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Davis LG, Madsen DB, Sisson DA, Becerra-Valdivia L, Higham T, Stueber D, Bean DW, Nyers AJ, Carroll A, Ryder C, Sponheimer M, Izuho M, Iizuka F, Li G, Epps CW, Halford FK. Dating of a large tool assemblage at the Cooper's Ferry site (Idaho, USA) to ~15,785 cal yr B.P. extends the age of stemmed points in the Americas. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eade1248. [PMID: 36563150 PMCID: PMC9788777 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade1248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The timing and character of the Pleistocene peopling of the Americas are measured by the discovery of unequivocal artifacts from well-dated contexts. We report the discovery of a well-dated artifact assemblage containing 14 stemmed projectile points from the Cooper's Ferry site in western North America, dating to ~16,000 years ago. These stemmed points are several thousand years older than Clovis fluted points (~13,000 cal yr B.P.) and are ~2300 years older than stemmed points found previously at the site. These points date to the end of Marine Isotope Stage 2 when glaciers had closed off an interior land route into the Americas. This assemblage includes an array of stemmed projectile points that resemble pre-Jomon Late Upper Paleolithic tools from the northwestern Pacific Rim dating to ~20,000 to 19,000 years ago, leading us to hypothesize that some of the first technological traditions in the Americas may have originated in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren G. Davis
- Department of Anthropology, Oregon State University, 203 Waldo Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - David B. Madsen
- Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada-Reno, 512 Ansari, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - David A. Sisson
- Bureau of Land Management, Cottonwood Field Office, 2 Butte Drive, Cottonwood, ID 83522, USA
| | - Lorena Becerra-Valdivia
- Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, School of Archaeology, 1 South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3TG, UK
| | - Thomas Higham
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Wien, Austria
- Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences (HEAS), University of Vienna, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Stueber
- Department of Anthropology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Daniel W. Bean
- Department of Anthropology, Oregon State University, 203 Waldo Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Alexander J. Nyers
- Department of Anthropology, Oregon State University, 203 Waldo Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Northwest Archaeometrics, 5060 SW Philomath Blvd, #331, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA
| | - Amanda Carroll
- SWCA Environmental Consultants, 1800 NW Upshur St, Ste. 100, Portland, OR 97209, USA
| | - Christina Ryder
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Boulder, Hale Science Building, 1350 Pleasant St., Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Matt Sponheimer
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Boulder, Hale Science Building, 1350 Pleasant St., Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Masami Izuho
- Tokyo Metropolitan University, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Fumie Iizuka
- Department of Anthropology and Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Swallow Hall, 112 S 9th Street, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Guoqiang Li
- Research School of Arid Environment and Climate Change, MOE Key Laboratory of West China’s Environmental System, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshuinanlu, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Clinton W. Epps
- Oregon State University Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, 104 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - F. Kirk Halford
- Department of Anthropology, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
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Gaffke AM, Sing SE, Millar JG, Dudley TL, Bean DW, Peterson RKD, Weaver DK. An Herbivore-Induced Plant Volatile From Saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) Is Repellent to Diorhabda carinulata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Environ Entomol 2020; 49:1063-1070. [PMID: 32725136 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The leaf beetle Diorhabda carinulata Desbrochers (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) was introduced into the United States in 1999 for classical biological control of the exotic woody invader saltcedar (Tamarix spp. L. [Caryophyllales: Tamaricaceae]). The recent southern expansion of the range of D. carinulata in the United States has precipitated conflict between proponents of biological control of Tamarix and those with concerns over habitat conservation for avian species. Several semiochemicals that mediate aggregations by this species have been reported, but no repellent compounds have been recorded thus far. We now report a repellent compound, 4-oxo-(E)-2-hexenal, induced by adult D. carinulata feeding on saltcedar foliage. Collection of headspace volatiles, gas chromatography mass spectrometry, and electroantennographic analyses identified 4-oxo-(E)-2-hexenal as an insect-induced compound that is antennally active. Behavioral and exposure assays were conducted to test for repellency and toxicity in adults and larvae. Headspace volatiles were also collected from adult males exposed to 4-oxo-(E)-2-hexenal to determine the impact exposure might have on the emission of the aggregation pheromone. 4-Oxo-(E)-2-hexenal elicited electrophysiological responses in adults of both sexes. Behavioral responses indicated repellency across multiple doses for reproductive D. carinulata adults but not in nonreproductive adults. Exposure assays indicated altered behaviors in first instar larvae and adults, but not in third instar larvae. Collection of headspace volatiles indicated that exposure to 4-oxo-(E)-2-hexenal did not alter emission of the D. carinulata aggregation pheromone by adult males. The continued development and field deployment of this repellent compound may provide a new tool for the management of D. carinulata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Gaffke
