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Menguy J, De Longeaux K, Bodenes L, Hourmant B, L'Her E. Defining predictors for successful mechanical ventilation weaning, using a data-mining process and artificial intelligence. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20483. [PMID: 37993526 PMCID: PMC10665387 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47452-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical ventilation weaning within intensive care units (ICU) is a difficult process, while crucial when considering its impact on morbidity and mortality. Failed extubation and prolonged mechanical ventilation both carry a significant risk of adverse events. We aimed to determine predictive factors of extubation success using data-mining and artificial intelligence. A prospective physiological and biomedical signal data warehousing project. A 21-beds medical Intensive Care Unit of a University Hospital. Adult patients undergoing weaning from mechanical ventilation. Hemodynamic and respiratory parameters of mechanically ventilated patients were prospectively collected and combined with clinical outcome data. One hundred and eight patients were included, for 135 spontaneous breathing trials (SBT) allowing to identify physiological parameters either measured before or during the trial and considered as predictive for extubation success. The Early-Warning Score Oxygen (EWSO2) enables to discriminate patients deemed to succeed extubation, at 72-h and 7-days. Cut-off values for EWSO2 (AUC = 0.80; Se = 0.75; Sp = 0.76), mean arterial pressure and heart-rate variability parameters were determined. A predictive model for extubation success was established including body-mass index (BMI) on inclusion, occlusion pressure at 0,1 s. (P0.1) and heart-rate analysis parameters (LF/HF) both measured before SBT, and heart rate during SBT (global performance 62%; 83%). The data-mining process enabled to detect independent predictive factors for extubation success and to develop a dynamic predictive model using artificial intelligence. Such predictive tools may help clinicians to better discriminate patients deemed to succeed extubation and thus improve clinical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Menguy
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, CHRU de la Cavale Blanche, Bvd Tanguy-Prigent, 29609, Brest Cedex, France
| | - Kahaia De Longeaux
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, CHRU de la Cavale Blanche, Bvd Tanguy-Prigent, 29609, Brest Cedex, France
- LATIM INSERM UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 29200, Brest, France
| | - Laetitia Bodenes
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, CHRU de la Cavale Blanche, Bvd Tanguy-Prigent, 29609, Brest Cedex, France
| | - Baptiste Hourmant
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, CHRU de la Cavale Blanche, Bvd Tanguy-Prigent, 29609, Brest Cedex, France
| | - Erwan L'Her
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, CHRU de la Cavale Blanche, Bvd Tanguy-Prigent, 29609, Brest Cedex, France.
- LATIM INSERM UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 29200, Brest, France.
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Trottier M, Bouchard PA, L'Her E, Lellouche F. Automated Oxygen Titration During CPAP and Noninvasive Ventilation in Healthy Subjects With Induced Hypoxemia. Respir Care 2023; 68:1553-1560. [PMID: 37311626 PMCID: PMC10589107 DOI: 10.4187/respcare.09866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Automated oxygen titration to maintain a stable SpO2 has been developed for spontaneously breathing patients but has not been evaluated during CPAP and noninvasive ventilation (NIV). METHODS We performed a randomized controlled crossover, double-blind study on 10 healthy subjects with induced hypoxemia during 3 situations: spontaneous breathing with oxygen support, CPAP (5 cm H2O), and NIV (7/3 cm H2O). We conducted in random order 3 dynamic hypoxic challenges of 5 min (FIO2 0.08 ± 0.02, 0.11± 0.02, and 0.14 ± 0.02). For each condition, we compared automated oxygen titration and manual oxygen titration by experienced respiratory therapists (RTs), with the aim to maintain the SpO2 at 94 ± 2%. In addition, we included 2 subjects hospitalized for exacerbation of COPD under NIV and a subject managed after bariatric surgery with CPAP and automated oxygen titration. RESULTS The percentage of time in the SpO2 target was higher with automated compared with manual oxygen titration for all conditions, on average 59.6 ± 22.8% compared to 44.3 ± 23.9% (P = .004). Hyperoxemia (SpO2 > 96%) was less frequent with automated titration for each mode of oxygen administration (24.0 ± 24.4% vs 39.1 ± 25.3%, P < .001). During the manual titration periods, the RT made several changes to oxygen flow (5.1 ± 3.3 interventions that lasted 122 ± 70 s/period) compared to none during the automated titration to maintain oxygenation in the targeted SpO2 . Time in the SpO2 target was higher with stable hospitalized subjects in comparison with healthy subjects under dynamic-induced hypoxemia. CONCLUSIONS In this proof-of-concept study, automated oxygen titration was used during CPAP and NIV. The performances to maintain the SpO2 target were significantly better compared to manual oxygen titration in the setting of this study protocol. This technology may allow decreasing the number of manual interventions for oxygen titration during CPAP and NIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Trottier
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre-Alexandre Bouchard
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Erwan L'Her
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada; LATIM INSERM UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France; and the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Brest, Brest, France
| | - François Lellouche
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada.
