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McAlees JW, Baker T, Houshel L, McKnight C, Lindsley A, Strait RT, Zhang X, Cannata A, Biagini JM, Butsch Kovacic M, Lewkowich IP. Increased nasal epithelial cell responsiveness to IL-17A in paediatric asthmatics with low blood neutrophil count, low traffic-related air pollution exposure and good asthma control. Clin Exp Allergy 2021; 52:569-573. [PMID: 34908201 DOI: 10.1111/cea.14080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn W McAlees
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Theresa Baker
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Lauren Houshel
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Christopher McKnight
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Medical Service, Cincinnati Veteran's Administration, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrew Lindsley
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Richard T Strait
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Dayton Children's Hospital and Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Xue Zhang
- Department of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Angela Cannata
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jocelyn M Biagini
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Melinda Butsch Kovacic
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Ian P Lewkowich
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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2
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Salomone A, Bigiarini R, Palamar JJ, McKnight C, Vinsick L, Amante E, Di Corcia D, Vincenti M. Toward the Interpretation of Positive Testing for Fentanyl and Its Analogs in Real Hair Samples: Preliminary Considerations. J Anal Toxicol 2020; 44:362-369. [PMID: 31776578 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkz102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of new psychoactive substances (NPS) in hair has become extensively researched in recent years. Although most NPS fall into the classes of synthetic cannabinoids and designer cathinones, novel synthetic opioids (NSO) have appeared with increasing frequency in the illicit drug supply. While the detection of NSO in hair is now well documented, interpretation of results presents several controversial issues, as is quite common in hair analysis. In this study, an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method able to detect 13 synthetic opioids (including fentanyl analogs) and metabolites in hair was applied to 293 real samples. Samples were collected in the USA between November 2016 and August 2018 from subjects who had reported heroin use in the past year or had already tested positive to hair testing for common opiates. The range, mean and median concentrations were calculated for each analyte, in order to draw a preliminary direction for a possible cut-off to discriminate between exposure to either low or high quantities of the drug. Over two-thirds (68%) of samples tested positive for fentanyl at concentrations between LOQ and 8600 pg/mg. The mean value was 382 pg/mg and the median was 95 pg/mg. The metabolites norfentanyl and 4-ANPP were also quantified and were found between LOQ and 320 pg/mg and between LOQ and 1400 pg/mg, respectively. The concentration ratios norfentanyl/fentanyl, 4-ANPP/fentanyl and norfentanyl/4-ANPP were also tested as potential markers of active use and to discriminate the intake of fentanyl from other analogs. The common occurrence of samples positive for multiple drugs may suggest that use is equally prevalent among consumers, which is not the case, as correlations based on quantitative results demonstrated. We believe this set of experimental observations provides a useful starting point for a wide discussion aimed to better understand positive hair testing for fentanyl and its analogs in hair samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Salomone
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy.,Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia, Orbassano TO, Italy
| | - R Bigiarini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - J J Palamar
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - C McKnight
- New York University, Department of Epidemiology, College of Global Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - E Amante
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy.,Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia, Orbassano TO, Italy
| | - D Di Corcia
- Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia, Orbassano TO, Italy
| | - M Vincenti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy.,Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia, Orbassano TO, Italy
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3
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McAlees JW, Baker T, Kaur D, McKnight C, Lindsley A, Strait RT, Zhang X, Biagini Myers JM, Butsch Kovacic M, Lewkowich IP. Age and early maternal smoking contribute to epithelial cell IL-13 responsiveness in a pediatric asthma population. Allergy 2019; 74:2485-2487. [PMID: 31102477 DOI: 10.1111/all.13876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn W. McAlees
- The Division of Immunobiology Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati Ohio
| | - Theresa Baker
- The Division of Asthma Research Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati Ohio
| | - Davinder Kaur
- The Division of Immunobiology Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati Ohio
| | - Christopher McKnight
- The Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology University of Cincinnati Cincinnati Ohio
- Medical Service Cincinnati Veteran’s Administration Cincinnati Ohio
| | - Andrew Lindsley
- The Division of Allergy and Immunology Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati Ohio
- The Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine University of Cincinnati Cincinnati Ohio
| | - Richard T. Strait
- The Department of Emergency Medicine Dayton Children’s Hospital Dayton Ohio
| | - Xue Zhang
- The Department of Human Genetics Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati Ohio
| | - Jocelyn M. Biagini Myers
- The Division of Asthma Research Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati Ohio
- The Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine University of Cincinnati Cincinnati Ohio
