherichia coli required for recognizing external glucose-6-phosphate (Glc6P) and induction of the transport protein UhpT. Recently, it was shown that UhpC is also able to transport Glc6P. In this study we investigated whether these transport and sensing activities are obligatorily coupled in UhpC. We expressed a His-UhpC protein in a UhpC-deficient E. coli strain and verified that this construct does not alter the basic biochemical properties of the Glc6P sensor system. The effects of arginine replacements, mutations of the central loop, and introduction of a salt bridge in UhpC on transport and sensing were compared. The exchanges R46C, R266C and R149C moderately affected transport by UhpC but strongly decreased the sensing ability. This suggested that the affinity for Glc6P as a transported substrate is uncoupled in UhpC from its affinity for Glc6P as an inducer. Four of the 11 arginine mutants showed a constitutive phenotype but had near wild-type transport activity suggesting that Glc6P can be transported by a molecule locked in the inducing conformation. Introduction of an intrahelical salt bridge increased the transport activity of UhpC but abolished sensing. Three conserved residues from the central loop were mutated and although none of these showed transport, one exhibited increased affinity for sensing. Taken together, these data show that transport by UhpC is not required for sensing, that conserved arginine residues are important for sensing and not for transport, and that residues located in the central hydrophilic loop are critical for transport and for sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schwöppe
- Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Schwöppe C, Winkler HH, Neuhaus HE. Properties of the glucose-6-phosphate transporter from Chlamydia pneumoniae (HPTcp) and the glucose-6-phosphate sensor from Escherichia coli (UhpC). J Bacteriol 2002; 184:2108-15. [PMID: 11914341 PMCID: PMC134969 DOI: 10.1128/jb.184.8.2108-2115.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The amino acid sequence of the proposed glucose-6-phosphate (Glc6P) transporter from Chlamydia pneumoniae (HPTcp; hexose phosphate transporter [Chlamydia pneumoniae]) exhibits a higher degree of similarity to the Escherichia coli Glc6P sensor (UhpC) than to the E. coli Glc6P transporter (UhpT). Overexpression of His-UhpC in a UhpT-deficient E. coli strain revealed that the sensor protein is also able to transport Glc6P and exhibits an apparent K(m) ((Glc6P)) of 25 microM, whereas His-HPTcp exhibits an apparent K(m)( (Glc6P)) of 98 microM. His-HPTcp showed a four-times-lower specific activity than His-UhpT but a 56-times-higher specific activity than His-UhpC. Like His-UhpT and His-UhpC, the carrier His-HPTcp performs a sugar-phosphate/inorganic-phosphate antiporter mode of transport. Surprisingly, while physiological concentrations of inorganic phosphate competitively inhibited transport mediated by the E. coli proteins His-UhpT and His-UhpC, transport mediated by His-HPTcp was not inhibited. Interestingly, C(3)-organophosphates stimulated His-HPTcp activity but not His-UhpT- or His-UhpC-catalyzed Glc6P transport. In contrast to His-UhpC, the His-HPTcp protein does not act as a Glc6P sensor in the uhp regulon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schwöppe
- Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Kaiserslautern, D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Tjaden J, Winkler HH, Schwöppe C, Van Der Laan M, Möhlmann T, Neuhaus HE. Two nucleotide transport proteins in Chlamydia trachomatis, one for net nucleoside triphosphate uptake and the other for transport of energy. J Bacteriol 1999; 181:1196-202. [PMID: 9973346 PMCID: PMC93497 DOI: 10.1128/jb.181.4.1196-1202.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/1998] [Accepted: 11/29/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome of Chlamydia trachomatis, one of the most prominent human pathogens, contains two structural genes coding for proteins, herein called Npt1Ct and Npt2Ct (nucleoside phosphate transporters 1 and 2 of C. trachomatis), exhibiting 68 and 61% similarity, respectively, to the ATP/ADP transporter from the intracellular bacterium Rickettsia prowazekii at the deduced amino acid level. Hydropathy analysis and sequence alignments suggested that both proteins have 12 transmembrane domains. The putative transporters were expressed as histidine-tagged proteins in Escherichia coli to study their biochemical properties. His10-Npt1Ct catalyzed ATP and ADP transport in an exchange mode. The apparent Km values were 48 (ATP) and 39 (ADP) microM. ATP and ADP transport was specific since AMP, GTP, CTP, UTP, dATP, dCTP, dGTP, and dTTP did not inhibit uptake. In contrast, His10-Npt2Ct transported all four ribonucleoside triphosphates with apparent Km values of 31 microM (GTP), 302 microM (UTP), 528 microM (CTP), and 1,158 microM (ATP). Ribonucleoside di- and monophosphates and deoxyribonucleotides were not substrates. The protonophore m-chlorocarbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone abolished uptake of all nucleoside triphosphates by Npt2Ct. This observation indicated that His10-Npt2Ct acts as a nucleosidetriphosphate/H+ symporter energized by the proton motive force across the Escherichia coli cytoplasmic membrane. We conclude that Npt1Ct provides chlamydiae with energy whereas Npt2Ct catalyzes the net uptake of ribonucleoside triphosphates required for anabolic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tjaden
- Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrück, Germany