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT
- Agricultural Research Service, Department of Agriculture, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL
| | - Sharlene E Sing
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Bozeman, MT
| | - Jocelyn G Millar
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA
| | - Tom L Dudley
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA
| | - Daniel W Bean
- Colorado Department of Agriculture, Palisade Insectary, Palisade, CO
| | - Robert K D Peterson
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT
| | - David K Weaver
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT
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Gaffke AM, Sing SE, Dudley TL, Bean DW, Russak JA, Mafra-Neto A, Peterson RKD, Weaver DK. Establishing Diorhabda carinulata: Impact of Release Disturbances on Pheromone Emission and Influence of Pheromone Lures on Establishment. J Chem Ecol 2020; 46:378-386. [PMID: 32240481 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-020-01176-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Before weed biocontrol insects are transported and released in a new area, they are commonly collected into small paper containers, chilled, and kept under dark conditions. This process can be termed a pre-release protocol. The influence of a pre-release protocol on establishment success of a gregarious biological control agent was assessed using the northern tamarisk beetle, Diorhabda carinulata (Desbrochers), and its exotic, invasive host plant saltcedar (Tamarix spp.). Pre-release protocol impacts on aggregation pheromone production by D. carinulata were characterized under controlled conditions. Additional experiments were undertaken to determine if deployment of aggregation pheromone lures might enhance the agent's persistence at release sites. Adults that experienced the pre-release protocol produced less aggregation pheromone compared to undisturbed adults. Olfactometer bioassays indicated that a cohort of adults subjected to the pre-release protocol were less attractive to other adults than a control cohort. Efficacy of aggregation pheromone-based lures to retain adults at release sites was evaluated by comparing capture numbers of adult beetles at paired treatment and control release sites, 10-14 days after the release of 300, 500, or 1000 individuals. A greater number of adult D. carinulata were captured where the pheromone lures had been deployed compared to control release sites. Application of aggregation pheromone when a new release of D. carinulata is planned should allow biological control practitioners to increase retention of beetles at a release site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Gaffke
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA. .,Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA.
| | - Sharlene E Sing
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Tom L Dudley
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Daniel W Bean
- Colorado Department of Agriculture, Palisade Insectary, Palisade, CO, 81526, USA
| | - Justin A Russak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | | | - Robert K D Peterson
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - David K Weaver
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
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4
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Gaffke AM, Sing SE, Dudley TL, Bean DW, Russak JA, Mafra-Neto A, Peterson RKD, Weaver DK. Field demonstration of a semiochemical treatment that enhances Diorhabda carinulata biological control of Tamarix spp. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13051. [PMID: 31506519 PMCID: PMC6737090 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49459-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The northern tamarisk beetle Diorhabda carinulata (Desbrochers) was approved for release in the United States for classical biological control of a complex of invasive saltcedar species and their hybrids (Tamarix spp.). An aggregation pheromone used by D. carinulata to locate conspecifics is fundamental to colonization and reproductive success. A specialized matrix formulated for controlled release of this aggregation pheromone was developed as a lure to manipulate adult densities in the field. One application of the lure at onset of adult emergence for each generation provided long term attraction and retention of D. carinulata adults on treated Tamarix spp. plants. Treated plants exhibited greater levels of defoliation, dieback and canopy reduction. Application of a single, well-timed aggregation pheromone treatment per generation increased the efficacy of this classical weed biological control agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Gaffke
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA.,Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Sharlene E Sing
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Tom L Dudley
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Daniel W Bean
- Colorado Department of Agriculture, Palisade Insectary, Palisade, CO, 81526, USA
| | - Justin A Russak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | | | - Robert K D Peterson
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - David K Weaver
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA.