| | - Melinda Butsch Kovacic
- The Division of Asthma Research Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati Ohio
- The Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine University of Cincinnati Cincinnati Ohio
- The College of Allied Health Sciences University of Cincinnati Cincinnati Ohio
| | - Ian P. Lewkowich
- The Division of Immunobiology Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati Ohio
- The Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine University of Cincinnati Cincinnati Ohio
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Des Jarlais DC, McKnight C, Arasteh K, Feelemyer J, Ross Z, Cooper HLF. Geographic distribution of risk ("Hotspots") for HIV, HCV, and drug overdose among persons who use drugs in New York City: the importance of local history. Harm Reduct J 2019; 16:53. [PMID: 31477150 PMCID: PMC6721211 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-019-0326-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To identify geographic "hotspots" for potential transmission of HIV and HCV and for drug overdose among persons who use heroin and cocaine in New York City and to examine historical continuities in problem drug use hotspots in the city. METHODS A total of 2714 study participants were recruited among persons entering Beth Israel substance use treatment programs. A structured questionnaire was administered and blood samples for HIV and HCV testing were collected. Hotspots for potential virus transmission were defined as ZIP codes with 10+ participants, 2+ persons infected with the virus and engaging in transmission behavior, and 2+ persons not infected and engaging in acquisition behavior. ZIP codes with 3+ persons with previous overdoses were considered potential hotspots for future overdoses. RESULTS Participants resided in 166/178 (93%) of the ZIP codes in New York City. Injecting drug use was reported in 150/178 (84%) of the ZIP codes. No zip codes were identified for injecting-related HIV transmission, 5 zip codes were identified for sexual HIV transmission, 3 for HCV transmission, and 8 for drug overdose. Many of the ZIP code potential hotspots were in neighborhoods long associated with drug use: Lower Eastside and Harlem in Manhattan, the South Bronx, and Central Brooklyn. DISCUSSION Heroin and cocaine use requiring treatment were reported from almost all ZIP codes in New York City, indicating needs for widely dispersed harm reduction services. Identified hotspots should be targeted for reducing sexual transmission of HIV, transmission of HCV, and drug overdoses. Some of the hotspots have persisted as problem drug use areas for 40 to over 100 years. Monitoring of drug use patterns in historical hotspot neighborhoods may permit early identification of and response to emerging drug use-related health problems. Persistent historical hotspots for problem drug use present a complex problem for implementing harm reduction services that deserve additional research.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Des Jarlais
- College of Global Public Health, New York University, 665 Broadway, 8th Floor, New York, NY, 10003, USA.
| | - C McKnight
- College of Global Public Health, New York University, 665 Broadway, 8th Floor, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - K Arasteh
- College of Global Public Health, New York University, 665 Broadway, 8th Floor, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - J Feelemyer
- College of Global Public Health, New York University, 665 Broadway, 8th Floor, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Zev Ross
- ZevRoss Spatial Analysis, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - H L F Cooper
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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5
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Des Jarlais DC, Arasteh K, Feelemyer J, McKnight C, Barnes DM, Perlman DC, Uuskula A, Cooper HLF, Tross S. Hepatitis C virus prevalence and estimated incidence among new injectors during the opioid epidemic in New York City, 2000-2017: Protective effects of non-injecting drug use. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 192:74-79. [PMID: 30243142 PMCID: PMC6206865 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Assess hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence and incidence among person who began injecting drugs during the opioid epidemic in New York City (NYC) and identify possible new directions for reducing HCV infection among persons who inject drugs. METHODS 846 persons who began injecting drugs between 2000 and 2017 were recruited from persons entering Mount Sinai Beth Israel substance use treatment programs. A structured interview was administered and HCV antibody testing conducted. Protective effects of non-injecting drug use were examined among persons who "reversed transitioned" to non-injecting drug use and persons who used non-injected heroin in addition to injecting. RESULTS Participants were 79% male, 41% White, 15% African-American, 40% Latinx, with a mean age of 35. Of those who began injecting in 2000 or later, 97 persons (11%) "reverse transitioned" back to non-injecting drug use. Reverse transitioning was strongly associated with lower HCV seroprevalence (30% versus 47% among those who continued injecting, p < 0.005). Among those who continued injecting, HCV seropositivity was inversely associated with current non-injecting heroin use (AOR = 0.72, 95%CI 0.52-0.99). HCV incidence among persons continuing to inject was estimated as 13/100 person-years. HCV seropositive persons currently injecting cocaine were particularly likely to report behavior likely to transmit HCV. CONCLUSIONS Similar to other locations in the US, NYC is experiencing high rates of HCV infection among persons who have begun injecting since 2000. New interventions that facilitate substitution of non-injecting for injecting drug use and that reduce transmission behavior among HCV seropositives may provide additional methods for reducing HCV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don C Des Jarlais
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
| | - K Arasteh
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - J Feelemyer
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - C McKnight
