Serum antibodies from epileptic patients react, at high prevalence, with simian virus 40 mimotopes

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

It has been demonstrated that inflammation may contribute to epileptogenesis and cause neuronal injury in epilepsy. In this study, the prevalence of antibodies to simian virus 40 (SV40), a kidney and neurotropic polyomavirus, was investigated in serum samples from 88 epileptic children/adolescents/young adults.

METHODS

Serum antibodies reacting to specific SV40 peptides were analysed by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Synthetic peptides corresponding to the epitopes of viral capsid proteins 1-3 were used as SV40 antigens.

RESULTS

A significantly higher prevalence of antibodies against SV40 was detected in sera from epileptic patients compared to controls (41% vs. 19%). Specifically, the highest significant difference was revealed in the cohort of patients from 1.1 to 10 years old (54% vs. 21%), with a peak in the sub-cohort of 3.1-6 years old (65% vs. 18%).

CONCLUSION

Our immunological data suggest a strong association between epilepsy and the SV40 infection.

Laser treatment of angiofibromas in tuberous sclerosis

Tuberous sclerosis complex is an autosomal dominant disorder that can cause nonmalignant hamartomas in any organ. Angiofibromas are the most disturbing marker of the disease because they are conspicuously present on the face. We report the case of a 15-year-old girl affected by tuberous sclerosis, whose facial angiofibromas were satisfactorily treated by a green light vascular laser (532 nm).

Acute mastoiditis in children: the "Ferrara" experience

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to investigate the clinical features and outcomes of acute mastoiditis in children referred to the ENT/Audiology Department of the University of Ferrara from January 1994 to December 2005. It also aims to discuss risk factors and to find predictors for surgery.

METHODS

A retrospective study on case sheets of children with an acute mastoiditis diagnosis was carried out. Fifty-five cases fulfilled the inclusion criteria: they presented otoscopical evidence of acute otitis media and inflammatory findings of the mastoid area such as post-auricular swelling, redness or tenderness, protrusion of the auricle and/or radiological findings.

RESULTS

Twenty-six patients were only treated with antibiotic therapy, tympanocentesis alone was performed in 11 cases; in 5, a ventilation tube was positioned. Mastoidectomy was performed in 13 patients. The group who underwent mastoidectomy had a median hospital stay of 15 days (5-54), in this group were found the following complications: 1 meningitis, 1 meningo-encephalitis, 1 lateral and sigmoid sinus thrombosis, 1 facial palsy.

CONCLUSION

the incidence of otomastoiditis does not seem to be decreasing, on the contrary, in some countries, it seems to be on the increase. Our experience cannot confirm a real increase of the incidence but we noted periodic variations during the time of observation. It is important, that careful attention is paid to the clinical assessment of children who are 2-years old or under, as they seem to be more exposed to the risk of clinical complications; therefore, it is highly recommended that the otologist and the paediatrician collaborate closely.

Epidemiology and burden of rotavirus-associated hospitalizations in Ferrara, Italy

Objective of this study was to provide data on hospitalizations for rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) in Ferrara, Italy. The study was conducted analyzing the hospital discharge forms of all children admitted to the Pediatric Department of the University of Ferrara, Arcispedale Sant'Anna, from January 2001 through December 2005. The database was searched for all gastrointestinal diseases and in particular RVGE. During the period under study 3277 children, of which 2038 <60 months of age, were hospitalized; 247 children < 5 years old were admitted for acute gastroenteritis and 89 (4.4% of all and 36% of gastroenteritis-related hospitalizations) had rapid screening tests positive for rotavirus. A seasonal pattern was observed for RVGE with an increase in winter and early spring. The average length of hospital stay was 5.7 days. The median cost of each hospitalized case of RVGE ranged between 1417 and 1595 Euros. The present research confirms that rotavirus gastroenteritis represents an important cause of hospitalization in children and is responsible for significant costs for the Public Health Care System. An effective vaccination program could significantly reduce the incidence of hospitalization and the associated costs.

Primary headaches in preschool age children: clinical study and follow-up in 163 patients

Although headache frequency is increasing in preschool age children, an extensive evaluation of the clinical features in affected patients has yet to be achieved. This retrospective study examined 243 patients who were separately analysed in two distinct groups according to the age of onset and the age of first clinical evaluation. Group 1 included preschool age children, while Group 2 consisted of pubertal age patients. In all the patients the importance of a positive family history for headache as a risk factor was confirmed. In addition, when compared with Group 2, Group 1 showed greater male gender prevalence and earlier onset of the attacks. Regarding clinical features, in Group 1, compared with Group 2, the attack duration was shorter with lower symptom association such as photo- or phonophobia, nausea and no pain increase during physical activity. In the same group, tension-type headache was the predominant diagnosis, in contrast to the high migraine prevalence of Group 2. This study also showed that the International Headache Society 1988 classification criteria are not fully adequate for juvenile headaches. In fact, the headaches of more than 10% of patients in Group 1 still remained unclassifiable, while those of all the subjects in Group 2 were properly classifiable.

