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Vaamonde-García C, Burguera EF, Vela-Anero Á, Hermida-Gómez T, Filgueira-Fernández P, Fernández-Rodríguez JA, Meijide-Faílde R, Blanco FJ. Intraarticular Administration Effect of Hydrogen Sulfide on an In Vivo Rat Model of Osteoarthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197421. [PMID: 33050005 PMCID: PMC7582513 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common articular chronic disease. However, its current treatment is limited and mostly symptomatic. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenous gas with recognized physiological activities. The purpose here was to evaluate the effects of the intraarticular administration of a slow-releasing H2S compound (GYY-4137) on an OA experimental model. OA was induced in Wistar rats by the transection of medial collateral ligament and the removal of the medial meniscus of the left joint. The animals were randomized into three groups: non-treated and intraarticularly injected with saline or GYY-4137. Joint destabilization induced articular thickening (≈5% increment), the loss of joint mobility and flexion (≈12-degree angle), and increased levels of pain (≈1.5 points on a scale of 0 to 3). Animals treated with GYY-4137 presented improved motor function of the joint, as well as lower pain levels (≈75% recovery). We also observed that cartilage deterioration was attenuated in the GYY-4137 group (≈30% compared with the saline group). Likewise, these animals showed a reduced presence of pro-inflammatory mediators (cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and metalloproteinase-13) and lower oxidative damage in the cartilage. The increment of the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) levels and Nrf-2-regulated gene expression (≈30%) in the GYY-4137 group seem to be underlying its chondroprotective effects. Our results suggest the beneficial impact of the intraarticular administration of H2S on experimental OA, showing a reduced cartilage destruction and oxidative damage, and supporting the use of slow H2S-producing molecules as a complementary treatment in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Vaamonde-García
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Universidad de A Coruña, Agrupación Estratégica CICA- INIBIC, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, Campus Oza, 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (C.V.-G.); (Á.V.-A.)
- Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología (GIR), INIBIC-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, Sergas, As Xubias, 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (E.F.B.); (T.H.-G.); (P.F.-F.)
| | - Elena F. Burguera
- Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología (GIR), INIBIC-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, Sergas, As Xubias, 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (E.F.B.); (T.H.-G.); (P.F.-F.)
- Centro de investigación biomédica en Red, Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela Vela-Anero
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Universidad de A Coruña, Agrupación Estratégica CICA- INIBIC, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, Campus Oza, 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (C.V.-G.); (Á.V.-A.)
| | - Tamara Hermida-Gómez
- Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología (GIR), INIBIC-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, Sergas, As Xubias, 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (E.F.B.); (T.H.-G.); (P.F.-F.)
- Centro de investigación biomédica en Red, Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Purificación Filgueira-Fernández
- Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología (GIR), INIBIC-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, Sergas, As Xubias, 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (E.F.B.); (T.H.-G.); (P.F.-F.)
- Centro de investigación biomédica en Red, Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jennifer A. Fernández-Rodríguez
- Grupo de Envejecimiento e Inflamación, Agrupación Estratégica CICA- INIBIC, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, Sergas, Universidad de A Coruña, As Xubias, 15006 A Coruña, Spain;
| | - Rosa Meijide-Faílde
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Universidad de A Coruña, Agrupación Estratégica CICA- INIBIC, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, Campus Oza, 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (C.V.-G.); (Á.V.-A.)
- Correspondence: (R.M.-F.); (F.J.B.); Tel.: +34-981167000 (ext. 5855) (R.M.-F.); +34-981176399 (F.J.B.)
| | - Francisco J. Blanco
- Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología (GIR), INIBIC-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, Sergas, As Xubias, 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (E.F.B.); (T.H.-G.); (P.F.-F.)
- Grupo de Investigación de Reumatología y Salud (GIR), Departamento de Fisioterapia, Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Fisioterapia, Agrupación Estrategica CICA-INIBIC, Universidade da Coruña, Campus de Oza, 15006 A Coruña, Spain
- Correspondence: (R.M.-F.); (F.J.B.); Tel.: +34-981167000 (ext. 5855) (R.M.-F.); +34-981176399 (F.J.B.)