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Dequin PF, Meziani F, Quenot JP, Kamel T, Ricard JD, Badie J, Reignier J, Heming N, Plantefève G, Souweine B, Voiriot G, Colin G, Frat JP, Mira JP, Barbarot N, François B, Louis G, Gibot S, Guitton C, Giacardi C, Hraiech S, Vimeux S, L'Her E, Faure H, Herbrecht JE, Bouisse C, Joret A, Terzi N, Gacouin A, Quentin C, Jourdain M, Leclerc M, Coffre C, Bourgoin H, Lengellé C, Caille-Fénérol C, Giraudeau B, Le Gouge A. Hydrocortisone in Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia. N Engl J Med 2023; 388:1931-1941. [PMID: 36942789 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2215145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether the antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of glucocorticoids may decrease mortality among patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia is unclear. METHODS In this phase 3, multicenter, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial, we assigned adults who had been admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) for severe community-acquired pneumonia to receive intravenous hydrocortisone (200 mg daily for either 4 or 7 days as determined by clinical improvement, followed by tapering for a total of 8 or 14 days) or to receive placebo. All the patients received standard therapy, including antibiotics and supportive care. The primary outcome was death at 28 days. RESULTS A total of 800 patients had undergone randomization when the trial was stopped after the second planned interim analysis. Data from 795 patients were analyzed. By day 28, death had occurred in 25 of 400 patients (6.2%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.9 to 8.6) in the hydrocortisone group and in 47 of 395 patients (11.9%; 95% CI, 8.7 to 15.1) in the placebo group (absolute difference, -5.6 percentage points; 95% CI, -9.6 to -1.7; P = 0.006). Among the patients who were not undergoing mechanical ventilation at baseline, endotracheal intubation was performed in 40 of 222 (18.0%) in the hydrocortisone group and in 65 of 220 (29.5%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.40 to 0.86). Among the patients who were not receiving vasopressors at baseline, such therapy was initiated by day 28 in 55 of 359 (15.3%) of the hydrocortisone group and in 86 of 344 (25.0%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.43 to 0.82). The frequencies of hospital-acquired infections and gastrointestinal bleeding were similar in the two groups; patients in the hydrocortisone group received higher daily doses of insulin during the first week of treatment. CONCLUSIONS Among patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia being treated in the ICU, those who received hydrocortisone had a lower risk of death by day 28 than those who received placebo. (Funded by the French Ministry of Health; CAPE COD ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02517489.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-François Dequin
- From Université de Tours, INSERM, Center for the Study of Respiratory Diseases Unité 1100, Médecine Intensive-Réanimation and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) (P.-F.D.), Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, CHU (M.L., C.C.), Pharmacie à Usage Interne, CHU (H.B.), Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance et d'Information sur le Médicament, Service de Pharmacosurveillance, CHU (C.L.), Université de Tours, Université de Nantes, INSERM SPHERE Unité 1246 (B.G.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, CHU (B.G., A.L.G.), Tours, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation Nouvel Hôpital Civil (F.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de Hautepierre (J.-E.H.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, the Lipness Team, INSERM Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer-Unité Mixte de Recherche 1231 and LabEx LipSTIC, INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1432, Clinical Epidemiology, Université de Bourgogne, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.Q.), Dijon, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de la Source, Orléans (T.K.), INSERM Infection, Antimicrobials, Modeling, and Evolution (IAME) Unité 1137, Université Paris Cité (J.-D.R.), Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine Unité Mixte de Recherche 938 INSERM, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Tenon (G.V.), and Université Paris Cité, Paris, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin (J.-P.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, DMU ESPRIT, Colombes (J.-D.R.), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital Nord Franche-Comté, Trévenans (J.B.), Université de Nantes et Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes (J.R.), Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire (FHU) SEPSIS, INSERM Unité 1173, Faculté de Médecine Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Université de Paris Saclay, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré (N.H.), Garches, Réanimation Polyvalente, CH Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil (G.P.), Université Clermont Auvergne Unité Mixte de Recherche, French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome Environnement and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (B.S.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Départemental de Vendée, La Roche-Sur-Yon (G.C.), INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Investigations of Sleep, Acute Lung Injury, and Ventilation, Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Poitiers, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.F.), Poitiers, Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint Brieuc (N.B.), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1092, Université, Limoges, and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435 and Réanimation Polyvalente, CHU (B.F.), Limoges, Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital de Mercy, Centre Hospitalier Régional (CHR) Metz-Thionville, Metz (G.L.), Université de Lorraine, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital Central, CHU, Nancy (S.G.), Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Hôpital, Le Mans (C. Guitton), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Clermont Tonnerre (C. Giacardi), Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale INSERM Mixte de Recherche Unité 1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (E.L.), and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU de la Cavale Blanche (E.L.), Brest, Aix-Marseille Université, Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, the Department of Medical Information, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HM, Hôpital Nord, Marseille (S.H.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Montauban (S.V.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Robert Ballanger, Aulnay-Sous-Bois (H.F.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Bourg-en-Bresse (C.B.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU, Caen (A.J.), INSERM Unité 1042, HP-2, Université Grenoble-Alpes, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble (N.T.), Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes (A.G.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint-Malo (C.Q.), INSERM Unité 1190, Université de Lille, and the Département de Réanimation, Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHU, Lille (M.J.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435, CHU, Limoges (C.C.-F.) - all in France
| | - Ferhat Meziani
- From Université de Tours, INSERM, Center for the Study of Respiratory Diseases Unité 1100, Médecine Intensive-Réanimation and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) (P.-F.D.), Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, CHU (M.L., C.C.), Pharmacie à Usage Interne, CHU (H.B.), Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance et d'Information sur le Médicament, Service de Pharmacosurveillance, CHU (C.L.), Université de Tours, Université de Nantes, INSERM SPHERE Unité 1246 (B.G.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, CHU (B.G., A.L.G.), Tours, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation Nouvel Hôpital Civil (F.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de Hautepierre (J.-E.H.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, the Lipness Team, INSERM Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer-Unité Mixte de Recherche 1231 and LabEx LipSTIC, INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1432, Clinical Epidemiology, Université de Bourgogne, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.Q.), Dijon, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de la Source, Orléans (T.K.), INSERM Infection, Antimicrobials, Modeling, and Evolution (IAME) Unité 1137, Université Paris Cité (J.-D.R.), Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine Unité Mixte de Recherche 938 INSERM, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Tenon (G.V.), and Université Paris Cité, Paris, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin (J.-P.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, DMU ESPRIT, Colombes (J.