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Stahlke AR, Ozsoy AZ, Bean DW, Hohenlohe PA. Mitochondrial Genome Sequences of Diorhabda carinata and Diorhabda carinulata, Two Beetle Species Introduced to North America for Biological Control. Microbiol Resour Announc 2019; 8:e00690-19. [PMID: 31467099 PMCID: PMC6715869 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00690-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We announce the complete circularized mitochondrial genome assemblies of Diorhabda carinata and Diorhabda carinulata, beetle species introduced to North America for the biological control of invasive shrubs of the genus Tamarix L. (Tamaricaceae). The assemblies (16,232 and 16,298 bp, respectively) each comprise 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNAs, two rRNAs, and a noncoding region.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Stahlke
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - A Z Ozsoy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, Colorado, USA
| | - D W Bean
- Colorado Department of Agriculture, Palisade, Colorado, USA
| | - P A Hohenlohe
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
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6
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Gaffke AM, Sing SE, Dudley TL, Bean DW, Russak JA, Mafra‐Neto A, Grieco PA, Peterson RKD, Weaver DK. Semiochemicals to enhance herbivory by Diorhabda carinulata aggregations in saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) infestations. Pest Manag Sci 2018; 74:1494-1503. [PMID: 29314635 PMCID: PMC5969109 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Semiochemicals for monitoring, attracting or repelling pest and beneficial organisms are increasingly deployed in agricultural and forest systems for pest management. However, the use of aggregation pheromones and host-plant attractants for the express purpose of increasing the efficacy of classical biological control agents of weeds has not been widely reported. Therefore, we conducted field-based assays to determine if a specialized wax-based matrix impregnated with an aggregation pheromone of the northern tamarisk beetle Diorhabda carinulata (Desbrochers) or host-plant volatiles could increase the efficacy of D. carinulata. RESULTS The aggregation pheromone and host-plant volatiles were formulated for field application using a wax-based matrix. Reported release rates suggest that this matrix is a viable formulation for enhancing D. carinulata aggregations under field conditions. Pheromone-treated saltcedar plants (Tamarix spp.) not only had higher densities of adult and larval D. carinulata, but also sustained greater levels of foliar damage than control plants. Increased damage from the focused feeding of D. carinulata caused an increase in foliar dieback and decrease in live canopy volume of semiochemical-treated plants. CONCLUSION Field deployment of these semiochemical formulations could be useful in directing populations of D. carinulata for increased impact on Tamarix spp. © 2018 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Gaffke
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental SciencesMontana State UniversityBozemanMTUSA
| | - Sharlene E Sing
- USDA Forest ServiceRocky Mountain Research StationBozemanMTUSA
| | - Tom L Dudley
- Marine Science InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCAUSA
| | - Daniel W Bean
- Colorado Department of AgriculturePalisade InsectaryPalisadeCOUSA
| | - Justin A Russak
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCAUSA
| | | | - Paul A Grieco
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryMontana State UniversityBozemanMTUSA
| | - Robert KD Peterson
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental SciencesMontana State UniversityBozemanMTUSA
| | - David K Weaver
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental SciencesMontana State UniversityBozemanMTUSA
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7
