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De Angelis M, Casciaro B, Genovese A, Brancaccio D, Marcocci ME, Novellino E, Carotenuto A, Palamara AT, Mangoni ML, Nencioni L. Temporin G, an amphibian antimicrobial peptide against influenza and parainfluenza respiratory viruses: Insights into biological activity and mechanism of action. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21358. [PMID: 33538061 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001885rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of respiratory viral infections remains a global health concern, mainly due to the inefficacy of available drugs. Therefore, the discovery of novel antiviral compounds is needed; in this context, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) like temporins hold great promise. Here, we discovered that the harmless temporin G (TG) significantly inhibited the early life-cycle phases of influenza virus. The in vitro hemagglutinating test revealed the existence of TG interaction with the viral hemagglutinin (HA) protein. Furthermore, the hemolysis inhibition assay and the molecular docking studies confirmed a TG/HA complex formation at the level of the conserved hydrophobic stem groove of HA. Remarkably, these findings highlight the ability of TG to block the conformational rearrangements of HA2 subunit, which are essential for the viral envelope fusion with intracellular endocytic vesicles, thereby neutralizing the virus entry into the host cell. In comparison, in the case of parainfluenza virus, which penetrates host cells upon a membrane-fusion process, addition of TG to infected cells provoked ~1.2 log reduction of viral titer released in the supernatant. Nevertheless, at the same condition, an immunofluorescent assay showed that the expression of viral hemagglutinin/neuraminidase protein was not significantly reduced. This suggested a peptide-mediated block of some late steps of viral replication and therefore the impairment of the extracellular release of viral particles. Overall, our results are the first demonstration of the ability of an AMP to interfere with the replication of respiratory viruses with a different mechanism of cell entry and will open a new avenue for the development of novel therapeutic approaches against a large variety of respiratory viruses, including the recent SARS-CoV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- M De Angelis
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory Affiliated to Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - B Casciaro
- Center For Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - A Genovese
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory Affiliated to Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - D Brancaccio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - M E Marcocci
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory Affiliated to Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - E Novellino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - A Carotenuto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - A T Palamara
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory Affiliated to Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - M L Mangoni
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Laboratory Affiliated to Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - L Nencioni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory Affiliated to Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Bédard A, Antó JM, Fonseca JA, Arnavielhe S, Bachert C, Bedbrook A, Bindslev‐Jensen C, Bosnic‐Anticevich S, Cardona V, Cruz AA, Fokkens WJ, Garcia‐Aymerich J, Hellings PW, Ivancevich JC, Klimek L, Kuna P, Kvedariene V, Larenas‐Linnemann D, Melén E, Monti R, Mösges R, Mullol J, Papadopoulos NG, Pham‐Thi N, Samolinski B, Tomazic PV, Toppila‐Salmi S, Ventura MT, Yorgancioglu A, Bousquet J, Pfaar O, Basagaña X, Aberer W, Agache I, Akdis CA, Akdis M, Aliberti MR, Almeida R, Amat F, Angles R, Annesi‐Maesano I, Ansotegui IJ, Anto JM, Arnavielle S, Asayag E, Asarnoj A, Arshad H, Avolio F, Bacci E, Baiardini I, Barbara C, Barbagallo M, Baroni I, Barreto BA, Bateman ED, Bedolla‐Barajas M, Bewick M, Beghé B, Bel EH, Bergmann KC, Bennoor KS, Benson M, Bertorello L, Białoszewski AZ, Bieber T, Bialek S, Bjermer L, Blain H, Blasi F, Blua A, Bochenska Marciniak M, Bogus‐Buczynska I, Boner AL, Bonini M, Bonini S, Bosse I, Bouchard J, Boulet LP, Bourret R, Bousquet PJ, Braido F, Briedis V, Brightling CE, Brozek J, Bucca C, Buhl R, Buonaiuto R, Panaitescu C, Burguete Cabañas MT, Burte E, Bush A, Caballero‐Fonseca F, Caillaud D, Caimmi D, Calderon MA, Camargos PAM, Camuzat T, Canfora G, Canonica GW, Carlsen KH, Carreiro‐Martins P, Carriazo AM, Carr W, Cartier C, Casale T, Castellano G, Cecchi L, Cepeda AM, Chavannes NH, Chen Y, Chiron R, Chivato T, Chkhartishvili E, Chuchalin AG, Chung KF, Ciaravolo MM, Ciceran A, Cingi C, Ciprandi G, Carvalho Coehlo AC, Colas L, Colgan E, Coll J, Conforti D, Constantinidis J, Correia de Sousa J, Cortés‐Grimaldo RM, Corti F, Costa E, Costa‐Dominguez MC, Courbis AL, Cox L, Crescenzo M, Custovic A, Czarlewski W, Dahlen SE, D'Amato G, Dario C, da Silva J, Dauvilliers Y, Darsow U, De Blay F, De Carlo G, Dedeu T, de Fátima Emerson M, De Feo G, De Vries G, De Martino B, Motta Rubini NP, Deleanu D, Denburg JA, Devillier P, Di Capua Ercolano S, Di Carluccio N, Didier A, Dokic D, Dominguez‐Silva MG, Douagui H, Dray G, Dubakiene R, Durham SR, Du Toit G, Dykewicz MS, El‐Gamal Y, Eklund P, Eller E, Emuzyte R, Farrell J, Farsi A, Ferreira de Mello J, Ferrero J, Fink‐Wagner A, Fiocchi A, Fontaine JF, Forti S, Fuentes‐Perez JM, Gálvez‐Romero JL, Gamkrelidze A, García‐Cobas CY, Garcia‐Cruz MH, Gemicioğlu B, Genova S, Christoff G, Gereda JE, Gerth van Wijk R, Gomez RM, Gómez‐Vera J, González Diaz S, Gotua M, Grisle I, Guidacci M, Guldemond NA, Gutter Z, Guzmán MA, Haahtela T, Hajjam J, Hernández L, Hourihane JO, Huerta‐Villalobos YR, Humbert M, Iaccarino G, Illario M, Ispayeva Z, Jares EJ, Jassem E, Johnston SL, Joos G, Jung KS, Just J, Jutel M, Kaidashev I, Kalayci O, Kalyoncu AF, Karjalainen J, Kardas P, Keil T, Keith PK, Khaitov M, Khaltaev N, Kleine‐Tebbe J, Kowalski ML, Kuitunen M, Kull I, Kupczyk M, Krzych‐Fałta E, Lacwik P, Laune D, Lauri D, Lavrut J, Le LTT, Lessa M, Levato G, Li J, Lieberman P, Lipiec A, Lipworth B, Lodrup Carlsen KC, Louis R, Lourenço O, Luna‐Pech JA, Magnan A, Mahboub B, Maier D, Mair A, Majer I, Malva J, Mandajieva E, Manning P, De Manuel Keenoy E, Marshall GD, Masjedi MR, Maspero JF, Mathieu‐Dupas E, Matta Campos JJ, Matos AL, Maurer M, Mavale‐Manuel S, Mayora O, Meco C, Medina‐Avalos MA, Melo‐Gomes E, Meltzer EO, Menditto E, Mercier J, Miculinic N, Mihaltan F, Milenkovic B, Moda G, Mogica‐Martinez MD, Mohammad Y, Momas I, Montefort S, Mora Bogado D, Morais‐Almeida M, Morato‐Castro FF, Mota‐Pinto A, Moura Santo P, Münter L, Muraro A, Murray R, Naclerio R, Nadif R, Nalin M, Napoli L, Namazova‐Baranova L, Neffen H, Niedeberger V, Nekam K, Neou A, Nieto A, Nogueira‐Silva L, Nogues M, Novellino E, Nyembue TD, O'Hehir RE, Odzhakova C, Ohta K, Okamoto Y, Okubo K, Onorato GL, Ortega Cisneros M, Ouedraogo S, Pali‐Schöll I, Palkonen S, Panzner P, Park HS, Papi A, Passalacqua G, Paulino E, Pawankar R, Pedersen S, Pépin JL, Pereira AM, Persico M, Phillips J, Picard R, Pigearias B, Pin I, Pitsios C, Plavec D, Pohl W, Popov TA, Portejoie F, Potter P, Pozzi AC, Price D, Prokopakis EP, Puy R, Pugin B, Pulido Ross RE, Przemecka M, Rabe KF, Raciborski F, Rajabian‐Soderlund R, Reitsma S, Ribeirinho I, Rimmer J, Rivero‐Yeverino D, Rizzo JA, Rizzo MC, Robalo‐Cordeiro C, Rodenas F, Rodo X, Rodriguez Gonzalez M, Rodriguez‐Mañas L, Rolland C, Rodrigues Valle S, Roman Rodriguez M, Romano A, Rodriguez‐Zagal E, Rolla G, Roller‐Wirnsberger RE, Romano M, Rosado‐Pinto J, Rosario N, Rottem M, Ryan D, Sagara H, Salimäki J, Sanchez‐Borges M, Sastre‐Dominguez J, Scadding GK, Schunemann HJ, Scichilone N, Schmid‐Grendelmeier P, Sarquis Serpa F, Shamai S, Sheikh A, Sierra M, Simons FER, Siroux V, Sisul JC, Skrindo I, Solé D, Somekh D, Sondermann M, Sooronbaev T, Sova M, Sorensen M, Sorlini M, Spranger O, Stellato C, Stelmach R, Stukas R, Sunyer J, Strozek J, Szylling A, Tebyriçá JN, Thibaudon M, To T, Todo‐Bom A, Trama U, Triggiani M, Suppli Ulrik C, Urrutia‐Pereira M, Valenta R, Valero A, Valiulis A, Valovirta E, van Eerd M, van Ganse E, van Hage M, Vandenplas O, Vezzani G, Vasankari T, Vatrella A, Verissimo MT, Viart F, Viegi G, Vicheva D, Vontetsianos T, Wagenmann M, Walker S, Wallace D, Wang DY, Waserman S, Werfel T, Westman M, Wickman M, Williams DM, Williams S, Wilson N, Wright J, Wroczynski P, Yakovliev P, Yawn BP, Yiallouros PK, Yusuf OM, Zar HJ, Zhang L, Zhong N, Zernotti ME, Zhanat I, Zidarn M, Zuberbier T, Zubrinich C, Zurkuhlen A. Correlation between work impairment, scores of rhinitis severity and asthma using the MASK-air ® App. Allergy 2020; 75:1672-1688. [PMID: 31995656 DOI: 10.1111/all.14204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In allergic rhinitis, a relevant outcome providing information on the effectiveness of interventions is needed. In MASK-air (Mobile Airways Sentinel Network), a visual analogue scale (VAS) for work is used as a relevant outcome. This study aimed to assess the performance of the work VAS work by comparing VAS work with other VAS measurements and symptom-medication scores obtained concurrently. METHODS All consecutive MASK-air users in 23 countries from 1 June 2016 to 31 October 2018 were included (14 189 users; 205 904 days). Geolocalized users self-assessed daily symptom control using the touchscreen functionality on their smart phone to click on VAS scores (ranging from 0 to 100) for overall symptoms (global), nose, eyes, asthma and work. Two symptom-medication scores were used: the modified EAACI CSMS score and the MASK control score for rhinitis. To assess data quality, the intra-individual response variability (IRV) index was calculated. RESULTS A strong correlation was observed between VAS work and other VAS. The highest levels for correlation with VAS work and variance explained in VAS work were found with VAS global, followed by VAS nose, eye and asthma. In comparison with VAS global, the mCSMS and MASK control score showed a lower correlation with VAS work. Results are unlikely to be explained by a low quality of data arising from repeated VAS measures. CONCLUSIONS VAS work correlates with other outcomes (VAS global, nose, eye and asthma) but less well with a symptom-medication score. VAS work should be considered as a potentially useful AR outcome in intervention studies.
