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Kueneman JG, Bonadies E, Thomas D, Roubik DW, Wcislo WT. Neotropical bee microbiomes point to a fragmented social core and strong species-level effects. Microbiome 2023; 11:150. [PMID: 37452376 PMCID: PMC10347802 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01593-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals that band together create new ecological opportunities for microorganisms. In vertical transmission, theory predicts a conserved microbiota within lineages, especially social bees. Bees exhibit solitary to social behavior among and/or within species, while life cycles can be annual or perennial. Bee nests may be used over generations or only once, and foraging ecology varies widely. To assess which traits are associated with bee microbiomes, we analyzed microbial diversity within solitary and social bees of Apidae, Colletidae, and Halictidae, three bee families in Panama's tropical forests. Our analysis considered the microbiome of adult gut contents replicated through time, localities, and seasons (wet and dry) and included bee morphology and comparison to abdominal (dissected) microbiota. Diversity and distribution of tropical bee microbes (TBM) within the corbiculate bee clade were emphasized. RESULTS We found the eusocial corbiculate bees tended to possess a more conserved gut microbiome, attributable to vertical transmission, but microbial composition varied among closely related species. Euglossine bees (or orchid bees), corbiculates with mainly solitary behavior, had more variable gut microbiomes. Their shorter-tongued and highly seasonal species displayed greater diversity, attributable to flower-visiting habits. Surprisingly, many stingless bees, the oldest corbiculate clade, lacked bacterial genera thought to predate eusociality, while several facultatively social, and solitary bee species possessed those bacterial taxa. Indeed, nearly all bee species displayed a range of affinities for single or multiple variants of the "socially associated" bacterial taxa, which unexpectedly demonstrated high sequence variation. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results call into question whether specific bacterial associates facilitate eusocial behavior, or are subsequently adopted, or indicate frequent horizontal transmission between perennial eusocial colonies and other social, facultatively social, and solitary bees. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan G Kueneman
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama.
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Comstock Hall, 2126, Ithaca, NY, 14853, Czech Republic.
| | - Ernesto Bonadies
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | | | - David W Roubik
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
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2
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Abstract
Stingless bees form perennial colonies of honey-making insects. The >600 species of stingless bees, mainly Neotropical, live throughout tropical latitudes. Foragers influence floral biology, plant reproduction, microbe dispersal, and diverse ecosystem functions. As tropical forest residents since the upper Cretaceous, they have had a long evolutionary history without competition from honey bees. Most stingless bees are smaller than any Apis species and recruit nest mates to resources, while their defense strategies exclude stinging behavior but incorporate biting. Stingless bees have diversified ecologically; excel in nesting site selection and mutualisms with plants, arthropods, and microbes; and display opportunism, including co-opting plant defenses. As their biology becomes better known, applications to human endeavors are imposing selective pressures from exploitation and approaches to conservation that entail colony extraction from wildlands. Although some meliponines can adjust to new conditions, their populations shall require tropical diversity for survival and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Roubik
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Republic of Panamá;
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3
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Duell ME, Klok CJ, Roubik DW, Harrison JF. Size-dependent Scaling of Stingless Bee Flight Metabolism Reveals an Energetic Benefit to Small Body Size. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:icac131. [PMID: 36066644 PMCID: PMC9825317 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the effect of body size on flight costs is critical for development of models of aerodynamics and animal energetics. Prior scaling studies that have shown that flight costs scale hypometrically have focused primarily on larger (> 100 mg) insects and birds, but most flying species are smaller. We studied the flight physiology of thirteen stingless bee species over a large range of body sizes (1-115 mg). Metabolic rate during hovering scaled hypermetrically (scaling slope = 2.11). Larger bees had warm thoraxes while small bees were nearly ecothermic; however, even controlling for body temperature variation, flight metabolic rate scaled hypermetrically across this clade. Despite having a lower mass-specific metabolic rate during flight, smaller bees could carry the same proportional load. Wingbeat frequency did not vary with body size, in contrast to most studies that find wingbeat frequency increases as body size decreases. Smaller stingless bees have greater relative forewing surface area which may help them reduce the energy requirements needed to fly. Further, we hypothesize that the relatively larger heads of smaller species may change their body pitch in flight. Synthesizing across all flying insects, we demonstrate that the scaling of flight metabolic rate changes from hypermetric to hypometric at approximately 58 mg body mass with hypermetic scaling below (slope = 1.2) and hypometric scaling (slope = 0.67) above 58 mg in body mass. The reduced cost of flight likely provides selective advantages for the evolution of small body size in insects. The biphasic scaling of flight metabolic rates and wingbeat frequencies in insects supports the hypothesis that the scaling of metabolic rate is closely related to the power requirements of locomotion and cycle frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E Duell
- Department of Biology, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - C Jaco Klok
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA
| | - David W Roubik
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Luis Clement Avenue, Bldg. 401 Tupper, Balboa Ancon, Panama City, Republic of Panama
| | - Jon F Harrison
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA
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Roubik DW, Basset Y, Lopez Y, Bobadilla R, Perez F, Ramírez S. JA. Long‐term (1979–2019) dynamics of protected orchid bees in Panama. Conservat Sci and Prac 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David W. Roubik
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa Republic of Panama
| | - Yves Basset
- ForestGEO; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa Republic of Panama
- Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia Budejovice Czech Republic
- Institute of Entomology Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences Budejovice Czech Republic
- Maestría de Entomología Universidad de Panamá Panama City Republic of Panama
| | - Yacksecari Lopez
- ForestGEO; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa Republic of Panama
| | - Ricardo Bobadilla
- ForestGEO; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa Republic of Panama
| | - Filonila Perez
- ForestGEO; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa Republic of Panama
| | - José Alejandro Ramírez S.
