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Caldeweyher E, Elkin M, Gheibi G, Johansson M, Sköld C, Norrby PO, Hartwig JF. Hybrid Machine Learning Approach to Predict the Site Selectivity of Iridium-Catalyzed Arene Borylation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:17367-17376. [PMID: 37523755 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The borylation of aryl and heteroaryl C-H bonds is valuable for the site-selective functionalization of C-H bonds in complex molecules. Iridium catalysts ligated by bipyridine ligands catalyze the borylation of the C-H bond that is most acidic and least sterically hindered in an arene, but predicting the site of borylation in molecules containing multiple arenes is difficult. To address this challenge, we report a hybrid computational model that predicts the Site of Borylation (SoBo) in complex molecules. The SoBo model combines density functional theory, semiempirical quantum mechanics, cheminformatics, linear regression, and machine learning to predict site selectivity and to extrapolate these predictions to new chemical space. Experimental validation of SoBo showed that the model predicts the major site of borylation of pharmaceutical intermediates with higher accuracy than prior machine-learning models or human experts, demonstrating that SoBo will be useful to guide experiments for the borylation of specific C(sp2)-H bonds during pharmaceutical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eike Caldeweyher
- Data Science & Modelling, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Masha Elkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Golsa Gheibi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Magnus Johansson
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian Sköld
- Drug Design and Discovery, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per-Ola Norrby
- Data Science & Modelling, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - John F Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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2
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Sköld C, Kultima K, Freyhult E, Larsson A, Gordh T, Hailer NP, Mallmin H. Effects of denosumab treatment on the expression of receptor activator of nuclear kappa-B ligand (RANKL) and TNF-receptor TNFRSF9 after total hip arthroplasty-results from a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Osteoporos Int 2022; 33:1-8. [PMID: 35608639 PMCID: PMC9463208 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-022-06423-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We investigated whether the drug denosumab modulates the inflammatory response after total hip arthroplasty in a randomized controlled trial. Significantly increased expression of RANKL was found in patients treated with denosumab. This could provide an explanation for the rebound effect with rapid loss of BMD seen after discontinuation of denosumab treatment. PURPOSE To evaluate whether denosumab, a human monoclonal antibody directed against receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), modulates the inflammatory response after cementless total hip arthroplasty (THA) in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip. METHODS Sixty-four patients operated with cementless THA were randomized to two doses of 60-mg denosumab or placebo 1-3 days and 6 months postoperatively. Serum samples were analyzed by a multiplex extension assay detecting 92 inflammation-related proteins. Bone turnover markers were assessed. Proteins were analyzed using linear mixed effect models. Validation of conspicuous findings was performed with ELISA. RESULTS Two proteins were significantly affected by denosumab treatment: RANKL and tumor necrosis factor receptor super family member 9 (TNFRSF9). Serum levels of RANKL were more than twice as high in the denosumab than in the placebo group 3 months after surgery (ratio 2.10, p<0.001). Six and 12 months after surgery, the expression of RANKL was still elevated in the denosumab-treated group (ratios 1.50, p < 0.001; 1.47, p =0.002). The expression of TNFRSF9 was lower in the denosumab group at 3 months (ratio 0.68, p<0.001). In the denosumab group, concentrations of bone turnover markers were substantially reduced after 3 months, remained suppressed after 6 and 12 months, but increased above baseline at 24 months after surgery. CONCLUSION Two subcutaneous denosumab injections 6 months apart increase RANKL and depress TNFRSF9 after THA. This provides a possible explanation for the rebound effect on bone turnover markers as well as bone mineral density (BMD) upon withdrawal of denosumab. None of the other measured markers of inflammation was influenced by denosumab treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sköld
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Department of Orthopaedics, Uppsala University Hospital, Sjukhusvägen, Ing 61, pl 6, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - K Kultima
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - E Freyhult
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A Larsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - T Gordh
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - N P Hailer
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - H Mallmin
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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3
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Jansson A, Söderling J, Reutfors J, Thor A, Sköld C, Cohn-Cedermark G, Ståhl O, Ekström Smedby K, Pettersson A, Glimelius I. 513MO Risk and mortality of testicular cancer in patients with psychiatric or neurodevelopmental disorders. Ann Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2022.07.641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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4
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Olanders G, Brandt P, Sköld C, Karlén A. Computational studies of molecular pre-organization through macrocyclization: Conformational distribution analysis of closely related non-macrocyclic and macrocyclic analogs. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 49:116399. [PMID: 34601455 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Macrocycles form an important compound class in medicinal chemistry due to their interesting structural and biological properties. To help design macrocycles, it is important to understand how the conformational preferences are affected upon macrocyclization of a lead compound. To address this, we collected a unique data set of protein-ligand complexes containing "non-macrocyclic" ("linear") ligands matched with macrocyclic analogs binding to the same protein in a similar pose. Out of the 39 co-crystallized ligands considered, 10 were linear and 29 were macrocyclic. To enable a more general analysis, 128 additional ligands from the publications associated with these protein data bank entries were added to the data set. Using in total 167 collected ligands, we investigated if the conformers in the macrocyclic conformational ensembles were more similar to the bioactive conformation in comparison to the conformers of their linear counterparts. Unexpectedly, in most cases the macrocycle conformational ensemble distributions were not very different from those of the linear compounds. Thus, care should be taken when designing macrocycles with the aim to focus their conformational preference towards the bioactive conformation. We also set out to investigate potential conformational flexibility differences between the two compound classes, computational energy window settings and evaluate a literature metric for approximating the conformational focusing on the bioactive conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Olanders