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - David M Barnes
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - David C Perlman
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - H L F Cooper
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Susan Tross
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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McKnight C, Des Jarlais DC. Being "hooked up" during a sharp increase in the availability of illicitly manufactured fentanyl: Adaptations of drug using practices among people who use drugs (PWUD) in New York City. Int J Drug Policy 2018; 60:82-88. [PMID: 30176422 PMCID: PMC6457118 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Illicitly manufactured fentanyl (IMF), a category of synthetic opioids 50-100 times more potent than morphine, is increasingly being added to heroin and other drugs in the United States (US). Persons who use drugs (PWUD) are frequently unaware of the presence of fentanyl in drugs. Use of heroin and other drugs containing fentanyl has been linked to sharp increases in opioid mortality. In New York City (NYC), opioid-related mortality increased from 8.2 per 100,000 residents in 2010 to 19.9 per 100,000 residents in 2016; and, in 2016, fentanyl accounted for 44% of NYC overdose deaths. Little is known about how PWUD are adapting to the increase in fentanyl and overdose mortality. This study explores PWUDs' adaptations to drug using practices due to fentanyl. In-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with 55 PWUD at three NYC syringe services programs (SSP) about perceptions of fentanyl, overdose experiences and adaptations of drug using practices. PWUD utilized test shots, a consistent drug dealer, fentanyl test strips, naloxone, getting high with or near others and reducing drug use to protect from overdose. Consistent application of these methods was often negated by structural level factors such as stigma, poverty and homelessness. To address these, multi-level overdose prevention approaches should be implemented in order to reduce the continuing increase in opioid mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- C McKnight
- New York University, College of Global Public Health, 665 Broadway, 8th floor, New York, NY 10012, United States.
| | - D C Des Jarlais
- New York University, College of Global Public Health, 665 Broadway, 8th floor, New York, NY 10012, United States
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7
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Des Jarlais DC, Cooper HLF, Arasteh K, Feelemyer J, McKnight C, Ross Z. Potential geographic "hotspots" for drug-injection related transmission of HIV and HCV and for initiation into injecting drug use in New York City, 2011-2015, with implications for the current opioid epidemic in the US. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194799. [PMID: 29596464 PMCID: PMC5875800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We identified potential geographic "hotspots" for drug-injecting transmission of HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) among persons who inject drugs (PWID) in New York City. The HIV epidemic among PWID is currently in an "end of the epidemic" stage, while HCV is in a continuing, high prevalence (> 50%) stage. METHODS We recruited 910 PWID entering Mount Sinai Beth Israel substance use treatment programs from 2011-2015. Structured interviews and HIV/ HCV testing were conducted. Residential ZIP codes were used as geographic units of analysis. Potential "hotspots" for HIV and HCV transmission were defined as 1) having relatively large numbers of PWID 2) having 2 or more HIV (or HCV) seropositive PWID reporting transmission risk-passing on used syringes to others, and 3) having 2 or more HIV (or HCV) seronegative PWID reporting acquisition risk-injecting with previously used needles/syringes. Hotspots for injecting drug use initiation were defined as ZIP codes with 5 or more persons who began injecting within the previous 6 years. RESULTS Among PWID, 96% injected heroin, 81% male, 34% White, 15% African-American, 47% Latinx, mean age 40 (SD = 10), 7% HIV seropositive, 62% HCV seropositive. Participants resided in 234 ZIP codes. No ZIP codes were identified as potential hotspots due to small numbers of HIV seropositive PWID reporting transmission risk. Four ZIP codes were identified as potential hotspots for HCV transmission. 12 ZIP codes identified as hotspots for injecting drug use initiation. DISCUSSION For HIV, the lack of potential hotspots is further validation of widespread effectiveness of efforts to reduce injecting-related HIV transmission. Injecting-related HIV transmission is likely to be a rare, random event. HCV prevention efforts should include focus on potential hotspots for transmission and on hotspots for initiation into injecting drug use. We consider application of methods for the current opioid epidemic in the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. C. Des Jarlais
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - H. L. F. Cooper
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - K. Arasteh
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - J. Feelemyer
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - C. McKnight
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Z. Ross
- ZevRoss Spatial Analysis, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