- ForestGEO; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa Republic of Panama
- Maestría de Entomología Universidad de Panamá Panama City Republic of Panama
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Roubik DW. Mutualism within a parasitism within a mutualism: the bees and coccids that inhabit Cecropia ant-plants. Ecology 2021; 102:e03367. [PMID: 33866557 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David W Roubik
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Republic of Panama
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Crespo-Pérez V, Kazakou E, Roubik DW, Cárdenas RE. The importance of insects on land and in water: a tropical view. Curr Opin Insect Sci 2020; 40:31-38. [PMID: 32563991 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tropical insects are astonishingly diverse and abundant yet receive only marginal scientific attention. In natural tropical settings, insects are involved in regulating and supporting ecosystem services including seed dispersal, pollination, organic matter decomposition, nutrient cycling, herbivory, food webs and water quality, which in turn help fulfill UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Current and future global changes that affect insect diversity and distribution could disrupt key ecosystem services and impose important threats on ecosystems and human well-being. A significant increase in our knowledge of tropical insect roles in ecosystem processes is thus vital to ensure sustainable development on a rapidly changing planet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Crespo-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Entomología, Museo de Zoología QCAZ I, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Apartado: 17-01-2184 Quito, Ecuador.
| | - Elena Kazakou
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, Institut Agro, IRD, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - David W Roubik
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Republic of Panama
| | - Rafael E Cárdenas
- Laboratorio de Entomología, Museo de Zoología QCAZ I, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Apartado: 17-01-2184 Quito, Ecuador.
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Rozen JG, Smith CS, Roubik DW. Egg and Mature Larva of a Species of Plebeia with a Preliminary Overview of the Mature Larvae of the Meliponini Relative to Those of Other Corbiculate Taxa (Apoidea: Apidae). American Museum Novitates 2019. [DOI: 10.1206/3940.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Baudier KM, Ostwald MM, Grüter C, Segers FHID, Roubik DW, Pavlic TP, Pratt SC, Fewell JH. Changing of the guard: mixed specialization and flexibility in nest defense (Tetragonisca angustula). Behav Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arz047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Task allocation is a central challenge of collective behavior in a variety of group-living species, and this is particularly the case for the allocation of social insect workers for group defense. In social insects, both benefits and considerable costs are associated with the production of specialized soldiers. We asked whether colonies mitigate costs of production of specialized soldiers by simultaneously employing behavioral flexibility in nonspecialist workers that can augment defense capabilities at short time scales. We studied colonies of the stingless bee Tetragonisca angustula, a species that has 2 discrete nest-guarding tasks typically performed by majors: hovering guarding and standing guarding. Majors showed age polyethism across nest-guarding tasks, first hovering and then changing to the task of standing guarding after 1 week. Colonies were also able to reassign minors to guarding tasks when majors were experimentally removed. Replacement guards persisted in nest defense tasks until colonies produced enough majors to return to their initial state. Tetragonisca angustula colonies thus employed a coordinated set of specialization strategies in nest defense: morphologically specialized soldiers, age polyethism among soldiers within specific guarding tasks, and rapid flexible reallocation of nonspecialists to guarding during soldier loss. This mixed strategy achieves the benefits of a highly specialized defensive force while maintaining the potential for rapid reinforcement when soldiers are lost or colonies face unexpectedly intense attack.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christoph Grüter
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Biozentrum I, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Francisca H I D Segers
- Department for Applied Bioinformatics, Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - David W Roubik
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Theodore P Pavlic
- Decision Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Wrigley Hall, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Stephen C Pratt
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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9
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Jernigan CM, Birgiolas J, McHugh C, Roubik DW, Wcislo WT, Smith BH. Colony-level non-associative plasticity of alarm responses in the stingless honey bee, Tetragonisca angustula. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2018; 72:58. [PMID: 30774186 PMCID: PMC6373452 DOI: 10.1007/s00265-018-2471-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In ants, bees, and other social Hymenoptera alarm pheromones are widely employed to coordinate colony nest defense. In that context, alarm pheromones elicit innate species-specific defensive behaviors. Therefore, in terms of classical conditioning, an alarm pheromone could act as an unconditioned stimulus (US). Here we test this hypothesis by establishing whether repeated exposure to alarm pheromone in different testing contexts modifies the alarm response. We evaluate colony level alarm responses in the stingless bee, Tetragonisca angustula, which has a morphologically distinct guard caste. First, we describe the overall topology of defense behaviors in the presence of an alarm pheromone. Second, we show that repeated, regular exposure to synthetic alarm pheromone reduces different components of the alarm response, and memory of that exposure decays over time. This observed decrease followed by recovery occurs over different time frames and is consistent with behavioral habituation. We further tested whether the alarm pheromone can act as a US to classically condition guards to modify their defense behaviors in the presence of a novel (conditioned) stimulus (CS). We found no consistent changes in the response to the CS. Our study demonstrates the possibility that colony-level alarm responses can be adaptively modified by experience in response to changing environmental threats. Further studies are now needed to reveal the extent of these habituation-like responses in regard to other pheromones, the potential mechanisms that underlie this phenomenon, and the range of adaptive contexts in which they function at the colony level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Jernigan