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Brandt
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christian Sköld
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Karlén
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
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5
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Byrne L, Sköld C, Norrby P, Munday RH, Turner AR, Smith PD. Enantioselective Synthesis of Atropisomeric Biaryls using Biaryl 2,5‐Diphenylphospholanes as Ligands for Palladium‐Catalysed Suzuki‐Miyaura Reactions. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liam Byrne
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D AstraZeneca Macclesfield UK
| | - Christian Sköld
- Drug Design and Discovery, Department of Medicinal Chemistry Uppsala University 751 23 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Per‐Ola Norrby
- Data Science & Modelling, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D AstraZeneca Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Rachel H. Munday
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations AstraZeneca Macclesfield UK
| | - Andrew R. Turner
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D AstraZeneca Macclesfield UK
| | - Peter D. Smith
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D AstraZeneca Macclesfield UK
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6
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Wallinder C, Sköld C, Sundholm S, Guimond MO, Yahiaoui S, Lindeberg G, Gallo-Payet N, Hallberg M, Alterman M. High affinity rigidified AT 2 receptor ligands with indane scaffolds. Medchemcomm 2019; 10:2146-2160. [PMID: 32904210 PMCID: PMC7451071 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00402e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Rigidification of the isobutyl side chain of drug-like AT2 receptor agonists and antagonists that are structurally related to the first reported selective AT2 receptor agonist 1 (C21) delivered bioactive indane derivatives. Four enantiomer pairs were synthesized and the enantiomers were isolated in an optical purity >99%. The enantiomers 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a and 10b bind to the AT2 receptor with moderate (K i = 54-223 nM) to high affinity (K i = 2.2-7.0 nM). The enantiomer with positive optical rotation (+) exhibited the highest affinity at the receptor. The indane derivatives 7b and 10a are among the most potent AT2 receptor antagonists reported so far. As illustrated by the enantiomer pairs 7a/b and 10a/b, an alteration at the stereogenic center has a pronounced impact on the activation process of the AT2 receptor, and can convert agonists to antagonists and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotta Wallinder
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , BMC , Uppsala University , P.O. Box 574 , SE-751 23 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Christian Sköld
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , BMC , Uppsala University , P.O. Box 574 , SE-751 23 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Sara Sundholm
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , BMC , Uppsala University , P.O. Box 574 , SE-751 23 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Marie-Odile Guimond
- Service of Endocrinology , Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , University of Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke , J1H 5N4 Quebec , Canada
| | - Samir Yahiaoui
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , BMC , Uppsala University , P.O. Box 574 , SE-751 23 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Gunnar Lindeberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , BMC , Uppsala University , P.O. Box 574 , SE-751 23 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Nicole Gallo-Payet
- Service of Endocrinology , Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , University of Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke , J1H 5N4 Quebec , Canada
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- The Beijer Laboratory , Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences , Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence , BMC , Uppsala University , P.O. Box 591 , SE-751 24 Uppsala , Sweden .
| | - Mathias Alterman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , BMC , Uppsala University , P.O. Box 574 , SE-751 23 Uppsala , Sweden
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7
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Tomberg A, Muratore MÉ, Johansson MJ, Terstiege I, Sköld C, Norrby PO. Relative Strength of Common Directing Groups in Palladium-Catalyzed Aromatic C-H Activation. iScience 2019; 20:373-391. [PMID: 31614320 PMCID: PMC6818342 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient functionalization of C-H bonds can be achieved using transition metal catalysts, such as Pd(OAc)2. To better control the regioselectivity in these reactions, some functional groups on the substrate may be used as directing groups, guiding the reactivity to an ortho position. Herein, we describe a methodology to score the relative strength of such directing groups in palladium-catalyzed aromatic C-H activation. The results have been collected into a scale that serves to predict the regioselectivity on molecules with multiple competing directing groups. We demonstrate that this scale yields accurate predictions on over a hundred examples, taken from the literature. In addition to the regioselectivity prediction on complex molecules, the knowledge of the relative strengths of directing groups can also be used to work with new combinations of functionalities, exploring uncharted chemical space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tomberg
- Hit Discovery, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Mölndal 431 83, Sweden
| | - Michael Éric Muratore
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Mölndal 431 83, Sweden
| | - Magnus Jan Johansson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Mölndal 431 83, Sweden
| | - Ina Terstiege
- Respiratory, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Mölndal 431 83, Sweden
| | - Christian Sköld
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Drug Design and Development, Uppsala University, Box 574, Uppsala 751 23, Sweden
| | - Per-Ola Norrby
- Data Science & Modelling, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Mölndal 431 83, Sweden.
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8
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Skogh A, Lesniak A, Sköld C, Karlgren M, Gaugaz FZ, Svensson R, Diwakarla S, Jonsson A, Fransson R, Nyberg F, Hallberg M, Sandström A. An imidazole based H-Phe-Phe-NH 2 peptidomimetic with anti-allodynic effect in spared nerve injury mice. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:2446-2450. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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9
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Sawant RT, Stevens MY, Sköld C, Odell LR. Microwave-Assisted Branching Cascades: A Route to Diverse 3,4-Dihydroquinazolinone-Embedded Polyheterocyclic Scaffolds. Org Lett 2016; 18:5392-5395. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv T. Sawant
- Organic
Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, P.O.
Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marc Y. Stevens
- Organic
Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, P.O.
Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christian Sköld
- Organic
Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, P.O.
Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Luke R. Odell
- Organic
Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, P.O.
Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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10
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Svensson F, Engen K, Lundbäck T, Larhed M, Sköld C. Virtual Screening for Transition State Analogue Inhibitors of IRAP Based on Quantum Mechanically Derived Reaction Coordinates. J Chem Inf Model 2015; 55:1984-93. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.5b00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Svensson
- Organic
Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, P.O.
Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Engen
- Organic
Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, P.O.
Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thomas Lundbäck
- Chemical
Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of
Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical
Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen
23A, SE-171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Mats Larhed
- Science
for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, P.O.
Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christian Sköld
- Organic
Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, P.O.
Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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11
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Wallinder C, Sköld C, Botros M, Guimond MO, Hallberg M, Gallo-Payet N, Karlén A, Alterman M. Interconversion of Functional Activity by Minor Structural Alterations in Nonpeptide AT2 Receptor Ligands. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:178-82. [PMID: 25699147 DOI: 10.1021/ml500427r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Migration of the methylene imidazole side chain in the first reported selective drug-like AT2 receptor agonist C21/M024 (1) delivered the AT2 receptor antagonist C38/M132 (2). We now report that the AT2 receptor antagonist compound 4, a biphenyl derivative that is structurally related to 2, is transformed to the agonist 6 by migration of the isobutyl group. The importance of the relative position of the methylene imidazole and the isobutyl substituent is highlighted herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotta Wallinder
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christian Sköld
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Milad Botros
- Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical
Biosciences, BMC, Uppsala University SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marie-Odile Guimond
- Service of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine
and Heath Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical
Biosciences, BMC, Uppsala University SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nicole Gallo-Payet
- Service of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine
and Heath Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anders Karlén
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mathias Alterman
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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12
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Lindh M, Svensson F, Schaal W, Zhang J, Sköld C, Brandt P, Karlén A. Toward a Benchmarking Data Set Able to Evaluate Ligand- and Structure-based Virtual Screening Using Public HTS Data. J Chem Inf Model 2015; 55:343-53. [DOI: 10.1021/ci5005465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lindh
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical
Centre, Box 574, SE- 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Svensson
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical
Centre, Box 574, SE- 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Wesley Schaal
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical
Centre, Box 574, SE- 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jin Zhang
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical
Centre, Box 574, SE- 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christian Sköld
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical
Centre, Box 574, SE- 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Brandt
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical
Centre, Box 574, SE- 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Karlén
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical
Centre, Box 574, SE- 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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13
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Belfrage AK, Gising J, Svensson F, Åkerblom E, Sköld C, Sandström A. Efficient and Selective Palladium-Catalysed C-3 Urea Couplings to 3,5-Dichloro-2(1H)-pyrazinones. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201403405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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14
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Borhade SR, Rosenström U, Sävmarker J, Lundbäck T, Jenmalm-Jensen A, Sigmundsson K, Axelsson H, Svensson F, Konda V, Sköld C, Larhed M, Hallberg M. Inhibition of Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase (IRAP) by Arylsulfonamides. ChemistryOpen 2014; 3:256-63. [PMID: 25558444 PMCID: PMC4280825 DOI: 10.1002/open.201402027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The inhibition of insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP, EC 3.4.11.3) by angiotenesin IV is known to improve memory and learning in rats. Screening 10 500 low-molecular-weight compounds in an enzyme inhibition assay with IRAP from Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells provided an arylsulfonamide (N-(3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)phenyl)-4-bromo-5-chlorothiophene-2-sulfonamide), comprising a tetrazole in the meta position of the aromatic ring, as a hit. Analogues of this hit were synthesized, and their inhibitory capacities were determined. A small structure-activity relationship study revealed that the sulfonamide function and the tetrazole ring are crucial for IRAP inhibition. The inhibitors exhibited a moderate inhibitory potency with an IC50=1.1±0.5 μm for the best inhibitor in the series. Further optimization of this new class of IRAP inhibitors is required to make them attractive as research tools and as potential cognitive enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay R Borhade
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University P.O. Box 574, 751 23 Uppsala (Sweden)
| | - Ulrika Rosenström
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University P.O. Box 574, 751 23 Uppsala (Sweden)
| | - Jonas Sävmarker
- Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University P.O. Box 574, 751 23 Uppsala (Sweden)
| | - Thomas Lundbäck
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm 171 77 (Sweden)
| | - Annika Jenmalm-Jensen
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm 171 77 (Sweden)
| | - Kristmundur Sigmundsson
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm 171 77 (Sweden)
| | - Hanna Axelsson
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm 171 77 (Sweden)
| | - Fredrik Svensson
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University P.O. Box 574, 751 23 Uppsala (Sweden)
| | - Vivek Konda
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University P.O. Box 574, 751 23 Uppsala (Sweden)
| | - Christian Sköld
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University P.O. Box 574, 751 23 Uppsala (Sweden)
| | - Mats Larhed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Science for Life Laboratory, BMC, Uppsala University P.O. Box 574, 751 23 Uppsala (Sweden)
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, BMC, Uppsala University P.O. Box 591, 751 24 Uppsala (Sweden) E-mail:
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15
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Skillinghaug B, Sköld C, Rydfjord J, Svensson F, Behrends M, Sävmarker J, Sjöberg PJR, Larhed M. Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Desulfitative Synthesis of Aryl Ketones from Sodium Arylsulfinates and Nitriles: Scope, Limitations, and Mechanistic Studies. J Org Chem 2014; 79:12018-32. [DOI: 10.1021/jo501875n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bobo Skillinghaug
- Organic
Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala
Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, P. O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christian Sköld
- Organic
Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala
Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, P. O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Rydfjord
- Organic
Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala
Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, P. O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Svensson
- Organic
Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala
Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, P. O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Malte Behrends
- Organic
Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala
Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, P. O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Sävmarker
- Beijer
Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala Biomedical
Center, Uppsala University, P. O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per J. R. Sjöberg
- Department
of Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 599, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Larhed
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala Biomedical
Center, Uppsala University, P. O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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16
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Skogh A, Fransson R, Sköld C, Larhed M, Sandström A. Aminocarbonylation of 4-Iodo-1H-imidazoles with an Amino Acid Amide Nucleophile: Synthesis of Constrained H-Phe-Phe-NH2 Analogues. J Org Chem 2013; 78:12251-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jo4020613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Skogh
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, P.O.
Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rebecca Fransson
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, P.O.
Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christian Sköld
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, P.O.
Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Larhed
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, P.O.
Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anja Sandström
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, P.O.
Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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17
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Rydfjord J, Svensson F, Trejos A, Sjöberg PJR, Sköld C, Sävmarker J, Odell LR, Larhed M. Decarboxylative palladium(II)-catalyzed synthesis of aryl amidines from aryl carboxylic acids: development and mechanistic investigation. Chemistry 2013; 19:13803-10. [PMID: 23983102 PMCID: PMC3935511 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201301809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A fast and convenient synthesis of aryl amidines starting from carboxylic acids and cyanamides is reported. The reaction was achieved by palladium(II)-catalysis in a one-step microwave protocol using [Pd(O2CCF3)2], 6-methyl-2,2′-bipyridyl and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP), providing the corresponding aryl amidines in moderate to excellent yields. The protocol is very robust with regards to the cyanamide coupling partner but requires electron-rich ortho-substituted aryl carboxylic acids. Mechanistic insight was provided by a DFT investigation and direct ESI-MS studies of the reaction. The results of the DFT study correlated well with the experimental findings and, together with the ESI-MS study, support the suggested mechanism. Furthermore, a scale-out (scale-up) was performed with a non-resonant microwave continuous-flow system, achieving a maximum throughput of 11 mmol h−1 by using a glass reactor with an inner diameter of 3 mm at a flow rate of 1 mL min−1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Rydfjord
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box-574, 751 23 Uppsala (Sweden)
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18
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Fransson R, Sköld C, Kratz JM, Svensson R, Artursson P, Nyberg F, Hallberg M, Sandström A. Constrained H-Phe-Phe-NH2 Analogues with High Affinity to the Substance P 1–7 Binding Site and with Improved Metabolic Stability and Cell Permeability. J Med Chem 2013; 56:4953-65. [DOI: 10.1021/jm400209h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Fransson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christian Sköld
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jadel M. Kratz
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
- Programa de Pós-Graduação
em Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento
de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88.040-900, Florianópolis,
SC, Brazil
| | - Richard Svensson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
- The Uppsala
University Drug
Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform (UDOPP), Chemical
Biology Consortium Sweden (CBCS), Uppsala University, Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
- The Uppsala
University Drug
Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform (UDOPP), Chemical
Biology Consortium Sweden (CBCS), Uppsala University, Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fred Nyberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anja Sandström
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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19
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Wannberg J, Wallinder C, Ünlüsoy M, Sköld C, Larhed M. One-pot, two-step, microwave-assisted palladium-catalyzed conversion of aryl alcohols to aryl fluorides via aryl nonaflates. J Org Chem 2013; 78:4184-9. [PMID: 23477584 DOI: 10.1021/jo400255m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A convenient procedure for converting aryl alcohols to aryl fluorides via aryl nonafluorobutylsulfonates (ArONf) is presented. Moderate to good one-pot, two-step yields were achieved by this nonaflation and microwave-assisted, palladium-catalyzed fluorination sequence. The reductive elimination step was investigated by DFT calculations to compare fluorination with chlorination, proving a larger thermodynamic driving force for the aryl fluoride product. Finally, a key aryl fluoride intermediate for the synthesis of a potent HCV NS3 protease inhibitor was smoothly prepared with the novel protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Wannberg
- KDev Exploratory AB, Nobels väg 3, SE-171 65 Solna, Sweden
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20
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Svensson F, Mane RS, Sävmarker J, Larhed M, Sköld C. Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Addition of Arenecarboxylic Acid to Nitrile. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om3009525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Svensson
- Organic Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, Department of Medicinal
Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rajendra S. Mane
- Organic Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, Department of Medicinal
Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Sävmarker
- Organic Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, Department of Medicinal
Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Larhed
- Organic Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, Department of Medicinal
Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christian Sköld
- Organic Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, Department of Medicinal
Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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21
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Sköld C, Kleimark J, Trejos A, Odell LR, Nilsson Lill SO, Norrby PO, Larhed M. Transmetallation versus β-hydride elimination: the role of 1,4-benzoquinone in chelation-controlled arylation reactions with arylboronic acids. Chemistry 2012; 18:4714-22. [PMID: 22374849 PMCID: PMC3531627 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The formation of an atypical, saturated, diarylated, Heck/Suzuki, domino product produced under oxidative Heck reaction conditions, employing arylboronic acids and a chelating vinyl ether, has been investigated by DFT calculations. The calculations highlight the crucial role of 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ) in the reaction. In addition to its role as an oxidant of palladium, which is necessary to complete the catalytic cycle, this electron-deficient alkene opens up a low-energy reaction pathway from the post-insertion σ-alkyl complex. The association of BQ lowers the free-energy barrier for transmetallation of the σ-alkyl complex to create a pathway that is energetically lower than the oxidative Heck reaction pathway. Furthermore, the calculations showed that the reaction is made viable by BQ-mediated reductive elimination and leads to the saturated diarylated product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sköld