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Giustiniano M, Mercalli V, Novellino E, Tron GC. An efficient synthesis of 1-arylindazole-3-carboxamides using nitrile imines, isocyanides and 2-hydroxymethylbenzoic acid, followed by a chemoselective Buchwald–Hartwig intramolecular cyclization. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra01442a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A convergent, efficient and regio-selective two-step synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant 1-arylindazole-3-carboxamides through an isocyanide-based reaction and a Buchwald–Hartwig cyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Giustiniano
- Dipartimento di Farmacia
- Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”
- 80131 Napoli
- Italy
| | - V. Mercalli
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco
- Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”
- 28100 Novara
- Italy
| | - E. Novellino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia
- Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”
- 80131 Napoli
- Italy
| | - G. C. Tron
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco
- Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”
- 28100 Novara
- Italy
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Richichi B, Baldoneschi V, Burgalassi S, Fragai M, Vullo D, Akdemir A, Dragoni E, Louka A, Mamusa M, Monti D, Berti D, Novellino E, Rosa GD, Supuran CT, Nativi C. A Divalent PAMAM-Based Matrix Metalloproteinase/Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor for the Treatment of Dry Eye Syndrome. Chemistry 2015; 22:1714-21. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Richichi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”; University of Florence; via della Lastruccia 3-13 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - V. Baldoneschi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”; University of Florence; via della Lastruccia 3-13 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - S. Burgalassi
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Pisa; via Bonanno 33 56126 Pisa Italy
| | - M. Fragai
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”; University of Florence; via della Lastruccia 3-13 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
- CERM; University of Florence; via Sacconi 6 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - D. Vullo
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”; University of Florence; via della Lastruccia 3-13 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - A. Akdemir
- Department of Pharmacy; Faculty of Pharmacy; Bezmialem Vakif University; Vatan Caddesi 34093 Fatih, Istanbul Turkey
| | - E. Dragoni
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”; University of Florence; via della Lastruccia 3-13 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - A. Louka
- CERM; University of Florence; via Sacconi 6 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - M. Mamusa
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”; University of Florence; via della Lastruccia 3-13 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - D. Monti
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Pisa; via Bonanno 33 56126 Pisa Italy
| | - D. Berti
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”; University of Florence; via della Lastruccia 3-13 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - E. Novellino
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Napoli “Federico II” via Montesano 49; 80131 Napoli Italy
| | - G. De Rosa
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Napoli “Federico II” via Montesano 49; 80131 Napoli Italy
| | - C. T. Supuran
- NEUROFARBA Department; University of Florence; via U. Schiff 6 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - C. Nativi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”; University of Florence; via della Lastruccia 3-13 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
- CERM; University of Florence; via Sacconi 6 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
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Scuotto M, Persico M, Bucci M, Vellecco V, Borbone N, Morelli E, Oliviero G, Novellino E, Piccialli G, Cirino G, Varra M, Fattorusso C, Mayol L. Outstanding effects on antithrombin activity of modified TBA diastereomers containing an optically pure acyclic nucleotide analogue. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 12:5235-42. [PMID: 24920241 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00149d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report optically pure modified acyclic nucleosides as ideal probes for aptamer modification. These new monomers offer unique advantages in exploring the role played in thrombin inhibition by a single residue modification at key positions of the TBA structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Scuotto
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
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Sorriento D, Del Giudice C, Bertamino A, Ciccarelli M, Gomez-Monterrey I, Campiglia P, Novellino E, Illario M, Trimarco B, De Luca N, Iaccarino G. New small molecules, ISA27 and SM13, inhibit tumour growth inducing mitochondrial effects of p53. Br J Cancer 2014; 112:77-85. [PMID: 25422906 PMCID: PMC4453617 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND p53 is a transcription factor with tumour suppressor properties, which is able to induce mitochondrial apoptosis independently of its transcriptional activity. We recently synthesised two new compounds (ISA27 and SM13), which block p53-MDM2 interaction and induce apoptosis in p53 wild-type (WT) tumour cells. The aim of this study was to verify the effectiveness of these compounds in tumours carrying a mutated form of p53 gene with no transcriptional activity. METHODS In vitro we evaluated the effectiveness of our compounds in cancer cell lines carrying WT, mutated and null p53 gene. In vivo study was performed in Balb/c nude mice and the mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic signalling was evaluated by western blot. RESULTS Both ISA27 and SM13 reduced cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in vitro in cells carrying either p53 WT or mutated gene, suggesting that its effect is independent from p53 transcriptional activity. On the contrary, SM13 had no effect in a p53 null cell line. In vivo, ISA27 and SM13 induced cancer cell death in a dose-dependent manner through the activation of the mitochondrial-dependent death signalling in p53-mutated cells. In vivo, SM13 reduced tumour growth. CONCLUSIONS Our study proposes SM13 as anticancer compound to use for the treatment of p53-dependent tumours, even in the absence of p53 transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sorriento
- 1] Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, 'Federico II' University of Naples, Naples 80131, Italy [2] Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging (IBB) of the Italian National Research Council (CNR), Naples 80145, Italy
| | - C Del Giudice
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, 'Federico II' University of Naples, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - A Bertamino
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Division of BioMedicine, University of Salerno, Salerno 84084, Italy
| | - M Ciccarelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno 84081, Italy
| | - I Gomez-Monterrey
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, 'Federico II' University of Naples, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - P Campiglia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Division of BioMedicine, University of Salerno, Salerno 84084, Italy
| | - E Novellino
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, 'Federico II' University of Naples, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - M Illario
- Department of Translational Medicine, 'Federico II' University of Naples, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - B Trimarco
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, 'Federico II' University of Naples, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - N De Luca
- Department of Translational Medicine, 'Federico II' University of Naples, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - G Iaccarino
- 1] Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno 84081, Italy [2] IRCCS Multimedica, Milano 20138, Italy
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Cammarota S, Bruzzese D, Catapano AL, Citarella A, De Luca L, Manzoli L, Masulli M, Menditto E, Mezzetti A, Riegler S, Putignano D, Tragni E, Novellino E, Riccardi G. Lower incidence of macrovascular complications in patients on insulin glargine versus those on basal human insulins: a population-based cohort study in Italy. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2014; 24:10-17. [PMID: 23806740 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The aim of this study was to compare the use of insulin glargine and intermediate/long-acting human insulin (HI) in relation to the incidence of complications in diabetic patients. METHODS AND RESULTS A population-based cohort study was conducted using administrative data from four local health authorities in the Abruzzo Region (900,000 inhabitants). Diabetic patients without macrovascular diseases and treated with either intermediate/long-acting HI or glargine were followed for 3-years; the incidence of diabetic (macrovascular, microvascular and metabolic) complications was ascertained by hospital discharge claims and estimated using Cox proportional hazard models. Propensity score (PS) matching was also used to adjust for significant differences in the baseline characteristics between the two groups. RESULTS Overall, 1921 diabetic patients were included: 744 intermediate/long-acting HI and 1177 glargine users. During the 3-year follow-up, 209 (28.1%) incident events of any diabetic complication occurred in the intermediate/long-acting HI and 159 (13.5%) in the glargine group. After adjustment for covariates, glargine users had an HR (95% CI) of 0.57 (0.44-0.74) for any diabetic complication and HRs of 0.61 (0.44-0.84), 0.58 (0.33-1.04) and 0.35 (0.18-0.70) for macrovascular, microvascular and metabolic complications, respectively, compared to intermediate/long-acting HI users. PS analyses supported these findings. CONCLUSIONS The use of glargine is associated with a lower risk of macrovascular complications compared with traditional basal insulins. However, limitations inherent to the study design including the short length of observation and the lack of data on metabolic control or diabetes duration, do not allow us to consider this association as a proof of causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cammarota
- CIRFF, "Federico II" University of Naples, Italy
| | - D Bruzzese
- Department of Preventive Medical Sciences, "Federico II" University of Naples, Italy
| | - A L Catapano
- SEFAP, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Italy; Multimedica IRCCS, S.S. Giovanni, Italy
| | - A Citarella
- CIRFF, "Federico II" University of Naples, Italy
| | - L De Luca
- CIRFF, "Federico II" University of Naples, Italy
| | - L Manzoli
- Section of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Pharmacology and Legal Medicine, University of Chieti, and Regional Health Care Agency of Abruzzo, Italy
| | - M Masulli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Italy
| | - E Menditto
- CIRFF, "Federico II" University of Naples, Italy
| | - A Mezzetti
- Clinical Research Centre, "G. D'Annunzio" University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | - S Riegler
- CIRFF, "Federico II" University of Naples, Italy
| | - D Putignano
- CIRFF, "Federico II" University of Naples, Italy
| | - E Tragni
- SEFAP, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - E Novellino
- CIRFF, "Federico II" University of Naples, Italy
| | - G Riccardi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Italy.
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Lavecchia A, Di Giovanni C, Novellino E. CDC25 phosphatase inhibitors: an update. Mini Rev Med Chem 2012; 12:62-73. [PMID: 22070688 DOI: 10.2174/138955712798868940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The cell division cycle 25 (CDC25) family of proteins is a group of highly conserved dual-specificity phosphatases. They are key regulators of normal cell division and the cell response to DNA damage, and play a fundamental role in transitions between cell cycle phases during normal cell division, via the activation of CdK/cyclin complexes. Their abnormal expression, detected in a number of tumors, often correlated with a poor clinical prognosis, implies that their dysregulation is involved in malignant transformation. Thus, inhibition of these proteins represents an attractive therapeutic target in oncology, as evidenced from many patents and papers published on the subject in recent years. Hence, this review aims to provide an overview of recent developments in the field of CDC25 phosphatase inhibitor design since 2008.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lavecchia
- Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, "Drug Discovery" Laboratory, Universita di Napoli "Federico II", Napoli, Italy.