-D.R.), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital Nord Franche-Comté, Trévenans (J.B.), Université de Nantes et Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes (J.R.), Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire (FHU) SEPSIS, INSERM Unité 1173, Faculté de Médecine Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Université de Paris Saclay, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré (N.H.), Garches, Réanimation Polyvalente, CH Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil (G.P.), Université Clermont Auvergne Unité Mixte de Recherche, French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome Environnement and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (B.S.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Départemental de Vendée, La Roche-Sur-Yon (G.C.), INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Investigations of Sleep, Acute Lung Injury, and Ventilation, Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Poitiers, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.F.), Poitiers, Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint Brieuc (N.B.), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1092, Université, Limoges, and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435 and Réanimation Polyvalente, CHU (B.F.), Limoges, Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital de Mercy, Centre Hospitalier Régional (CHR) Metz-Thionville, Metz (G.L.), Université de Lorraine, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital Central, CHU, Nancy (S.G.), Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Hôpital, Le Mans (C. Guitton), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Clermont Tonnerre (C. Giacardi), Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale INSERM Mixte de Recherche Unité 1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (E.L.), and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU de la Cavale Blanche (E.L.), Brest, Aix-Marseille Université, Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, the Department of Medical Information, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HM, Hôpital Nord, Marseille (S.H.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Montauban (S.V.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Robert Ballanger, Aulnay-Sous-Bois (H.F.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Bourg-en-Bresse (C.B.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU, Caen (A.J.), INSERM Unité 1042, HP-2, Université Grenoble-Alpes, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble (N.T.), Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes (A.G.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint-Malo (C.Q.), INSERM Unité 1190, Université de Lille, and the Département de Réanimation, Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHU, Lille (M.J.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435, CHU, Limoges (C.C.-F.) - all in France
| | - Jean-Pierre Quenot
- From Université de Tours, INSERM, Center for the Study of Respiratory Diseases Unité 1100, Médecine Intensive-Réanimation and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) (P.-F.D.), Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, CHU (M.L., C.C.), Pharmacie à Usage Interne, CHU (H.B.), Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance et d'Information sur le Médicament, Service de Pharmacosurveillance, CHU (C.L.), Université de Tours, Université de Nantes, INSERM SPHERE Unité 1246 (B.G.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, CHU (B.G., A.L.G.), Tours, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation Nouvel Hôpital Civil (F.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de Hautepierre (J.-E.H.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, the Lipness Team, INSERM Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer-Unité Mixte de Recherche 1231 and LabEx LipSTIC, INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1432, Clinical Epidemiology, Université de Bourgogne, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.Q.), Dijon, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de la Source, Orléans (T.K.), INSERM Infection, Antimicrobials, Modeling, and Evolution (IAME) Unité 1137, Université Paris Cité (J.-D.R.), Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine Unité Mixte de Recherche 938 INSERM, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Tenon (G.V.), and Université Paris Cité, Paris, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin (J.-P.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, DMU ESPRIT, Colombes (J.-D.R.), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital Nord Franche-Comté, Trévenans (J.B.), Université de Nantes et Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes (J.R.), Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire (FHU) SEPSIS, INSERM Unité 1173, Faculté de Médecine Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Université de Paris Saclay, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré (N.H.), Garches, Réanimation Polyvalente, CH Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil (G.P.), Université Clermont Auvergne Unité Mixte de Recherche, French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome Environnement and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (B.S.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Départemental de Vendée, La Roche-Sur-Yon (G.C.), INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Investigations of Sleep, Acute Lung Injury, and Ventilation, Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Poitiers, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.F.), Poitiers, Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint Brieuc (N.B.), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1092, Université, Limoges, and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435 and Réanimation Polyvalente, CHU (B.F.), Limoges, Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital de Mercy, Centre Hospitalier Régional (CHR) Metz-Thionville, Metz (G.L.), Université de Lorraine, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital Central, CHU, Nancy (S.G.), Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Hôpital, Le Mans (C. Guitton), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Clermont Tonnerre (C. Giacardi), Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale INSERM Mixte de Recherche Unité 1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (E.L.), and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU de la Cavale Blanche (E.L.), Brest, Aix-Marseille Université, Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, the Department of Medical Information, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HM, Hôpital Nord, Marseille (S.H.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Montauban (S.V.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Robert Ballanger, Aulnay-Sous-Bois (H.F.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Bourg-en-Bresse (C.B.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU, Caen (A.J.), INSERM Unité 1042, HP-2, Université Grenoble-Alpes, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble (N.T.), Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes (A.G.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint-Malo (C.Q.), INSERM Unité 1190, Université de Lille, and the Département de Réanimation, Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHU, Lille (M.J.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435, CHU, Limoges (C.C.-F.) - all in France
| | - Toufik Kamel
- From Université de Tours, INSERM, Center for the Study of Respiratory Diseases Unité 1100, Médecine Intensive-Réanimation and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) (P.-F.D.), Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, CHU (M.L., C.C.), Pharmacie à Usage Interne, CHU (H.B.), Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance et d'Information sur le Médicament, Service de Pharmacosurveillance, CHU (C.L.), Université de Tours, Université de Nantes, INSERM SPHERE Unité 1246 (B.G.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, CHU (B.G., A.L.G.), Tours, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation Nouvel Hôpital Civil (F.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de Hautepierre (J.-E.H.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, the Lipness Team, INSERM Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer-Unité Mixte de Recherche 1231 and LabEx LipSTIC, INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1432, Clinical Epidemiology, Université de Bourgogne, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.Q.), Dijon, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de la Source, Orléans (T.K.), INSERM Infection, Antimicrobials, Modeling, and Evolution (IAME) Unité 1137, Université Paris Cité (J.-D.R.), Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine Unité Mixte de Recherche 938 INSERM, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Tenon (G.V.), and Université Paris Cité, Paris, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin (J.-P.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, DMU ESPRIT, Colombes (J.-D.R.), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital Nord Franche-Comté, Trévenans (J.B.), Université de Nantes et Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes (J.R.), Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire (FHU) SEPSIS, INSERM Unité 1173, Faculté de Médecine Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Université de Paris Saclay, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré (N.H.), Garches, Réanimation Polyvalente, CH Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil (G.P.), Université Clermont Auvergne Unité Mixte de Recherche, French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome Environnement and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (B.S.