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Deas E, Cremades N, Angelova PR, Ludtmann MHR, Yao Z, Chen S, Horrocks MH, Banushi B, Little D, Devine MJ, Gissen P, Klenerman D, Dobson CM, Wood NW, Gandhi S, Abramov AY. Alpha-Synuclein Oligomers Interact with Metal Ions to Induce Oxidative Stress and Neuronal Death in Parkinson's Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 24:376-91. [PMID: 26564470 PMCID: PMC4999647 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Protein aggregation and oxidative stress are both key pathogenic processes in Parkinson's disease, although the mechanism by which misfolded proteins induce oxidative stress and neuronal death remains unknown. In this study, we describe how aggregation of alpha-synuclein (α-S) from its monomeric form to its soluble oligomeric state results in aberrant free radical production and neuronal toxicity. RESULTS We first demonstrate excessive free radical production in a human induced pluripotent stem-derived α-S triplication model at basal levels and on application of picomolar doses of β-sheet-rich α-S oligomers. We probed the effects of different structural species of α-S in wild-type rat neuronal cultures and show that both oligomeric and fibrillar forms of α-S are capable of generating free radical production, but that only the oligomeric form results in reduction of endogenous glutathione and subsequent neuronal toxicity. We dissected the mechanism of oligomer-induced free radical production and found that it was interestingly independent of several known cellular enzymatic sources. INNOVATION The oligomer-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was entirely dependent on the presence of free metal ions as addition of metal chelators was able to block oligomer-induced ROS production and prevent oligomer-induced neuronal death. CONCLUSION Our findings further support the causative role of soluble amyloid oligomers in triggering neurodegeneration and shed light into the mechanisms by which these species cause neuronal damage, which, we show here, can be amenable to modulation through the use of metal chelation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Deas
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology , Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nunilo Cremades
- 2 Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Plamena R Angelova
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology , Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marthe H R Ludtmann
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology , Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zhi Yao
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology , Queen Square, London, United Kingdom .,3 Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology , Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Serene Chen
- 2 Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mathew H Horrocks
- 2 Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Blerida Banushi
- 4 MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, UCL , London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Little
- 4 MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, UCL , London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Devine
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology , Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Gissen
- 4 MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, UCL , London, United Kingdom
| | - David Klenerman
- 2 Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher M Dobson
- 2 Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas W Wood
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology , Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sonia Gandhi
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology , Queen Square, London, United Kingdom .,3 Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology , Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrey Y Abramov
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology , Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
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Deas E, Piipari K, Machhada A, Li A, Gutierrez-del-Arroyo A, Withers DJ, Wood NW, Abramov AY. PINK1 deficiency in β-cells increases basal insulin secretion and improves glucose tolerance in mice. Open Biol 2014; 4:140051. [PMID: 24806840 PMCID: PMC4042854 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.140051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Parkinson's disease (PD) gene, PARK6, encodes the PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) mitochondrial kinase, which provides protection against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. Given the link between glucose metabolism, mitochondrial function and insulin secretion in β-cells, and the reported association of PD with type 2 diabetes, we investigated the response of PINK1-deficient β-cells to glucose stimuli to determine whether loss of PINK1 affected their function. We find that loss of PINK1 significantly impairs the ability of mouse pancreatic β-cells (MIN6 cells) and primary intact islets to take up glucose. This was accompanied by higher basal levels of intracellular calcium leading to increased basal levels of insulin secretion under low glucose conditions. Finally, we investigated the effect of PINK1 deficiency in vivo and find that PINK1 knockout mice have improved glucose tolerance. For the first time, these combined results demonstrate that loss of PINK1 function appears to disrupt glucose-sensing leading to enhanced insulin release, which is uncoupled from glucose uptake, and suggest a key role for PINK1 in β-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Deas