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Burguera EF, Vela-Anero Á, Gato-Calvo L, Vaamonde-García C, Meijide-Faílde R, Blanco FJ. Hydrogen sulfide biosynthesis is impaired in the osteoarthritic joint. Int J Biometeorol 2020; 64:997-1010. [PMID: 31734816 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-019-01823-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis and it is a leading cause of disability in the elderly. Its complete etiology is not known although there are several metabolic, genetic, epigenetic, and local contributing factors involved. At the moment, there is no cure for this pathology and treatment alternatives to retard or stop its progression are intensively being sought. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a small gaseous molecule and is present in sulfurous mineral waters as its active component. Data from recent clinical trials shows that balneotherapy (immersion in mineral and/or thermal waters from natural springs) in sulfurous waters can improve OA symptoms, in particular, pain and function. Yet, the underlying mechanisms are poorly known. Hydrogen sulfide is also considered, with NO and CO, an endogenous signaling gasotransmitter. It is synthesized endogenously with the help of three enzymes, cystathionine gamma-lyase (CTH), cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS), and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MPST). Here, the expression of these three enzymes was demonstrated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and their protein abundance [by immunohistochemistry and Western blot (WB)] in human articular cartilage. No significant differences were found in CBS or CTH expression or abundance, but mRNA and protein levels of 3-MPST were significantly reduced in cartilage form OA donors. Also, the biosynthesis of H2S from OA cartilage, measured with a specific microelectrode, was significantly lower than in OA-free tissue. Yet, no differences were found in H2S concentration in serum from OA patients and OA-free donors. The current results suggest that reduced levels of the mitochondrial enzyme 3-MPST in OA cartilage might be, at least in part, responsible for a reduction in H2S biosynthesis in this tissue and that impaired H2S biosynthesis in the joint might be a contributing factor to OA. This could contribute to explain why exogenous supplementation of H2S, for instance with sulfurous thermal water, has positive effects in OA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena F Burguera
- Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología (GIR), Agrupación Estratégica CICA-INIBIC, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, Sergas, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica A Coruña-INIBIC, As Xubias 84, 15006, A Coruña, Spain.
- CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ángela Vela-Anero
- CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain
- Grupo de Terapia Celular e Medicina Regenerativa, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, Sergas, Universidad de A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Lucía Gato-Calvo
- Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología (GIR), Agrupación Estratégica CICA-INIBIC, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, Sergas, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica A Coruña-INIBIC, As Xubias 84, 15006, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Carlos Vaamonde-García
- Grupo de Terapia Celular e Medicina Regenerativa, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, Sergas, Universidad de A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Rosa Meijide-Faílde
- Grupo de Terapia Celular e Medicina Regenerativa, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, Sergas, Universidad de A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Francisco J Blanco
- Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología (GIR), Agrupación Estratégica CICA-INIBIC, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, Sergas, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica A Coruña-INIBIC, As Xubias 84, 15006, A Coruña, Spain.
- Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología (GIR), Departamento de Fisioterapia, Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, Sergas, Universidad de A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain.
- ProteoRed/ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
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López-Senra E, Casal-Beiroa P, López-Álvarez M, Serra J, González P, Valcarcel J, Vázquez JA, Burguera EF, Blanco FJ, Magalhães J. Impact of Prevalence Ratios of Chondroitin Sulfate (CS)- 4 and -6 Isomers Derived from Marine Sources in Cell Proliferation and Chondrogenic Differentiation Processes. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E94. [PMID: 32023805 PMCID: PMC7074435 DOI: 10.3390/md18020094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is the most prevalent rheumatic disease. During disease progression, differences have been described in the prevalence of chondroitin sulfate (CS) isomers. Marine derived-CS present a higher proportion of the 6S isomer, offering therapeutic potential. Accordingly, we evaluated the effect of exogenous supplementation of CS, derived from the small spotted catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula), blue shark (Prionace glauca), thornback skate (Raja clavata) and bovine CS (reference), on the proliferation of osteochondral cell lines (MG-63 and T/C-28a2) and the chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). MG-G3 proliferation was comparable between R. clavata (CS-6 intermediate ratio) and bovine CS (CS-4 enrichment), for concentrations below 0.5 mg/mL, defined as a toxicity threshold. T/C-28a2 proliferation was significantly improved by intermediate ratios of CS-6 and -4 isomers (S. canicula and R. clavata). A dose-dependent response was observed for S. canicula (200 µg/mL vs 50 and 10 µg/mL) and bovine CS (200 and 100 µg/mL vs 10 µg/mL). CS sulfation patterns discretely affected MSCs chondrogenesis; even though S. canicula and R. clavata CS up-regulated chondrogenic markers expression (aggrecan and collagen type II) these were not statistically significant. We demonstrate that intermediate values of CS-4 and -6 isomers improve cell proliferation and offer potential for chondrogenic promotion, although more studies are needed to elucidate its mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía López-Senra
- New Materials Group, Department of Applied Physics, University of Vigo, IISGS, MTI, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (E.L.-S.); (M.L.-Á.); (J.S.); (P.G.)
| | - Paula Casal-Beiroa
- Unidad de Medicina Regenerativa, Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), CHUAC. SERGAS. C/ As Xubias de Arriba 84, 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (P.C.-B.); (E.F.B.); (F.J.B.)
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), As Carballeiras S/N, Campus de Elviña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Miriam López-Álvarez
- New Materials Group, Department of Applied Physics, University of Vigo, IISGS, MTI, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (E.L.-S.); (M.L.-Á.); (J.S.); (P.G.)
| | - Julia Serra
- New Materials Group, Department of Applied Physics, University of Vigo, IISGS, MTI, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (E.L.-S.); (M.L.-Á.); (J.S.); (P.G.)
| | - Pío González
- New Materials Group, Department of Applied Physics, University of Vigo, IISGS, MTI, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (E.L.-S.); (M.L.-Á.); (J.S.); (P.G.)
| | - Jesus Valcarcel
- Grupo de Reciclado y Valorización de Materiales Residuales (REVAL), Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain; (J.V.); (J.A.V.)
| | - José Antonio Vázquez
- Grupo de Reciclado y Valorización de Materiales Residuales (REVAL), Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain; (J.V.); (J.A.V.)
| | - Elena F. Burguera
- Unidad de Medicina Regenerativa, Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), CHUAC. SERGAS. C/ As Xubias de Arriba 84, 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (P.C.-B.); (E.F.B.); (F.J.B.)