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González E, Sher AA, Anderson RM, Bay RF, Bean DW, Bissonnete GJ, Bourgeois B, Cooper DJ, Dohrenwend K, Eichhorst KD, El Waer H, Kennard DK, Harms-Weissinger R, Henry AL, Makarick LJ, Ostoja SM, Reynolds LV, Robinson WW, Shafroth PB. Vegetation response to invasive Tamarix control in southwestern U.S. rivers: a collaborative study including 416 sites. Ecol Appl 2017; 27:1789-1804. [PMID: 28445000 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Most studies assessing vegetation response following control of invasive Tamarix trees along southwestern U.S. rivers have been small in scale (e.g., river reach), or at a regional scale but with poor spatial-temporal replication, and most have not included testing the effects of a now widely used biological control. We monitored plant composition following Tamarix control along hydrologic, soil, and climatic gradients in 244 treated and 172 reference sites across six U.S. states. This represents the largest comprehensive assessment to date on the vegetation response to the four most common Tamarix control treatments. Biocontrol by a defoliating beetle (treatment 1) reduced the abundance of Tamarix less than active removal by mechanically using hand and chain-saws (2), heavy machinery (3) or burning (4). Tamarix abundance also decreased with lower temperatures, higher precipitation, and follow-up treatments for Tamarix resprouting. Native cover generally increased over time in active Tamarix removal sites, however, the increases observed were small and was not consistently increased by active revegetation. Overall, native cover was correlated to permanent stream flow, lower grazing pressure, lower soil salinity and temperatures, and higher precipitation. Species diversity also increased where Tamarix was removed. However, Tamarix treatments, especially those generating the highest disturbance (burning and heavy machinery), also often promoted secondary invasions of exotic forbs. The abundance of hydrophytic species was much lower in treated than in reference sites, suggesting that management of southwestern U.S. rivers has focused too much on weed control, overlooking restoration of fluvial processes that provide habitat for hydrophytic and floodplain vegetation. These results can help inform future management of Tamarix-infested rivers to restore hydrogeomorphic processes, increase native biodiversity and reduce abundance of noxious species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo González
- EcoLab (Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement), CNRS, INPT, UPS, Université de Toulouse, 118 Route de Narbonne Bâtiment 4R1, 31062, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, F. W. Olin Hall, 2190 E Iliff Avenue, Denver, Colorado, 80208, USA
| | - Anna A Sher
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, F. W. Olin Hall, 2190 E Iliff Avenue, Denver, Colorado, 80208, USA
| | - Robert M Anderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, F. W. Olin Hall, 2190 E Iliff Avenue, Denver, Colorado, 80208, USA
| | - Robin F Bay
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, F. W. Olin Hall, 2190 E Iliff Avenue, Denver, Colorado, 80208, USA
| | - Daniel W Bean
- Colorado Department of Agriculture, Biological Pest Control, Palisade Insectary, 750 37.8 Road, Palisade, Colorado, 81526, USA
| | | | - Bérenger Bourgeois
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Université Laval, 2425 rue de l'agriculture, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Department of Biology, Québec Centre for Biodiversity Science, McGill University, Stewart Biology Building, 1205 Dr. Penfield Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - David J Cooper
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA
| | - Kara Dohrenwend
- Rim to Rim Restoration, P.O. Box 297, Moab, Utah, 84532, USA
| | - Kim D Eichhorst
- Department of Biology, Bosque Ecosystem Monitoring Program (BEMP), University of New Mexico, MSC 03 2020, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131, USA
| | - Hisham El Waer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, F. W. Olin Hall, 2190 E Iliff Avenue, Denver, Colorado, 80208, USA
| | - Deborah K Kennard
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, Colorado, 81501, USA
| | | | - Annie L Henry
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, F. W. Olin Hall, 2190 E Iliff Avenue, Denver, Colorado, 80208, USA
| | - Lori J Makarick
- Grand Canyon National Park, 1824 S, Thompson Street, Suite 200, Flagstaff, Arizona, 86001, USA
| | - Steven M Ostoja
- USDA California Climate Hub, Agricultural Research Service, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Lindsay V Reynolds
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA
| | - W Wright Robinson
- Grand County Weed Department, 125 East Center Street, Moab, Utah, 84532, USA
| | - Patrick B Shafroth