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Lavecchia A, Di Giovanni C, Novellino E. STAT-3 Inhibitors: State of the Art and New Horizons for Cancer Treatment. Curr Med Chem 2011; 18:2359-75. [DOI: 10.2174/092986711795843218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Chioccara F, Delia Gala A, De Rosa M, Novellino E, Prota G. Mycosporine aminoacids and related compounds from the eggs of fishes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bscb.19800891212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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11
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Cipolletta E, Monaco S, Maione AS, Vitiello L, Campiglia P, Pastore L, Franchini C, Novellino E, Limongelli V, Bayer KU, Means AR, Rossi G, Trimarco B, Iaccarino G, Illario M. Calmodulin-dependent kinase II mediates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and is potentiated by extracellular signal regulated kinase. Endocrinology 2010; 151:2747-59. [PMID: 20392834 PMCID: PMC2875822 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-1248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation contributes to vascular remodeling in atherosclerosis and hypertension. Calcium-dependent signaling through calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) and ERK1/2 activation plays an important role in the regulation of VSMC proliferation by agents such as alpha-adrenergic receptor agonists. Nevertheless, how the CaMKII and ERK pathways interact in VSMCs has yet to be characterized. The aim of the present study was to clarify this interaction in response to alpha(1)-adrenergic receptor-mediated VSMC proliferation. We discovered that phenylephrine stimulation resulted in complex formation between CaMKII and ERK in a manner that facilitated phosphorylation of both protein kinases. To assess the effects of CaMKII/ERK association on VSMC proliferation, we inhibited endogenous CaMKII either pharmacologically or by adenoviral-mediated gene transfer of a kinase-inactive CaMKII mutant. Inhibition of CaMKII activation but not CaMKII autonomous activity significantly decreased formation of the CaMKII/ERK complex. On the contrary, the expression of constitutively active CaMKII enhanced VSMC growth and CaMKII/ERK association. In addressing the mechanism of this effect, we found that CaMKII could not directly phosphorylate ERK but instead enhanced Raf1 activation. By contrast, ERK interaction with CaMKII facilitated CaMKII phosphorylation and promoted its nuclear localization. Our results reveal a critical role for CaMKII in VSMC proliferation and imply that CaMKII facilitates assembly of the Raf/MEK/ERK complex and that ERK enhances CaMKII activation and influences its subcellular localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Cipolletta
- Department of Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italia
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12
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Giuliani D, Mioni C, Bazzani C, Zaffe D, Botticelli AR, Capolongo S, Sabba A, Galantucci M, Iannone A, Grieco P, Novellino E, Colombo G, Tomasi A, Catania A, Guarini S. Selective melanocortin MC4 receptor agonists reverse haemorrhagic shock and prevent multiple organ damage. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 150:595-603. [PMID: 17245369 PMCID: PMC2189765 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE In circulatory shock, melanocortins have life-saving effects likely to be mediated by MC4 receptors. To gain direct insight into the role of melanocortin MC4 receptors in haemorrhagic shock, we investigated the effects of two novel selective MC4 receptor agonists. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Severe haemorrhagic shock was produced in rats under general anaesthesia. Rats were then treated with either the non-selective agonist [Nle4, D-Phe7]-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (NDP--MSH) or with the selective MC4 agonists RO27-3225 and PG-931. Cardiovascular and respiratory functions were continuously monitored for 2 h; survival rate was recorded up to 24 h. Free radicals in blood were measured using electron spin resonance spectrometry; tissue damage was evaluated histologically 25 min or 24 h after treatment. KEY RESULTS All shocked rats treated with saline died within 30-35 min. Treatment with NDP--MSH, RO27-3225 and PG-931 produced a dose-dependent (13-108 nmol kg-1 i.v.) restoration of cardiovascular and respiratory functions, and improved survival. The three melanocortin agonists also markedly reduced circulating free radicals relative to saline-treated shocked rats. All these effects were prevented by i.p. pretreatment with the selective MC4 receptor antagonist HS024. Moreover, treatment with RO27-3225 prevented morphological and immunocytochemical changes in heart, lung, liver, and kidney, at both early (25 min) and late (24 h) intervals. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Stimulation of MC4 receptors reversed haemorrhagic shock, reduced multiple organ damage and improved survival. Our findings suggest that selective MC4 receptor agonists could have a protective role against multiple organ failure following circulatory shock.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blood Pressure/drug effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Free Radicals/blood
- Heart Rate/drug effects
- Kidney/drug effects
- Kidney/pathology
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/pathology
- Lung/drug effects
- Lung/pathology
- Multiple Organ Failure/metabolism
- Multiple Organ Failure/pathology
- Multiple Organ Failure/physiopathology
- Multiple Organ Failure/prevention & control
- Myocardium/pathology
- Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacology
- Peptides, Cyclic/therapeutic use
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/agonists
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/metabolism
- Respiratory Mechanics
- Severity of Illness Index
- Shock, Hemorrhagic/drug therapy
- Shock, Hemorrhagic/metabolism
- Shock, Hemorrhagic/pathology
- Shock, Hemorrhagic/physiopathology
- Time Factors
- alpha-MSH/analogs & derivatives
- alpha-MSH/pharmacology
- alpha-MSH/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- D Giuliani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena, Italy
| | - C Mioni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena, Italy
| | - C Bazzani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena, Italy
| | - D Zaffe
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena, Italy
| | - A R Botticelli
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Pavia Pavia, Italy
| | - S Capolongo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena, Italy
| | - A Sabba
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena, Italy
| | - M Galantucci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena, Italy
| | - A Iannone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of General Pathology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena, Italy
| | - P Grieco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Napoli ‘Federico II' Napoli, Italy
| | - E Novellino
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Napoli ‘Federico II' Napoli, Italy
| | - G Colombo
- Center for Preclinical Investigation, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena Milano, Italy
| | - A Tomasi
- Department of Diagnostic Services, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena, Italy
| | - A Catania
- Center for Preclinical Investigation, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena Milano, Italy
| | - S Guarini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena, Italy
- Author for correspondence:
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Abstract
Urotensin-II (U-II) is a "somatostatin-like" cyclic neuropeptide which was originally isolated from goby fish urophysis, and subsequently identified in other species, including man. The interest in human U-II (hU-II) has grown enormously in the last few years, following the identification of a specific human receptor (formerly identified as the GPR14/SENR orphan receptor), now referred to as UT receptor. The U-II/UT system seems to play an important role in cardiovascular functions. hU-II vasoconstrictive potency is reported to be an order of magnitude greater than that of endothelin-1 (ET-1), which would make it the most potent mammalian vasoconstrictor identified to date. hU-II also exerts potent inotropic effects in the human heart in vitro. On the basis of its spectrum of activities, hU-II has been suggested to modulate cardiovascular homeostasis and possibly to be involved in certain cardiovascular pathologies. Central nervous effects of U-II have also been described, in particular, intracerebroventricular administration promotes anxiogenic-like behaviors in rodents. Furthermore, UT receptor overexpression has been observed in some tumor cell lines. Therefore, specific and selective UT receptor antagonists provide useful tools for investigating the (patho)physiological role(s) of the U-II/UT receptor system. In this review we aim to provide an overview of the research in the area of UT receptor antagonists as well as the progress in understanding the role of the U-II/UT system in human (patho)physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Carotenuto
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49 - 80131 - Naples, Italy.
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14
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Godio C, Cafiero V, Mitro N, Loiodice F, Lavecchia A, Novellino E, Tortorella V, Pochetti G, Mazza F, Crestani M. We-P11:119 3D structure and biological activity of novel dual peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha/gamma ligands. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5688(06)81473-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Lama T, Campiglia P, Carotenuto A, Auriemma L, Gomez-Monterrey I, Novellino E, Grieco P. A novel route to synthesize Freidinger lactams by micowave irradiation*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 66:231-5. [PMID: 16218990 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.2005.00292.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of a Freidinger-like lactam structure into the backbone of peptides has been proven to be an useful strategy in the design of a variety of conformationally restricted targets. Several different strategies have been developed toward Freidinger lactams but no one resulted to be completely facile. Here, we report an efficient strategy that involves the iodo-derivatives in side chain of an appropriate amino acid used as electrophilic agent, and the standard solid phase peptide synthesis assisted by microwave irradiation. The methodology developed could be useful to perform Freidinger-like lactams with defined stereochemistry for routine use in solid phase peptide chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lama
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, University of Naples Federico II, I-80131 Naples, Italy
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16
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Catania A, Grieco P, Randazzo A, Novellino E, Gatti S, Rossi C, Colombo G, Lipton JM. Three-dimensional structure of the alpha-MSH-derived candidacidal peptide [Ac-CKPV]2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 66:19-26. [PMID: 15946192 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.2005.00265.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that the immunomodulatory peptide alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) and its carboxy-terminal tripeptide KPV (Lys-Pro-Val alpha-MSH11-13) have antimicrobial influences. By inserting a Cys-Cys linker between two units of KPV, we designed the dimer [Ac-CKPV]2 that showed excellent candidacidal effects in pilot tests and was the subject of further investigations. [Ac-CKPV]2 was active against azole-resistant Candida spp. Therefore, the molecule appeared a promising candidate for therapy of fungal infections and was the subject of a structural study. 1H-NMR and restrained mechanic and dynamic calculations suggest that the peptide adopts an extended backbone structure with a beta-turn-like structure. These results open a pathway to development of additional novel compounds that have candidacidal effects potentially useful against clinical infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Catania
- Division of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Maggiore di Milano IRCCS, 20122 Milano, Italy.