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), As Carballeiras S/N, Campus de Elviña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Blanco
- Unidad de Medicina Regenerativa, Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), CHUAC. SERGAS. C/ As Xubias de Arriba 84, 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (P.C.-B.); (E.F.B.); (F.J.B.)
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), As Carballeiras S/N, Campus de Elviña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad Ciencias de la Salud, Campus de Oza, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), Campus de Oza, 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Joana Magalhães
- Unidad de Medicina Regenerativa, Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), CHUAC. SERGAS. C/ As Xubias de Arriba 84, 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (P.C.-B.); (E.F.B.); (F.J.B.)
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), As Carballeiras S/N, Campus de Elviña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Gato-Calvo L, Hermida-Gómez T, Romero CR, Burguera EF, Blanco FJ. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Novel Standardized Platelet Rich Plasma Releasates on Knee Osteoarthritic Chondrocytes and Cartilage in vitro. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2019; 20:920-933. [DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666190619111118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) has recently emerged as a potential treatment for
osteoarthritis (OA), but composition heterogeneity hampers comparison among studies, with the result
that definite conclusions on its efficacy have not been reached.
Objective:
1) To develop a novel methodology to prepare a series of standardized PRP releasates
(PRP-Rs) with known absolute platelet concentrations, and 2) To evaluate the influence of this standardization
parameter on the anti-inflammatory properties of these PRP-Rs in an in vitro and an ex vivo
model of OA.
Methods:
A series of PRPs was prepared using the absolute platelet concentration as the standardization
parameter. Doses of platelets ranged from 0% (platelet poor plasma, PPP) to 1.5·105 platelets/µl.
PRPs were then activated with CaCl2 to obtain releasates (PRP-R). Chondrocytes were stimulated with
10% of each PRP-R in serum-free culture medium for 72 h to assess proliferation and viability. Cells
were co-stimulated with interleukin (IL)-1β (5 ng/ml) and 10% of each PRP-R for 48 h to determine
the effects on gene expression, secretion and intra-cellular content of common markers associated with
inflammation, catabolism and oxidative stress in OA. OA cartilage explants were co-stimulated with
IL-1β (5 ng/ml) and 10% of either PRP-R with 0.75·105 platelets/µl or PRP-R with 1.5·105 platelets/µl
for 21 days to assess matrix inflammatory degradation.
Results:
Chondrocyte viability was not affected, and proliferation was dose-dependently increased.
The gene expression of all pro-inflammatory mediators was significantly and dose-independently reduced,
except for that of IL-1β and IL-8. Immunoblotting corroborated this effect for inducible NO
synthase (NOS2). Secreted matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) was reduced to almost basal levels
by the PRP-R from PPP. Increasing platelet dosage led to progressive loss to this anti-catabolic ability.
Safranin O and toluidine blue stains supported the beneficial effect of low platelet dosage on cartilage
matrix preservation.
Conclusion:
We have developed a methodology to prepare PRP releasates using the absolute platelet
concentration as the standardization parameter. Using this approach, the composition of the resulting
PRP derived product is independent of the donor initial basal platelet count, thereby allowing the
evaluation of its effects objectively and reproducibly. In our OA models, PRP-Rs showed antiinflammatory,
anti-oxidant and anti-catabolic properties. Platelet enrichment could favor chondrocyte
proliferation but is not necessary for the above effects and could even be counter-productive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Gato-Calvo
- Grupo de Investigacion en Reumatologia (GIR), Agrupacion Estrategica CICA-INIBIC, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruna, Sergas, Universidad de A Coruna, A Coruna, Spain
| | - Tamara Hermida-Gómez
- Grupo de Investigacion en Reumatologia (GIR), Agrupacion Estrategica CICA-INIBIC, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruna, Sergas, Universidad de A Coruna, A Coruna, Spain
| | - Cristina R. Romero
- Grupo de Investigacion en Reumatologia (GIR), Agrupacion Estrategica CICA-INIBIC, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruna, Sergas, Universidad de A Coruna, A Coruna, Spain
| | - Elena F. Burguera
- Grupo de Investigacion en Reumatologia (GIR), Agrupacion Estrategica CICA-INIBIC, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruna, Sergas, Universidad de A Coruna, A Coruna, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Blanco
- Grupo de Investigacion en Reumatologia (GIR), Agrupacion Estrategica CICA-INIBIC, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruna, Sergas, Universidad de A Coruna, A Coruna, Spain
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Gato-Calvo L, Magalhaes J, Ruiz-Romero C, Blanco FJ, Burguera EF. Platelet-rich plasma in osteoarthritis treatment: review of current evidence. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2019; 10:2040622319825567. [PMID: 30815245 PMCID: PMC6383098 DOI: 10.1177/2040622319825567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is defined as a volume of plasma with a platelet
concentration higher than the average in peripheral blood. Many basic,
preclinical and even clinical case studies and trials report PRP’s ability to
improve musculoskeletal conditions including osteoarthritis, but paradoxically,
just as many conclude it has no effect. The purpose of this narrative review is
to discuss the available relevant evidence that supports the clinical use of PRP
in osteoarthritis, highlighting those variables we perceive as critical. Here,
recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses were used to identify the latest
randomized controlled trials (RCTs) testing a PRP product as an intra-articular
treatment for knee osteoarthritis, compared with an intra-articular control
(mostly hyaluronic acid). Conclusions in the identified RCTs are examined and
compared. In total, five recent meta-analyses and systematic reviews were found
meeting the above criteria. A total of 19 individual trials were identified in
the five reviews but only 9 were level of evidence I RCTs, and many had moderate
or high risks of bias. At present, results from these RCTs seem to favor PRP use