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Kumar S, Khodoun M, Kettleson EM, McKnight C, Reponen T, Grinshpun SA, Adhikari A. Glyphosate-rich air samples induce IL-33, TSLP and generate IL-13 dependent airway inflammation. Toxicology 2014; 325:42-51. [PMID: 25172162 PMCID: PMC4195794 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Several low weight molecules have often been implicated in the induction of occupational asthma. Glyphosate, a small molecule herbicide, is widely used in the world. There is a controversy regarding a role of glyphosate in developing asthma and rhinitis among farmers, the mechanism of which is unexplored. The aim of this study was to explore the mechanisms of glyphosate induced pulmonary pathology by utilizing murine models and real environmental samples. C57BL/6, TLR4-/-, and IL-13-/- mice inhaled extracts of glyphosate-rich air samples collected on farms during spraying of herbicides or inhaled different doses of glyphosate and ovalbumin. The cellular response, humoral response, and lung function of exposed mice were evaluated. Exposure to glyphosate-rich air samples as well as glyphosate alone to the lungs increased: eosinophil and neutrophil counts, mast cell degranulation, and production of IL-33, TSLP, IL-13, and IL-5. In contrast, in vivo systemic IL-4 production was not increased. Co-administration of ovalbumin with glyphosate did not substantially change the inflammatory immune response. However, IL-13-deficiency resulted in diminished inflammatory response but did not have a significant effect on airway resistance upon methacholine challenge after 7 or 21 days of glyphosate exposure. Glyphosate-rich farm air samples as well as glyphosate alone were found to induce pulmonary IL-13-dependent inflammation and promote Th2 type cytokines, but not IL-4 for glyphosate alone. This study, for the first time, provides evidence for the mechanism of glyphosate-induced occupational lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Kumar
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Marat Khodoun
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; Division of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Eric M Kettleson
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Christopher McKnight
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Tiina Reponen
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Sergey A Grinshpun
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Atin Adhikari
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30460, USA.
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9
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McKnight C, Perkins C, Finkelman F. IgE and FcεRIα do not promote allergic airway disease in mice inoculated intratracheally with house dust mite extract (HYP7P.316). The Journal of Immunology 2014. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.192.supp.119.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The role of IgE in asthma pathogenesis is controversial. Early studies showed IgE contributed to allergic airway disease (AAD) when mice were sensitized passively by anti-ovalbumin (OVA) IgE or sensitized actively by OVA without adjuvant. Other groups found that IgE did not promote AAD that was provoked by fungal extracts or by OVA with adjuvant. We have used IgE-deficient mice and FcεRIα-deficient mice and their respective FVBN and BALB/c wild-type controls to study the IgE- and FcεRIα-dependence of AAD induced by a clinically relevant allergen and route of administration. Mice were inoculated intratracheally with house dust mite extract without adjuvant every 2 days for 7 doses. We measured airway hyperresponsiveness by both unrestrained plethysmography (Buxco) and forced oscillation (flexiVent), analyzed pulmonary inflammation by differential cell count on BALF, and sectioned lungs to quantitate goblet cell metaplasia by microscopic examination. We found no difference in any of these disease parameters between wild-type mice and gene-deficient mice, regardless of whether minimal, moderate, or more severe AAD was induced. These results complement the clinical observation that anti-IgE therapy fails to improve the underlying lung function of humans with long standing asthma, although this treatment does reduce acute exacerbations. We are currently studying the acute changes in lung function that occur upon inhalation of allergen in AAD and their dependence on the IgE axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher McKnight
- 1Immunology, Allergy & Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
- 2Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Charles Perkins
- 3Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Fred Finkelman
- 1Immunology, Allergy & Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
- 2Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- 3Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
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10
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Des Jarlais DC, Arasteh K, McKnight C, Feelemyer J, Hagan H, Cooper HLF, Perlman DC. Combined HIV prevention, the New York City condom distribution program, and the evolution of safer sex behavior among persons who inject drugs in New York City. AIDS Behav 2014; 18:443-51. [PMID: 24271348 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-013-0664-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Examine long term sexual risk behaviors among persons who inject drugs (PWID) in New York City following implementation of "combined" prevention programming, including condom social marketing. Quantitative interviews and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing were conducted among PWID entering Beth Israel Medical Center drug treatment programs 1990-2012. Data were analyzed by four time periods corresponding to the cumulative implementation of HIV prevention interventions. 7,132 subjects were recruited from 1990 to 2012; little change in sexual behavior occurred among HIV seronegative subjects, while HIV seropositive subjects reported significant decreases in being sexually active and significant increases in consistent condom use. HIV transmission risk (being HIV positive and engaging in unprotected sex) declined from 14 % in 1990-1995 to 2 % in 2007-2012 for primary sexual partners and from 6 to 1 % for casual partners. Cumulative implementation of combined prevention programming for PWID was associated with substantial decreases in sexual risk behavior among HIV seropositives.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Des Jarlais
- Beth Israel Medical Center, The Baron Edmond de Rothschild Chemical Dependency Institute, 160 Water Street, New York, NY, 10038, USA,
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Escobar PA, Kemper RA, Tarca J, Nicolette J, Kenyon M, Glowienke S, Sawant SG, Christensen J, Johnson TE, McKnight C, Ward G, Galloway SM, Custer L, Gocke E, O'Donovan MR, Braun K, Snyder RD, Mahadevan B. Corrigendum to "Bacterial mutagenicity screening in the pharmaceutical industry" [Mutat. Res. 752(2) (2013) 99-118]. Mutat Res 2013; 753:155. [PMID: 33348475 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P A Escobar
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT 06877-0368, USA.