Osteoporosis in β-Thalassemia: Clinical and Genetic Aspects

Osteoporosis and osteopenia are frequent complications of thalassemia major (TM) and intermedia (TI). Osteoporosis was found in 23/25 patients with TI and in 115/239 patients with TM. In TM, no association was found with specific polymorphisms in candidate genes (vitamin D receptor, estrogen receptor, calcitonin receptor, and collagen type 1 alpha 1). Osteoporosis in female patients with TM was strongly associated with primary amenorrhea (P < .0001), while in male patients with TM, hypogonadism was not significantly related to bone mineral density (BMD) (P = .0001). Low BMD was also associated with cardiomiopathy (P = .01), diabetes mellitus (P = .0001), chronic hepatitis (P = .0029), and increased ALT (P = .01).

Polyamine depletion inhibits etoposide-induced NF-kappaB activation in transformed mouse fibroblasts

In a previous research, we have shown that adequate levels of polyamines are required in transformed mouse fibroblasts for the correlated activations of MAPK subtypes (ERK and JNK) and caspases induced by etoposide and leading to apoptosis. We report now that the treatment of fibroblasts with etoposide also elicited a progressive and sustained increase of NF-kappaB activation. The DNA binding activity of p65 NF-kappaB subunit was increased up to approximately 4-fold and was accompanied by enhancement of p65 phosphorylation. A two days pre-treatment of fibroblasts with alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), which caused polyamine depletion, provoked a slight activating effect when given alone, but markedly inhibited the etoposide-induced increases in p65 DNA binding and phosphorylation. The NF-kappaB inhibiting effect of DFMO was prevented by the addition of exogenous putrescine, which restored the intracellular content of polyamines. Selective inhibitors of the etoposide-stimulated MAPK subtypes also reduced NF-kappaB activation. Moreover, pharmacological NF-kappaB inhibition reduced the increase in caspase activity and cell death elicited by etoposide, suggesting that NF-kappaB is involved in signaling to apoptosis. The results of the present study, together with our previous findings, suggest that polyamines play a permissive role in the pathways triggered by etoposide and leading to cell death of fibroblasts, by supporting the activation of MAPKs, NF-kappaB and caspases.

[Predictive factors of etiology (bacterial or viral) in acute gastroenteritis in childhood]

The aim of the study was to identify immediate clinical and/or laboratory findings able to differentiate bacterial from viral etiology of acute gastroenteritis in pediatric patients. We studied 52 children, aged between 5 months and 12 years, consecutively admitted to hospital with acute diarrhoea lasting less than 5 days. All the patients were divided into 4 groups according to etiologic agent, subsequently demonstrated by culture: salmonellae (group A), rotavirus (group B); combined salmonellae and rotavirus (group C) and no pathogen (group D). The contemporary presence of fever > 39 degrees C, number of daily liquid stools > 6, presence of bloody diarrhoea, positivity of C-reactive protein and hyponatremia (< 135 mEq/l) allowed to recognize the etiology (viral or bacterial) before results of culture (sensitivity was 71% and specificity was 97%). In particular, hyponatremia resulted significantly lower in group A and C than in group B and D. We concluded that hyponatremia can be considered a marker for acute gastroenteritis caused by salmonellae.

[Etiology and precipitating factors of cyclic vomiting]

The aim of the study was to determine the nature, severity, precipitants and associated features of attacks and the incidence of potential aetiological factors of cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS). Ten patients (6 boys and 4 girls aged 2-12 years) with CVS, defined as recurrent episodes of vomiting with symptom-free intervals occurring two or more times per year, with episodes having a similar pattern and for which no other cause could be found, ten patients (7 boys and 3 girls aged 7-14 years) with migraine, defined as recurrent headache with symptom-free intervals and at least three of the following symptoms or associated findings: abdominal pain, nausea or vomiting, throbbing headache, unilateral location, associated aura (visual, sensory, motor), relief after sleeping and ten controls (6 boys and 4 girls aged 4-13 years) were studied. The mean age at onset of symptoms in patients with CVS was 3.9 years and the mean number of attacks per year was 4, the average duration of episodes was 20.5 hours and the mean number of school missed days were 6 per year. The mean age at onset of symptoms in patients with migraine was 7.6 years and the mean number of attacks per year was 9.9, the average duration of episodes was 8 hours and the mean number of school missed days were 6.4 per year. A family history of migraine was significantly higher in both groups of patients, compared with controls (p = 0.009). A personal history of headache and/or migraine and associated sign or symptoms like recurrent abdominal pains, limb pain and kinetosis was significantly higher in both patients compared with controls (p < 0.001). CVS is a chronic, disabling condition and is a migraine variant, with attacks usually precipitated by stress and intercurrent infections.