over other intra-articular treatments to improve pain scales in the short and
medium term (6–12 months), but the overall level of evidence is low. As a
result, clinical effectiveness of PRP for knee osteoarthritis treatment is still
under debate. This is, prominently, the result of a lack of standardization of
PRP products, scarceness of high quality RCTs not showing high risks of bias,
and poor patient stratification for inclusion in the RCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Gato-Calvo
- Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología (GIR), Agrupación Estratégica CICA-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, Universidad de A Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Joana Magalhaes
- Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología (GIR), Agrupación Estratégica CICA-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, Universidad de A Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Cristina Ruiz-Romero
- Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología (GIR), Agrupación Estratégica CICA-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, Universidad de A Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Francisco J Blanco
- Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología (GIR), Agrupación Estratégica CICA-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, Universidad de A Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Elena F Burguera
- Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología, Agrupación Estratégica CICA-INIBIC, Hospital Universitario A Coruña, Xubias de Arriba 84, 15006 A Coruña, Spain
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Vela-Anero Á, Hermida-Gómez T, Gato-Calvo L, Vaamonde-García C, Díaz-Prado S, Meijide-Faílde R, Blanco FJ, Burguera EF. Long-term effects of hydrogen sulfide on the anabolic-catabolic balance of articular cartilage in vitro. Nitric Oxide 2017; 70:42-50. [PMID: 28821460 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Healthy cartilage maintenance relies on an equilibrium among the anabolic and catabolic processes in chondrocytes. With the onset of osteoarthritis (OA), increased interleukin (IL)-1β levels induce an inhibition of the synthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, as well as an increase in proteases. This eventually leads to a predominance of the catabolic phenotype and the progressive loss of articular cartilage. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a small gaseous molecule recognized as the third endogenous gasotransmitter. When administered exogenously, it has shown anti-inflammatory and anti-catabolic properties in several in vitro and in vivo models. Here, OA cartilage disks were co-cultured in vitro with IL-1β (5 ng/ml) and NaSH or GYY4137 (200 or 1000 μM) for 21 days. The ability of these two H2S-producing compounds to avoid long term extracellular matrix (ECM) destruction was evaluated. We used a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) quantification kit histology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) to evaluate matrix proteins degradation and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) abundance. Through the GAGs quantification assay, safranin O (S-O) and toluidine blue (TB) stains, and keratan/chondroitin sulfate (KS/ChS) IHCs it was shown that co-stimulation with H2S-forming reagents effectively avoided GAGs destruction. Both Masson's trichrome (MT) stain and collagen (col) type II IHC, as well as aggrecan (agg) IHC demonstrated that not only were these proteins protected but even promoted, their abundance being higher than in the basal condition. Further, stains also demonstrated that positivity in the inter-territorial and intra-cellular for the different matrix components were rescued, suggesting that NaSH and GYY4137 might also have pro-anabolic effects. In addition, a clear protective effect against the increased MMPs levels was seen, since increased MMP3 and 13 levels were subsequently reduced with the co-stimulation with sulfide compounds. In general, GYY4137 was more effective than NaSH, and increasing the dose improved the results. This study demonstrates that H2S anti-catabolic effects, which had been previously proven in short-term (24-48 h) in vitro cellular models, are maintained over time directly in OA cartilage tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Á Vela-Anero
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Medicina y Fisioterapia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidade da Coruña, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña-Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, Servizo Galego de Saúde, A Coruña, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Grupo de Bioingieneria Tisular y Terapia Celular (GBTTC), Spain.
| | - T Hermida-Gómez
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Grupo de Bioingieneria Tisular y Terapia Celular (GBTTC), Spain; Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña-Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, Servizo Galego de Saúde, A Coruña, Spain.
| | - L Gato-Calvo
- Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña-Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, Servizo Galego de Saúde, A Coruña, Spain.
| | - C Vaamonde-García
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Medicina y Fisioterapia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidade da Coruña, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña-Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, Servizo Galego de Saúde, A Coruña, Spain.
| | - S Díaz-Prado
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Medicina y Fisioterapia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidade da Coruña, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña-Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, Servizo Galego de Saúde, A Coruña, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Grupo de Bioingieneria Tisular y Terapia Celular (GBTTC), Spain.
| | - R Meijide-Faílde
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Medicina y Fisioterapia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidade da Coruña, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña-Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, Servizo Galego de Saúde, A Coruña, Spain.
| | - F J Blanco
- Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña-Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, Servizo Galego de Saúde, A Coruña, Spain.
| | - E F Burguera
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Grupo de Bioingieneria Tisular y Terapia Celular (GBTTC), Spain; Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña-Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, Servizo Galego de Saúde, A Coruña, Spain.