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17
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Di Santo R, Costi R, Artico M, Ragno R, Greco G, Novellino E, Marchand C, Pommier Y. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of heteroaryl diketohexenoic and diketobutanoic acids as HIV-1 integrase inhibitors endowed with antiretroviral activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 60:409-17. [PMID: 15910813 DOI: 10.1016/j.farmac.2005.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2004] [Accepted: 03/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) using reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease (PR) inhibitors and, more recently, inhibitors of the fusion is currently the best clinical approach in combating acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), caused by infection from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). However, this therapy does not completely eradicate the virus, so that resistant strains easily emerge. The above problem calls urgently for research on inhibitors of further viral targets such as integrase (IN), the third enzyme produced by HIV. Recently, our research group was engaged in studies on conformationally restrained cinnamoyl compounds related to curcumin as anti-IN agents. Compounds containing both a 3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl group and a carboxylic acid function were potent IN inhibitors active against viral replication. More recently, a promising new class of inhibitors synthesized by Merck Company has emerged, which contain aryldiketoacid (ADK) functionality. The ADKs selectively inhibited the stand transfer (ST) step of integration and were proven to be effective IN inhibitors in vivo. Our interest in the field of IN inhibitors led us to design pyrrole and indole derivatives containing both a cinnamoyl moiety and a diketoacid group. A number of the cited derivatives were proven potent IN inhibitors, which selectively inhibited the ST step at submicromolar concentrations and were effective against virus replication in HIV-1 infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Di Santo
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Studi Farmaceutici, Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
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18
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Abstract
Human Urotensin-II is a potent vasoconstrictor and binds with high affinity to GPR14 receptor, recently cloned and renamed UT receptor. U-II vasoconstrictive potency is reported to be an order of magnitude greater than that of endothelin-1 (ET-1), which would make it the most potent mammalian vasoconstrictor identified to date. Urotensin-II is a neuropeptide "somatostatin-like" cyclic peptide, which was originally isolated from fish spinal cords, and which has recently been cloned from human. Human U-II is composed of only 11 amino acids residues, while fish and frog U-II possess 12 and 13 amino acids residues, respectively. The cyclic region of U-II, which is responsible for the biological activity of the peptide, has been fully conserved from fish to human. This review focuses on recent structure-activity relationships studies performed on Urotensin-II with the aim to provide the required structural elements to design new ligands as agonists and antagonists for UT receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Grieco
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, University of Naples Federico II, I-80131 Naples, Italy.
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19
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Campiani G, Morelli E, Nacci V, Fattorusso C, Ramunno A, Novellino E, Greenwood J, Liljefors T, Griffiths R, Sinclair C, Reavy H, Kristensen AS, Pickering DS, Schousboe A, Cagnotto A, Fumagalli E, Mennini T. Characterization of the 1H-cyclopentapyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione derivative (S)-CPW399 as a novel, potent, and subtype-selective AMPA receptor full agonist with partial desensitization properties. J Med Chem 2001; 44:4501-4. [PMID: 11741469 DOI: 10.1021/jm015552m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
(S)-CPW399 (2b) is a novel, potent, and subtype-selective AMPA receptor full agonist that, unlike (S)-willardiine and related compounds, in mouse cerebellar granule cells, stimulated an increase in [Ca(2+)](i), and induced neuronal cell death in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Compound 2b appears to be a weakly desensitizing, full agonist at AMPA receptors and therefore represents a new pharmacological tool to investigate the role of AMPA receptors in excitotoxicity and their molecular mechanisms of desensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Campiani
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico (DFCT), Universita' degli Studi di Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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20
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Da Settimo F, Primofiore G, Da Settimo A, La Motta C, Taliani S, Simorini F, Novellino E, Greco G, Lavecchia A, Boldrini E. [1,2,4]Triazino[4,3-a]benzimidazole acetic acid derivatives: a new class of selective aldose reductase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2001; 44:4359-69. [PMID: 11728182 DOI: 10.1021/jm0109210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Acetic acid derivatives of [1,2,4]triazino[4,3-a]benzimidazole (TBI) were synthesized and tested in vitro and in vivo as a novel class of aldose reductase (ALR2) inhibitors. Compound 3, (10-benzyl[1,2,4]triazino[4,3-a]benzimidazol-3,4(10H)-dion-2-yl)acetic acid, displayed the highest inhibitory activity (IC(50) = 0.36 microM) and was found to be effective in preventing cataract development in severely galactosemic rats when administered as an eyedrop solution. All the compounds investigated were selective for ALR2, since none of them inhibited appreciably aldehyde reductase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, or glutathione reductase. The activity of 3 was lowered by inserting various substituents on the pendant phenyl ring, by shifting the acetic acid moiety from the 2 to the 3 position of the TBI nucleus, or by cleaving the TBI system to yield benzimidazolylidenehydrazines as open-chain analogues. A three-dimensional model of human ALR2 was built, taking into account the conformational changes induced by the binding of inhibitors such as zopolrestat, to simulate the docking of 3 into the enzyme active site. The theoretical binding mode of 3 was fully consistent with the structure-activity relationships in the TBI series and will guide the design of novel ALR2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Da Settimo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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21
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Campiani G, De Angelis M, Armaroli S, Fattorusso C, Catalanotti B, Ramunno A, Nacci V, Novellino E, Grewer C, Ionescu D, Rauen T, Griffiths R, Sinclair C, Fumagalli E, Mennini T. A rational approach to the design of selective substrates and potent nontransportable inhibitors of the excitatory amino acid transporter EAAC1 (EAAT3). new glutamate and aspartate analogues as potential neuroprotective agents. J Med Chem 2001; 44:2507-10. [PMID: 11472204 DOI: 10.1021/jm015509z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Mai A, Sbardella G, Artico M, Ragno R, Massa S, Novellino E, Greco G, Lavecchia A, Musiu C, La Colla M, Murgioni C, La Colla P, Loddo R. Structure-based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of conformationally restricted novel 2-alkylthio-6-[1-(2,6-difluorophenyl)alkyl]-3,4-dihydro-5-alkylpyrimidin-4(3H)-ones as non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. J Med Chem 2001; 44:2544-54. [PMID: 11472208 DOI: 10.1021/jm010853h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
5-Alkyl-2-(alkylthio)-6-(2,6-difluorobenzyl)-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-4(3H)-ones (S-DABOs, 2) have been recently described as a new class of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors (NNRTIs) active at nanomolar concentrations (Mai, A. et al. J. Med. Chem. 1999, 42, 619-627). In pursuing our lead optimization efforts, we designed novel conformationally restricted S-DABOs, 3, featuring a methyl at the benzylic carbon (Y = Me) and at the pyrimidine 5-position (R = Me). Conformational analyses and docking simulations suggested that the presence of both methyls would significantly reduce conformational flexibility without compromising, in the R enantiomers, the capability of fitting into the RT non-nucleoside binding pocket. To develop structure-activity relationships, we prepared several congeners of type 3 belonging to the thymine (R = Me) and uracil (R = H) series, featuring various 2-alkylthio side chains (X = Me, i-Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu, s-Bu, c-pentyl, and c-hexyl) and aryl moieties different from the 2,6-difluorophenyl (Ar = phenyl, 2,6-dichlorophenyl, 1-naphthyl). Moreover, alpha-ethyl derivatives (Y = Et) were included in the synthetic project in addition to alpha-methyl derivatives (Y = Me). All of the new compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicity and anti-HIV-1 activity in MT-4 cells, and some of them were assayed against highly purified recombinant wild-type HIV-1 RT using homopolymeric template primers. The results were expressed as CC(50) (cytotoxicity), EC(50) (anti-HIV-1 activity), SI (selectivity, given by the CC(50)/EC(50) ratio), and IC(50) (RT inhibitory activity) values. In the 2,6-difluorobenzylthymine (R = Me) series, methylation of the benzylic carbon improved anti-HIV-1 and RT inhibitory activities together with selectivity. Compound 3w (Ar = 2,6-F(2)-Ph, R = Y = Me, X = c-pentyl) turned out the most potent and selective among the S-DABOs reported to date (CC(50) > 200 microM, EC(50) = 6 nM, IC(50) = 5 nM, and SI > 33 333). Assays performed on the pure enantiomer (+)-3w, much more active than (-)-3w, yielded the following results: CC(50) > 200 microM, EC(50) = 2 nM, IC(50) = 8 nM, and SI > 100 000, under conditions wherein MKC-442 was less active and selective (CC(50) > 200 microM, EC(50) = 30 nM, IC(50) = 40 nM, SI > 6666). The 2,6-difluorophenylethylthymines (R = Me) were generally endowed with higher potency compared with the uracil counterparts (R = H). In the 2,6-difluorophenyl series the best and the least performant 2-alkylthio side chains were the 2-c-pentylthio and the 2-methylthio, respectively. When the methyl at the benzylic carbon was replaced by an ethyl, activity was retained or decreased slightly, thus suggesting that the dimensions of the cavity within the RT hosting this substituent would not be compatible with groups larger than ethyl. Aryl moieties different from the 2,6-difluorophenyl (phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2,6-dichlorophenyl) were generally detrimental to activity, consistent with a favorable electronic effect exerted by the 2,6-fluorines on a putative charge-transfer interaction between the aromatic moieties of the inhibitor and Tyr188.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mai
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Studi Farmaceutici, Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
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23
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Primofiore G, Settimo FD, Taliani S, Marini AM, Novellino E, Greco G, Lavecchia A, Besnard F, Trincavelli L, Costa B, Martini C. Novel N-(arylalkyl)indol-3-ylglyoxylylamides targeted as ligands of the benzodiazepine receptor: synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular modeling analysis of the structure-activity relationships. J Med Chem 2001; 44:2286-97. [PMID: 11428922 DOI: 10.1021/jm010827j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of N-(arylalkyl)indol-3-ylglyoxylylamides (4-8) was synthesized as ligands of the benzodiazepine receptor (BzR) and tested for their ability to displace [(3)H]flumazenil from bovine brain membranes. The new compounds, bearing a branched (4) or a geometrically constrained benzyl/phenylethyl amide side chain (5-8), represent the continuation of our research on N-benzylindol-3-ylglyoxylylamides 1 (Da Settimo et al., 1996), N'-phenylindol-3-ylglyoxylohydrazides 2 (Da Settimo et al., 1998), and N-(indol-3-ylglyoxylyl)alanine derivatives 3 (Primofiore et al., 1989). A few indoles belonging to the previously investigated benzylamides 1 and phenylhydrazides 2 were synthesized and tested to enrich the SARs in these two series. The affinities and the GABA ratios of selected compounds for clonal mammalian alpha(1)beta(2)gamma(2), alpha(3)beta(2)gamma(2), and alpha(5)beta(3)gamma(2) BzR subtypes were also determined. It was hypothesized that the reduced flexibility of indoles 4-8 would both facilitate the mapping of the BzR binding cleft and increase the chances of conferring selectivity for the considered receptor subtypes. In the series of indoles 4, the introduction of a methyl group on the benzylic carbon with the R configuration improved affinity of the 5-substituted (5-Cl and 5-NO(2)) derivatives, whereas it was detrimental for their 5-unsubtituted (5-H) counterparts. All S enantiomers were less potent than the R ones. Replacement of the methyl with hydrophilic substituents on the benzylic carbon lowered affinity. The isoindolinylamide side chain was tolerated if the 5-position was unsubstituted (K(i) of 5a = 123 nM), otherwise affinity was abolished (5b, c). All the 2-indanylamides 6 and (S)-1-indanylamides 8 were devoid of any appreciable affinity. The 5-Cl and 5-NO(2) (R)-1-indanylamides 7b (K(i) 80 nM) and 7c (K(i) 28 nM) were the most potent among the indoles 5-8 geometrically constrained about the side chain. The 5-H (R)-1-indanylamide 7a displayed a lower affinity (K(i) 675 nM). The SARs developed from the new compounds, together with those collected from our previous studies, confirmed the hypothesis of different binding modes for 5-substituted and 5-unsubstituted indoles, suggesting that the shape of the lipophilic pocket L(1) (notation in accordance with Cook's BzR topological model) is asymmetric and highlighted the stereoelectronic and conformational properties of the amide side chain required for high potency. Several of the new indoles showed selectivity for the alpha(1)beta(2)gamma(2) subtype compared with the alpha(3)beta(2)gamma(2) and alpha(5)beta(3)gamma(2) subtypes (e.g.: 4t and 7c bind to these three BzR isoforms with K(i) values of 14 nM, 283 nM, 239 nM, and 9 nM, 1960 nM, 95 nM, respectively). The GABA ratios close to unity exhibited by all the tested compounds on each BzR subtype were predictive of an efficacy profile typical of antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Primofiore
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche and Dipartimento di Psichiatria, Neurobiologia, Farmacologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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24
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Campiani G, Aiello F, Fabbrini M, Morelli E, Ramunno A, Armaroli S, Nacci V, Garofalo A, Greco G, Novellino E, Maga G, Spadari S, Bergamini A, Ventura L, Bongiovanni B, Capozzi M, Bolacchi F, Marini S, Coletta M, Guiso G, Caccia S. Quinoxalinylethylpyridylthioureas (QXPTs) as potent non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors. Further SAR studies and identification of a novel orally bioavailable hydrazine-based antiviral agent. J Med Chem 2001; 44:305-15. [PMID: 11462972 DOI: 10.1021/jm0010365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Quinoxalinylethylpyridylthioureas (QXPTs) represent a new class of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors (NNRTIs) whose prototype is 6-FQXPT (6). Docking studies based on the three-dimensional structure of RT prompted the synthesis of novel heteroarylethylpyridylthioureas which were tested as anti-HIV agents. Several compounds proved to be potent broad-spectrum enzyme inhibitors and significantly inhibited HIV-1 replication in vitro. Their potency depends on the substituents and the nature of the heterocyclic skeleton linked to the ethyl spacer, and structure-activity relationships are discussed in terms of the possible interaction with the RT binding site. Although the new QXPTs analogues show potent antiviral activity, none of the compounds tested overcome the pharmacokinetic disadvantages inherent to ethylpyridylthioureidic antiviral agents, which in general have very low oral bioavailability. Through an integrated effort involving synthesis, docking studies, and biological and pharmacokinetic evaluation, we investigated the structural dependence of the poor bioavailability and rapid clearance within the thioureidic series of antivirals. Replacing the ethylthioureidic moiety with a hydrazine linker led to a new antiviral lead, offering promising pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties in terms of antiviral activity and oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Campiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Facolta' di Farmacia, Universita' degli Studi di Salerno, Fisciano, Italy.