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe,
Arizona
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancon, Balboa,
Republic of Panama
| | - Justas Birgiolas
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe,
Arizona
| | - Cora McHugh
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe,
Arizona
| | - David W. Roubik
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancon, Balboa,
Republic of Panama
| | - William T. Wcislo
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancon, Balboa,
Republic of Panama
| | - Brian H. Smith
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe,
Arizona
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10
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Rodríguez E, Weber JM, Pagé B, Roubik DW, Suarez RK, Darveau CA. Setting the pace of life: membrane composition of flight muscle varies with metabolic rate of hovering orchid bees. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 282:rspb.2014.2232. [PMID: 25652831 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.2232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Patterns of metabolic rate variation have been documented extensively in animals, but their functional basis remains elusive. The membrane pacemaker hypothesis proposes that the relative abundance of polyunsaturated fatty acids in membrane phospholipids sets the metabolic rate of organisms. Using species of tropical orchid bees spanning a 16-fold range in body size, we show that the flight muscles of smaller bees have more linoleate (%18 : 3) and stearate (%18 : 0), but less oleate (%18 : 1). More importantly, flight metabolic rate (FlightMR) varies with the relative abundance of 18 : 3 according to the predictions of the membrane pacemaker hypothesis. Although this relationship was found across large differences in metabolic rate, a direct association could not be detected when taking phylogeny and body mass into account. Higher FlightMR, however, was related to lower %16 : 0, independent of phylogeny and body mass. Therefore, this study shows that flight muscle membrane composition plays a significant role in explaining diversity in FlightMR, but that body mass and phylogeny are other factors contributing to their variation. Multiple factors are at play to modulate metabolic capacity, and changing membrane composition can have gradual and stepwise effects to achieve a new range of metabolic rates. Orchid bees illustrate the correlated evolution between membrane composition and metabolic rate, supporting the functional link proposed in the membrane pacemaker hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Rodríguez
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Jean-Michel Weber
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Benoît Pagé
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - David W Roubik
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Republic of Panama
| | - Raul K Suarez
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9610, USA
| | - Charles-A Darveau
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
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11
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Deng X, Mohandass D, Katabuchi M, Hughes AC, Roubik DW. Impact of Striped-Squirrel Nectar-Robbing Behaviour on Gender Fitness in Alpinia roxburghii Sweet (Zingiberaceae). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144585. [PMID: 26689684 PMCID: PMC4687006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nectar-robbing has the potential to strongly affect male and female reproductive fitness of plants. One example of nectar theft is that shown by striped-squirrels (Tamiops swinhoei) on a number of ginger species, including Alpinia roxburghii and A. kwangsiensis (Zingiberaceae). In this study, we used a fluorescent dye as a pollen analogue, and measured fruit and seed output, to test the effect of squirrel nectar-robbing on A. roxburghii reproductive fitness. Pollen transfer between robbed and unrobbed flowers was assessed by comparing 60 randomly established plots containing robbed and unrobbed flowers. The frequency of squirrel robbing visits and broken styles were recorded from a number of flowers for five consecutive days. Two bee species (Bombus eximius and Apis cerana), were the primary pollinators, and their visitation frequency was recorded for six consecutive days. The results showed that fluorescent powder from unrobbed flowers was dispersed further, and to a greater number of flowers than that placed on robbed flowers. Additionally, robbing flowers caused significant damage to reproductive organs, resulting in lower fruit and seed sets in robbed than in unrobbed flowers and influencing both male and female fitness. The frequency of the primary pollinator visits (B. eximius) was significantly higher for unrobbed plants than for robbed plants. The present study clearly shows the negative impact of squirrel robbing on A. roxburghii male reproductive fitness and neutral impact on female reproductive fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobao Deng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden (XTBG), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla County, Yunnan– 666 303, P.R. China
| | - Dharmalingam Mohandass
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden (XTBG), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla County, Yunnan– 666 303, P.R. China
| | - Masatoshi Katabuchi
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, 322 Carr Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States of America
| | - Alice C. Hughes
- Centre for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden (XTBG), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla County, Yunnan– 666 303, P.R. China
| | - David W. Roubik
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden (XTBG), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla County, Yunnan– 666 303, P.R. China
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, APDO 0843–03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