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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Tufi R, Gandhi S, de Castro IP, Lehmann S, Angelova PR, Dinsdale D, Deas E, Plun-Favreau H, Nicotera P, Abramov AY, Willis AE, Mallucci GR, Loh SHY, Martins LM. Enhancing nucleotide metabolism protects against mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration in a PINK1 model of Parkinson's disease. Nat Cell Biol 2014; 16:157-66. [PMID: 24441527 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in PINK1 cause early-onset Parkinson's disease (PD). Studies in Drosophila melanogaster have highlighted mitochondrial dysfunction on loss of Pink1 as a central mechanism of PD pathogenesis. Here we show that global analysis of transcriptional changes in Drosophila pink1 mutants reveals an upregulation of genes involved in nucleotide metabolism, critical for neuronal mitochondrial DNA synthesis. These key transcriptional changes were also detected in brains of PD patients harbouring PINK1 mutations. We demonstrate that genetic enhancement of the nucleotide salvage pathway in neurons of pink1 mutant flies rescues mitochondrial impairment. In addition, pharmacological approaches enhancing nucleotide pools reduce mitochondrial dysfunction caused by Pink1 deficiency. We conclude that loss of Pink1 evokes the activation of a previously unidentified metabolic reprogramming pathway to increase nucleotide pools and promote mitochondrial biogenesis. We propose that targeting strategies enhancing nucleotide synthesis pathways may reverse mitochondrial dysfunction and rescue neurodegeneration in PD and, potentially, other diseases linked to mitochondrial impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Tufi
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Sonia Gandhi
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | | | - Susann Lehmann
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Plamena R Angelova
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - David Dinsdale
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Emma Deas
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Hélène Plun-Favreau
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Pierluigi Nicotera
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, 53175 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andrey Y Abramov
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Anne E Willis
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
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Siddall HK, Yellon DM, Ong SB, Mukherjee UA, Burke N, Hall AR, Angelova PR, Ludtmann MHR, Deas E, Davidson SM, Mocanu MM, Hausenloy DJ. Loss of PINK1 increases the heart's vulnerability to ischemia-reperfusion injury. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62400. [PMID: 23638067 PMCID: PMC3639249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Mutations in PTEN inducible kinase-1 (PINK1) induce mitochondrial dysfunction in dopaminergic neurons resulting in an inherited form of Parkinson’s disease. Although PINK1 is present in the heart its exact role there is unclear. We hypothesized that PINK1 protects the heart against acute ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) by preventing mitochondrial dysfunction. Methods and Results Over-expressing PINK1 in HL-1 cardiac cells reduced cell death following simulated IRI (29.2±5.2% PINK1 versus 49.0±2.4% control; N = 320 cells/group P<0.05), and delayed the onset of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening (by 1.3 fold; P<0.05). Hearts excised from PINK1+/+, PINK1+/− and PINK1−/− mice were subjected to 35 minutes regional ischemia followed by 30 minutes reperfusion. Interestingly, myocardial infarct size was increased in PINK1−/− hearts compared to PINK1+/+ hearts with an intermediate infarct size in PINK1+/− hearts (25.1±2.0% PINK1+/+, 38.9±3.4% PINK1+/− versus 51.5±4.3% PINK1−/− hearts; N>5 animals/group; P<0.05). Cardiomyocytes isolated from PINK1−/− hearts had a lower resting mitochondrial membrane potential, had inhibited mitochondrial respiration, generated more oxidative stress during simulated IRI, and underwent rigor contracture more rapidly in response to an uncoupler when compared to PINK1+/+ cells suggesting mitochondrial dysfunction in hearts deficient in PINK1. Conclusions We show that the loss of PINK1 increases the heart's vulnerability to ischemia-reperfusion injury. This may be due, in part, to increased mitochondrial dysfunction. These findings implicate PINK1 as a novel target for cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary K. Siddall
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Derek M. Yellon
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sang-Bing Ong
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Uma A. Mukherjee
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Niall Burke
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R. Hall
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Plamena R. Angelova
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marthe H. R. Ludtmann
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Deas
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sean M. Davidson
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mihaela M. Mocanu
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Derek J. Hausenloy
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Duran R, Mencacci NE, Angeli AV, Shoai M, Deas E, Houlden H, Mehta A, Hughes D, Cox TM, Deegan P, Schapira AH, Lees AJ, Limousin P, Jarman PR, Bhatia KP, Wood NW, Hardy J, Foltynie T. The glucocerobrosidase E326K variant predisposes to Parkinson's disease, but does not cause Gaucher's disease. Mov Disord 2013; 28:232-236. [PMID: 23225227 PMCID: PMC4208290 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in the acid beta-glucocerebrosidase (GBA1) gene, responsible for the recessive lysosomal storage disorder, Gaucher's disease (GD), are the strongest known risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD). Our aim was to assess the contribution of GBA1 mutations in a series of early-onset PD. METHODS One hundred and eighty-five PD patients (with an onset age of ≤50) and 283 age-matched controls were screened for GBA1 mutations by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS We show that the frequency of GBA1 mutations is much higher in this patient series than in typical late-onset patient cohorts. Furthermore, our results reveal that the most prevalent PD-associated GBA1 mutation is E326K, a variant that does not, when homozygous, cause GD. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm recent reports that the mutation, E326K, predisposes to PD and suggest that, in addition to reduced GBA1 activity, other molecular mechanisms may contribute to the development of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Duran