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25
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Da Settimo F, Primofiore G, Taliani S, Marini AM, La Motta C, Novellino E, Greco G, Lavecchia A, Trincavelli L, Martini C. 3-Aryl[1,2,4]triazino[4,3-a]benzimidazol-4(10H)-ones: a new class of selective A1 adenosine receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 2001; 44:316-27. [PMID: 11462973 DOI: 10.1021/jm001054m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Radioligand binding assays using bovine cortical membrane preparations and biochemical in vitro studies revealed that various 3-aryl[1,2,4]triazino[4,3-a]benzimidazol-4(10H)-one (ATBI) derivatives, previously reported by us as ligands of the central benzodiazepine receptor (BzR) (Primofiore, G.; et al. J. Med. Chem. 2000, 43, 96-102), behaved as antagonists at the A1 adenosine receptor (A1AR). Alkylation of the nitrogen at position 10 of the triazinobenzimidazole nucleus conferred selectivity for the A1AR vs the BzR. The most potent ligand of the ATBI series (10-methyl-3-phenyl[1,2,4]triazino[4,3-a]benzimidazol-4(10H)-one 12) displayed a Ki value of 63 nM at the A1AR without binding appreciably to the adenosine A2A and A3 nor to the benzodiazepine receptor. Pharmacophore-based modeling studies in which 12 was compared against a set of well-established A1AR antagonists suggested that three hydrogen bonding sites (HB1 acceptor, HB2 and HB3 donors) and three lipophilic pockets (L1, L2, and L3) might be available to antagonists within the A1AR binding cleft. According to the proposed pharmacophore scheme, the lead compound 12 engages interactions with the HB2 site (via the N2 nitrogen) as well as with the L2 and L3 sites (through the pendant and the fused benzene rings). The results of these studies prompted the replacement of the methyl with more lipophilic groups at the 10-position (to fill the putative L1 lipophilic pocket) as a strategy to improve A1AR affinity. Among the new compounds synthesized and tested, the 3,10-diphenyl[1,2,4]triazino[4,3-a]benzimidazol-4(10H)-one (23) was characterized by a Ki value of 18 nM which represents a 3.5-fold gain of A1AR affinity compared with the lead 12. A rhodopsin-based model of the bovine adenosine A1AR was built to highlight the binding mode of 23 and two well-known A1AR antagonists (III and VII) and to guide future lead optimization projects. In our docking simulations, 23 receives a hydrogen bond (via the N1 nitrogen) from the side chain of Asn247 (corresponding to the HB1 and HB2 sites) and fills the L1, L2, and L3 lipophilic pockets with the 10-phenyl, 3-phenyl, and fused benzene rings, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Da Settimo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Italy.
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26
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Cavalli A, Greco G, Novellino E, Recanatini M. Linking CoMFA and protein homology models of enzyme-inhibitor interactions: an application to non-steroidal aromatase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2000; 8:2771-80. [PMID: 11131168 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)00203-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An approach to compare quantitatively a ligand-based (CoMFA) model and an enzyme active site model was investigated. The active site of the cytochrome P450 human aromatase was constructed by homology modeling techniques and two structurally different non-steroidal aromatase inhibitors were docked into it. A CoMFA model was then developed on a related series of non-steroidal inhibitors by correlating their inhibitory activity (expressed as -log IC50 values) versus only 11 steric descriptors (i.e. Csp3-ligand steric interaction energies). The resulting 3D-QSAR coefficients (11) and the steric field values of the aromatase active site calculated at the same points of the CoMFA lattice (i.e. eleven Csp3-protein steric interaction energies) were pair-wise compared. Specifically, when a positive coefficient was associated with a negative or low ( < 5 kcal/mol) value of the protein steric field or, alternatively, a negative coefficient was associated with a large positive value of the protein steric field we recorded as many matches. When a 3D-QSAR coefficient did not correspond to the protein steric potential in the sense described above we considered that point as a mis-matching point. In our view, in spite of several limitations, such a comparison represents a valuable criterion to evaluate quantitatively how convergent are the results from a 3D-QSAR CoMFA model and a homology-built protein 3D structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cavalli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
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27
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Albrizio S, D'Ursi A, Fattorusso C, Galoppini C, Greco G, Mazzoni MR, Novellino E, Rovero P. Conformational studies on a synthetic C-terminal fragment of the alpha subunit of G(S) proteins. Biopolymers 2000; 54:186-94. [PMID: 10861380 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0282(200009)54:3<186::aid-bip50>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
It has recently been reported that synthetic peptides corresponding to the C-terminal sequence of G alpha, can be used to study the molecular mechanisms of interaction between this protein and G protein coupled receptors (Hamm et al., Science, 1988, Vol. 241, pp. 832-835). A conformational analysis on a 11 amino acids peptide from the G alpha(S) C-terminus, G alpha(S)(384-394) (H-QRMHLRQYELL-OH), was performed by nmr spectroscopy and molecular modeling methods. Two-dimensional nmr spectra, recorded in hexafluoroacetone/water, a mixture with structure stabilizing properties, showed an unusually high number of nuclear Overhauser effects, forming significative pattern to the drawing of a secondary structure. Conformations consistent with experimental NOE distances were obtained through molecular dynamics and energy minimization methods. These calculations yielded two stable conformers corresponding to an alpha-turn and a type III beta-turn involving the last five C-terminal residues. Interestingly, the alpha-turn conformation was found to overlap with good agreement the crystallographic structure of the same fragment in the G alpha(S) protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Albrizio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Salerno, Piazza V. Emanuele 9, 84084 Penta di Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
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28
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Silvestri R, Artico M, De Martino G, Novellino E, Greco G, Lavecchia A, Massa S, Loi AG, Doratiotto S, La Colla P. Computer-assisted design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel pyrrolyl heteroaryl sulfones targeted at HIV-1 reverse transcriptase as non-nucleoside inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2000; 8:2305-9. [PMID: 11026542 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)00144-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Three pyrrolyl heteroaryl sulfones (ethyl 1-[(1H-benzimidazol-2(3H)one-5-yl)sulfonyl]-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxyla te, ethyl 1-[(1H-benzimidazol-5(6)-yl)sulfonyl]-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylate and ethyl 1-[(1H-benzotriazol-5(6)-yl)sulfonyl]-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylate) were designed as novel HIV-1 reverse transcriptase non-nucleoside inhibitors using structure-based computational methods. Although these compounds were inactive in the cell-based assay, they inhibited the target enzyme with micromolar potency (IC50s = 2 microM, 3 microM and 9 microM, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Silvestri
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Studi Farmaceutici, Università degli Studi di Roma, La Sapienza, Italy
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29
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Mazzoni MR, Taddei S, Giusti L, Rovero P, Galoppini C, D'Ursi A, Albrizio S, Triolo A, Novellino E, Greco G, Lucacchini A, Hamm HE. A galpha(s) carboxyl-terminal peptide prevents G(s) activation by the A(2A) adenosine receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2000; 58:226-36. [PMID: 10860945 DOI: 10.1124/mol.58.1.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of interaction between G(s) and the A(2A) adenosine receptor were investigated using synthetic peptides corresponding to various segments of the Galpha(s) carboxyl terminus. Synthetic peptides were tested for their ability to modulate binding of a selective radiolabeled agonist, [(3)H]2-[4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenylethylamino]-5'-N-ethylcarboxam idoade nosine ([(3)H]CGS21680), to A(2A) adenosine receptors in rat striatal membranes. The Galpha(s) peptides stimulated specific binding both in the presence and absence of 100 microM guanosine-5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTPgammaS). Three peptides, Galpha(s)(378-394)C(379)A, Galpha(s)(376-394)C(379)A, and Galpha(s)(374-394)C(379)A, were the most effective. In the presence of GTPgammaS, peptide Galpha(s)(374-394)C(379)A increased specific binding in a dose-dependent fashion. However, the peptide did not stabilize the high-affinity state of the A(2A) adenosine receptor for [(3)H]CGS21680. Binding assays with a radiolabeled selective antagonist, [(3)H]5-amino-7-(2-phenylethyl)-2-(2-furyl)pyrazolo[4, 3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine ([(3)H]SCH58261), showed that the addition of the Galpha(s) peptide modified the slope of the 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) competition curve, suggesting modulation of receptor affinity states. In the presence of GTPgammaS, the displacement curve was right-shifted, whereas the addition of Galpha(s)(374-394)C(379)A caused a partial left-shift. Both curves were fitted by one-site models. This same Galpha(s) peptide was also able to disrupt G(s)-coupled signal transduction as indicated by inhibition of the A(2A) receptor-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity without affecting either basal or forskolin-stimulated enzymatic activity in the same membrane preparations. Shorter peptides from Galpha(s) and Galpha(i1/2) carboxyl termini were not effective. NMR spectroscopy showed the strong propensity of peptide Galpha(s)(374-394)C(379)A to assume a compact carboxyl-terminal alpha-helical conformation in solution. Overall, our results point out the conformation requirement of Galpha(s) carboxyl-terminal peptides to modulate agonist binding to rat A(2A) adenosine receptors and disrupt signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Mazzoni
- Dipartimento di Psichiatria, Neurobiologia, Farmacologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Pisa, Italy.