| | - R A Kemper
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT 06877-0368, USA
| | - J Tarca
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT 06877-0368, USA
| | | | - M Kenyon
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - S Glowienke
- Novartis Pharma AG, Werk Klybeck Klybeckstrasse 141, Basel CH-4057, Switzerland
| | - S G Sawant
- Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320-1799, USA
| | - J Christensen
- Merck Research Laboratories West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - T E Johnson
- Merck Research Laboratories West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - C McKnight
- Merck Research Laboratories West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - G Ward
- Merck Research Laboratories West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - S M Galloway
- Merck Research Laboratories West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - L Custer
- Bristol Myers-Squib, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - E Gocke
- Hoffman-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - M R O'Donovan
- AstraZeneca R&D, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | - K Braun
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, D-65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - R D Snyder
- Merck Research Laboratories West Point, PA 19486, USA; RDS Consulting Services, Maineville, OH 45039, USA
| | - B Mahadevan
- Merck Research Laboratories West Point, PA 19486, USA
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Escobar P, Kemper R, Tarca J, Nicolette J, Kenyon M, Glowienke S, Sawant S, Christensen J, Johnson T, McKnight C, Ward G, Galloway S, Custer L, Gocke E, O’Donovan M, Braun K, Snyder R, Mahadevan B. Bacterial mutagenicity screening in the pharmaceutical industry. Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research 2013; 752:99-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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McKnight C, Perkins C, Finkelman F. CD8+ T cells are not essential for the development of murine allergic airway disease (AAD). (175.13). The Journal of Immunology 2012. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.188.supp.175.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Murine models of asthma have shown that some cell types, including CD4+ T cells, are essential for induction of AAD. The importance of other T cell subtypes, including CD8+ T cells, is controversial. Although CD8+ T cells are reported to have little importance of AAD induction in rats, CD8+ T cells are reported to contribute substantially to AAD induction in mice. Notably, the murine experiments used transfer of T cells, ovalbumin (OVA) as antigen and peritoneal sensitization with adjuvant to induce disease and primarily studied C57BL/6 mice. We investigated this disparity with the more direct approach of antibody-mediated CD8+ T cell depletion in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. We find that CD8+ cells are irrelevant when inducing airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in BALB/c mice with house dust mite (HDM) in the absence of adjuvant or with OVA plus alum, but contribute to the development of eosinophilia in both strains of OVA-immunized mice. Our OVA immunization protocol only induced AHR in BALB/c mice. Thus, CD8+ T cells do not appear to be required for AAD induction when a potent allergen relevant to human asthma is used to immunize mice that are relatively prone to develop Th2 responses, but may promote AAD in a less Th2-biased mouse strain. These observations may have relevance to the possible role of CD8+ T cells in human allergy and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher McKnight
- 1Division of Allergy, Rheumatology, and Immunology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
- 2Division of Immunology, Cincinati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- 3Department of Medicine, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Charles Perkins
- 2Division of Immunology, Cincinati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- 3Department of Medicine, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Fred Finkelman
- 1Division of Allergy, Rheumatology, and Immunology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
- 2Division of Immunology, Cincinati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- 3Department of Medicine, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
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Hooper A, Mantiri G, Marais A, Tanyanyiwa D, McKnight C, Burnett J. A Novel Non-truncating Mutation in APOB, V925l, Causes Familial Hypobetalipoproteinaemia. Heart Lung Circ 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2010.06.556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Donovan TA, Schrenzel MD, Tucker T, Pessier AP, Bicknese B, Busch MDM, Wise AG, Maes R, Kiupel M, McKnight C, Nordhausen RW. Meningoencephalitis in a Polar Bear Caused by Equine Herpesvirus 9 (EHV-9). Vet Pathol 2009; 46:1138-43. [DOI: 10.1354/vp.09-vp-0007-d-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A 12-year-old female polar bear ( Ursus maritimus) developed a sudden onset of muscle tremors, erratic circling, increased blinking, head shaking, and ptyalism, which progressed to partial and generalized seizures. Ancillary diagnostic tests were inconclusive, and the only significant laboratory finding was nonsuppurative pleocytosis of cerebrospinal fluid. Euthanasia was elected. Microscopic evaluation demonstrated multifocal, random nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis involving most prominently the rostral cerebral cortex, as well as the thalamus, midbrain, and rostral medulla. Lesions consisted of inflammation, neuronal necrosis, gliosis, and both neuronal and glial basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies. Immunohistochemistry with a polyclonal antibody reactive to several equine herpesviruses was positive within affected areas of the brain, and polymerase chain reaction conclusively demonstrated the presence of only equine herpesvirus 9. The clinical and morphologic features of this case resemble other fatal herpesvirus encephalitides derived from interspecies transmission and underscore the need for extreme caution when managing wild or captive equids.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. A. Donovan