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Départemental de Vendée, La Roche-Sur-Yon (G.C.), INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Investigations of Sleep, Acute Lung Injury, and Ventilation, Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Poitiers, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.F.), Poitiers, Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint Brieuc (N.B.), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1092, Université, Limoges, and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435 and Réanimation Polyvalente, CHU (B.F.), Limoges, Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital de Mercy, Centre Hospitalier Régional (CHR) Metz-Thionville, Metz (G.L.), Université de Lorraine, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital Central, CHU, Nancy (S.G.), Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Hôpital, Le Mans (C. Guitton), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Clermont Tonnerre (C. Giacardi), Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale INSERM Mixte de Recherche Unité 1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (E.L.), and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU de la Cavale Blanche (E.L.), Brest, Aix-Marseille Université, Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, the Department of Medical Information, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HM, Hôpital Nord, Marseille (S.H.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Montauban (S.V.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Robert Ballanger, Aulnay-Sous-Bois (H.F.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Bourg-en-Bresse (C.B.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU, Caen (A.J.), INSERM Unité 1042, HP-2, Université Grenoble-Alpes, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble (N.T.), Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes (A.G.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint-Malo (C.Q.), INSERM Unité 1190, Université de Lille, and the Département de Réanimation, Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHU, Lille (M.J.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435, CHU, Limoges (C.C.-F.) - all in France
| | - Jean-Damien Ricard
- From Université de Tours, INSERM, Center for the Study of Respiratory Diseases Unité 1100, Médecine Intensive-Réanimation and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) (P.-F.D.), Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, CHU (M.L., C.C.), Pharmacie à Usage Interne, CHU (H.B.), Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance et d'Information sur le Médicament, Service de Pharmacosurveillance, CHU (C.L.), Université de Tours, Université de Nantes, INSERM SPHERE Unité 1246 (B.G.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, CHU (B.G., A.L.G.), Tours, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation Nouvel Hôpital Civil (F.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de Hautepierre (J.-E.H.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, the Lipness Team, INSERM Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer-Unité Mixte de Recherche 1231 and LabEx LipSTIC, INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1432, Clinical Epidemiology, Université de Bourgogne, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.Q.), Dijon, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de la Source, Orléans (T.K.), INSERM Infection, Antimicrobials, Modeling, and Evolution (IAME) Unité 1137, Université Paris Cité (J.-D.R.), Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine Unité Mixte de Recherche 938 INSERM, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Tenon (G.V.), and Université Paris Cité, Paris, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin (J.-P.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, DMU ESPRIT, Colombes (J.-D.R.), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital Nord Franche-Comté, Trévenans (J.B.), Université de Nantes et Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes (J.R.), Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire (FHU) SEPSIS, INSERM Unité 1173, Faculté de Médecine Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Université de Paris Saclay, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré (N.H.), Garches, Réanimation Polyvalente, CH Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil (G.P.), Université Clermont Auvergne Unité Mixte de Recherche, French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome Environnement and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (B.S.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Départemental de Vendée, La Roche-Sur-Yon (G.C.), INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Investigations of Sleep, Acute Lung Injury, and Ventilation, Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Poitiers, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.F.), Poitiers, Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint Brieuc (N.B.), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1092, Université, Limoges, and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435 and Réanimation Polyvalente, CHU (B.F.), Limoges, Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital de Mercy, Centre Hospitalier Régional (CHR) Metz-Thionville, Metz (G.L.), Université de Lorraine, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital Central, CHU, Nancy (S.G.), Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Hôpital, Le Mans (C. Guitton), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Clermont Tonnerre (C. Giacardi), Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale INSERM Mixte de Recherche Unité 1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (E.L.), and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU de la Cavale Blanche (E.L.), Brest, Aix-Marseille Université, Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, the Department of Medical Information, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HM, Hôpital Nord, Marseille (S.H.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Montauban (S.V.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Robert Ballanger, Aulnay-Sous-Bois (H.F.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Bourg-en-Bresse (C.B.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU, Caen (A.J.), INSERM Unité 1042, HP-2, Université Grenoble-Alpes, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble (N.T.), Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes (A.G.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint-Malo (C.Q.), INSERM Unité 1190, Université de Lille, and the Département de Réanimation, Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHU, Lille (M.J.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435, CHU, Limoges (C.C.-F.) - all in France
| | - Julio Badie
- From Université de Tours, INSERM, Center for the Study of Respiratory Diseases Unité 1100, Médecine Intensive-Réanimation and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) (P.-F.D.), Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, CHU (M.L., C.C.), Pharmacie à Usage Interne, CHU (H.B.), Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance et d'Information sur le Médicament, Service de Pharmacosurveillance, CHU (C.L.), Université de Tours, Université de Nantes, INSERM SPHERE Unité 1246 (B.G.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, CHU (B.G., A.L.G.), Tours, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation Nouvel Hôpital Civil (F.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de Hautepierre (J.-E.H.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, the Lipness Team, INSERM Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer-Unité Mixte de Recherche 1231 and LabEx LipSTIC, INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1432, Clinical Epidemiology, Université de Bourgogne, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.Q.), Dijon, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de la Source, Orléans (T.K.), INSERM Infection, Antimicrobials, Modeling, and Evolution (IAME) Unité 1137, Université Paris Cité (J.-D.R.), Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine Unité Mixte de Recherche 938 INSERM, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Tenon (G.V.), and Université Paris Cité, Paris, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin (J.-P.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, DMU ESPRIT, Colombes (J.-D.R.), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital Nord Franche-Comté, Trévenans (J.B.), Université de Nantes et Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes (J.R.), Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire (FHU) SEPSIS, INSERM Unité 1173, Faculté de Médecine Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Université de Paris Saclay, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré (N.H.), Garches, Réanimation Polyvalente, CH Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil (G.P.), Université Clermont Auvergne Unité Mixte de Recherche, French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome Environnement and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (B.S.