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30
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Lavecchia A, Greco G, Novellino E, Vittorio F, Ronsisvalle G. Modeling of kappa-opioid receptor/agonists interactions using pharmacophore-based and docking simulations. J Med Chem 2000; 43:2124-34. [PMID: 10841791 DOI: 10.1021/jm991161k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of the kappa-opioid receptor with arylacetamide and benzomorphan derivatives acting as agonists was modeled through pharmacophore-based and docking calculations. Potentially bioactive conformations of representative ligands (U-50,488 and its benzo-fused analogues 4 and 6 for arylacetamides and MPCB for benzomorphans) were identified by systematic conformational analysis and docked into a 3D model of the kappa-receptor. The obtained complexes, refined by energy-minimization and molecular dynamics, were evaluated for their consistency with structure-activity relationships and site-directed mutagenesis data. The following interactions are hypothesized to govern the ligand-receptor recognition process: (i) a salt bridge between the Asp138 carboxylate and the protonated nitrogen of the bound agonist; (ii) a hydrogen bond donated by the Tyr312 hydroxyl to the carbonyl oxygen of arylacetamides and MPCB; (iii) hydrophobic interactions established by the dichlorophenyl moiety of arylacetamides and the pendant phenyl ring of MPCB with the surrounding side chains of Tyr312, Leu224, Leu295, and Ala298; (iv) a pi-stacking contact between the Tyr312 side chain and the phenyl ring of arylacetamides; (v) a hydrogen bond linking the His291 imidazole ring to the phenolic hydroxy group featured by typical benzomorphans and the arylacetamides 4 and 6.
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MESH Headings
- 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer/chemistry
- 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer/pharmacology
- Analgesics, Non-Narcotic/chemistry
- Analgesics, Non-Narcotic/pharmacology
- Analgesics, Opioid/chemistry
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Computer Simulation
- Cyclazocine/analogs & derivatives
- Cyclazocine/chemistry
- Cyclazocine/pharmacology
- Models, Chemical
- Molecular Conformation
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/chemistry
- Structure-Activity Relationship
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lavecchia
- Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, I-80131 Napoli, Italy
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31
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Artico M, Silvestri R, Pagnozzi E, Bruno B, Novellino E, Greco G, Massa S, Ettorre A, Loi AG, Scintu F, La Colla P. Structure-based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel pyrrolyl aryl sulfones: HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors active at nanomolar concentrations. J Med Chem 2000; 43:1886-91. [PMID: 10794705 DOI: 10.1021/jm9901125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolyl aryl sulfones (PASs) have been recently reported as a new class of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors acting at the non-nucleoside binding site of this enzyme (Artico, M.; et al. J. Med. Chem. 1996, 39, 522-530). Compound 3, the most potent inhibitor within the series (EC(50) = 0.14 microM, IC(50) = 0.4 microM, and SI > 1429), was then selected as a lead compound for a synthetic project based on molecular modeling studies. Using the three-dimensional structure of RT cocrystallized with the alpha-APA derivative R95845, we derived a model of the RT/3 complex by taking into account previously developed structure-activity relationships. Inspection of this model and docking calculations on virtual compounds prompted the design of novel PAS derivatives and related analogues. Our computational approach proved to be effective in making qualitative predictions, that is in discriminating active versus inactive compounds. Among the compounds synthesized and tested, 20 was the most active one, with EC(50) = 0.045 microM, IC(50) = 0.05 microM, and SI = 5333. Compared with the lead 3, these values represent a 3- and 8-fold improvement in the cell-based and enzyme assays, respectively, together with the highest selectivity achieved so far in the PAS series.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Artico
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Studi Farmaceutici, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", P.le A. Moro 5, BOX 36 - ROMA 62, I-00185 Roma, Italy.
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32
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Campiani G, Fabbrini M, Morelli E, Nacci V, Greco G, Novellino E, Maga G, Spadari S, Bergamini A, Faggioli E, Uccella I, Bolacchi F, Marini S, Coletta M, Fracasso C, Caccia S. Non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors: synthesis and biological evaluation of novel quinoxalinylethylpyridylthioureas as potent antiviral agents. Antivir Chem Chemother 2000; 11:141-55. [PMID: 10819438 DOI: 10.1177/095632020001100206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
New heterocyclic derivatives of ethylpyridylthiourea, quinoxalinylethylpyridylthiourea (QXPT) and analogues, inhibited human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) activity and prevented HIV-1 cytopathogenicity in T4 lymphocytes. Several of these novel non-nucleoside RT inhibitors, with a substituted pyrroloquinoxalinone heteroaromatic skeleton, showed inhibitory activity against wild-type RT as well as against mutant RTs containing the single amino acid substitutions L1001, K103N, V106A, Y1811 and Y188L that was much greater than other non-nucleoside inhibitors such as nevirapine. Maximum potency in enzymatic assays was achieved with a fluoropyrroloquinoxaline skeleton linked to the ethylpyridylthiourea moiety (FQXPT). In cell-based assays on different cell lines and on human monocyte-macrophages, 6-FQXPT exhibited EC50 values in the nanomolar range, with a promising selectivity index. Moreover, 6-FQXPT showed synergistic antiviral activity with zidovudine.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Campiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Facolta' di Farmacia, Universita' degli Studi di Salerno, Fisciano (Salerno), Italy.
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33
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Primofiore G, Da Settimo F, Taliani S, Marini AM, La Motta C, Novellino E, Greco G, Gesi M, Trincavelli L, Martini C. 3-Aryl-[1,2,4]triazino[4,3-a]benzimidazol-4(10H)-ones: tricyclic heteroaromatic derivatives as a new class of benzodiazepine receptor ligands. J Med Chem 2000; 43:96-102. [PMID: 10633040 DOI: 10.1021/jm991131h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of 3-substituted [1,2,4]triazino[4,3-c]benzimidazoles V were prepared and tested at the central benzodiazepine receptor (BzR). These compounds were designed as rigid analogues of the previously described N-benzylindolylglyoxylylamide derivatives IV. The title compounds V showed an affinity which depended directly on the presence of the N(10)-H group and an aromatic ring at position 3. Some of them elicited a 2- or 3-fold higher affinity with respect to that of the indolylglyoxylylamide derivatives IV (R = H). The GABA ratio and [(35)S]-tert-butylcyclophosphorothionate binding data revealed an efficacy profile of partial inverse agonists/antagonists for compounds 1c,e,f,j,k, and of a partial agonist for 2c. This last compound proved to be effective in antagonizing pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in mice. Attempts were made to interpret the structure-affinity relationships of compounds V in the light of possible tautomeric equilibria involving the ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Primofiore
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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34
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Campiani G, Morelli E, Gemma S, Nacci V, Butini S, Hamon M, Novellino E, Greco G, Cagnotto A, Goegan M, Cervo L, Dalla Valle F, Fracasso C, Caccia S, Mennini T. Pyrroloquinoxaline derivatives as high-affinity and selective 5-HT(3) receptor agonists: synthesis, further structure-activity relationships, and biological studies. J Med Chem 1999; 42:4362-79. [PMID: 10543880 DOI: 10.1021/jm990151g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, pharmacological evaluation, and structure-activity relationships (SARs) of a series of novel pyrroloquinoxalines and heteroaromatic-related derivatives are described. The new pyrroloquinoxaline-related ligands were tested in rat cortex, a tissue expressing high density of 5-HT(3) receptors, and on NG108-15 cells and exhibited IC(50) values in the low nanomolar or subnanomolar range, as measured by the inhibition of [(3)H]zacopride binding. The SAR studies detailed herein delineated a number of structural features required for improving affinity. Some of the ligands were employed as "molecular yardsticks" to probe the spatial dimensions of the lipophilic pockets L1, L2, and L3 in the 5-HT(3) receptor cleft, while the 7-OH pyrroloquinoxaline analogue was designed to investigate hydrogen bonding with a putative receptor site H1 possibly interacting with the serotonin hydroxy group. The most active pyrroloquinoxaline derivatives showed subnanomolar affinity for the 5-HT(3) receptor. In functional studies ([(14)C]guanidinium accumulation test in NG108-15 hybrid cells, in vitro) most of the tested compounds showed clear-cut 5-HT(3) agonist properties, while some others were found to be partial agonists. Several heteroaromatic systems, bearing N-substituted piperazine moieties, have been explored with respect to 5-HT(3) affinity, and novel structural leads for the development of potent and selective central 5-HT(3) receptor agonists have been identified. Preliminary pharmacokinetic studies indicate that these compounds easily cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) after systemic administration with a brain/plasma ratio between 2 and 20, unless they bear a highly hydrophilic group on the piperazine ring. None of the tested compounds showed in vivo anxiolytic-like activity, but potential analgesic-like properties have been possibly disclosed for this new class of 5-HT(3) receptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Campiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Facolta' di Farmacia, Universita' degli Studi di Salerno, via Ponte Don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.