- Department of Pathology, The Animal Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - M. D. Schrenzel
- Zoological Society of San Diego, Conservation and Research for Endangered Species, Wildlife Disease Laboratories, Escondido, CA
| | - T. Tucker
- Zoological Society of San Diego, Conservation and Research for Endangered Species, Wildlife Disease Laboratories, Escondido, CA
| | - A. P. Pessier
- Wildlife Disease Laboratories (pathology), Zoological Society of San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - B. Bicknese
- Department of Veterinary Services, Zoological Society of San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - M. D. M. Busch
- Division of IDEXX Laboratories, Vet Med Labor GmbH, Ludwigsburg, Germany
| | - A. G. Wise
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI
| | - R. Maes
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI
| | - M. Kiupel
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI
| | | | - R. W. Nordhausen
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA
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Belfer I, Hipp H, Bollettino A, McKnight C, Evans C, Virkkunen M, Albaugh B, Max MB, Goldman D, Enoch MA. Alcoholism is associated withGALR3but not two other galanin receptor genes. Genes, Brain and Behavior 2007; 6:473-81. [PMID: 17083333 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2006.00275.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide galanin is widely expressed in the periphery and the central nervous system and mediates diverse physiological processes and behaviors including alcohol abuse, depression and anxiety. Four genes encoding galanin and its receptors have been identified (GAL, GALR1, GALR2 and GALR3). Recently we found that GAL haplotypes were associated with alcoholism, raising the possibility that genetic variation in GALR1, GALR2 and GALR3 might also alter alcoholism risk. Tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified by genotyping SNP panels in controls from five populations. For the association study with alcoholism, six GALR1, four GALR2 and four GALR3 SNPs were genotyped in a large cohort of Finnish alcoholics and non-alcoholics. GALR3 showed a significant association with alcoholism that was driven by one SNP (rs3,091,367). Moreover, the combination of the GALR3 rs3,091,367 risk allele and GAL risk haplotypes led to a modestly increased odds ratio (OR) for alcoholism (2.4) as compared with the effect of either GAL (1.9) or GALR3 alone (1.4). Likewise, the combination of the GALR3 and GAL risk diplotypes led to an increased OR for alcoholism (4.6) as compared with the effect of either GAL (2.0) or GALR3 alone (1.6). There was no effect of GALR1 or GALR2 on alcoholism risk. This evidence suggests that GALR3 mediates the alcoholism-related actions of galanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Belfer
- Pain and Neurosensory Mechanisms Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Belfer I, Hipp H, McKnight C, Evans C, Buzas B, Bollettino A, Albaugh B, Virkkunen M, Yuan Q, Max MB, Goldman D, Enoch MA. Association of galanin haplotypes with alcoholism and anxiety in two ethnically distinct populations. Mol Psychiatry 2006; 11:301-11. [PMID: 16314872 PMCID: PMC2748409 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide galanin (GAL) is widely expressed in the central nervous system. Animal studies have implicated GAL in alcohol abuse and anxiety: chronic ethanol intake increases hypothalamic GAL mRNA; high levels of stress increase GAL release in the central amygdala. The coding sequence of the galanin gene, GAL, is highly conserved and a functional polymorphism has not yet been found. The aim of our study was, for the first time, to identify GAL haplotypes and investigate associations with alcoholism and anxiety. Seven single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning GAL were genotyped in 65 controls from five populations: US and Finnish Caucasians, African Americans, Plains and Southwestern Indians. A single haplotype block with little evidence of historical recombination was observed for each population. Four tag SNPs were then genotyped in DSM-III-R lifetime alcoholics and nonalcoholics from two population isolates: 514 Finnish Caucasian men and 331 Plains Indian men and women. Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire harm avoidance (HA) scores, a dimensional measure of anxiety, were obtained. There was a haplotype association with alcoholism in both the Finnish (P=0.001) and Plains Indian (P=0.004) men. The SNPs were also significantly associated. Alcoholics were divided into high and low HA groups (>or= and <mean HA of population). In the Finns, haplotype (P<0.0001) and diplotype (P<0.0001) distributions differed between high HA alcoholics, low HA alcoholics and nonalcoholics. Our results from two independent populations suggest that GAL may contribute to vulnerability to alcoholism, perhaps mediated by dimensional anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Belfer
- Pain and Neurosensory Mechanisms Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Goldsmith J, McKnight C, Dickson S, Heenan M, Berezowski R. Miconazole and clobazam; a useful interaction in Dravet's syndrome? Arch Dis Child 2004; 89:89. [PMID: 14709525 PMCID: PMC1755892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
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Abstract
W B Gallie's notion of essentially contested concepts remains of philosophical interest. I argue that medicine is one such concept and look at the consequences of this as regards the inappropriateness of looking for definitions and necessary and sufficient conditions to settle debates about what medicine is and is not.