- Reta Lila Weston Laboratories and Departments of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Niccolo E. Mencacci
- Reta Lila Weston Laboratories and Departments of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
,Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, “Dino Ferrari” Center, Universitá degli Studi di Milano, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Aikaterini V. Angeli
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Maryam Shoai
- Reta Lila Weston Laboratories and Departments of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Emma Deas
- Reta Lila Weston Laboratories and Departments of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- Reta Lila Weston Laboratories and Departments of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Atul Mehta
- Lysosomal Storage Disorders Unit, Department of Haematology, UCL Medical School, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Derralynn Hughes
- Lysosomal Storage Disorders Unit, Department of Haematology, UCL Medical School, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Timothy M. Cox
- Lysosomal Diseases Unit, Addenbrookes Hospital, and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Patrick Deegan
- Lysosomal Diseases Unit, Addenbrookes Hospital, and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anthony H. Schapira
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, UCL Medical School, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Andrew J. Lees
- Reta Lila Weston Laboratories and Departments of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Patricia Limousin
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Paul R. Jarman
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Kailash P. Bhatia
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Nicholas W. Wood
- Reta Lila Weston Laboratories and Departments of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - John Hardy
- Reta Lila Weston Laboratories and Departments of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
,Correspondence to: Prof. John Hardy, Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK;
| | - Tom Foltynie
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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6
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Cremades N, Cohen SIA, Deas E, Abramov AY, Chen AY, Orte A, Sandal M, Clarke RW, Dunne P, Aprile FA, Bertoncini CW, Wood NW, Knowles TPJ, Dobson CM, Klenerman D. Direct observation of the interconversion of normal and toxic forms of α-synuclein. Cell 2012; 149:1048-59. [PMID: 22632969 PMCID: PMC3383996 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 660] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Here, we use single-molecule techniques to study the aggregation of α-synuclein, the protein whose misfolding and deposition is associated with Parkinson's disease. We identify a conformational change from the initially formed oligomers to stable, more compact proteinase-K-resistant oligomers as the key step that leads ultimately to fibril formation. The oligomers formed as a result of the structural conversion generate much higher levels of oxidative stress in rat primary neurons than do the oligomers formed initially, showing that they are more damaging to cells. The structural conversion is remarkably slow, indicating a high kinetic barrier for the conversion and suggesting that there is a significant period of time for the cellular protective machinery to operate and potentially for therapeutic intervention, prior to the onset of cellular damage. In the absence of added soluble protein, the assembly process is reversed and fibrils disaggregate to form stable oligomers, hence acting as a source of cytotoxic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunilo Cremades
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
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Cremades N, Cohen SIA, Deas E, Abramov AY, Chen AY, Orte A, Sandal M, Clarke RW, Dunne P, Aprile FA, Bertoncini CW, Wood NW, Knowles TPJ, Dobson CM, Klenerman D. Direct observation of the interconversion of normal and toxic forms of α-synuclein. Cell 2012. [PMID: 22632969 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.03.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Here, we use single-molecule techniques to study the aggregation of α-synuclein, the protein whose misfolding and deposition is associated with Parkinson's disease. We identify a conformational change from the initially formed oligomers to stable, more compact proteinase-K-resistant oligomers as the key step that leads ultimately to fibril formation. The oligomers formed as a result of the structural conversion generate much higher levels of oxidative stress in rat primary neurons than do the oligomers formed initially, showing that they are more damaging to cells. The structural conversion is remarkably slow, indicating a high kinetic barrier for the conversion and suggesting that there is a significant period of time for the cellular protective machinery to operate and potentially for therapeutic intervention, prior to the onset of cellular damage. In the absence of added soluble protein, the assembly process is reversed and fibrils disaggregate to form stable oligomers, hence acting as a source of cytotoxic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunilo Cremades
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