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Départemental de Vendée, La Roche-Sur-Yon (G.C.), INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Investigations of Sleep, Acute Lung Injury, and Ventilation, Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Poitiers, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.F.), Poitiers, Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint Brieuc (N.B.), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1092, Université, Limoges, and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435 and Réanimation Polyvalente, CHU (B.F.), Limoges, Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital de Mercy, Centre Hospitalier Régional (CHR) Metz-Thionville, Metz (G.L.), Université de Lorraine, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital Central, CHU, Nancy (S.G.), Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Hôpital, Le Mans (C. Guitton), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Clermont Tonnerre (C. Giacardi), Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale INSERM Mixte de Recherche Unité 1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (E.L.), and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU de la Cavale Blanche (E.L.), Brest, Aix-Marseille Université, Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, the Department of Medical Information, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HM, Hôpital Nord, Marseille (S.H.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Montauban (S.V.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Robert Ballanger, Aulnay-Sous-Bois (H.F.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Bourg-en-Bresse (C.B.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU, Caen (A.J.), INSERM Unité 1042, HP-2, Université Grenoble-Alpes, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble (N.T.), Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes (A.G.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint-Malo (C.Q.), INSERM Unité 1190, Université de Lille, and the Département de Réanimation, Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHU, Lille (M.J.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435, CHU, Limoges (C.C.-F.) - all in France
| | - Jean Reignier
- From Université de Tours, INSERM, Center for the Study of Respiratory Diseases Unité 1100, Médecine Intensive-Réanimation and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) (P.-F.D.), Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, CHU (M.L., C.C.), Pharmacie à Usage Interne, CHU (H.B.), Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance et d'Information sur le Médicament, Service de Pharmacosurveillance, CHU (C.L.), Université de Tours, Université de Nantes, INSERM SPHERE Unité 1246 (B.G.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, CHU (B.G., A.L.G.), Tours, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation Nouvel Hôpital Civil (F.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de Hautepierre (J.-E.H.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, the Lipness Team, INSERM Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer-Unité Mixte de Recherche 1231 and LabEx LipSTIC, INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1432, Clinical Epidemiology, Université de Bourgogne, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.Q.), Dijon, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de la Source, Orléans (T.K.), INSERM Infection, Antimicrobials, Modeling, and Evolution (IAME) Unité 1137, Université Paris Cité (J.-D.R.), Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine Unité Mixte de Recherche 938 INSERM, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Tenon (G.V.), and Université Paris Cité, Paris, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin (J.-P.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, DMU ESPRIT, Colombes (J.-D.R.), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital Nord Franche-Comté, Trévenans (J.B.), Université de Nantes et Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes (J.R.), Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire (FHU) SEPSIS, INSERM Unité 1173, Faculté de Médecine Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Université de Paris Saclay, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré (N.H.), Garches, Réanimation Polyvalente, CH Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil (G.P.), Université Clermont Auvergne Unité Mixte de Recherche, French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome Environnement and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (B.S.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Départemental de Vendée, La Roche-Sur-Yon (G.C.), INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Investigations of Sleep, Acute Lung Injury, and Ventilation, Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Poitiers, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.F.), Poitiers, Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint Brieuc (N.B.), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1092, Université, Limoges, and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435 and Réanimation Polyvalente, CHU (B.F.), Limoges, Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital de Mercy, Centre Hospitalier Régional (CHR) Metz-Thionville, Metz (G.L.), Université de Lorraine, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital Central, CHU, Nancy (S.G.), Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Hôpital, Le Mans (C. Guitton), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Clermont Tonnerre (C. Giacardi), Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale INSERM Mixte de Recherche Unité 1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (E.L.), and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU de la Cavale Blanche (E.L.), Brest, Aix-Marseille Université, Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, the Department of Medical Information, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HM, Hôpital Nord, Marseille (S.H.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Montauban (S.V.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Robert Ballanger, Aulnay-Sous-Bois (H.F.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Bourg-en-Bresse (C.B.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU, Caen (A.J.), INSERM Unité 1042, HP-2, Université Grenoble-Alpes, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble (N.T.), Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes (A.G.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint-Malo (C.Q.), INSERM Unité 1190, Université de Lille, and the Département de Réanimation, Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHU, Lille (M.J.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435, CHU, Limoges (C.C.-F.) - all in France
| | - Nicholas Heming
- From Université de Tours, INSERM, Center for the Study of Respiratory Diseases Unité 1100, Médecine Intensive-Réanimation and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) (P.-F.D.), Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, CHU (M.L., C.C.), Pharmacie à Usage Interne, CHU (H.B.), Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance et d'Information sur le Médicament, Service de Pharmacosurveillance, CHU (C.L.), Université de Tours, Université de Nantes, INSERM SPHERE Unité 1246 (B.G.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, CHU (B.G., A.L.G.), Tours, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation Nouvel Hôpital Civil (F.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de Hautepierre (J.-E.H.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, the Lipness Team, INSERM Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer-Unité Mixte de Recherche 1231 and LabEx LipSTIC, INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1432, Clinical Epidemiology, Université de Bourgogne, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.Q.), Dijon, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de la Source, Orléans (T.K.), INSERM Infection, Antimicrobials, Modeling, and Evolution (IAME) Unité 1137, Université Paris Cité (J.-D.R.), Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine Unité Mixte de Recherche 938 INSERM, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Tenon (G.V.), and Université Paris Cité, Paris, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin (J.-P.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, DMU ESPRIT, Colombes (J.-D.R.), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital Nord Franche-Comté, Trévenans (J.B.), Université de Nantes et Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes (J.R.), Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire (FHU) SEPSIS, INSERM Unité 1173, Faculté de Médecine Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Université de Paris Saclay, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré (N.H.), Garches, Réanimation Polyvalente, CH Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil (G.P.), Université Clermont Auvergne Unité Mixte de Recherche, French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome Environnement and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (B.S.