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Basset Y, Cizek L, Cuénoud P, Didham RK, Novotny V, Ødegaard F, Roslin T, Tishechkin AK, Schmidl J, Winchester NN, Roubik DW, Aberlenc HP, Bail J, Barrios H, Bridle JR, Castaño-Meneses G, Corbara B, Curletti G, Duarte da Rocha W, De Bakker D, Delabie JHC, Dejean A, Fagan LL, Floren A, Kitching RL, Medianero E, Gama de Oliveira E, Orivel J, Pollet M, Rapp M, Ribeiro SP, Roisin Y, Schmidt JB, Sørensen L, Lewinsohn TM, Leponce M. Arthropod Distribution in a Tropical Rainforest: Tackling a Four Dimensional Puzzle. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144110. [PMID: 26633187 PMCID: PMC4669110 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantifying the spatio-temporal distribution of arthropods in tropical rainforests represents a first step towards scrutinizing the global distribution of biodiversity on Earth. To date most studies have focused on narrow taxonomic groups or lack a design that allows partitioning of the components of diversity. Here, we consider an exceptionally large dataset (113,952 individuals representing 5,858 species), obtained from the San Lorenzo forest in Panama, where the phylogenetic breadth of arthropod taxa was surveyed using 14 protocols targeting the soil, litter, understory, lower and upper canopy habitats, replicated across seasons in 2003 and 2004. This dataset is used to explore the relative influence of horizontal, vertical and seasonal drivers of arthropod distribution in this forest. We considered arthropod abundance, observed and estimated species richness, additive decomposition of species richness, multiplicative partitioning of species diversity, variation in species composition, species turnover and guild structure as components of diversity. At the scale of our study (2 km of distance, 40 m in height and 400 days), the effects related to the vertical and seasonal dimensions were most important. Most adult arthropods were collected from the soil/litter or the upper canopy and species richness was highest in the canopy. We compared the distribution of arthropods and trees within our study system. Effects related to the seasonal dimension were stronger for arthropods than for trees. We conclude that: (1) models of beta diversity developed for tropical trees are unlikely to be applicable to tropical arthropods; (2) it is imperative that estimates of global biodiversity derived from mass collecting of arthropods in tropical rainforests embrace the strong vertical and seasonal partitioning observed here; and (3) given the high species turnover observed between seasons, global climate change may have severe consequences for rainforest arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Basset
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, STRI-Research, 080814 Panama City, Republic of Panama
- University of South Bohemia, Biological Faculy, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Universidad de Panamá, Maestria de Entomologia, 080814 Panama City, Republic of Panama
| | - Lukas Cizek
- University of South Bohemia, Biological Faculy, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Philippe Cuénoud
- Muséum d'histoire naturelle de la Ville de Genève, Département des arthropodes et d'entomologie I, 1208 Genève, Switzerland
| | - Raphael K. Didham
- The University of Western Australia, School of Animal Biology and CSIRO Land & Water, 6009 Perth, Australia
| | - Vojtech Novotny
- University of South Bohemia, Biological Faculy, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Frode Ødegaard
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, 7485 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tomas Roslin
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Ecology, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alexey K. Tishechkin
- National Museum of Natural History, Department of Entomology, Washington, DC 20013–7012, United States of America
| | - Jürgen Schmidl
- University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Department of Biology, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - David W. Roubik
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, STRI-Research, 080814 Panama City, Republic of Panama
| | - Henri-Pierre Aberlenc
- Cirad, Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des populations, 34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | | | - Héctor Barrios
- Universidad de Panamá, Maestria de Entomologia, 080814 Panama City, Republic of Panama
| | - Jonathan R. Bridle
- University of Bristol, School of Biological Sciences, Bristol BS8 1TH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bruno Corbara
- CNRS, UMR 6023, 63177 Aubière & Université Blaise Pascal, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Wesley Duarte da Rocha
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, 31270–901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Domir De Bakker
- Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Operational Directorate Natural Environment, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jacques H. C. Delabie
- Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau, Convênio UESC-CEPLAC, 45600–000, Itabuna & Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, 45662–900 Ilhéus-Bahia, Brazil
| | - Alain Dejean
- University of Toulouse III, UMR EcoFoG, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Laura L. Fagan
- Western Australia Department of Agriculture and Food, Biosecurity and Regulations, 6151 Perth, Australia
| | - Andreas Floren
- Universität Würzburg, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Roger L. Kitching
- Griffith University, School of Environment, Nathan QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Enrique Medianero
- Universidad de Panamá, Maestria de Entomologia, 080814 Panama City, Republic of Panama
| | | | | | - Marc Pollet
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Research Group Species Diversity, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Sérvio P. Ribeiro
- Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, 35400–000 Ouro Preto-MG, Brazil
| | - Yves Roisin
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Thomas M. Lewinsohn
- University of Campinas, Departamento de Biologia Animal, 13083–870 Campinas, Brazil
| | - Maurice Leponce
- Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Operational Directorate Natural Environment, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
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Lebuhn G, Droege S, Connor EF, Gemmill-Herren B, Potts SG, Minckley RL, Jean RP, Kula E, Roubik DW, Wright KW, Frankie G, Parker F. Evidence-based conservation: reply to Tepedino et al. Conserv Biol 2015; 29:283-285. [PMID: 25545768 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen Lebuhn
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, 94132, U.S.A..