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building C, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80526, USA
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Dalin P, Bean DW, Dudley TL, Carney VA, Eberts D, Gardner KT, Hebertson E, Jones EN, Kazmer DJ, Michels GJ, O'Meara SA, Thompson DC. Seasonal adaptations to day length in ecotypes of Diorhabda spp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) inform selection of agents against saltcedars (Tamarix spp.). Environ Entomol 2010; 39:1666-1675. [PMID: 22546466 DOI: 10.1603/en09270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal adaptations to daylength often limit the effective range of insects used in biological control of weeds. The leaf beetle Diorhabda carinulata (Desbrochers) was introduced into North America from Fukang, China (latitude 44° N) to control saltcedars (Tamarix spp.), but failed to establish south of 38° N latitude because of a mismatched critical daylength response for diapause induction. The daylength response caused beetles to enter diapause too early in the season to survive the duration of winter at southern latitudes. Using climate chambers, we characterized the critical daylength response for diapause induction (CDL) in three ecotypes of Diorhabda beetles originating from 36, 38, and 43° N latitudes in Eurasia. In a field experiment, the timing of reproductive diapause and voltinism were compared among ecotypes by rearing the insects on plants in the field. CDL declined with latitude of origin among Diorhabda ecotypes. Moreover, CDL in southern (<39° N latitude) ecotypes was shortened by more than an hour when the insects were reared under a fluctuating 35-15°C thermoperiod than at a constant 25°C. In the northern (>42° N latitude) ecotypes, however, CDL was relatively insensitive to temperature. The southern ecotypes produced up to four generations when reared on plants in the field at sites south of 38° N, whereas northern ecotypes produced only one or two generations. The study reveals latitudinal variation in how Diorhabda ecotypes respond to daylength for diapause induction and how these responses affect insect voltinism across the introduced range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Dalin
- Marine Science Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara, CA 93106-6150, USA.
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Dalin P, O'Neal MJ, Dudley T, Bean DW. Host plant quality of Tamarix ramosissima and T. parviflora for three sibling species of the biocontrol insect Diorhabda elongata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Environ Entomol 2009; 38:1373-1378. [PMID: 19825291 DOI: 10.1603/022.038.0504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Several sibling species of the leaf beetle Diorhabda elongata (Brullé) have been introduced into North America for the biocontrol of saltcedars (Tamarix spp.), but only one, D. carinulata (Desbrochers), has been extensively used in the field. The first open releases took place in 2001, and widespread defoliation occurred at sites infested by Tamarix ramosissima, T. chinensis, and their hybrid forms. The beetles failed, however, to establish at sites where other Tamarix species are targeted for control. In this study, we compared the preference and performance of three Diorhabda sibling species using adult choice and larval performance experiments on the two formally targeted Tamarix species: T. ramosissima and T. parviflora. In the adult choice experiment, a greater proportion of D. carinulata was found on T. ramosissima than on T. parviflora. For the other two sibling species, D. elongata (Brullé) and D. carinata (Faldermann), adults were found in similar proportions on the two host plants. In the larval performance experiment, larval growth and survival did not differ between Tamarix species for any Diorhabda type; however, D. carinata larval biomass was 35-50% greater than the other beetles regardless of host species. Based on the few adults of D. carinulata found on T. parviflora in the adult choice experiment, we do not recommend introducing this beetle at sites where T. parviflora is targeted for biological control. The species D. carinata seems especially promising for future release because its larvae gained substantially more biomass than the other beetles during the same time period on both Tamarix species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Dalin
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-6150, USA.