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Départemental de Vendée, La Roche-Sur-Yon (G.C.), INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Investigations of Sleep, Acute Lung Injury, and Ventilation, Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Poitiers, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.F.), Poitiers, Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint Brieuc (N.B.), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1092, Université, Limoges, and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435 and Réanimation Polyvalente, CHU (B.F.), Limoges, Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital de Mercy, Centre Hospitalier Régional (CHR) Metz-Thionville, Metz (G.L.), Université de Lorraine, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital Central, CHU, Nancy (S.G.), Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Hôpital, Le Mans (C. Guitton), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Clermont Tonnerre (C. Giacardi), Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale INSERM Mixte de Recherche Unité 1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (E.L.), and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU de la Cavale Blanche (E.L.), Brest, Aix-Marseille Université, Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, the Department of Medical Information, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HM, Hôpital Nord, Marseille (S.H.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Montauban (S.V.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Robert Ballanger, Aulnay-Sous-Bois (H.F.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Bourg-en-Bresse (C.B.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU, Caen (A.J.), INSERM Unité 1042, HP-2, Université Grenoble-Alpes, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble (N.T.), Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes (A.G.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint-Malo (C.Q.), INSERM Unité 1190, Université de Lille, and the Département de Réanimation, Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHU, Lille (M.J.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435, CHU, Limoges (C.C.-F.) - all in France
| | - Gaëtan Plantefève
- From Université de Tours, INSERM, Center for the Study of Respiratory Diseases Unité 1100, Médecine Intensive-Réanimation and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) (P.-F.D.), Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, CHU (M.L., C.C.), Pharmacie à Usage Interne, CHU (H.B.), Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance et d'Information sur le Médicament, Service de Pharmacosurveillance, CHU (C.L.), Université de Tours, Université de Nantes, INSERM SPHERE Unité 1246 (B.G.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, CHU (B.G., A.L.G.), Tours, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation Nouvel Hôpital Civil (F.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de Hautepierre (J.-E.H.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, the Lipness Team, INSERM Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer-Unité Mixte de Recherche 1231 and LabEx LipSTIC, INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1432, Clinical Epidemiology, Université de Bourgogne, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.Q.), Dijon, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de la Source, Orléans (T.K.), INSERM Infection, Antimicrobials, Modeling, and Evolution (IAME) Unité 1137, Université Paris Cité (J.-D.R.), Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine Unité Mixte de Recherche 938 INSERM, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Tenon (G.V.), and Université Paris Cité, Paris, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin (J.-P.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, DMU ESPRIT, Colombes (J.-D.R.), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital Nord Franche-Comté, Trévenans (J.B.), Université de Nantes et Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes (J.R.), Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire (FHU) SEPSIS, INSERM Unité 1173, Faculté de Médecine Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Université de Paris Saclay, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré (N.H.), Garches, Réanimation Polyvalente, CH Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil (G.P.), Université Clermont Auvergne Unité Mixte de Recherche, French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome Environnement and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (B.S.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Départemental de Vendée, La Roche-Sur-Yon (G.C.), INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Investigations of Sleep, Acute Lung Injury, and Ventilation, Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Poitiers, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.F.), Poitiers, Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint Brieuc (N.B.), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1092, Université, Limoges, and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435 and Réanimation Polyvalente, CHU (B.F.), Limoges, Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital de Mercy, Centre Hospitalier Régional (CHR) Metz-Thionville, Metz (G.L.), Université de Lorraine, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital Central, CHU, Nancy (S.G.), Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Hôpital, Le Mans (C. Guitton), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Clermont Tonnerre (C. Giacardi), Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale INSERM Mixte de Recherche Unité 1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (E.L.), and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU de la Cavale Blanche (E.L.), Brest, Aix-Marseille Université, Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, the Department of Medical Information, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HM, Hôpital Nord, Marseille (S.H.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Montauban (S.V.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Robert Ballanger, Aulnay-Sous-Bois (H.F.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Bourg-en-Bresse (C.B.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU, Caen (A.J.), INSERM Unité 1042, HP-2, Université Grenoble-Alpes, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble (N.T.), Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes (A.G.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint-Malo (C.Q.), INSERM Unité 1190, Université de Lille, and the Département de Réanimation, Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHU, Lille (M.J.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435, CHU, Limoges (C.C.-F.) - all in France
| | - Bertrand Souweine
- From Université de Tours, INSERM, Center for the Study of Respiratory Diseases Unité 1100, Médecine Intensive-Réanimation and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) (P.-F.D.), Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, CHU (M.L., C.C.), Pharmacie à Usage Interne, CHU (H.B.), Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance et d'Information sur le Médicament, Service de Pharmacosurveillance, CHU (C.L.), Université de Tours, Université de Nantes, INSERM SPHERE Unité 1246 (B.G.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, CHU (B.G., A.L.G.), Tours, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation Nouvel Hôpital Civil (F.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de Hautepierre (J.-E.H.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, the Lipness Team, INSERM Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer-Unité Mixte de Recherche 1231 and LabEx LipSTIC, INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1432, Clinical Epidemiology, Université de Bourgogne, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.Q.), Dijon, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de la Source, Orléans (T.K.), INSERM Infection, Antimicrobials, Modeling, and Evolution (IAME) Unité 1137, Université Paris Cité (J.-D.R.), Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine Unité Mixte de Recherche 938 INSERM, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Tenon (G.V.), and Université Paris Cité, Paris, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin (J.-P.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, DMU ESPRIT, Colombes (J.-D.R.), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital Nord Franche-Comté, Trévenans (J.B.), Université de Nantes et Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes (J.R.), Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire (FHU) SEPSIS, INSERM Unité 1173, Faculté de Médecine Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Université de Paris Saclay, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré (N.H.), Garches, Réanimation Polyvalente, CH Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil (G.P.), Université Clermont Auvergne Unité Mixte de Recherche, French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome Environnement and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (B.S.