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Plun-Favreau H, Burchell VS, Holmström KM, Yao Z, Deas E, Cain K, Fedele V, Moisoi N, Campanella M, Miguel Martins L, Wood NW, Gourine AV, Abramov AY. HtrA2 deficiency causes mitochondrial uncoupling through the F₁F₀-ATP synthase and consequent ATP depletion. Cell Death Dis 2012; 3:e335. [PMID: 22739987 PMCID: PMC3388244 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2012.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Loss of the mitochondrial protease HtrA2 (Omi) in mice leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, neurodegeneration and premature death, but the mechanism underlying this pathology remains unclear. Using primary cultures from wild-type and HtrA2-knockout mice, we find that HtrA2 deficiency significantly reduces mitochondrial membrane potential in a range of cell types. This depolarisation was found to result from mitochondrial uncoupling, as mitochondrial respiration was increased in HtrA2-deficient cells and respiratory control ratio was dramatically reduced. HtrA2-knockout cells exhibit increased proton translocation through the ATP synthase, in combination with decreased ATP production and truncation of the F1 α-subunit, suggesting the ATP synthase as the source of the proton leak. Uncoupling in the HtrA2-deficient mice is accompanied by altered breathing pattern and, on a cellular level, ATP depletion and vulnerability to chemical ischaemia. We propose that this vulnerability may ultimately cause the neurodegeneration observed in these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Plun-Favreau
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
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Pimenta de Castro I, Costa AC, Lam D, Tufi R, Fedele V, Moisoi N, Dinsdale D, Deas E, Loh SHY, Martins LM. Genetic analysis of mitochondrial protein misfolding in Drosophila melanogaster. Cell Death Differ 2012; 19:1308-16. [PMID: 22301916 PMCID: PMC3392634 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2012.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein misfolding has a key role in several neurological disorders including Parkinson's disease. Although a clear mechanism for such proteinopathic diseases is well established when aggregated proteins accumulate in the cytosol, cell nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum and extracellular space, little is known about the role of protein aggregation in the mitochondria. Here we show that mutations in both human and fly PINK1 result in higher levels of misfolded components of respiratory complexes and increase in markers of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response. Through the development of a genetic model of mitochondrial protein misfolding employing Drosophila melanogaster, we show that the in vivo accumulation of an unfolded protein in mitochondria results in the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase-dependent autophagy and phenocopies of pink1 and parkin mutants. Parkin expression acts to clear mitochondria with enhanced levels of misfolded proteins by promoting their autophagic degradation in vivo, and refractory to Sigma P (ref(2)P), the Drosophila orthologue of mammalian p62, is a critical downstream effector of this quality control pathway. We show that in flies, a pathway involving pink1, parkin and ref(2)P has a role in the maintenance of a viable pool of cellular mitochondria by promoting organellar quality control.
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Deas E, Plun-Favreau H, Gandhi S, Desmond H, Kjaer S, Loh SHY, Renton AEM, Harvey RJ, Whitworth AJ, Martins LM, Abramov AY, Wood NW. PINK1 cleavage at position A103 by the mitochondrial protease PARL. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 20:867-79. [PMID: 21138942 PMCID: PMC3033179 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) cause early onset autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease (PD). PINK1 is a 63 kDa protein kinase, which exerts a neuroprotective function and is known to localize to mitochondria. Upon entry into the organelle, PINK1 is cleaved to produce a ∼53 kDa protein (ΔN-PINK1). In this paper, we show that PINK1 is cleaved between amino acids Ala-103 and Phe-104 to generate ΔN-PINK1. We demonstrate that a reduced ability to cleave PINK1, and the consequent accumulation of full-length protein, results in mitochondrial abnormalities reminiscent of those observed in PINK1 knockout cells, including disruption of the mitochondrial network and a reduction in mitochondrial mass. Notably, we assessed three N-terminal PD-associated PINK1 mutations located close to the cleavage site and, while these do not prevent PINK1 cleavage, they alter the ratio of full-length to ΔN-PINK1 protein in cells, resulting in an altered mitochondrial phenotype. Finally, we show that PINK1 interacts with the mitochondrial protease presenilin-associated rhomboid-like protein (PARL) and that loss of PARL results in aberrant PINK1 cleavage in mammalian cells. These combined results suggest that PINK1 cleavage is important for basal mitochondrial health and that PARL cleaves PINK1 to produce the ΔN-PINK1 fragment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Deas
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
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11
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Deas E, Wood NW, Plun-Favreau H. Mitophagy and Parkinson's disease: the PINK1-parkin link. Biochim Biophys Acta 2010; 1813:623-33. [PMID: 20736035 PMCID: PMC3925795 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The study of rare, inherited mutations underlying familial forms of Parkinson's disease has provided insight into the molecular mechanisms of disease pathogenesis. Mutations in these genes have been functionally linked to several key molecular pathways implicated in other neurodegenerative disorders, including mitochondrial dysfunction, protein accumulation and the autophagic-lysosomal pathway. In particular, the mitochondrial kinase PINK1 and the cytosolic E3 ubiquitin ligase parkin act in a common pathway to regulate mitochondrial function. In this review we discuss the recent evidence suggesting that the PINK1/parkin pathway also plays a critical role in the autophagic removal of damaged mitochondria–mitophagy. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Mitochondria: the deadly organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Deas
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.