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7
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Burguera EF, Vela-Anero A, Magalhães J, Meijide-Faílde R, Blanco FJ. Effect of hydrogen sulfide sources on inflammation and catabolic markers on interleukin 1β-stimulated human articular chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014; 22:1026-35. [PMID: 24831018 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), the third gasotransmitter together with NO and CO, is emerging as a regulator of inflammation. To test if it might offer therapeutic value in the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) we evaluated the effects of two exogenous sources of H2S, NaSH and GYY4137, on inflammation and catabolic markers that characterize OA. METHOD Human chondrocytes (CHs) were isolated from OA tissue. Cells were stimulated with a pro-inflammatory cytokine (interleukin-1β, IL1β, 5 ng/ml) and the ability of the two H2S sources to ameliorate its effects on the cells was tested. Nitric oxide (NO) production was quantified through the Griess reaction. Protein levels of inducible NO synthase (NOS2) and matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13) were visualized through immunocytochemistry (ICC). Relative mRNA expression was quantified with qRT-PCR. Prostaglandin-2 (PGE-2), interleukin 6 (IL6) and MMP13 levels were measured with specific EIAs. NFκB nuclear translocation was visualized with immunofluorescence. RESULTS Both H2S sources led to significant reductions in NO, PGE-2, IL6 and MMP13 released by the cells and at the protein level. This was achieved by downregulation of relevant genes involved in the synthesis routes of these molecules, namely NOS2, cyclooxigenase-2 (COX2), prostaglandin E synthase (PTGES), IL6 and MMP13. NFκB nuclear translocation was also reduced. CONCLUSION NaSH and GYY4137 show anti-inflammatory and anti-catabolic properties when added to IL1β activated osteoarthritic CHs. Supplementation with exogenous H2S sources can regulate the expression of relevant genes in OA pathogenesis and progression, counteracting IL1β pro-inflammatory signals that lead to cartilage destruction in part by reducing NFκB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F Burguera
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain; Grupo de Bioingieneria Tisular y Terapia Celular (CBTTC), Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de, Investigacion Biomédica (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruna (CHUAC), A Coruña, Spain.
| | - A Vela-Anero
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain; Departmento de Medicina, INIBIC-Universidad de A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain.
| | - J Magalhães
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain; Grupo de Bioingieneria Tisular y Terapia Celular (CBTTC), Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de, Investigacion Biomédica (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruna (CHUAC), A Coruña, Spain.
| | - R Meijide-Faílde
- Departmento de Medicina, INIBIC-Universidad de A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain.
| | - F J Blanco
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain; Grupo de Bioingieneria Tisular y Terapia Celular (CBTTC), Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de, Investigacion Biomédica (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruna (CHUAC), A Coruña, Spain.
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8
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Abstract
Cell-cell interactions are of crucial importance for the formation of tissues, homeostasis and regeneration processes as well as reactions on foreign bodies including implants. So far, however, the importance of heterotypic cell-cell interactions in the in vitro evaluation of implant surfaces has been largely neglected. This work aims to develop an in vitro methodology that enables the in-depth investigation of heterotypic cell-cell interactions in a mixed co-culture system, and to validate it with a primary adult human bone-derived osteoblast cells (HBCs) - abdominal fibroblasts (HAFs) system. The methodology proposed combines a simple live labelling step, semiautomated fluorescence image acquisition and analysis to characterize the interactions between different cell types (cell population dynamics) in co-culture in terms of cell proliferation and cell spatial distribution of each cell type. In this co-culture system, direct cell-cell contacts between the two cell types were permitted while the determination of cell-type specific responses could still be elucidated. We could show that HAF proliferation was reduced in a way negatively correlated with the seeding HBC/HAF ratio, i.e., a high proportion of HBC in the co-culture had an inhibitory effect on HAF proliferation. In all cultures segregation was found after 4 and 7 days of co-culture. HBCs were segregated at low ratios while HAFs were segregated at high ratios. Cell-cell distances depended on the total cell number in the co-culture but the dependence was different for each cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena F Burguera
- Osteoarticular and Aging Research Lab., Biomedical Research Center - INIBIC Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, 15006 A Coruña, Spain.