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10
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Bean DW, Wang T, Bartelt RJ, Zilkowski BW. Diapause in the leaf beetle Diorhabda elongata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a biological control agent for tamarisk (Tamarix spp.). Environ Entomol 2007; 36:531-40. [PMID: 17540061 DOI: 10.1603/0046-225x(2007)36[531:ditlbd]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The tamarisk leaf beetle, Diorhabda elongata Brullé deserticola Chen, was collected in northwestern China and has been released in the western United States to control tamarisk (Tamarix spp.). Characteristics of diapause and reproductive development in D. elongata were examined to improve management as a biocontrol agent. Under long days, 16:8 (L:D) h, males began to emit aggregation pheromone within 2-3 d of adult emergence, mating occurred, and females oviposited within 7 d of adult emergence. Under short days, 12:12 (L:D) h, males did not emit pheromone, mating did not occur, and both males and females entered reproductive diapause marked by inconspicuous gonads and hypertrophied fat body. Ovaries of diapausing females lacked vitellogenic oocytes, and the ovarioles were clear and narrow, whereas reproductive females had enlarged ovaries with two to three yellow oocytes per ovariole. Diapausing males had thin, transparent accessory glands and ejaculatory ducts, whereas reproductive males had thick white accessory glands and white opaque ejaculatory ducts. Sensitivity to diapause-inducing photoperiods extended into the adult stage. Reproductive females ceased oviposition, resorbed oocytes, and entered diapause when switched from long to short days. Diapause-destined insects ceased feeding and entered the leaf litter 10-20 d after adult emergence, whereas reproductive insects remained on the plants and fed for at least 30 d. Reproductive insects exhibited dispersal behaviors, such as attempted flights, whereas diapause-destined insects did not show dispersal behaviors. Information gained from these studies will be used to better manage populations in the field and to improve rearing and storage in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Bean
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616-8780, USA.
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Cossé AA, Bartelt RJ, Zilkowski BW, Bean DW, Andress ER. Behaviorally active green leaf volatiles for monitoring the leaf beetle, Diorhabda elongata, a biocontrol agent of saltcedar, Tamarix spp. J Chem Ecol 2007; 32:2695-708. [PMID: 17131185 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-006-9193-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Biological activity and chemistry of host plant volatiles were investigated for Diorhabda elongata, Brullé (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a biological control agent for the invasive tree, saltcedar (Tamarix spp., Tamaricaceae). Gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) analysis of volatiles collected from adult D. elongata feeding on saltcedar foliage or from saltcedar foliage alone showed 15 antennally active compounds. These compounds were more abundant in collections from beetle-infested foliage. Antennally active compounds were identified by GC-mass spectrometry (MS) and confirmed with authentic standards. The emissions of the most abundant GC-EAD-active compounds, green leaf volatiles (GLV), were quantitated by GC-MS. A blend of four GLV compounds, mimicking the natural blend ratio, was highly attractive to male and female D. elongata in the field, and a combination of GLV and male-produced aggregation pheromone attracted significantly greater numbers of D. elongata than did either bait alone. A preliminary experiment with a blend of seven additional GC-EAD-active saltcedar volatiles did not show any behavioral activity. The combination of the pheromone and the green leaf odor blend could be a useful attractant in detecting the presence of the biocontrol agent, D. elongata, in stands of saltcedar newly colonized by the beetle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allard A Cossé
- Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA Agricultural Research Service, 1815 N. University Street, Peoria, IL 61604, USA.