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35
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Campiani G, Morelli E, Fabbrini M, Nacci V, Greco G, Novellino E, Ramunno A, Maga G, Spadari S, Caliendo G, Bergamini A, Faggioli E, Uccella I, Bolacchi F, Marini S, Coletta M, Nacca A, Caccia S. Pyrrolobenzoxazepinone derivatives as non-nucleoside HIV-1 RT inhibitors: further structure-activity relationship studies and identification of more potent broad-spectrum HIV-1 RT inhibitors with antiviral activity. J Med Chem 1999; 42:4462-70. [PMID: 10543890 DOI: 10.1021/jm990150o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolobenzoxazepinone (PBO) derivatives represent a new class of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors (NNRTs) whose prototype is (+/-)-6-ethyl-6-phenylpyrrolo[2,1-d][1,5]benzoxazepin-7(6H)- one (6). Docking studies based on the three-dimensional structure of RT prompted the synthesis and biological evaluation of novel derivatives and analogues of 6 featuring a meta-substituted phenyl or a 2-thienyl ring at C-6 and a pyridine system in place of the fused-benzene ring to yield pyrrolopyridooxazepinones (PPOs). Compared with the lead 6 and nevirapine, several of the synthesized compounds (PBOs 13a-d and PPOs 13i-k) displayed higher inhibitory activity against wild-type RT and clinically relevant mutant RTs containing the single amino acid substitutions L100I, K103N, V106A, Y181I, and Y188L. The most potent inhibitors were further evaluated for in vitro antiviral activity on lymphocytes and monocyte-macrophages, for cytotoxicity on a panel of cell lines, and for potential synergistic antiviral activity with AZT. Pharmacokinetic studies performed on 13b, 13c, and 13i showed that these compounds achieve high concentrations in the brain. The results of the biological and pharmacokinetic experiments suggest a potential clinical utility of analogues such as 13b-d, 13i, and 13j, in combination with nucleoside RT inhibitors, against strains of HIV-1 bearing those mutations that confer resistance to known NNRTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Campiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Facolta' di Farmacia, Universita' degli Studi di Salerno, via Ponte don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
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36
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Mai A, Artico M, Sbardella G, Massa S, Novellino E, Greco G, Loi AG, Tramontano E, Marongiu ME, La Colla P. 5-Alkyl-2-(alkylthio)-6-(2,6-dihalophenylmethyl)-3, 4-dihydropyrimidin-4(3H)-ones: novel potent and selective dihydro-alkoxy-benzyl-oxopyrimidine derivatives. J Med Chem 1999; 42:619-27. [PMID: 10052969 DOI: 10.1021/jm980260f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Molecular modeling analysis of compounds belonging to the recently published series of dihydro-alkoxy-benzyl-oxopyrimidines (DABOs), such as S-DABOs and DATNOs, gave support to the design of new 2, 6-disubstituted benzyl-DABO derivatives as highly potent and specific inhibitors of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). To follow up on the novel DABO derivatives, we decided to investigate the effect of electron-withdrawing substituents in the benzyl unit of the S-DABO skeleton versus their anti-HIV-1 activity. Such chemical modifications impacted the inhibitory activity, especially when two halogen units were introduced at positions 2 and 6 in the phenyl portion of the benzyl group bound to C-6 of the pyrimidine ring. Various 5-alkyl-2-(alkyl(or cycloalkyl)thio)-6-(2, 6-dichloro(or 2,6-difluoro)phenylmethyl)-3, 4-dihydropyrimidin-4(3H)-ones were then synthesized and tested as anti-HIV-1 agents in both cell-based and enzyme (recombinant reverse transcriptase, rRT) assays. Among the various mono- and disubstituted phenyl derivatives, the most potent were those containing a 6-(2,6-difluorophenylmethyl) substituent (F-DABOs), which showed EC50's ranging between 40 and 90 nM and selectivity indexes up to >/=5000. An excellent correlation was found between EC50 and IC50 values which confirmed that these compounds act as inhibitors of the HIV-1 RT. The structure-activity relationships of the newly synthesized pyrimidinones are presented herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mai
- Dipartimento di Studi Farmaceutici, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", P. le A. Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
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37
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Artico M, Di Santo R, Costi R, Novellino E, Greco G, Massa S, Tramontano E, Marongiu ME, De Montis A, La Colla P. Geometrically and conformationally restrained cinnamoyl compounds as inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase: synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular modeling. J Med Chem 1998; 41:3948-60. [PMID: 9767632 DOI: 10.1021/jm9707232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Various cinnammoyl-based structures were synthesized and tested in enzyme assays as inhibitors of the HIV-1 integrase (IN). The majority of compounds were designed as geometrically or conformationally constrained analogues of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) and were characterized by a syn disposition of the carbonyl group with respect to the vinylic double bond. Since the cinnamoyl moiety present in flavones such as quercetin (inactive on HIV-1-infected cells) is frozen in an anti arrangement, it was hoped that fixing our compounds in a syn disposition could favor anti-HIV-1 activity in cell-based assays. Geometrical and conformational properties of the designed compounds were taken into account through analysis of X-ray structures available from the Cambridge Structural Database. The polyhydroxylated analogues were prepared by reacting 3,4-bis(tetrahydropyran-2-yloxy)benzaldehyde with various compounds having active methylene groups such as 2-propanone, cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, 1,3-diacetylbenzene, 2, 4-dihydroxyacetophenone, 2,3-dihydro-1-indanone, 2,3-dihydro-1, 3-indandione, and others. While active against both 3'-processing and strand-transfer reactions, the new compounds, curcumin included, failed to inhibit the HIV-1 multiplication in acutely infected MT-4 cells. Nevertheless, they specifically inhibited the enzymatic reactions associated with IN, being totally inactive against other viral (HIV-1 reverse transcriptase) and cellular (RNA polymerase II) nucleic acid-processing enzymes. On the other hand, title compounds were endowed with remarkable antiproliferative activity, whose potency correlated neither with the presence of catechols (possible source of reactive quinones) nor with inhibition of topoisomerases. The SARs developed for our compounds led to novel findings concerning the molecular determinants of IN inhibitory activity within the class of cinnamoyl-based structures. We hypothesize that these compounds bind to IN featuring the cinnamoyl residue C=C-C=O in a syn disposition, differently from flavone derivatives characterized by an anti arrangement about the same fragment. Certain inhibitors, lacking one of the two pharmacophoric catechol hydroxyls, retain moderate potency thanks to nonpharmacophoric fragments (i.e., a m-methoxy group in curcumin) which favorably interact with an "accessory" region of IN. This region is supposed to be located adjacent to the binding site accommodating the pharmacophoric dihydroxycinnamoyl moiety. Disruption of coplanarity in the inhibitor structure abolishes activity owing to poor shape complementarity with the target or an exceedingly high strain energy of the coplanar conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Artico
- Istituto Pasteur - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Studi Farmaceutici, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale A. Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
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38
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Da Settimo A, Primofiore G, Da Settimo F, Marini AM, Novellino E, Greco G, Gesi M, Martini C, Giannaccini G, Lucacchini A. N'-Phenylindol-3-ylglyoxylohydrazide derivatives: synthesis, structure-activity relationships, molecular modeling studies, and pharmacological action on brain benzodiazepine receptors. J Med Chem 1998; 41:3821-30. [PMID: 9748357 DOI: 10.1021/jm9800301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of N'-phenylindol-3-ylglyoxylohydrazides, isosters of the N-benzylindol-3-ylglyoxylamide derivatives previously described by us, were synthesized and tested for their ability to displace [3H]Ro 15-1788 from bovine brain membranes. These compounds were designed with the aim of obtaining products which could exert an in vivo activity, thanks to a higher hydrosolubility and consequently a better bioavailability. Affinity was restricted to the derivatives unsubstituted in the 5 position of the indole nucleus (1, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 23, and 26), with Ki values ranging from 510 to 11 nM. The most active compounds (6, 9, 23, and 29) proved to be effective in antagonizing pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures. Molecular modeling studies were performed to rationalize the lack of affinity of hydrazides with a chloro or a nitro group in the 5 position of the indole nucleus. It was hypothesized that the conformational preference of the hydrazide side chain, characterized by a gauche disposition of lone pairs and substituents about the N-N bond, prevents all hydrazides from binding to the receptor similarly to other classes of indole analogues previously investigated. The potency of 5-H hydrazides was attributed to a binding mode which is not feasible for 5-Cl and 5-NO2 counterparts. This theoretical model of ligand-receptor interaction permitted a more stringent interpretation of structure-affinity relationships of hydrazides and of recently described benzylamide derivatives (Da Settimo et al. J. Med. Chem. 1996, 39, 5083-5091).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Da Settimo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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39
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Silvestri R, Artico M, Bruno B, Massa S, Novellino E, Greco G, Marongiu ME, Pani A, De Montis A, La Colla P. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 5H-indolo [3,2-b][1,5]benzothiazepine derivatives, designed as conformationally constrained analogues of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor L-737,126. Antivir Chem Chemother 1998; 9:139-48. [PMID: 9875385 DOI: 10.1177/095632029800900205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the presence of sodium hydride, reaction of aryl-disulphides with ethyl esters of indole-2-carboxylic acids furnished ethyl 3-arylthioindole-2-carboxylates, which were cyclized intramolecularly to afford 5H-indolo[3,2-b][1,5]benzothiazepin-6(7H)-ones or hydrolysed in alkaline medium to give 3-arylthioindole-2-carboxylic acids. These acids, also obtained by the action of aryldisulphides on indole-2-carboxylic acids, afforded tetracyclic 5H-indolo [3,2-b][1,5]benzothiazepin-6(7H)-ones upon treatment with EDCI-DMAP. Transformation of cyclic sulphides into the required sulphones was achieved by treatment with hydrogen peroxide or with m-chloroperbenzoic acid. The title derivatives are conformationally constrained analogues of the potent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase inhibitor 3-benzene-sulphonyl-5-chloroindole-2-carboxamide (L-737, 126). Although the indolobenzothiazepine derivatives, as well as the indolyl aryl sulphones used for their synthesis, were endowed with anti-HIV-1 activities in the submicromolar and micromolar range, none of them proved more potent than L-737,126.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Silvestri
- Dipartimento di Studi Farmaceutici, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Roma, Italy
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40
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Campiani G, Nacci V, Fiorini I, De Filippis MP, Garofalo A, Ciani SM, Greco G, Novellino E, Manzoni C, Mennini T. New pyrrolobenzothiazepine derivatives as molecular probes of the ‘peripheral-type’ benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) binding site. Eur J Med Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0223-5234(97)83975-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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41