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9
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Zhao L, Burguera EF, Xu HHK, Amin N, Ryou H, Arola DD. Fatigue and human umbilical cord stem cell seeding characteristics of calcium phosphate-chitosan-biodegradable fiber scaffolds. Biomaterials 2009; 31:840-7. [PMID: 19850337 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.09.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Calcium phosphate cement (CPC) has in situ-setting ability and bioactivity, but the brittleness and low strength limit CPC to only non-load-bearing bone repairs. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) can be harvested without an invasive procedure required for the commonly studied bone marrow MSCs. However, little has been reported on hUCMSC delivery via bioactive scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. The objectives of this study were to develop CPC scaffolds with improved resistance to fatigue and fracture, and to investigate hUCMSC delivery for bone tissue engineering. In fast fracture, CPC with 15% chitosan and 20% polyglactin fibers (CPC-chitosan-fiber scaffold) had flexural strength of 26mPa, higher than 10mPa for CPC control (p<0.05). In cyclic loading, CPC-chitosan-fiber specimens that survived 2x10(6) cycles had the maximum stress of 10MPa, compared to 5MPa of CPC control. CPC-chitosan-fiber specimens that failed after multiple cycles had a mean stress-to-failure of 9MPa, compared to 5.8MPa for CPC control (p<0.05). hUCMSCs showed excellent viability when seeded on CPC and CPC-chitosan-fiber scaffolds. The percentage of live cells reached 96-99%. Cell density was about 300cells/mm(2) at day 1; it proliferated to 700cells/mm(2) at day 4. Wst-1 assay showed that the stronger CPC-chitosan-fiber scaffold had hUCMSC viability that matched the CPC control (p>0.1). In summary, this study showed that chitosan and polyglactin fibers substantially increased the fatigue resistance of CPC, and that hUCMSCs had excellent proliferation and viability on the scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhao
- Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, 21201, USA
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10
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Abstract
Calcium phosphate cement (CPC) sets in situ and forms apatite with excellent osteoconductivity and bone-replacement capability. The objectives of this study were to formulate an injectable tetracalcium phosphate-dicalcium phosphate cement (CPC(D)), and investigate the powder/liquid ratio and needle-size effects. The injection force (mean +/- SD; n = 4) to extrude the paste increased from (8 +/- 2) N using a 10-gauge needle to (144 +/- 17) N using a 21-gauge needle (p < 0.05). With the 10-gauge needle, the mass percentage of extruded paste was (95 +/- 4)% at a powder/liquid ratio of 3; it decreased to (70 +/- 12)% at powder/liquid = 3.5 (p < 0.05). A relationship was established between injection force, F, and needle lumen cross-sectional area, A: F = 5.0 + 38.7/A(0.8). Flexural strength, S, (mean +/- SD; n = 5) increased from (5.3 +/- 0.8) MPa at powder/liquid= 2 to (11.0 +/- 0.8) MPa at powder/liquid = 3.5 (p < 0.05). Pore volume fraction, P, ranged from 62.4% to 47.9%. A relationship was established: S = 47.7 x (1 - P)(2.3). The strength of the injectable CPC(D) matched/exceeded the reported strengths of sintered porous hydroxyapatite implants that required machining. The novel injectable CPC(D) with a relatively high strength may be useful in filling defects with limited accessibility such as periodontal repair and tooth root-canal fillings, and in minimally-invasive techniques such as percutaneous vertebroplasty to fill the lesions and to strengthen the osteoporotic bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena F Burguera
- Paffenbarger Research Center, American Dental Association Foundation, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8546, USA
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11
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Burguera EF, Guitian F, Chow LC. Effect of the calcium to phosphate ratio of tetracalcium phosphate on the properties of calcium phosphate bone cement. J Biomed Mater Res A 2008; 85:674-83. [PMID: 17876802 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Six different tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP) products were synthesized by solid state reaction at high temperature by varying the overall calcium to phosphate ratio of the synthesis mixture. The objective was to evaluate the effect of the calcium to phosphate ratio on a TTCP-dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) cement. The resulting six TTCP-DCPD cement mixtures were characterized using X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and pH measurements. Setting times and compressive strength (CS) were also measured. Using the TTCP product with a Ca/P ratio of 2.0 resulted in low strength values (25.61 MPa) when distilled water was used as the setting liquid, even though conversion to hydroxyapatite was not prevented, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The suspected CaO presence in this TTCP may have affected the cohesiveness of the cement mixture but not the cement setting reaction, however no direct evidence of CaO presence was found. Lower Ca/P ratio products yielded cements with CS values ranging from 46.7 MPa for Ca/P ratio of 1.90 to 38.32 MPa for Ca/P ratio of 1.85. When a dilute sodium phosphate solution was used as the setting liquid, CS values were 15.3% lower than those obtained with water as the setting liquid. Setting times ranged from 18 to 22 min when water was the cement liquid and from 7 to 8 min when sodium phosphate solution was used, and the calcium to phosphate ratio did not have a marked effect on this property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena F Burguera
- Paffenbarger Research Center, American Dental Association Foundation, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA.