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Affiliation(s)
- C McKnight
- School of Philosophical Studies, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.
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Archibald LK, Dobbie H, Kazembe P, Nwanyanwu O, McKnight C, Byrne T, Addison RM, Bell M, Reller LB, Jarvis WR. Utility of paired BACTEC MYCO/F LYTIC blood culture vials for detection of bacteremia, mycobacteremia, and fungemia. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:1960-2. [PMID: 11326022 PMCID: PMC88057 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.39.5.1960-1962.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous bloodstream infection studies in Malawi, we inoculated blood from a single venesection into a single BACTEC MYCO/F LYTIC (MFL) vial. Inoculation of one vial, however, would be expected to reduce the sensitivity of bloodstream pathogen detection with MFL vials. To ascertain the degree of this loss of sensitivity, blood was drawn from each of 228 febrile, adult inpatients in Malawi and 5 ml of each blood sample was inoculated into each of two MFL vials. Of 228 paired vials, 51 (22%) were both positive, 172 (75%) were both negative, and 5 (3%) had discordant results. Bloodstream infection would have been detected in 11 (92%) of 12 patients with mycobacteremia and 38 (92%) of 41 patients with bacteremia had only one MFL vial been inoculated. Our study shows that a second MFL vial does not significantly increase diagnostic sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Archibald
- Hospital Infections Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop A-35, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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McKnight C. A little toleration, please. J Med Ethics 2000; 26:432-434. [PMID: 11129842 PMCID: PMC1733328 DOI: 10.1136/jme.26.6.432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Value pluralism does not imply relativism or subjectivism about values. What it does is allow respect for an at least limited toleration of values with which one may profoundly disagree. Thus a doctor can respect the autonomy of a patient whose values he does not share.
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Affiliation(s)
- C McKnight
- Department of Philosophy, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast
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Archibald LK, McDonald LC, Addison RM, McKnight C, Byrne T, Dobbie H, Nwanyanwu O, Kazembe P, Reller LB, Jarvis WR. Comparison of BACTEC MYCO/F LYTIC and WAMPOLE ISOLATOR 10 (lysis-centrifugation) systems for detection of bacteremia, mycobacteremia, and fungemia in a developing country. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:2994-7. [PMID: 10921966 PMCID: PMC87169 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.8.2994-2997.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In less-developed countries, studies of bloodstream infections (BSI) have been hindered because of the difficulty and costs of culturing blood for bacteria, mycobacteria, and fungi. During two study periods (study period I [1997] and study period II [1998]), we cultured blood from patients in Malawi by using the BACTEC MYCO/F LYTIC (MFL), ISOLATOR 10 (Isolator), Septi-Chek AFB (SC-AFB), and Septi-Chek bacterial (SC-B) systems. During study period I, blood was inoculated at 5 ml into an MFL bottle, 10 ml into an Isolator tube for lysis and centrifugation, and 10 ml into an SC-B bottle. Next, 0.5-ml aliquots of Isolator concentrate were inoculated into an SC-AFB bottle and onto Middlebrook 7H11 agar slants, chocolate agar slants, and Inhibitory Mold Agar (IMA) slants. During study period II, the SC-B and chocolate agar cultures were discontinued. MFL growth was detected by fluorescence caused by shining UV light (lambda = 365 nm) onto the indicator on the bottom of the bottle. During study period I, 251 blood cultures yielded 44 bacterial isolates. For bacteremia, the MFL was similar to the Isolator concentrate on chocolate agar (34 of 44 versus 27 of 44; P, not significant [NS]), but more sensitive than the SC-B bottle (34 of 44 versus 24 of 44; P = 0.05). For both study periods combined, 486 blood cultures yielded 37 mycobacterial and 13 fungal isolates. For mycobacteremia, the sensitivities of the MFL and Isolator concentrate in the SC-AFB bottle were similar (30 of 37 versus 29 of 37; P, NS); the MFL bottle was more sensitive than the concentrate on Middlebrook agar (30 of 37 versus 15 of 37; P = 0.002). For fungemia, the MFL bottle was as sensitive as the SC-B bottle or Isolator concentrate on chocolate agar or IMA slants. We conclude that the MFL bottle, inoculated with just 5 ml of blood and examined under UV light, provides a sensitive and uncomplicated method for comprehensive detection of BSI in less-developed countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Archibald
- Hospital Infections Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
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Abstract