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12
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Burchell VS, Gandhi S, Deas E, Wood NW, Abramov AY, Plun-Favreau H. Targeting mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative disease: Part II. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:497-511. [PMID: 20334487 DOI: 10.1517/14728221003730434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD With improvements in life expectancy over the past decades, the incidence of neurodegenerative disease has dramatically increased and new therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. One possible approach is to target mitochondrial dysfunction, which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous neurodegenerative disorders. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review examines the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegeneration, drawing examples from common diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and rarer familial disorders such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth. The review is provided in two parts. In part I we discussed the mitochondrial defects which have been most extensively researched (oxidative stress, bioenergetic dysfunction, calcium mishandling). We focus now on those defects which have more recently been implicated in neurodegeneration; in mitochondrial fusion/fission, protein import, protein quality control, kinase signalling and opening of the permeability transition pore. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN An examination of mitochondrial defects observed in neurodegeneration, and existing and possible future therapies to target these defects. TAKE HOME MESSAGE The mitochondrially-targeted therapeutics that have reached clinical trials so far have produced encouraging but largely inconclusive results. Increasing understanding of mitochondrial dysfunction has, however, led to preclinical work focusing on novel approaches, which has generated exciting preliminary data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria S Burchell
- UCL Institute of Neurology, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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Burchell VS, Gandhi S, Deas E, Wood NW, Abramov AY, Plun-Favreau H. Targeting mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative disease: Part I. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:369-85. [DOI: 10.1517/14728221003652489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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14
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Neumann J, Bras J, Deas E, O'Sullivan SS, Parkkinen L, Lachmann RH, Li A, Holton J, Guerreiro R, Paudel R, Segarane B, Singleton A, Lees A, Hardy J, Houlden H, Revesz T, Wood NW. Glucocerebrosidase mutations in clinical and pathologically proven Parkinson's disease. Brain 2009; 132:1783-94. [PMID: 19286695 PMCID: PMC2702833 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awp044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 497] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the glucocerebrosidase gene (GBA) are associated with Gaucher's disease, the most common lysosomal storage disorder. Parkinsonism is an established feature of Gaucher's disease and an increased frequency of mutations in GBA has been reported in several different ethnic series with sporadic Parkinson's disease. In this study, we evaluated the frequency of GBA mutations in British patients affected by Parkinson's disease. We utilized the DNA of 790 patients and 257 controls, matched for age and ethnicity, to screen for mutations within the GBA gene. Clinical data on all identified GBA mutation carriers was reviewed and analysed. Additionally, in all cases where brain material was available, a neuropathological evaluation was performed and compared to sporadic Parkinson's disease without GBA mutations. The frequency of GBA mutations among the British patients (33/790 = 4.18%) was significantly higher (P = 0.01; odds ratio = 3.7; 95% confidence interval = 1.12-12.14) when compared to the control group (3/257 = 1.17%). Fourteen different GBA mutations were identified, including three previously undescribed mutations, K7E, D443N and G193E. Pathological examination revealed widespread and abundant alpha-synuclein pathology in all 17 GBA mutation carriers, which were graded as Braak stage of 5-6, and had McKeith's limbic or diffuse neocortical Lewy body-type pathology. Diffuse neocortical Lewy body-type pathology tended to occur more frequently in the group with GBA mutations compared to matched Parkinson's disease controls. Clinical features comprised an early onset of the disease, the presence of hallucinations in 45% (14/31) and symptoms of cognitive decline or dementia in 48% (15/31) of patients. This study demonstrates that GBA mutations are found in British subjects at a higher frequency than any other known Parkinson's disease gene. This is the largest study to date on a non-Jewish patient sample with a detailed genotype/phenotype/pathological analyses which strengthens the hypothesis that GBA mutations represent a significant risk factor for the development of Parkinson's disease and suggest that to date, this is the most common genetic factor identified for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Neumann
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, and Reta Lila Weston Institute, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- 2 International Graduate Program Medical Neurosciences, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jose Bras
- 3 Molecular Genetics Unit, Laboratory of Neurogeneticso, National Institutes on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- 4 Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Emma Deas