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12
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Xu HHK, Burguera EF, Carey LE. Strong, macroporous, and in situ-setting calcium phosphate cement-layered structures. Biomaterials 2007; 28:3786-96. [PMID: 17574665 PMCID: PMC2652764 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2007] [Accepted: 05/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Calcium phosphate cement (CPC) is highly promising for clinical uses due to its in situ-setting ability, excellent osteoconductivity and bone-replacement capability. However, the low strength limits its use to non-load-bearing applications. The objectives of this study were to develop a layered CPC structure by combining a macroporous CPC layer with a strong CPC layer, and to investigate the effects of porosity and layer thickness ratios. The rationale was for the macroporous layer to accept tissue ingrowth, while the fiber-reinforced strong layer would provide the needed early-strength. A biopolymer chitosan was incorporated to strengthen both layers. Flexural strength, S (mean+/-sd; n=6) of CPC-scaffold decreased from (9.7+/-1.2) to (1.8+/-0.3) MPa (p<0.05), when the porosity increased from 44.6% to 66.2%. However, with a strong-layer reinforcement, S increased to (25.2+/-6.7) and (10.0+/-1.4) MPa, respectively, at these two porosities. These strengths matched/exceeded the reported strengths of sintered porous hydroxyapatite implants and cancellous bone. Relationships were established between S and the ratio of strong layer thickness/specimen thickness, a/h:S=(17.6 a/h+3.2) MPa. The scaffold contained macropores with a macropore length (mean+/-sd; n=147) of (183+/-73) microm, suitable for cell infiltration and tissue ingrowth. Nano-sized hydroxyapatite crystals were observed to form the scaffold matrix of CPC with chitosan. In summary, a layered CPC implant, combining a macroporous CPC with a strong CPC, was developed. Mechanical strength and macroporosity are conflicting requirements. However, the novel functionally graded CPC enabled a relatively high strength and macroporosity to be simultaneously achieved. Such an in situ-hardening nano-apatite may be useful in moderate stress-bearing applications, with macroporosity to enhance tissue ingrowth and implant resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hockin H K Xu
- Paffenbarger Research Center, American Dental Association Foundation, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive Stop 8546, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8546, USA.
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13
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Burguera EF, Xu HHK, Weir MD. Injectable and rapid-setting calcium phosphate bone cement with dicalcium phosphate dihydrate. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2006; 77:126-34. [PMID: 16184538 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.30403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Calcium phosphate cement (CPC) sets in situ with intimate adaptation to the contours of defect surfaces, and forms an implant having a structure and composition similar to hydroxyapatite, the putative mineral in teeth and bones. The objective of the present study was to develop an injectable CPC using dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) with a high solubility for rapid setting. Two agents were incorporated to impart injectability and fast-hardening to the cement: a hardening accelerator (sodium phosphate) and a gelling agent (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, HPMC). The cement with DCPD was designated as CPC(D), and the conventional cement was referred to as CPC(A). Using water without sodium phosphate, CPC(A) had a setting time of 82 +/- 6 min. In contrast, CPC(D) exhibited rapid setting with a time of 17 +/- 1 min. At 0.2 mol/L sodium phosphate, setting time for CPC(D) was 15 +/- 1 min, significantly faster than 40 +/- 2 min for CPC(A) (Tukey's at 0.95). Sodium phosphate decreased the paste injectability (measured as the paste mass extruded from the syringe divided by the original paste mass inside the syringe). However, the addition of HPMC dramatically increased the paste injectability. For CPC(D), the injectability was increased from 65% +/- 12% without HPMC to 98% +/- 1% with 1% HPMC. Injectability of CPC(A) was also doubled to 99% +/- 1%. The injectable and rapid-setting CPC(D) possessed flexural strength and elastic modulus values overlapping the reported values for sintered porous hydroxyapatite implants and cancellous bone. In summary, the rapid setting and relatively high strength and elastic modulus of CPC(D) should help the graft to quickly attain strength and geometrical integrity within a short period of time postoperatively. Furthermore, the injectability of CPC(D) may have potential for procedures involving defects with limited accessibility or narrow cavities, when there is a need for precise placement of the paste, and when using minimally invasive surgical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena F Burguera
- Instituto de Cerámica de Galicia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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14
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Burguera EF, Xu HHK, Takagi S, Chow LC. High early strength calcium phosphate bone cement: effects of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate and absorbable fibers. J Biomed Mater Res A 2006; 75:966-75. [PMID: 16123976 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.30497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Calcium phosphate cement (CPC) sets in situ to form resorbable hydroxyapatite with chemical and crystallographic similarity to the apatite in human bones, hence it is highly promising for clinical applications. The objective of the present study was to develop a CPC that is fast setting and has high strength in the early stages of implantation. Two approaches were combined to impart high early strength to the cement: the use of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate with a high solubility (which formed the cement CPC(D)) instead of anhydrous dicalcium phosphate (which formed the conventional cement CPC(A)), and the incorporation of absorbable fibers. A 2 x 8 design was tested with two materials (CPC(A) and CPC(D)) and eight levels of cement reaction time: 15 min, 30 min, 1 h, 1.5 h, 2 h, 4 h, 8 h, and 24 h. An absorbable suture fiber was incorporated into cements at 25% volume fraction. The Gilmore needle method measured a hardening time of 15.8 min for CPC(D), five-fold faster than 81.5 min for CPC(A), at a powder:liquid ratio of 3:1. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the formation of nanosized rod-like hydroxyapatite crystals and platelet crystals in the cements. At 30 min, the flexural strength (mean +/- standard deviation; n = 5) was 0 MPa for CPC(A) (the paste did not set), (4.2 +/- 0.3) MPa for CPC(D), and (10.7 +/- 2.4) MPa for CPC(D)-fiber specimens, significantly different from each other (Tukey's at 0.95). The work of fracture (toughness) was increased by two orders of magnitude for the CPC(D)-fiber cement. The high early strength matched the reported strength for cancellous bone and sintered porous hydroxyapatite implants. The composite strength S(c) was correlated to the matrix strength S(m): S(c) = 2.16S(m). In summary, substantial early strength was imparted to a moldable, self-hardening and resorbable hydroxyapatite via two synergistic approaches: dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, and absorbable fibers. The new fast-setting and strong cement may help prevent catastrophic fracture or disintegration in moderate stress-bearing bone repairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena F Burguera
- Instituto de Cerámica de Galicia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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15
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Abstract
Calcium phosphate cement (CPC) can be molded and self-hardens in vivo to form resorbable hydroxyapatite with excellent osteoconductivity. The objective of this study was to develop an injectable, macroporous and strong CPC, and to investigate the effects of porogen and absorbable fibers. Water-soluble mannitol was used as porogen and mixed with CPC at mass fractions from 0% to 50%. CPC with 0-40% mannitol was fully extruded under a syringe force of 10 N. The paste with 50% mannitol required a 100-N force which extruded only 66% of the paste. At fiber volume fraction of 0-5%, the paste was completely extruded. However, at 6% and 7.5% fibers, some fibers were left in the syringe after the paste was extruded. The injectable CPC scaffold had a flexural strength (mean+/-sd; n=5) of (3.2+/-1.0) MPa, which approached the reported strengths for sintered porous hydroxyapatite implants and cancellous bone. In summary, the injectability of a ceramic scaffold, a macroporous CPC, was studies for the first time. Processing parameters were tailored to achieve high injectability, macroporosity, and strength. The injectable and strong CPC scaffold may be useful in surgical sites that are not freely accessible by open surgery or when using minimally invasive techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hockin H K Xu
- Paffenbarger Research Center, 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8546, American Dental Association Foundation, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8546, USA.
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16
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Burguera EF, Love BJ. Reduced transglutaminase-catalyzed protein aggregation is observed in the presence of creatine using sedimentation velocity. Anal Biochem 2005; 350:113-9. [PMID: 16445883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2005] [Revised: 11/25/2005] [Accepted: 12/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminases (TGases) are enzymes that catalyze covalent isopeptide crosslinks between reactive lysine and glutamine residues in proteins. Higher than normal local concentrations of TGase have been correlated with increased protein aggregation in vivo. These insoluble protein aggregates are the hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases, although each aggregating protein involved is disease specific. Because TGase is implicated in protein aggregation, there is evidence that its regulation may retard disease progression. Here we report on a laser light transmission technique as an in vitro tool to gauge the efficacy of creatine, a candidate inhibitor, to regulate aggregation. Sedimentation velocities of protein-coated particles in TGase-containing water-glycerol solutions were tracked with different levels of creatine. Sedimentation velocities were converted to apparent aggregate sizes using Stoke's law of sedimentation. The results indicated that creatine promoted up to a 20% reduction in protein aggregation in vitro. This technique may prove to be useful in identifying other functional TGase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena F Burguera
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, 24060, USA
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17
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Abstract
The development of a calcium phosphate cement, comprising tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP) and dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD), that hardens in 14 min with water as the liquid or 6 min with a 0.25 mol/L sodium phosphate solution as the liquid, without using hydroxyapatite (HA) seeds as setting accelerator, is reported. It was postulated that reduction in porosity would increase cement strength. Thus, the effects of applied pressure during the initial stages of the cement setting reaction on cement strength and porosity were studied. The cement powder comprised an equimolar mixture of TTCP and DCPD (median particle sizes 17 and 1.7 microm, respectively). Compressive strengths (CS) of samples prepared with distilled water were 47.6 +/- 2.4 MPa, 50.7 +/- 4.2 MPa, and 52.9 +/- 4.7 MPa at applied pressures of 5 MPa, 15 MPa, and 25 MPa, respectively. When phosphate solution was used, the CS values obtained were 41.5 +/- 2.3 MPa, 37.9 +/- 1.7 MPa, and 38.1 +/- 2.3 MPa at the same pressure levels. Statistical analysis of the results showed that pressure produced an improvement in CS when water was used as liquid but not when the phosphate solution was used. Compared to previously reported TTCP-DCPD cements, the greater CS values and shorter setting times together with a simplified formulation should make the present TTCP-DCPD cement a useful material as a bone substitute for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F Burguera
- Instituto de Cerámica de Galicia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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