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
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22
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Murugaiah AMS, Wu X, Wallinder C, Mahalingam AK, Wan Y, Sköld C, Botros M, Guimond MO, Joshi A, Nyberg F, Gallo-Payet N, Hallberg A, Alterman M. From the first selective non-peptide AT(2) receptor agonist to structurally related antagonists. J Med Chem 2012; 55:2265-78. [PMID: 22248302 DOI: 10.1021/jm2015099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A para substitution pattern of the phenyl ring is a characteristic feature of the first reported selective AT(2) receptor agonist M024/C21 (1) and all the nonpeptidic AT(2) receptor agonists described so far. Two series of compounds structurally related to 1 but with a meta substitution pattern have now been synthesized and biologically evaluated for their affinity to the AT(1) and AT(2) receptors. A high AT(2)/AT(1) receptor selectivity was obtained with all 41 compounds synthesized, and the majority exhibited K(i) ranging from 2 to 100 nM. Five compounds were evaluated for their functional activity at the AT(2) receptor, applying a neurite outgrowth assay in NG108-15 cells. Notably, four of the five compounds, with representatives from both series, acted as potent AT(2) receptor antagonists. These compounds were found to be considerably more effective than PD 123,319, the standard AT(2) receptor antagonist used in most laboratories. No AT(2) receptor antagonists were previously reported among the derivatives with a para substitution pattern. Hence, by a minor modification of the agonist 1 it could be transformed into the antagonist, compound 38. These compounds should serve as valuable tools in the assessment of the role of the AT(2) receptor in more complex physiological models.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M S Murugaiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Svensson
- Organic Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, Department of Medicinal
Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala
Sweden
| | - Anders Karlén
- Organic Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, Department of Medicinal
Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala
Sweden
| | - Christian Sköld
- Organic Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, Department of Medicinal
Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala
Sweden
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24
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Fransson R, Botros M, Sköld C, Nyberg F, Lindeberg G, Hallberg M, Sandström A. Discovery of dipeptides with high affinity to the specific binding site for substance P1-7. J Med Chem 2010; 53:2383-9. [PMID: 20178322 DOI: 10.1021/jm901352b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Substance P 1-7 (SP(1-7), H-Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe-OH) is the major bioactive metabolite of substance P. The interest in this heptapeptide originates from the observation that it modulates, and in certain cases opposes the effects of the parent peptide, e.g., the nociceptive effect. The mu-opioid receptor agonist endomorphin-2 (EM-2, H-Tyr-Pro-Phe-Phe-NH(2)) has been found to also interact with the specific binding site of SP(1-7) with only a 10-fold lower affinity compared to the native peptide. Considering the smaller size of EM-2 compared to the target heptapeptide, it was selected as a lead compound in the development of low-molecular-weight ligands to the SP(1-7) binding site. An alanine scan and truncation study led to the unexpected discovery of the dipeptide H-Phe-Phe-NH(2) (K(i) = 1.5 nM), having equal affinity as the endogenous heptapeptide SP(1-7.) Moreover, the studies show that the C-terminal phenylalanine amide is crucial for the affinity of the dipeptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Fransson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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25
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Bergfeldt U, Sköld C, Julin P. Short Form 36 assessed health-related quality of life after focal spasticity therapy. J Rehabil Med 2009; 41:279-81. [DOI: 10.2340/16501977-0318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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26
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Erdélyi M, Varedian M, Sköld C, Niklasson IB, Nurbo J, Persson Å, Bergquist J, Gogoll A. Chemistry and folding of photomodulable peptides – stilbene and thioaurone-type candidates for conformational switches. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:4356-73. [DOI: 10.1039/b812001c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Sköld C, Karlén A. Development of CoMFA models of affinity and selectivity to angiotensin II type-1 and type-2 receptors. J Mol Graph Model 2007; 26:145-53. [PMID: 17161636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2006.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2006] [Revised: 09/26/2006] [Accepted: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is of major importance in cardiovascular and renal regulation and has been an attractive target in drug discovery for a long time. The main receptors involved in the RAS are the Angiotensin type-1 (AT(1)) and type-2 (AT(2)) receptors, which are both activated by the endogenous octapeptide angiotensin II (AngII). This study describes the development of 3D-QSAR models for AT(1) and AT(2) receptor affinity and AT(1)/AT(2) receptor selectivity using CoMFA. A data set of 244 compounds, based on the triazolinone and quinazolinone structural classes was compiled from the literature. Before CoMFA could be performed, an alignment rule for the two structural classes was defined using the pharmacophore-searching program DISCOtech. Models were validated using a test set obtained by dividing the data set into a training set and test set using hierarchical clustering, based on the CoMFA fields, AT(1)-, AT(2)-receptor affinities, and AT(1)/AT(2) selectivity values. Predictive models with good statistics could be developed both for AT(1) and AT(2) receptor affinity as well as selectivity towards these receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers/chemistry
- Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers/pharmacology
- Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Blockers
- Computer Simulation
- Databases, Factual
- Drug Design
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques
- Ligands
- Models, Molecular
- Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/chemistry
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/drug effects
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/chemistry
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/drug effects
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/metabolism
- Renin-Angiotensin System/drug effects
- Software
- Thermodynamics
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sköld
- Division of Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, Sweden
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28
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Georgsson J, Sköld C, Botros M, Lindeberg G, Nyberg F, Karlén A, Hallberg A, Larhed M. Synthesis of a new class of druglike angiotensin II C-terminal mimics with affinity for the AT2 receptor. J Med Chem 2007; 50:1711-5. [PMID: 17358051 DOI: 10.1021/jm0613469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Four tripeptides corresponding to the C-terminal region of angiotensin II were synthesized. One of these peptides (Ac-His-Pro-Ile) showed moderate binding affinity for the AT2 receptor. Two aromatic histidine-related scaffolds were synthesized and introduced in the tripeptides to give eight new peptidomimetic structures. Three of the new peptide-derived druglike molecules exhibited selective, nanomolar affinity for the AT2 receptor. These ligands may become lead compounds in the future development of novel classes of selective AT2 receptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie Georgsson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Division of Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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29
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Sköld C, Winiwarter S, Wernevik J, Bergström F, Engström L, Allen R, Box K, Comer J, Mole J, Hallberg A, Lennernäs H, Lundstedt T, Ungell AL, Karlén A. Presentation of a structurally diverse and commercially available drug data set for correlation and benchmarking studies. J Med Chem 2007; 49:6660-71. [PMID: 17154497 DOI: 10.1021/jm0506219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A multivariate analysis of drugs on the Swedish market was the basis for the selection of a small, physicochemically diverse set of 24 drug compounds. Factors such as structural diversity, commercial availability, price, and a suitable analytical technique for quantification were considered in the selection. Lipophilicity, pKa, solubility, and permeability across human Caco-2 cell monolayers were measured for the compiled data set. The results show that, by use of a physicochemically diverse data set, experimental responses over a wide range were obtained. The paper also shows how experimental difficulties due to the diversity of the data set can be overcome. We anticipate that this data set can serve as a benchmark set for validation of new experimental techniques or in silico models. It can also be used as a diverse starting data set for the development of new computational models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sköld
- Division of Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, Sweden
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30
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Rosenström U, Sköld C, Lindeberg G, Botros M, Nyberg F, Karlén A, Hallberg A. Design, Synthesis, and Incorporation of a β-Turn Mimetic in Angiotensin II Forming Novel Pseudopeptides with Affinity for AT1 and AT2 Receptors. J Med Chem 2006; 49:6133-7. [PMID: 17004728 DOI: 10.1021/jm051222g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A benzodiazepine-based beta-turn mimetic has been designed, synthesized, and incorporated into angiotensin II. Comparison of the mimetic with beta-turns in crystallized proteins showed that it most closely resembles a type II beta-turn. The compounds exhibited high to moderate binding affinity for the AT2 receptor, and one also displayed high affinity for the AT1 receptor. Molecular modeling showed that the high-affinity compounds could be incorporated into a previously derived model of AT2 receptor ligands.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/chemistry
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/physiology
- Benzodiazepines/chemical synthesis
- Benzodiazepines/chemistry
- Benzodiazepines/pharmacology
- Drug Design
- Female
- In Vitro Techniques
- Ligands
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Mimicry
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Peptides/chemistry
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Rabbits
- Radioligand Assay
- Rats
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/agonists
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/agonists
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/metabolism
- Swine
- Uterus/drug effects
- Uterus/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Rosenström
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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31
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Georgsson J, Sköld C, Plouffe B, Lindeberg G, Botros M, Larhed M, Nyberg F, Gallo-Payet N, Gogoll A, Karlén A, Hallberg A. Angiotensin II pseudopeptides containing 1,3,5-trisubstituted benzene scaffolds with high AT2 receptor affinity. J Med Chem 2005; 48:6620-31. [PMID: 16220978 DOI: 10.1021/jm050280z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two 1,3,5-trisubstituted aromatic scaffolds intended to serve as gamma-turn mimetics have been synthesized and incorporated in five pseudopeptide analogues of angiotensin II (Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe), replacing Val-Tyr-Ile, Val-Tyr, or Tyr-Ile. All the tested compounds exhibited nanomolar affinity for the AT2 receptor with the best compound (3) having a K(i) of 1.85 nM. Four pseudopeptides were AT2 selective, while one (5) also exhibited good affinity for the AT1 receptor (K(i) = 30.3 nM). This pseudopeptide exerted full agonistic activity in an AT2 receptor induced neurite outgrowth assay but displayed no agonistic effect in an AT1 receptor functional assay. Molecular modeling, using the program DISCOtech, showed that the high-affinity ligands could interact similarly with the AT2 receptor as other ligands with high affinity for this receptor. A tentative agonist model is proposed for AT2 receptor activation by angiotensin II analogues. We conclude that the 1,3,5-trisubstituted benzene rings can be conveniently prepared and are suitable as gamma-turn mimics.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/analogs & derivatives