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Lebuhn G, Droege S, Connor EF, Gemmill-Herren B, Potts SG, Minckley RL, Griswold T, Jean R, Kula E, Roubik DW, Cane J, Wright KW, Frankie G, Parker F. Detecting insect pollinator declines on regional and global scales. Conserv Biol 2013; 27:113-120. [PMID: 23240651 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01962.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Recently there has been considerable concern about declines in bee communities in agricultural and natural habitats. The value of pollination to agriculture, provided primarily by bees, is >$200 billion/year worldwide, and in natural ecosystems it is thought to be even greater. However, no monitoring program exists to accurately detect declines in abundance of insect pollinators; thus, it is difficult to quantify the status of bee communities or estimate the extent of declines. We used data from 11 multiyear studies of bee communities to devise a program to monitor pollinators at regional, national, or international scales. In these studies, 7 different methods for sampling bees were used and bees were sampled on 3 different continents. We estimated that a monitoring program with 200-250 sampling locations each sampled twice over 5 years would provide sufficient power to detect small (2-5%) annual declines in the number of species and in total abundance and would cost U.S.$2,000,000. To detect declines as small as 1% annually over the same period would require >300 sampling locations. Given the role of pollinators in food security and ecosystem function, we recommend establishment of integrated regional and international monitoring programs to detect changes in pollinator communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen Lebuhn
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA.
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Abstract
Summary
Associative color learning has been demonstrated to be very poor using restrained European honey bees unless the antennae are amputated. Consequently, our understanding of proximate mechanisms in visual information processing is handicapped. Here we test learning performance of Africanized honey bees under restrained conditions with visual and olfactory stimulation using the proboscis extension response (PER) protocol. Restrained individuals were trained to learn an association between a color stimulus and a sugar-water reward. We evaluated performance for "absolute" learning (learned association between a stimulus and a reward) and "discriminant" learning (discrimination between two stimuli). Restrained Africanized honey bees (AHBs) readily learned the association of color stimulus for both blue and green LED stimuli in absolute and discriminatory learning tasks within 7 presentations, but not with violet as the rewarded color. Additionally, 24-hour memory improved considerably during the discrimination task, compared to absolute association (15%-55%). We found that antennal amputation was unnecessary and reduced performance in AHBs. Thus color learning can now be studied using the PER protocol with intact AHBs. This finding opens the way toward investigating visual and multimodal learning with application of neural techniques commonly used in restrained honey bees.
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Basset Y, Cizek L, Cuénoud P, Didham RK, Guilhaumon F, Missa O, Novotny V, Ødegaard F, Roslin T, Schmidl J, Tishechkin AK, Winchester NN, Roubik DW, Aberlenc HP, Bail J, Barrios H, Bridle JR, Castaño-Meneses G, Corbara B, Curletti G, Duarte da Rocha W, De Bakker D, Delabie JHC, Dejean A, Fagan LL, Floren A, Kitching RL, Medianero E, Miller SE, Gama de Oliveira E, Orivel J, Pollet M, Rapp M, Ribeiro SP, Roisin Y, Schmidt JB, Sørensen L, Leponce M. Arthropod diversity in a tropical forest. Science 2012; 338:1481-4. [PMID: 23239740 DOI: 10.1126/science.1226727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Most eukaryotic organisms are arthropods. Yet, their diversity in rich terrestrial ecosystems is still unknown. Here we produce tangible estimates of the total species richness of arthropods in a tropical rainforest. Using a comprehensive range of structured protocols, we sampled the phylogenetic breadth of arthropod taxa from the soil to the forest canopy in the San Lorenzo forest, Panama. We collected 6144 arthropod species from 0.48 hectare and extrapolated total species richness to larger areas on the basis of competing models. The whole 6000-hectare forest reserve most likely sustains 25,000 arthropod species. Notably, just 1 hectare of rainforest yields >60% of the arthropod biodiversity held in the wider landscape. Models based on plant diversity fitted the accumulated species richness of both herbivore and nonherbivore taxa exceptionally well. This lends credence to global estimates of arthropod biodiversity developed from plant models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Basset
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Republic of Panama.