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Bean DW, Dudley TL, Keller JC. Seasonal timing of diapause induction limits the effective range of Diorhabda elongata deserticola (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) as a biological control agent for tamarisk (Tamarix spp.). Environ Entomol 2007; 36:15-25. [PMID: 17349111 DOI: 10.1603/0046-225x(2007)36[15:stodil]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The leaf beetle Diorhabda elongata Brullé subspecies deserticola Chen, collected in northwestern China, has been released in the western United States to control tamarisk (Tamarix spp.). While beetle establishment and saltcedar defoliation have been noted at northern study sites, this species has not established at latitudes south of the 38th parallel. Critical daylength for diapause induction was measured in the laboratory and ranged between 14 h 50 min to 15 h 08 min, depending on temperature, and adults were shown to cease reproduction and enter diapause at daylengths of 14 h 30 min or less. Critical daylength in the field was measured at approximately 14 h 39 min and occurred 13 d before 50% of the population reached diapause. South of 36 degrees 20' N, the longest days of the year are shorter than 14 h 39 min, making the beetles univoltine in the southern United States. North of 36 degrees 20' N, a window of reproductive activity opens 13 d after the critical daylength is reached in the spring and closes 13 d after it is passed in the summer, allowing at least a partial second summer generation. It is predicted that south of the 38th parallel, premature diapause will increase mortality and disrupt synchrony between the life cycle of the beetle and host plant availability. This could hinder establishment and help explain the failure of this population south of the 38th parallel, providing a rationale for testing other populations of D. elongata in the southern range of Tamarix in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Bean
- Department of Plant Sciences, One Shields Ave., University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Cossé AA, Bartelt RJ, Zilkowski BW, Bean DW, Petroski RJ. The aggregation pheromone of Diorhabda elongata, a biological control agent of saltcedar (Tamarix spp.): identification of two behaviorally active components. J Chem Ecol 2005; 31:657-70. [PMID: 15898507 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-005-2053-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The leaf beetle Diorhabda elongata Brullé (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) has been introduced as a biological control agent for saltcedars, Tamarix spp., an exotic, invasive weedy tree in the western United State. Gas chromatographic (GC) analysis of volatiles collected from feeding male or female beetles, or saltcedar foliage alone, showed two components produced almost exclusively by males. These compounds elicited responses from antennae of male and female beetles in GC-electroantennographic detection (EAD) analyses. The compounds were identified as (2E,4Z)-2,4-heptadienal (1) and (2E,4Z)-2,4-heptadien-1-ol (2) by GC-mass spectrometry (MS), and confirmed with authentic standards. The two compounds were also detected at trace levels from feeding females and foliage controls, but the amounts from feeding males were 8-40 times higher, typically 55-125 ng per day per male. The amounts of 1 and 2 in collections from females did not differ significantly from amounts collected from control foliage. In field trials, 2 as a single component was as attractive as a 1:1 blend of 1 and 2. Compound 1 as a single component was more attractive than controls, but much less attractive than 2 or the blend. Males and females were attracted in about equal numbers, indicating that this is an aggregation pheromone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allard A Cossé
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, Peoria, Illinois 61604, USA.
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Huntimer CM, Bean DW. Delirium after ingestion of mentholatum. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157:483-4. [PMID: 10698846 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.3.483-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
The gene encoding scHelI, a previously characterized DNA helicase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has been identified as YER176w, an open reading frame on chromosome V. The gene has been named HEL1 to indicate the DNA helicase activity of the gene product. HEL1 was identified by screening a lambda gt11 yeast protein expression library with antiserum to purified scHelI. Several independent immunopositive clones were isolated and shown to contain portions of HEL1 either by sequencing or by hybridization to a probe containing HEL1 sequences. The HEL1 open reading frame includes the seven conserved helicase motifs, consistent with the DNA helicase activity of scHelI, and the predicted size of the protein is in agreement with the size of purified scHelI. Partially purified cellular extracts from a hel1 deletion mutant strain did not contain scHelI activity. Homology searches revealed protein sequence homology between HEL1 and two previously identified and biochemically characterized yeast helicases, encoded by the DNA2 and UPF1 genes. Haploid hel1 deletion strains were constructed and shown to be viable with growth rates equivalent to those of parental strains. These strains did not differ from the parental strains in ultraviolet light sensitivity or the generation of petite colonies. Furthermore, these haploid deletion strains were capable for mating, the resultant diploid homozygous mutants were viable, capable of sporulation, and the spores displayed no reduction in viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Bean
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-3280, USA