- Angiotensin II/chemical synthesis
- Angiotensin II/pharmacology
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/physiology
- Benzene Derivatives/chemical synthesis
- Benzene Derivatives/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Female
- In Vitro Techniques
- Ligands
- Liver/metabolism
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Mimicry
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Myometrium/metabolism
- Neurites/drug effects
- Neurites/physiology
- Oligopeptides/chemical synthesis
- Oligopeptides/pharmacology
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Rabbits
- Radioligand Assay
- Rats
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/agonists
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/agonists
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/metabolism
- Swine
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie Georgsson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Division of Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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Rosenström U, Sköld C, Plouffe B, Beaudry H, Lindeberg G, Botros M, Nyberg F, Wolf G, Karlén A, Gallo-Payet N, Hallberg A. New selective AT2 receptor ligands encompassing a gamma-turn mimetic replacing the amino acid residues 4-5 of angiotensin II act as agonists. J Med Chem 2005; 48:4009-24. [PMID: 15943474 DOI: 10.1021/jm0491492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
New benzodiazepine-based gamma-turn mimetics with one or two amino acid side chains were synthesized. The gamma-turn mimetics were incorporated into angiotensin II (Ang II) replacing the Val(3)-Tyr(4)-Ile(5) or Tyr(4)-Ile(5) peptide segments. All of the resulting pseudopeptides displayed high AT(2)/AT(1) receptor selectivity and exhibited AT(2) receptor affinity in the low nanomolar range. Molecular modeling was used to investigate whether the compounds binding to the AT(2) receptor could position important structural elements in common areas. A previously described benzodiazepine-based gamma-turn mimetic with high affinity for the AT(2) receptor was also included in the modeling. It was found that the molecules, although being structurally quite different, could adopt the same binding mode/interaction pattern in agreement with the model hypothesis. The pseudopeptides selected for agonist studies were shown to act as AT(2) receptor agonists being able to induce outgrowth of neurite cells, stimulate p42/p44(mapk), and suppress proliferation of PC12 cells.
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Rosenström U, Sköld C, Lindeberg G, Botros M, Nyberg F, Hallberg A, Karlén A. Synthesis and AT2 receptor-binding properties of angiotensin II analogues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 64:194-201. [PMID: 15485557 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.2004.00184.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigates the importance of the amino acid side chains in the octapeptide angiotensin II (Ang II) for binding to the AT2 receptor. A Gly scan was performed where each amino acid in Ang II was substituted one-by-one with glycine. The resulting set of peptides was tested for affinity to the AT2 receptor (porcine myometrial membranes). For a comparison, the peptides were also tested for affinity to the AT1 receptor (rat liver membranes). Only the substitution of Arg2 reduced affinity to the AT2 receptor considerably (92-fold when compared with Ang II). For the other Gly-substituted analogues the affinity to the AT2 receptor was only moderately affected. To further investigate the role of the Arg2 side chain for receptor binding, we synthesized some N-terminally modified Ang II analogues. According to these studies a positive charge in the N-terminal end of angiotensin III [Ang II (2-8)] is not required for high AT2 receptor affinity but seems to be more important in Ang II. With respect to the AT1 receptor, [Gly2]Ang II and [Gly8]Ang II lacked binding affinity (Ki > 10 microM). Replacement of the Val3 or Ile5 residues with Gly produced only a slight decrease in affinity. Interestingly, substitution of Tyr4 or His6, which are known to be very important for AT1 receptor binding, resulted in only 48 and 14 times reduction in affinity, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Rosenström
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Division of Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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Rosenström U, Sköld C, Lindeberg G, Botros M, Nyberg F, Karlén A, Hallberg A. A selective AT2 receptor ligand with a gamma-turn-like mimetic replacing the amino acid residues 4-5 of angiotensin II. J Med Chem 2004; 47:859-70. [PMID: 14761188 DOI: 10.1021/jm030921v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Three angiotensin II (Ang II) analogues encompassing a benzodiazepine-based gamma-turn-like scaffold have been synthesized. Evaluation of the compounds in a radioligand binding assay showed that they had no affinity to the rat liver AT(1) receptor. However, one of the compounds displayed considerable affinity to the pig uterus AT(2) receptor (K(i) = 3.0 nM) while the other two lacked affinity to this receptor. It was hypothesized that the reason for the inactivity of one of these analogues to the AT(2) receptor was that the guanidino group of the Arg(2) residue and/or the N-terminal end of the pseudopeptide could not interact optimally with the receptor. To investigate this hypothesis, a conformational analysis was performed and a comparison was carried out with the monocyclic methylenedithioether analogue cyclo(S-CH(2)-S)[Cys(3,5)]Ang II which is known to bind with high affinity to the AT(2) receptor (K(i) = 0.62 nM). This comparison showed that, in the compounds with high AT(2) receptor affinity, the guanidino group of the Arg(2) residue and the N-terminal end could access common regions of space that were not accessible to the inactive compound. To examine the importance of the guanidino group for binding, the Arg side chain was removed by substituting Arg(2) for Ala(2) in the analogue having the high affinity. This analogue lacked affinity to AT(2) receptors, which supports the role of the guanidino group in receptor binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Rosenström