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Aebi A, Vaissière BE, vanEngelsdorp D, Delaplane KS, Roubik DW, Neumann P. Back to the future: Apis versus non-Apis pollination—a response to Ollerton et al. Trends Ecol Evol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2011.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Wikelski M, Moxley J, Eaton-Mordas A, López-Uribe MM, Holland R, Moskowitz D, Roubik DW, Kays R. Large-range movements of neotropical orchid bees observed via radio telemetry. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10738. [PMID: 20520813 PMCID: PMC2877081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neotropical orchid bees (Euglossini) are often cited as classic examples of trapline-foragers with potentially extensive foraging ranges. If long-distance movements are habitual, rare plants in widely scattered locations may benefit from euglossine pollination services. Here we report the first successful use of micro radio telemetry to track the movement of an insect pollinator in a complex and forested environment. Our results indicate that individual male orchid bees (Exaerete frontalis) habitually use large rainforest areas (at least 42-115 ha) on a daily basis. Aerial telemetry located individuals up to 5 km away from their core areas, and bees were often stationary, for variable periods, between flights to successive localities. These data suggest a higher degree of site fidelity than what may be expected in a free living male bee, and has implications for our understanding of biological activity patterns and the evolution of forest pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wikelski
- Department of Migration and Immuno-Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Republic of Panama
| | - Jerry Moxley
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Alexander Eaton-Mordas
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | | | - Richard Holland
- Department of Migration and Immuno-Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Radolfzell, Germany
| | - David Moskowitz
- EcolSciences, Inc., Rockaway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - David W. Roubik
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Republic of Panama
| | - Roland Kays
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Republic of Panama
- New York State Museum, Albany, New York, United States of America
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Darveau CA, Hochachka PW, Welch KC, Roubik DW, Suarez RK. Allometric scaling of flight energetics in Panamanian orchid bees: a comparative phylogenetic approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 208:3581-91. [PMID: 16155229 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.01776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between body size and flight energetics was studied in the clade of tropical orchid bees, in order to investigate energy metabolism and evolution. Body mass, which varied from 47 to 1065 mg, was found to strongly affect hovering flight mass-specific metabolic rates, which ranged from 114 ml CO(2) h(-1) g(-1) in small species to 37 ml CO(2) h(-1) g(-1) in large species. Similar variation of wingbeat frequency in hovering flight occurred among small to large species, and ranged from 250 to 86 Hz. The direct relationship between such traits was studied by the comparative method of phylogenetically independent contrasts (PIC), using a new molecular phylogeny generated from the cytochrome b gene partial sequences. We found wingbeat frequency variation is satisfactorily explained by variation in wing loading, after corrections for body mass and phylogeny. The correlated evolution of mass-specific metabolic rate, wingbeat frequency and wing loading was also revealed after correcting for phylogeny and body mass. Further, the effect of body size on flight energetics can be understood in terms of a relationship between wing form and kinematics, which directly influence and explain the scaling of metabolic rate in this group of bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles-A Darveau
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Suarez RK, Darveau CA, Welch KC, O'Brien DM, Roubik DW, Hochachka PW. Energy metabolism in orchid bee flight muscles: carbohydrate fuels all. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 208:3573-9. [PMID: 16155228 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.01775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The widely accepted idea that bees fuel flight through the oxidation of carbohydrate is based on studies of only a few species. We tested this hypothesis as part of our research program to investigate the size-dependence of flight energetics in Panamanian orchid bees. We succeeded in measuring rates of O(2) consumption and CO(2) production in vivo during hovering flight, as well as maximal activities (V(max) values) in vitro of key enzymes in flight muscle energy metabolism in nine species belonging to four genera. Respiratory quotients (ratios of rates of CO(2) production to O(2) consumption) in all nine species are close to 1.0. This indicates that carbohydrate is the main fuel used for flight. Trehalase, glycogen phosphorylase and hexokinase activities are sufficient to account for the glycolytic flux rates estimated from rates of CO(2) production. High activities of other glycolytic enzymes, as well as high activities of mitochondrial oxidative enzymes, are consistent with the estimated rates of carbohydrate-fueled oxidative metabolism. In contrast, hydroxyacylCoA dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in fatty acid oxidation, was not detectable in any species. Thoracic homogenates displayed ADP-stimulated oxidition of pyruvate + proline, but did not oxidize palmitoyl l-carnitine + proline as substrates. A metabolic map, based on data reported herein and information from the literature, is presented. The evidence available supports the hypothesis that carbohydrate serves as the main fuel for flight in bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul K Suarez
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9610, USA.