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, and Reta Lila Weston Institute, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Sean S. O'Sullivan
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, and Reta Lila Weston Institute, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Laura Parkkinen
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, and Reta Lila Weston Institute, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Robin H. Lachmann
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, and Reta Lila Weston Institute, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Abi Li
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, and Reta Lila Weston Institute, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Janice Holton
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, and Reta Lila Weston Institute, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Rita Guerreiro
- 3 Molecular Genetics Unit, Laboratory of Neurogeneticso, National Institutes on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- 4 Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Reema Paudel
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, and Reta Lila Weston Institute, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Badmavady Segarane
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, and Reta Lila Weston Institute, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Andrew Singleton
- 3 Molecular Genetics Unit, Laboratory of Neurogeneticso, National Institutes on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Lees
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, and Reta Lila Weston Institute, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - John Hardy
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, and Reta Lila Weston Institute, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, and Reta Lila Weston Institute, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Tamas Revesz
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, and Reta Lila Weston Institute, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Nicholas W. Wood
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, and Reta Lila Weston Institute, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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Abstract
The role of mitochondria in sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD) has been debated for a little over 20 years since the description of complex I deficiency in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of PD patients. However, the identification of recessive pathogenic mutations in the pink1 gene in familial PD cases firmly re-ignited interest in the pathophysiology of mitochondria in PD. PINK1 is a putative mitochondrial serine/threonine kinase, which protects cells against oxidative stress induced apoptosis. The mechanism by which this is achieved and the effect of the pathogenic mutations has been an area of intensive research over the past five years. Significant progress has been made and, in this review, we summarize the physiological roles that have been assigned to PINK1 and the potential mechanisms behind pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Deas
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of NeurologyQueen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | | | - Nicholas W Wood
- †Corresponding authors: Tel: (+44) 207 837 3611 ex 4255; Fax: (+44) 207 278 5616 E-mail:
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16
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Kalscheuer VM, Musante L, Fang C, Hoffmann K, Fuchs C, Carta E, Deas E, Venkateswarlu K, Menzel C, Ullmann R, Tommerup N, Dalprà L, Tzschach A, Selicorni A, Lüscher B, Ropers HH, Harvey K, Harvey RJ. A balanced chromosomal translocation disrupting ARHGEF9 is associated with epilepsy, anxiety, aggression, and mental retardation. Hum Mutat 2009; 30:61-8. [PMID: 18615734 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Clustering of inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid(A) (GABA(A)) and glycine receptors at synapses is thought to involve key interactions between the receptors, a "scaffolding" protein known as gephyrin and the RhoGEF collybistin. We report the identification of a balanced chromosomal translocation in a female patient presenting with a disturbed sleep-wake cycle, late-onset epileptic seizures, increased anxiety, aggressive behavior, and mental retardation, but not hyperekplexia. Fine mapping of the breakpoint indicates disruption of the collybistin gene (ARHGEF9) on chromosome Xq11, while the other breakpoint lies in a region of 18q11 that lacks any known or predicted genes. We show that defective collybistin transcripts are synthesized and exons 7-10 are replaced by cryptic exons from chromosomes X and 18. These mRNAs no longer encode the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain of collybistin, which we now show binds phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI3P/PtdIns-3-P), a phosphoinositide with an emerging role in membrane trafficking and signal transduction, rather than phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3/PtdIns-3,4,5-P) as previously suggested in the "membrane activation model" of gephyrin clustering. Consistent with this finding, expression of truncated collybistin proteins in cultured neurons interferes with synaptic localization of endogenous gephyrin and GABA(A) receptors. These results suggest that collybistin has a key role in membrane trafficking of gephyrin and selected GABA(A) receptor subtypes involved in epilepsy, anxiety, aggression, insomnia, and learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera M Kalscheuer
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany.