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Da Settimo A, Primofiore G, Da Settimo F, Marini AM, Novellino E, Greco G, Martini C, Giannaccini G, Lucacchini A. Synthesis, structure-activity relationships, and molecular modeling studies of N-(indol-3-ylglyoxylyl)benzylamine derivatives acting at the benzodiazepine receptor. J Med Chem 1996; 39:5083-91. [PMID: 8978839 DOI: 10.1021/jm960240i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A number of N-(indol-3-ylglyoxylyl)benzylamine derivatives were synthesized and tested for [3H]flunitrazepam displacing activity in bovine brain membranes. Some of these derivatives (9, 12, 14, 15, 17, 27, 34, 35, 38, 41, and 45) exhibited high affinity for the benzodiazepine receptor (BzR) with Ki values ranging from 67 to 11 nM. The GABA ratio and [35S]-tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate binding data, determined for the most active compounds, showed that they elicit an efficacy profile at the BzR which depends on the kind of substituent present on the phenyl ring of the benzylamine moiety. Moreover, lengthening (propylamine derivatives 1-3) and shortening (aniline derivatives 46-54) of the distance between the phenyl ring and the amide group of the side chain gave compounds with a drastically lower binding potency. The biological results are discussed in the light of a recently proposed pharmacophore model and compared, by molecular modeling studies, with those obtained from effective BzR ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Da Settimo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Italy
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42
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Campiani G, Nacci V, Fiorini I, De Filippis MP, Garofalo A, Ciani SM, Greco G, Novellino E, Williams DC, Zisterer DM, Woods MJ, Mihai C, Manzoni C, Mennini T. Synthesis, biological activity, and SARs of pyrrolobenzoxazepine derivatives, a new class of specific "peripheral-type" benzodiazepine receptor ligands. J Med Chem 1996; 39:3435-50. [PMID: 8784441 DOI: 10.1021/jm960251b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The "peripheral-type" benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) has been reported to play a role in many biological processes. We have synthesized and tested a novel series of PBR ligands based on a pyrrolobenzoxazepine skeleton, in order to provide new receptor ligands. Several of these new compounds proved to be high affinity and selective ligands for PBR, and benzoxazepines 17f and 17j were found to be the most potent ligands for this receptor to have been identified to date. The SAR and the molecular modeling studies detailed herein delineated a number of structural features required for improving affinity. Some of the ligands were employed as "molecular yardsticks" to probe the spatial dimensions of the lipophilic pockets L1 and L3 in the PBR cleft and to determine the effect of occupation of L1 and L3 with respect to affinity, while other C-7 modified analogues provided information specifically on the hydrogen bonding with a putative receptor site H1. The new pyrrolobenzoxazepines were tested in rat cortex, a tissue expressing high density of mitochondrial PBR, and exhibited IC50 and Ki values in the low nanomolar or subnanomolar range, as measured by the displacement of [3H]PK 11195 binding. A subset of the highest affinity ligands was also found to have high affinities for [3H]PK 11195 and [3H]Ro 5-4864 binding in rat adrenal mitochondria. All the ligands in this subset are stimulators of steroidogenesis having similar potency and extent of stimulation as PK 11195 and Ro 5-4864 of steroidogenesis in the mouse Y-1 adrenocortical cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Campiani
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università di Siena, Italy
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43
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Campiani G, Nacci V, Fiorini I, De Filippis MP, Garofalo A, Greco G, Novellino E, Altamura S, Di Renzo L. Pyrrolobenzothiazepinones and pyrrolobenzoxazepinones: novel and specific non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors with antiviral activity. J Med Chem 1996; 39:2672-80. [PMID: 8709096 DOI: 10.1021/jm950702c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Two novel classes of pyrrolobenzothiazepinones and pyrrolobenzoxazepinones were investigated as potential anti-AIDS drugs. These compounds were found to inhibit HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) enzyme in vitro and to prevent HIV-1 cytopathogenicity in T4 lymphocytes, without appreciable activity on HIV-2 cytopathic effects, and against HBV as well as calfthymus DNA alpha-polymerase. Their potency is influenced by substituents at position 6 and on the fused aromatic ring. Specifically, small lipophilic substituents at C-6 were preferred, whereas substitutions on the benzo-fused ring were found to be detrimental to activity, with respect to the unsubstituted compounds. Modification of the pie-system at C-6 is well tolerated, although the replacement of the benzo-fused with a [2,3]naphtho-fused ring leads to a less active compound. Maximum potency and specificity is achieved with a phenyl and an ethyl group at position 6 of the pyrrolobenzoxazepinone system. In the enzymatic assay the oxazepinone derivative (+/-)-6-ethyl-6-phenylpyrrolo[2,1-d][1,5] benzoxazepin-7(6H)-one 16e (IC50 = 0.25 microM) was found to be more potent than nevirapine (IC50 = 0.5 microM), tested in the same experimental conditions using rC.dG as a template-primer. In cell culture assay benzoxazepine 16e was active against HIV-1, both wild type and AZT-sensitive, and HIV-1 (IIIB) strains, but not against HIV-2. In enzyme assay although 16e inhibited HIV-1 RT, it was inactive against the nevirapine-resistant recombinant RT Y181C at 50 microM. Molecular modeling studies suggest that these derivatives present a 3D pharmacophoric arrangement similar to that of other non-nucleoside inhibitors such as nevirapine.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Campiani
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Technologico, Universitá di Siena, Italy
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44
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Caliendo G, Greco G, Grieco P, Perissutti E, Santagada V, Calignano A, Mancuso F, Novellino E. Modification of the potent peptide FK888 with unusual aminoacids: effects on activity on neurokinin receptors. Farmaco 1996; 51:197-201. [PMID: 8688142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We report on the synthesis and the pharmacological properties of a new series of tachykinin antagonists based on the peptide N2-[(4R)-4-hydroxy-1-[(1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl) carbonyl]-L-prolyl]-N-methyl-N-(phe-nylmethyl)-3-(2-naphthyl)-L-al aninamide (FK888) modified on the (2-naphthyl)-L-alanine and the [(1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)carbonyl] moieties. The compounds were tested on guinea pig ileum for NK-1, rat colon for NK-2 and rat portal vein for NK-3 receptors. The two most potent peptides of this series, 1b and 2b, were selective for the NK-2 receptor (pA2 = 7.5 and 7.3, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- G Caliendo
- Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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45
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Da Settimo A, Primofiore G, Da Settimo F, Novellino E, Greco G, Martini C, Senatore G, Lucacehini A. Indole derivatives as probes to study the benzodiazepine binding site in GABA receptor complex. Adv Exp Med Biol 1996; 398:677-83. [PMID: 8906343 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-0381-7_109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Da Settimo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Italy
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46
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Caliendo G, Greco G, Grieco P, Raso GM, Meli R, Novellino E, Perissutti E, Santagada V. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a set of N-[2-(alkylamino)ethyl]benzotriazol-X-yl isobutyramides acting as local anesthetics. Eur J Med Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0223-5234(96)80442-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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47
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Dalpiaz A, Bertolasi V, Borea PA, Nacci V, Fiorini I, Campiani G, Mennini T, Manzoni C, Novellino E, Greco G. A concerted study using binding measurements, X-ray structural data, and molecular modeling on the stereochemical features responsible for the affinity of 6-arylpyrrolo[2,1-d][1,5]benzothiazepines toward mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptors. J Med Chem 1995; 38:4730-8. [PMID: 7473601 DOI: 10.1021/jm00023a013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The 7-(acyloxy)-6-arylpyrrolo[2,1-d][1,5]benzothiazepine derivatives have been recently proposed as a new class of ligands specific for the mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptor (Fiorini et al. J. Med. Chem. 1994, 37, 1427-1438) (Greco et al. J. Med. Chem. 1994, 37, 4100-4108). In this paper we report the X-ray crystallographic structures of three potent (1-3) and two inactive (4 and 5) previously described benzothiazepines, as well as binding affinity constants for two newly assayed analogs in which the acyloxy side chain was replaced by a methoxy group (6) or removed (7). Structure-affinity relationships and molecular mechanics calculations performed using crystal structures as references have led to a revised 3D pharmacophore model accounting for all the data available up until now. Interestingly, the hypothetical receptor-bound conformations of 1-3 display a considerable degree of similarity with their crystal geometries. Additional calculations have confirmed that the poor affinities of benzothiazepines bearing an aroyloxy group (4 and 5) should be ascribed to the steric and/or electronic features of the side chain aryl moieties rather than to unfavorable conformational properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dalpiaz
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Ferrara, Italy
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48
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Caliendo G, Greco G, Grieco P, Perissutti E, Santagada V, Calignano A, Mancuso F, Novellino E. Synthesis and in vitro activities of highly potent and selective tripeptide antagonists of the neurokinin NK-1 receptor. Farmaco 1995; 50:755-9. [PMID: 8593172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We report on the synthesis and the pharmacological properties of a new series of tachykinin antagonists based on the tripeptide Ac-Thr-D-Trp(CHO)-Phe-N(Me)-Bzl (1, FR113680) partly modified on the C-terminal amide part. Stereochemistry around the benzilic carbon, as well as nitrogen substitution was investigated. Selected compounds were tested on guinea pig ileum for NK-1, rat colon and rat portal vein for NK-2 and NK-3 receptors, respectively. Two of these peptides were shown to have higher tachykinin antagonist activity (pA2 > 8.8) and selectivity for NK-1 receptors compared with compound 1 taken as reference (Table 2). In addition we investigated the stability of compounds 2 and 3 on guinea pig plasma and liver homogenate.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Caliendo
- Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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49
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Da Settimo A, Primofiore G, Da Settimo F, Marini AM, Novellino E, Greco G, Martini C, Senatore G, Lucacchini A. Synthesis of 3-(2'-furoyl)indole derivatives as potential new ligands at the benzodiazepine receptor, structurally more restrained analogues of indoleglyoxylylamides. Farmaco 1995; 50:311-20. [PMID: 7626165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A number of furoylindoles were synthesized with the aim of obtaining structurally more restrained analogues of the previously described indoleglyoxylylamides, which are high affinity ligands at the benzodiazepine receptor. In these new compounds, the oxygen atom of the oxalyl CO(2) is inserted into the rigid furan ring. However, unlike the glyoxylylamides, they proved to be incapable of interacting with the benzodiazepine receptor. To rationalize these results, molecular electrostatic potentials were calculated; these indicated a positive electrostatic potential region for the furan oxygen, which thus prevents the formation of a hydrogen bond necessary for interaction with the receptor. Nevertheless, these findings confirmed that the CO(2) of the indoleglyoxylylamide derivatives represents one of the principal points of interaction with the receptor site for these kinds of ligands, as previously hypothesized by us.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Da Settimo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche dell'Università di Pisa, Italy
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50
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Caliendo G, Fattorusso C, Greco G, Novellino E, Perissutti E, Santagada V. Shape-dependent effects in a series of aromatic nitro compounds acting as mutagenic agents on S. typhimurium TA98. SAR QSAR Environ Res 1995; 4:21-27. [PMID: 8765901 DOI: 10.1080/10629369508234011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The steric properties modulating the mutagenic activity on S. typhimurium TA98 of a set of nitroaromatic compounds have been investigated using the CoMFA method. In addition to steric probe-ligand interaction energies, the overall lipophilicity and the energy of the lowest occupied molecular orbital have been employed as molecular descriptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Caliendo
- Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Universitä degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples (Italy)
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