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Eltz T, Roubik DW, Lunau K. Experience-dependent choices ensure species-specific fragrance accumulation in male orchid bees. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-005-0093-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Darveau CA, Hochachka PW, Roubik DW, Suarez RK. Allometric scaling of flight energetics in orchid bees: evolution of flux capacities and flux rates. J Exp Biol 2005; 208:3593-602. [PMID: 16155230 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.01777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYThe evolution of metabolic pathways involved in energy production was studied in the flight muscles of 28 species of orchid bees. Previous work revealed that wingbeat frequencies and mass-specific metabolic rates decline in parallel by threefold as body mass increases interspecifically over a 20-fold range. We investigated the correlated evolution of metabolic rates during hovering flight and the flux capacities, i.e. Vmaxvalues, of flight muscle enzymes involved in substrate catabolism, the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain. Vmax at the hexokinase (HK) step scales allometrically with an exponent almost identical to those obtained for wingbeat frequency and mass-specific metabolic rate. Analysis of this relationship using phylogenetically independent contrasts supports the hypothesis of correlated evolution between HK activity and mass-specific metabolic rate. Although other enzymes scale allometrically with respect to body mass, e.g. trehalase, glycogen phosphorylase and citrate synthase, no other enzyme activities were correlated with metabolic rate after controlling for phylogenetic relatedness. Pathway flux rates were used with enzyme Vmax values to estimate fractional velocities(fraction of Vmax at which enzymes operate) for various reactions to gain insights into enzyme function and how this varies with body mass. Fractional velocity is highly conserved across species at the HK step,but varied at all other steps examined. These results are discussed in the context of the regulation and evolution of pathways of energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles-A Darveau
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Dick CW, Roubik DW, Gruber KF, Bermingham E. Long-distance gene flow and cross-Andean dispersal of lowland rainforest bees (Apidae: Euglossini) revealed by comparative mitochondrial DNA phylogeography. Mol Ecol 2005; 13:3775-85. [PMID: 15548290 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2004.02374.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Euglossine bees (Apidae; Euglossini) exclusively pollinate hundreds of orchid species and comprise up to 25% of bee species richness in neotropical rainforests. As one of the first studies of comparative phylogeography in a neotropical insect group, we performed a mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-based analysis of 14 euglossine species represented by populations sampled across the Andes and/or across the Amazon basin. The mtDNA divergences within species were consistently low; across the 12 monophyletic species the mean intraspecific divergence among haplotypes was 0.9% (range of means, 0-1.9%). The cytochrome oxidase 1 (CO1) divergence among populations separated by the Andes (N = 11 species) averaged 1.1% (range 0.0-2.0%). The mtDNA CO1 data set displayed homogeneous rates of nucleotide substitution, permitting us to infer dispersal across the cordillera long after the final Andean uplift based on arthropod molecular clocks of 1.2-1.5% divergence per million years. Gene flow across the 3000-km breadth of the Amazon basin was inferred from identical cross-Amazon haplotypes found in five species. Although mtDNA haplotypes for 12 of the 14 euglossine species were monophyletic, a reticulate CO1 phylogeny was recovered in Euglossa cognata and E. mixta, suggesting large ancestral populations and recent speciation. Reference to closely related outgroups suggested recent speciation for the majority of species. Phylogeographical structure across a broad spatial scale is weaker in euglossine bees than in any neotropical group previously examined, and may derive from a combination of Quaternary speciation, population expansion and/or long-distance gene flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Dick
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Unit 0948, APO, AA 34002-0948, USA.
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Kawakita A, Sota T, Ito M, Ascher JS, Tanaka H, Kato M, Roubik DW. Erratum to “Phylogeny, historical biogeography, and character evolution in bumble bees (Bombus: Apidae) based on simultaneous analysis of three nuclear gene sequences” [Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 31 (2004) 799–804]. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2004.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Degen B, Roubik DW. Effects of Animal Pollination on Pollen Dispersal, Selfing, and Effective Population Size of Tropical Trees: A Simulation Study. Biotropica 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2004.tb00309.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Pollination deficits in agricultural and natural systems are suggestive of large reductions in pollinator populations. However, actual declines are difficult to demonstrate using census data. Here, we show census data to be misleading because many abundant pollinators exhibit high levels of production of sterile diploid males usually found only in small inbred hymenopteran populations; Euglossa imperialis exhibits high levels of diploid male production induced by low effective population sizes (Ne approximately 15), despite being the most abundant orchid bee in lowland tropical forests in Panama. We caution that although some pollinators appear abundant on the basis of census data, their long-term persistence may be highly tenuous based on genetic evidence. We propose the use of diploid male frequency data as a metric for assessing the sustainability of bee populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amro Zayed
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada.