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Départemental de Vendée, La Roche-Sur-Yon (G.C.), INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Investigations of Sleep, Acute Lung Injury, and Ventilation, Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Poitiers, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.F.), Poitiers, Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint Brieuc (N.B.), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1092, Université, Limoges, and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435 and Réanimation Polyvalente, CHU (B.F.), Limoges, Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital de Mercy, Centre Hospitalier Régional (CHR) Metz-Thionville, Metz (G.L.), Université de Lorraine, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital Central, CHU, Nancy (S.G.), Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Hôpital, Le Mans (C. Guitton), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Clermont Tonnerre (C. Giacardi), Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale INSERM Mixte de Recherche Unité 1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (E.L.), and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU de la Cavale Blanche (E.L.), Brest, Aix-Marseille Université, Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, the Department of Medical Information, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HM, Hôpital Nord, Marseille (S.H.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Montauban (S.V.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Robert Ballanger, Aulnay-Sous-Bois (H.F.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Bourg-en-Bresse (C.B.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU, Caen (A.J.), INSERM Unité 1042, HP-2, Université Grenoble-Alpes, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble (N.T.), Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes (A.G.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint-Malo (C.Q.), INSERM Unité 1190, Université de Lille, and the Département de Réanimation, Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHU, Lille (M.J.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435, CHU, Limoges (C.C.-F.) - all in France
| | - Guillaume Voiriot
- From Université de Tours, INSERM, Center for the Study of Respiratory Diseases Unité 1100, Médecine Intensive-Réanimation and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) (P.-F.D.), Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, CHU (M.L., C.C.), Pharmacie à Usage Interne, CHU (H.B.), Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance et d'Information sur le Médicament, Service de Pharmacosurveillance, CHU (C.L.), Université de Tours, Université de Nantes, INSERM SPHERE Unité 1246 (B.G.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, CHU (B.G., A.L.G.), Tours, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation Nouvel Hôpital Civil (F.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de Hautepierre (J.-E.H.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, the Lipness Team, INSERM Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer-Unité Mixte de Recherche 1231 and LabEx LipSTIC, INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1432, Clinical Epidemiology, Université de Bourgogne, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.Q.), Dijon, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de la Source, Orléans (T.K.), INSERM Infection, Antimicrobials, Modeling, and Evolution (IAME) Unité 1137, Université Paris Cité (J.-D.R.), Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine Unité Mixte de Recherche 938 INSERM, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Tenon (G.V.), and Université Paris Cité, Paris, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin (J.-P.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, DMU ESPRIT, Colombes (J.-D.R.), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital Nord Franche-Comté, Trévenans (J.B.), Université de Nantes et Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes (J.R.), Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire (FHU) SEPSIS, INSERM Unité 1173, Faculté de Médecine Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Université de Paris Saclay, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré (N.H.), Garches, Réanimation Polyvalente, CH Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil (G.P.), Université Clermont Auvergne Unité Mixte de Recherche, French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome Environnement and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (B.S.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Départemental de Vendée, La Roche-Sur-Yon (G.C.), INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Investigations of Sleep, Acute Lung Injury, and Ventilation, Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Poitiers, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.F.), Poitiers, Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint Brieuc (N.B.), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1092, Université, Limoges, and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435 and Réanimation Polyvalente, CHU (B.F.), Limoges, Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital de Mercy, Centre Hospitalier Régional (CHR) Metz-Thionville, Metz (G.L.), Université de Lorraine, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital Central, CHU, Nancy (S.G.), Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Hôpital, Le Mans (C. Guitton), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Clermont Tonnerre (C. Giacardi), Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale INSERM Mixte de Recherche Unité 1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (E.L.), and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU de la Cavale Blanche (E.L.), Brest, Aix-Marseille Université, Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, the Department of Medical Information, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HM, Hôpital Nord, Marseille (S.H.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Montauban (S.V.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Robert Ballanger, Aulnay-Sous-Bois (H.F.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Bourg-en-Bresse (C.B.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU, Caen (A.J.), INSERM Unité 1042, HP-2, Université Grenoble-Alpes, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble (N.T.), Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes (A.G.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint-Malo (C.Q.), INSERM Unité 1190, Université de Lille, and the Département de Réanimation, Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHU, Lille (M.J.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435, CHU, Limoges (C.C.-F.) - all in France
| | - Gwenhaël Colin
- From Université de Tours, INSERM, Center for the Study of Respiratory Diseases Unité 1100, Médecine Intensive-Réanimation and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) (P.-F.D.), Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, CHU (M.L., C.C.), Pharmacie à Usage Interne, CHU (H.B.), Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance et d'Information sur le Médicament, Service de Pharmacosurveillance, CHU (C.L.), Université de Tours, Université de Nantes, INSERM SPHERE Unité 1246 (B.G.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, CHU (B.G., A.L.G.), Tours, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation Nouvel Hôpital Civil (F.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de Hautepierre (J.-E.H.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, the Lipness Team, INSERM Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer-Unité Mixte de Recherche 1231 and LabEx LipSTIC, INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1432, Clinical Epidemiology, Université de Bourgogne, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.Q.), Dijon, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de la Source, Orléans (T.K.), INSERM Infection, Antimicrobials, Modeling, and Evolution (IAME) Unité 1137, Université Paris Cité (J.-D.R.), Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine Unité Mixte de Recherche 938 INSERM, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Tenon (G.V.), and Université Paris Cité, Paris, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin (J.-P.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, DMU ESPRIT, Colombes (J.-D.R.), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital Nord Franche-Comté, Trévenans (J.B.), Université de Nantes et Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes (J.R.), Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire (FHU) SEPSIS, INSERM Unité 1173, Faculté de Médecine Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Université de Paris Saclay, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré (N.H.), Garches, Réanimation Polyvalente, CH Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil (G.P.), Université Clermont Auvergne Unité Mixte de Recherche, French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome Environnement and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (B.S.