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17
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Gandhi S, Wood-Kaczmar A, Yao Z, Plun-Favreau H, Deas E, Klupsch K, Downward J, Latchman DS, Tabrizi SJ, Wood NW, Duchen MR, Abramov AY. PINK1-associated Parkinson's disease is caused by neuronal vulnerability to calcium-induced cell death. Mol Cell 2009; 33:627-38. [PMID: 19285945 PMCID: PMC2724101 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2009.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Revised: 09/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in PINK1 cause autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease. PINK1 is a mitochondrial kinase of unknown function. We investigated calcium homeostasis and mitochondrial function in PINK1-deficient mammalian neurons. We demonstrate physiologically that PINK1 regulates calcium efflux from the mitochondria via the mitochondrial Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger. PINK1 deficiency causes mitochondrial accumulation of calcium, resulting in mitochondrial calcium overload. We show that calcium overload stimulates reactive oxygen species (ROS) production via NADPH oxidase. ROS production inhibits the glucose transporter, reducing substrate delivery and causing impaired respiration. We demonstrate that impaired respiration may be restored by provision of mitochondrial complex I and II substrates. Taken together, reduced mitochondrial calcium capacity and increased ROS lower the threshold of opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) such that physiological calcium stimuli become sufficient to induce mPTP opening in PINK1-deficient cells. Our findings propose a mechanism by which PINK1 dysfunction renders neurons vulnerable to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Gandhi
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Medical Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Alison Wood-Kaczmar
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Zhi Yao
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Helene Plun-Favreau
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Emma Deas
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Kristina Klupsch
- Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK
| | - Julian Downward
- Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK
| | - David S. Latchman
- Medical Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Sarah J. Tabrizi
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Nicholas W. Wood
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Michael R. Duchen
- Department of Physiology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Andrey Y. Abramov
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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Plun-Favreau H, Gandhi S, Wood-Kaczmar A, Deas E, Yao Z, Wood NW. What Have PINK1 and HtrA2 Genes Told Us about the Role of Mitochondria in Parkinson's Disease? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1147:30-6. [DOI: 10.1196/annals.1427.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Wood-Kaczmar A, Gandhi S, Yao Z, Abramov ASY, Miljan EA, Keen G, Stanyer L, Hargreaves I, Klupsch K, Deas E, Downward J, Mansfield L, Jat P, Taylor J, Heales S, Duchen MR, Latchman D, Tabrizi SJ, Wood NW. PINK1 is necessary for long term survival and mitochondrial function in human dopaminergic neurons. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2455. [PMID: 18560593 PMCID: PMC2413012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common age-related neurodegenerative disease and it is critical to develop models which recapitulate the pathogenic process including the effect of the ageing process. Although the pathogenesis of sporadic PD is unknown, the identification of the mendelian genetic factor PINK1 has provided new mechanistic insights. In order to investigate the role of PINK1 in Parkinson's disease, we studied PINK1 loss of function in human and primary mouse neurons. Using RNAi, we created stable PINK1 knockdown in human dopaminergic neurons differentiated from foetal ventral mesencephalon stem cells, as well as in an immortalised human neuroblastoma cell line. We sought to validate our findings in primary neurons derived from a transgenic PINK1 knockout mouse. For the first time we demonstrate an age dependent neurodegenerative phenotype in human and mouse neurons. PINK1 deficiency leads to reduced long-term viability in human neurons, which die via the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Human neurons lacking PINK1 demonstrate features of marked oxidative stress with widespread mitochondrial dysfunction and abnormal mitochondrial morphology. We report that PINK1 plays a neuroprotective role in the mitochondria of mammalian neurons, especially against stress such as staurosporine. In addition we provide evidence that cellular compensatory mechanisms such as mitochondrial biogenesis and upregulation of lysosomal degradation pathways occur in PINK1 deficiency. The phenotypic effects of PINK1 loss-of-function described here in mammalian neurons provides mechanistic insight into the age-related degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons seen in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Wood-Kaczmar
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sonia Gandhi
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
- Medical Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zhi Yao
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Gregory Keen
- Eisai London Research Laboratories Ltd, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lee Stanyer
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Iain Hargreaves
- Neurometabolic Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Emma Deas
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Louise Mansfield
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Parmjit Jat
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Taylor
- Eisai London Research Laboratories Ltd, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Heales
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
- Neurometabolic Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R. Duchen
- Department of Physiology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Latchman
- Medical Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
- Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah J. Tabrizi
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas W. Wood
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
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20