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Kawakita A, Sota T, Ito M, Ascher JS, Tanaka H, Kato M, Roubik DW. Phylogeny, historical biogeography, and character evolution in bumble bees (Bombus: Apidae) based on simultaneous analysis of three nuclear gene sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2004; 31:799-804. [PMID: 15062814 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2003.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2003] [Revised: 12/07/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kawakita
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Degen B, Roubik DW. Effects of Animal Pollination on Pollen Dispersal, Selfing, and Effective Population Size of Tropical Trees: A Simulation Study1. Biotropica 2004. [DOI: 10.1646/q1554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Male euglossine bees collect fragrances from various sources, which they store and use for as yet unknown purposes. They are attracted, often specifically, to single odor compounds and blends thereof. We used gas chromatography with electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and electroantennography (EAG) to investigate the response to 8 odor compounds by males of two euglossine species, Euglossa cybelia Moure and Eulaema polychroma (Mocsàry). In E. cybelia, we recorded EAD reactions in response to 1,8-cineole, methyl benzoate, benzyl actetate, methyl salicylate, eugenol, and methyl cinnamate. E. polychroma responded to the same compounds in EAG experiments, while (1s)(-)alpha-pinene and beta-pinene failed to trigger EAD or EAG responses in the bees. Blends of two compounds triggered larger responses than single compounds in EAG experiments with E. polychroma, however, when alpha-pinene was added, reactions decreased. In the light of existing data on the bees' behavior towards these odor compounds, our work indicates that both peripheral and central nervous processes influence the attraction of euglossine bees to odors.
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Affiliation(s)
- F P Schiestl
- Geobotanical Institute ETH, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zürich.
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Abstract
The self-pollinating African shrub Coffea arabica, a pillar of tropical agriculture, was considered to gain nothing from insect pollinators. But I show here that naturalized, non-native honeybees can augment pollination and boost crop yields by over 50%. These findings, together with world coffee-harvest statistics and results from field studies of organically shade-grown coffee, indicate that coffee plants would benefit from being grown in habitats that are suitable for sustaining valuable pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Roubik
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, 34002-0948, USA.
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Roubik DW. SEARCHING FOR GENETIC PATTERN IN ORCHID BEES: A REPLY TO TAKAHASHI ET AL. Evolution 2001. [DOI: 10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[1900:sfgpio]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
The Bees of the World
. Charles D. Michener. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, 2000. 929 pp. $135, £93. ISBN 0-8018-6133-0.
As the capstone of his research over more than a half century, Michener offers a comprehensive taxonomic and phylogenetic framework for bee biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. Roubik
- The author is at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama
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Peters JM, Queller DC, Imperatriz–Fonseca VL, Roubik DW, Strassmann JE. Mate number, kin selection and social conflicts in stingless bees and honeybees. Proc Biol Sci 1999. [DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1999.0648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John M. Peters
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Rice University, POBox 1892, Houston,TX 77251–1892, USA
| | - David C. Queller
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Rice University, POBox 1892, Houston,TX 77251–1892, USA
| | - Vera L. Imperatriz–Fonseca
- Departamento de Ecologia Geral, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matao–Travessa 14, SP 05508–900,São Paulo, Brasil
| | - David W. Roubik
- SmithsonianTropical Research Institute, Apartado 2072, Balboa, Republic of Panama
| | - Joan E. Strassmann
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Rice University, POBox 1892, Houston,TX 77251–1892, USA
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Kuno E, Roubik DW. Obituary. POPUL ECOL 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02765272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Page RE, Roubik DW. Tropical Bees. Evolution 1991. [DOI: 10.2307/2409688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Gilliam M, Buchmann SL, Lorenz BJ, Roubik DW. Microbiology of the Larval Provisions of the Stingless Bee, Trigona hypogea, an Obligate Necrophage. Biotropica 1985. [DOI: 10.2307/2388374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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48
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50
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Abstract
The social bee Trigona hypogea uses carrion instead of pollen as a protein source. Nests lack stored pollen, pollen is absent in larval provisions, and corbiculae for pollen transport on worker hind legs are reduced. Glandular secretions of 20 percent protein content appear to replace stored pollen. Toothed mandibles, pheromonal recruitment to resources, and aggressive foraging behavior facilitated evolution of necrophagy in this tropical forest bee lineage.
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