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Lee FT, DeLone DR, Bean DW, Broghammer BG, Mack E, Perlman SB, Weiss JW. Acute cholecystitis in an animal model: findings on color Doppler sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1995; 165:85-90. [PMID: 7785640 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.165.1.7785640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of our study was to evaluate the color Doppler findings of acute cholecystitis in a controlled canine model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fourteen animals had a laparotomy: cystic duct ligation was done in eight, and incision with closure was performed in six control subjects. Animals were scanned in a blinded fashion preoperatively, immediately postoperatively, and on postoperative days 1-5. On postoperative day 5, a hepatobiliary scan was done with 2 mCi (74 MBq) 99mTc-mebrofenin. Blinded histopathology was performed and correlated with imaging. RESULTS Flow was seen in the wall of each gallbladder at some point during the postoperative course, demonstrating vascular patency. Hepatobiliary scintigraphy confirmed cystic duct status in 12 cases; two animals died before radionuclide imaging was complete. Color Doppler signal decreased in the gallbladder wall in ligated dogs from postoperative day 1 to postoperative day 3 (p = .03 versus controls at postoperative day 2) and increasingly returned by postoperative day 5. Hyperemia was seen in only two cases (both with severe necrotizing cholecystitis) and only at postoperative day 5. Although not statistically significant, a weak trend of increasing flow with more severe pathologic grades of cholecystitis was observed (p = .20). CONCLUSIONS In this animal model, loss of vascular signal (not hyperemia) at postoperative day 2 was the finding to diagnose early acute cholecystitis, although lack of flow can also be seen in some normal subjects. Flow tended to return by postoperative day 5, and it increased in some of the more severe cases of cholecystitis. Hyperemia was a somewhat useful sign of acute necrotizing cholecystitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F T Lee
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison 53792-3252, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Matson
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599, USA
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Abstract
DNA helicases catalyze the disruption of the hydrogen bonds that hold the two strands of double-stranded DNA together. This energy-requiring unwinding reaction results in the formation of the single-stranded DNA required as a template or reaction intermediate in DNA replication, repair and recombination. A combination of biochemical and genetic studies have been used to probe and define the roles of the multiple DNA helicases found in E. coli. This work and similar efforts in eukaryotic cells, although far from complete, have established that DNA helicases are essential components of the machinery that interacts with the DNA molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Matson
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 27599
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Bean DW, Kallam WE, Matson SW. Purification and characterization of a DNA helicase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 1993; 268:21783-90. [PMID: 8408033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel DNA helicase, scHelI, has been purified from whole cell extracts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae using biochemical assays to monitor the fractionation. The enzyme unwinds partial duplex DNA substrates, as long as 343 base pairs in length, in a reaction that is dependent on either ATP or dATP hydrolysis. scHelI also catalyzes a single-stranded DNA-dependent ATP hydrolysis reaction; the apparent Km for ATP is 325 microM. The unwinding reaction on circular partial duplex substrates is biphasic, with a fast component occurring within 5 min of the initiation of the reaction and a slow component continuing to 60 min. This is in contrast to the ATP hydrolysis reaction, which exhibits linear kinetics for 60 min. The direction of the unwinding reaction is 5' to 3' with respect to the strand of DNA on which the enzyme is bound. The unwinding reaction is strongly stimulated by the addition of Escherichia coli single-stranded DNA-binding protein when long partial duplex substrates are used. The enzymatic activity of scHelI copurifies with a polypeptide of 135 kDa as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The polypeptide sediments as a monomer in a glycerol gradient in the presence of 0.2 M NaCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Bean
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599
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Scott L, Bean DW. Psychiatric manifestations of porphyria. S D J Med 1987; 40:5-8. [PMID: 3473672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Smith DA, Bean DW, Pederson M, Steenhoven S. Employee health immunization program for rubella at the South Dakota Human Services Center. S D J Med 1986; 39:23-4. [PMID: 3459243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Williams WV, Bean DW, Carlson J, Christopherson N. Conduct disorders and other psychiatric disorders: results of an inpatient service. S D J Med 1985; 38:5-9. [PMID: 3856318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Forman BD, Lewis GP, Bean DW. An evaluation of patient care at South Dakota Human Services Center. S D J Med 1983; 36:17-9. [PMID: 6576467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Bean DW, Fuller WC. Development of the South Dakota Psychiatric Association. S D J Med 1981; 34:53-5. [PMID: 7022641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Bean DW, Roberts CM. Widows and widowhood. S D J Med 1979; 32:9-11. [PMID: 286420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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