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Tjaden J, Schwöppe C, Möhlmann T, Quick PW, Neuhaus HE. Expression of a plastidic ATP/ADP transporter gene in Escherichia coli leads to a functional adenine nucleotide transport system in the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:9630-6. [PMID: 9545295 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.16.9630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, a second type of eucaryotic adenine nucleotide transporter located in the inner envelope membrane of higher plants has been identified at the molecular level (Neuhaus, H. E., Thom, E., Möhlmann, T., Steup, M., and Kampfenkel, K. (1997) Plant J. 11, 73-82). Here we have analyzed the biochemical properties of this ATP/ADP transporter from Arabidopsis thaliana (AATP1, At). This analysis was carried out by expressing a cDNA encoding this carrier as a histidine-tagged chimeric protein heterologously in Escherichia coli. Isopropyl-1-thio-beta-D-galactopyranoside (IPTG)-induced E. coli cells were able to import radioactively labeled [alpha-32P]ATP. Uninduced E. coli cells did not import [alpha-32P]ATP. Further control experiments revealed that IPTG induction did not promote import of other phosphorylated or unphosphorylated metabolites into the bacterial cell indicating the specificity of [alpha-32P]ATP transport. [alpha-32P]ATP uptake into induced E. coli cells was linear with time for several minutes allowing for determination of kinetic constants. The apparent Km for ATP was 17 microM which is close to values reported on the authentic protein in isolated plastids. ADP was a strong competitive inhibitor of -alpha-32P-ATP uptake (Ki ADP 3.6 microM). Other metabolites like AMP, ADP glucose, UTP, UDP, NAD, and NADP did not influence [alpha-32P]ATP uptake. IPTG-induced E. coli cells preloaded with [alpha-32P]ATP exported radioactively labeled adenylates after exogenous addition of unlabeled ATP or ADP indicating a counter exchange mechanism of transport. The biochemical properties of the heterologously expressed AATP1 gene product demonstrated that the protein is functionally integrated in the cytoplasmic membrane of E. coli. This is the first report of the functional expression of a plant membrane protein in E. coli leading to new transport properties across the cytoplasmic membrane. The functional integration of a plant membrane protein in the cytoplasmic membrane of E. coli offers new possibilities for future studies of the structural and mechanistic properties of this transporter. Since IPTG induction allowed synthesis of a 67-kDa protein in E. coli, which was subsequently specifically enriched by metal-chelate chromatography, this procaryotic heterologous expression system might provide a suitable system for overproduction of membrane proteins of eucaryotic origin in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tjaden
- Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 11, D-49069 Osnabrück, Germany
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Möhlmann T, Tjaden J, Schwöppe C, Winkler HH, Kampfenkel K, Neuhaus HE. Occurrence of two plastidic ATP/ADP transporters in Arabidopsis thaliana L.--molecular characterisation and comparative structural analysis of similar ATP/ADP translocators from plastids and Rickettsia prowazekii. Eur J Biochem 1998; 252:353-9. [PMID: 9546649 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1998.2520353.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we sequenced a cDNA clone from Arabidopsis thaliana L. encoding an ATP/ADP transporter protein (AATP1) located in the plastid envelope membrane. The deduced amino acid sequence of AATP1 exhibits a high degree of similarity (> 66%) to the ATP/ADP transporter from the obligate intracellular gram-negative bacterium Rickettsia prowazekii. Here we report a second plastidic ATP/ADP carrier from A. thaliana (AATP2). As deduced from the amino acid sequence, AATP2 exhibits 77.6% identity to AATP1 and 36% to the rickettsial protein. Hydropathy analysis indicates that all three translocators are highly hydrophobic membrane proteins, which exhibit marked similarities and differences. The AATP1 translocator lacks the sixth transmembrane domain that is present in AATP2 and the bacterial transporter in R. prowazekii. In contrast to AATP1 and the bacterial transport protein, only AATP2 exhibits a truncated C-terminal end. To compare the general biochemical properties of AATP2 with the known transport properties of AATP1 we cloned the entire AATP2 cDNA into plasmid pJT118, leading to the presence of an additional N-terminal histidine tag of 10 amino acids. For heterologous expression of His10-AATP2 we chose the Escherichia coli strain C43, which was reported recently to allow overproduction of eucaryotic membrane transport proteins. After transformation and subsequent induction by isopropylthio-2-D-galactopyranoside intact E. coli cells harbouring plasmid pJT118 showed import of radioactively labelled ATP and ADP. As deduced from a Lineweaver-Burk analysis His10-AATP2 exhibited apparent Km values for ATP and ADP of 22 microM and 20 microM, respectively. Import of ADP into His10-AATP2-expressing E. coli cells occurred at a rate of 24 nmol x mg protein(-1) x h(-1), which was about threefold faster than import of ATP. These biochemical characteristics are similar to transport properties of the heterologously expressed His10-AATP1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Möhlmann
- Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Germany
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