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Plun-Favreau H, Klupsch K, Moisoi N, Gandhi S, Kjaer S, Frith D, Harvey K, Deas E, Harvey RJ, McDonald N, Wood NW, Martins LM, Downward J. The mitochondrial protease HtrA2 is regulated by Parkinson's disease-associated kinase PINK1. Nat Cell Biol 2007; 9:1243-52. [PMID: 17906618 DOI: 10.1038/ncb1644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2007] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In mice, targeted deletion of the serine protease HtrA2 (also known as Omi) causes mitochondrial dysfunction leading to a neurodegenerative disorder with parkinsonian features. In humans, point mutations in HtrA2 are a susceptibility factor for Parkinson's disease (PARK13 locus). Mutations in PINK1, a putative mitochondrial protein kinase, are associated with the PARK6 autosomal recessive locus for susceptibility to early-onset Parkinson's disease. Here we determine that HtrA2 interacts with PINK1 and that both are components of the same stress-sensing pathway. HtrA2 is phosphorylated on activation of the p38 pathway, occurring in a PINK1-dependent manner at a residue adjacent to a position found mutated in patients with Parkinson's disease. HtrA2 phosphorylation is decreased in brains of patients with Parkinson's disease carrying mutations in PINK1. We suggest that PINK1-dependent phosphorylation of HtrA2 might modulate its proteolytic activity, thereby contributing to an increased resistance of cells to mitochondrial stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Plun-Favreau
- Signal Transduction, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK
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21
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Abou-Sleiman PM, Muqit MMK, McDonald NQ, Yang YX, Gandhi S, Healy DG, Harvey K, Harvey RJ, Deas E, Bhatia K, Quinn N, Lees A, Latchman DS, Wood NW. A heterozygous effect for PINK1 mutations in Parkinson's disease? Ann Neurol 2006; 60:414-9. [PMID: 16969854 DOI: 10.1002/ana.20960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the significance of PINK1 mutations in sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS We determined the frequency of PINK1 mutations by direct sequencing in a large series of PD patients with apparently sporadic disease (n = 768). RESULTS Twelve heterozygous mutations were identified, nine in PD patients and three in control subjects. INTERPRETATION Given the difficulty in interpreting the pathogenic significance of the heterozygous mutations that have already been reported in parkin and DJ-1, we first determined the frequency of heterozygous PINK1 mutations in the general population by sequencing a large number of control subjects (n = 768), then subsequently assessed their functional significance by examining their effects on stress-induced alterations to the mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsim). We demonstrate an enrichment of heterozygous mutations in sporadic PD patients compared with matched control subjects (1.2% in PD vs 0.4% in control subjects). Furthermore, we show that they adversely affect DeltaPsim in a similar way to the familial G309D mutation. Although it remains difficult to conclusively demonstrate the pathogenicity of heterozygous mutations, the results of this study and the previously reported subclinical nigrostriatal dysfunction in carriers of heterozygous PINK1 mutations suggest the possibility that these heterozygous mutations are a significant risk factor in the development of later onset PD.
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22
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Muqit MMK, Abou-Sleiman PM, Saurin AT, Harvey K, Gandhi S, Deas E, Eaton S, Payne Smith MD, Venner K, Matilla A, Healy DG, Gilks WP, Lees AJ, Holton J, Revesz T, Parker PJ, Harvey RJ, Wood NW, Latchman DS. Altered cleavage and localization of PINK1 to aggresomes in the presence of proteasomal stress. J Neurochem 2006; 98:156-69. [PMID: 16805805 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03845.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Following our identification of PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) gene mutations in PARK6-linked Parkinson's disease (PD), we have recently reported that PINK1 protein localizes to Lewy bodies (LBs) in PD brains. We have used a cellular model system of LBs, namely induction of aggresomes, to determine how a mitochondrial protein, such as PINK1, can localize to aggregates. Using specific polyclonal antibodies, we firstly demonstrated that human PINK1 was cleaved and localized to mitochondria. We demonstrated that, on proteasome inhibition with MG-132, PINK1 and other mitochondrial proteins localized to aggresomes. Ultrastructural studies revealed that the mechanism was linked to the recruitment of intact mitochondria to the aggresome. Fractionation studies of lysates showed that PINK1 cleavage was enhanced by proteasomal stress in vitro and correlated with increased expression of the processed PINK1 protein in PD brain. These observations provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of LB formation in PD that should lead to a better understanding of PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miratul M K Muqit
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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Ditzel M, Wilson R, Tenev T, Zachariou A, Paul A, Deas E, Meier P. Degradation of DIAP1 by the N-end rule pathway is essential for regulating apoptosis. Nat Cell Biol 2003; 5:467-73. [PMID: 12692559 DOI: 10.1038/ncb984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2003] [Revised: 03/17/2003] [Accepted: 03/20/2003] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Some members of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) protein family block apoptosis by binding to and neutralizing active caspases. We recently demonstrated that a physical association between IAP and caspases alone is insufficient to regulate caspases in vivo and that an additional level of control is provided by IAP-mediated ubiquitination of both itself and the associated caspases. Here we show that Drosophila IAP 1 (DIAP1) is degraded by the 'N-end rule' pathway and that this process is indispensable for regulating apoptosis. Caspase-mediated cleavage of DIAP1 at position 20 converts the more stable pro-N-degron of DIAP1 into the highly unstable, Asn-bearing, DIAP1 N-degron of the N-end rule degradation pathway. Thus, DIAP1 represents the first known metazoan substrate of the N-end rule pathway that is targeted for degradation through its amino-terminal Asn residue. We demonstrate that the N-end rule pathway is required for regulation of apoptosis induced by Reaper and Hid expression in the Drosophila melanogaster eye. Our data suggest that DIAP1 instability, mediated through caspase activity and subsequent exposure of the N-end rule pathway, is essential for suppression of apoptosis. We suggest that DIAP1 safeguards cell viability through the coordinated mutual destruction of itself and associated active caspases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Ditzel
- The Breakthrough Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Mary-Jean Mitchell Green Building, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
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