PROBLEM Preeclampsia is the leading cause of maternal morbidity and premature fetal delivery in the United States, most likely involving the immune system in disease genesis. In this report, we tested the hypothesis that a superantigen phenomenon is an important factor in the pathogenesis of the disease. METHOD OF STUDY A semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to assess T-cell receptor (TCR) beta chain variable (Vbeta) regions as an indicator of T-cell expansion in both peripheral blood and basal plate of preeclamptic patients. All the subjects were also molecularly typed to identify their HLA-class II alleles. RESULTS In peripheral blood of the majority of the patients, there was a high abundance of the Vbeta4 gene family, which was not observed in the control group. Polyclonality of this Vbeta gene family was confirmed by analysis of the Valpha chain and the complementary determining region 3 (CDR3). The majority of patients carried the Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA)-DRB1*13 allele. CONCLUSION We present evidence for the existence of a superantigen-like effect in at least a subset of patients with preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Luppi
- Department of Pediatrics, Rangos Research Center, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Cuntz MC, Levine EA, O'Dorisio TM, Watson JC, Wray DA, Espenan GD, McKnight C, Meier JR, Weber LJ, Mera R, O'Dorisio MS, Woltering EA. Intraoperative gamma detection of 125I-lanreotide in women with primary breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 1999; 6:367-72. [PMID: 10379857 DOI: 10.1007/s10434-999-0367-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Somatostatin receptors are present in most human breast cancers. We performed a pilot trial of intraoperative tumor-gamma detection using the radiolabeled somatostatin analog 125I-lanreotide in 13 women with 14 primary breast carcinomas. METHODS All patients were given 125I-lanreotide intravenously before surgery. Patients underwent lumpectomy, and postresection margins were evaluated with the gamma probe. Axillary dissection specimens were evaluated ex vivo. RESULTS Seven of 13 women had gamma probe-positive or clinically suspicious margins re-excised at the time of lumpectomy. Four of six probe-positive margins were histologically positive, and two of six probe-positive margins were histologically negative; a single clinically suspicious margin was histologically positive. A total of 270 axillary lymph nodes were evaluated ex vivo by gamma probe and histology. McNemar's contingency tests demonstrated a highly statistical correlation between histology and gamma probe counts (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS The overall accuracy of nodal evaluation with 125I-lanreotide/intraoperative gamma detection was 77%; the negative predictive value of this technique was 97%, however. This technique predicted the presence of tumor in 20% of axillary lymph nodes that were negative by routine histology. This technique appears safe and is able to detect positive tumor resection margins and accurately predict axillary lymph node negativity. Further trials of this technique are required to validate its utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Cuntz
- Department of Surgery, Louisiana State University Medical Center, New Orleans 70112, USA
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Carney JP, McKnight C, VanEpps S, Kelley MR. Random rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RRACE) allows for cloning of multiple novel human cDNA fragments containing (CAG)n repeats. Gene 1995; 155:289-92. [PMID: 7536696 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(94)00758-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We describe a new technique for isolating cDNA fragments in which (i) either a partial sequence of the cDNA is known or (ii) a repeat sequence is utilized. We have used this technique, termed random rapid amplification of cDNA ends (random RACE), to isolate a number of trinucleotide repeat (CAG)n-containing genes. Using the random RACE (RRACE) technique, we have isolated over a hundred (CAG)n-containing genes. The results of our initial analysis of ten clones indicate that three are identical to previously cloned (CAG)n-containing genes. Three of our clones matched with expressed sequence tags, one of which contained a CA repeat. The remaining four clones did not match with any sequence in GenBank. These results indicate that this approach provides a rapid and efficient method for isolating trinucleotide repeat-containing cDNA fragments. Finally, this technique may be used for purposes other than cloning repeat-containing cDNA fragments. If only a partial sequence of a gene is known, our system, described here, provides a rapid and efficient method for isolating a fragment of the gene of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Carney
- Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis 46202, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- H N Reynolds
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Maryland Institute for Emergency Medical Services Systems (MIEMSS), Baltimore, MD
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McKnight C, Watson T. A new respiratory care center: model for planning and design. Respir Care 1977; 22:1304-12. [PMID: 10314835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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