- Division of Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BMC, Box 574, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES (1) To determine patterns of intrinsic fluctuations in spasticity, using repeated self-ratings, in subjects with spinal cord injury (SCI); and (2) To determine the relation between self-ratings of spasticity using a visual analogue scale (VAS) and clinical ratings of spasticity using the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) before and after spasticity-reducing treatment. DESIGN Part I: observational, prospective cross-sectional study; part II: experimental, prospective longitudinal study. SETTING Outpatient clinic of the Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. PATIENTS Forty-five persons with SCI (39 men, 6 women); mean age at injury, 26 yrs; mean time since injury, 11 yrs. INTERVENTION Repetitive passive movements of standardized range of motion in three different body positions, performed by two motorized tables. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES VAS ratings of spasticity, every other hour when awake, and of movement-provoked spasticity, rated before and after each treatment session, and MAS ratings of movement-provoked spasticity, before and after each treatment session. RESULTS The spasticity of cervical SCI subjects fluctuated significantly (p < .05) during the day, unlike the spasticity of thoracic SCI subjects. Immediately after intervention with passive movements, spasticity ratings in thoracic motor complete SCI patients decreased by 11 to 14 mm (90%, p < .001) as self-rated on VAS and by 1 to 2 grades (50%, p < .001) as measured with MAS. A 30% (p < .018) decrease in VAS values of intrinsic pattern of spasticity was maintained over time when treatment was given regularly and was maintained for at least 1 week after discontinuation of treatment. VAS ratings correlated significantly with MAS ratings (r = .44 to .62, p < .001). CONCLUSION Repetitive passive movement intervention decreased spasticity when performed regularly, as assessed by VAS and MAS ratings. VAS and MAS ratings were significantly correlated. It is recommended that SCI patients repeatedly rate their spasticity to establish a baseline before and to track changes after interventions aimed at reducing spasticity. The time of day when spasticity is measured seems more important in cervically injured individuals, because of their more pronounced intrinsic fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sköld
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Occupational Therapy, and Elderly Care Research, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess spasticity in a prevalence population of persons with traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI), and determine the degree of correspondence between self-reported spasticity and investigator-elicited spasticity using the modified Ashworth scale. DESIGN Survey of a near total (88%) prevalence population. SETTING Outpatient clinic of a university hospital. PATIENTS A total of 354 individuals with SCI. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The survey includes self-reported symptoms, neurologic examination (American Spinal Injury Association [ASIA] classification), physical therapy examination, range of motion (ROM), and complications. RESULTS Presence of problematic spasticity was significantly correlated with cervical incomplete (ASIA B-D) injury. Reports of beneficial effects of spasticity were significantly less common in women. Self-reported problematic spasticity was significantly correlated with extensor spasticity. Spasticity was elicitable by movement provocation in 60% of the patients reporting spasticity. Significant correlations were found between elicitable spasticity and limited ROM. CONCLUSION Flexion, extension, and abduction movements performed with the patient placed in a standardized supine test position are suitable both for test of ROM and degree of spasticity. Spasticity was not elicitable by movement provocation on physical examination in 40% of the patients who reported spasticity, thus indicating that the patient's self-report is an important complement to the clinical assessment. A significant association between spasticity and contractures (reduced ROM) was seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sköld
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Occupational Therapy and Elderly Care Research, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Sköld C, Harms-Ringdahl K, Hultling C, Levi R, Seiger A. Simultaneous Ashworth measurements and electromyographic recordings in tetraplegic patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1998; 79:959-65. [PMID: 9710170 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9993(98)90095-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A recent prevalence study of 353 spinal cord injured (SCI) individuals in the greater Stockholm area showed problematic spasticity in 30% of this population. To treat spasticity, the evaluation becomes crucial. The modified Ashworth scale (MAS) is the clinically most-used scale to grade degree of spasticity. This study evaluated whether the MAS correlated with electromyographic (EMG) recordings of muscle activity. STUDY DESIGN This cross-sectional study was performed at an outpatient clinic that has the responsibility to do a standardized, yearly follow-up of all SCI patients in the greater Stockholm area. Thirty-eight SCI individuals met the inclusion criteria; 15 of the 38 were randomly selected for the study. They were all motor-complete tetraplegic men; mean age was 33 years and mean time since injury was 9 years. Spasticity evaluation was performed by flexing and extending the knees during simultaneous EMG recordings and MAS assessment of the thigh muscle activity. RESULTS Eighty percent of the individual EMG recordings correlated significantly with the corresponding Ashworth measurements. The spastic resistance, as measured both clinically and electromyographically, was stronger and lasted longer during extension than flexion movements. Spearman coefficients for correlation of quantitative spasticity measures with MAS grades were calculated. EMG and clinical measures of spasticity were more closely correlated for flexion movements. Among EMG parameters, duration of movement-associated electrical activity invariably correlated significantly with the MAS grades (p < .05). Furthermore, Ashworth measurements of movement-associated spasticity showed a positive correlation with the EMG parameters mean, peak, and start to peak of electrical activity. Each increasing grade on the MAS corresponded to increasing myoelectric activity levels for each movement. CONCLUSION EMG parameters were significantly positively correlated with simultaneous MAS measurements of the spastic muscle contraction. The Ashworth scale may therefore accurately reflect the movement-provoked spasticity in motor-complete tetraplegic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sköld
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Family Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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