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Départemental de Vendée, La Roche-Sur-Yon (G.C.), INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Investigations of Sleep, Acute Lung Injury, and Ventilation, Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Poitiers, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.F.), Poitiers, Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint Brieuc (N.B.), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1092, Université, Limoges, and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435 and Réanimation Polyvalente, CHU (B.F.), Limoges, Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital de Mercy, Centre Hospitalier Régional (CHR) Metz-Thionville, Metz (G.L.), Université de Lorraine, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital Central, CHU, Nancy (S.G.), Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Hôpital, Le Mans (C. Guitton), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Clermont Tonnerre (C. Giacardi), Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale INSERM Mixte de Recherche Unité 1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (E.L.), and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU de la Cavale Blanche (E.L.), Brest, Aix-Marseille Université, Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, the Department of Medical Information, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HM, Hôpital Nord, Marseille (S.H.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Montauban (S.V.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Robert Ballanger, Aulnay-Sous-Bois (H.F.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Bourg-en-Bresse (C.B.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU, Caen (A.J.), INSERM Unité 1042, HP-2, Université Grenoble-Alpes, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble (N.T.), Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes (A.G.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint-Malo (C.Q.), INSERM Unité 1190, Université de Lille, and the Département de Réanimation, Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHU, Lille (M.J.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435, CHU, Limoges (C.C.-F.) - all in France
| | - Jean-Pierre Frat
- From Université de Tours, INSERM, Center for the Study of Respiratory Diseases Unité 1100, Médecine Intensive-Réanimation and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) (P.-F.D.), Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, CHU (M.L., C.C.), Pharmacie à Usage Interne, CHU (H.B.), Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance et d'Information sur le Médicament, Service de Pharmacosurveillance, CHU (C.L.), Université de Tours, Université de Nantes, INSERM SPHERE Unité 1246 (B.G.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, CHU (B.G., A.L.G.), Tours, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation Nouvel Hôpital Civil (F.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de Hautepierre (J.-E.H.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, the Lipness Team, INSERM Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer-Unité Mixte de Recherche 1231 and LabEx LipSTIC, INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1432, Clinical Epidemiology, Université de Bourgogne, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.Q.), Dijon, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de la Source, Orléans (T.K.), INSERM Infection, Antimicrobials, Modeling, and Evolution (IAME) Unité 1137, Université Paris Cité (J.-D.R.), Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine Unité Mixte de Recherche 938 INSERM, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Tenon (G.V.), and Université Paris Cité, Paris, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin (J.-P.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, DMU ESPRIT, Colombes (J.-D.R.), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital Nord Franche-Comté, Trévenans (J.B.), Université de Nantes et Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes (J.R.), Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire (FHU) SEPSIS, INSERM Unité 1173, Faculté de Médecine Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Université de Paris Saclay, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré (N.H.), Garches, Réanimation Polyvalente, CH Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil (G.P.), Université Clermont Auvergne Unité Mixte de Recherche, French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome Environnement and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (B.S.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Départemental de Vendée, La Roche-Sur-Yon (G.C.), INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Investigations of Sleep, Acute Lung Injury, and Ventilation, Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Poitiers, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.F.), Poitiers, Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint Brieuc (N.B.), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1092, Université, Limoges, and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435 and Réanimation Polyvalente, CHU (B.F.), Limoges, Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital de Mercy, Centre Hospitalier Régional (CHR) Metz-Thionville, Metz (G.L.), Université de Lorraine, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital Central, CHU, Nancy (S.G.), Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Hôpital, Le Mans (C. Guitton), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Clermont Tonnerre (C. Giacardi), Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale INSERM Mixte de Recherche Unité 1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (E.L.), and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU de la Cavale Blanche (E.L.), Brest, Aix-Marseille Université, Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, the Department of Medical Information, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HM, Hôpital Nord, Marseille (S.H.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Montauban (S.V.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Robert Ballanger, Aulnay-Sous-Bois (H.F.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Bourg-en-Bresse (C.B.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU, Caen (A.J.), INSERM Unité 1042, HP-2, Université Grenoble-Alpes, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble (N.T.), Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes (A.G.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint-Malo (C.Q.), INSERM Unité 1190, Université de Lille, and the Département de Réanimation, Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHU, Lille (M.J.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435, CHU, Limoges (C.C.-F.) - all in France
| | - Jean-Paul Mira
- From Université de Tours, INSERM, Center for the Study of Respiratory Diseases Unité 1100, Médecine Intensive-Réanimation and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) (P.-F.D.), Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, CHU (M.L., C.C.), Pharmacie à Usage Interne, CHU (H.B.), Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance et d'Information sur le Médicament, Service de Pharmacosurveillance, CHU (C.L.), Université de Tours, Université de Nantes, INSERM SPHERE Unité 1246 (B.G.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, CHU (B.G., A.L.G.), Tours, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation Nouvel Hôpital Civil (F.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de Hautepierre (J.-E.H.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, the Lipness Team, INSERM Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer-Unité Mixte de Recherche 1231 and LabEx LipSTIC, INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1432, Clinical Epidemiology, Université de Bourgogne, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.Q.), Dijon, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de la Source, Orléans (T.K.), INSERM Infection, Antimicrobials, Modeling, and Evolution (IAME) Unité 1137, Université Paris Cité (J.-D.R.), Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine Unité Mixte de Recherche 938 INSERM, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Tenon (G.V.), and Université Paris Cité, Paris, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin (J.-P.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, DMU ESPRIT, Colombes (J.-D.R.), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital Nord Franche-Comté, Trévenans (J.B.), Université de Nantes et Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes (J.R.), Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire (FHU) SEPSIS, INSERM Unité 1173, Faculté de Médecine Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Université de Paris Saclay, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré (N.H.), Garches, Réanimation Polyvalente, CH Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil (G.P.), Université Clermont Auvergne Unité Mixte de Recherche, French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome Environnement and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (B.S.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Départemental de Vendée, La Roche-Sur-Yon (G.C.), INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Investigations of Sleep, Acute Lung Injury, and Ventilation, Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Poitiers, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.F.), Poitiers, Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint Brieuc (N.B.), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1092, Université, Limoges, and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435 and Réanimation Polyvalente, CHU (B.F.), Limoges, Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital de Mercy, Centre Hospitalier Régional (CHR) Metz-Thionville, Metz (G.L.), Université de Lorraine, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital Central, CHU, Nancy (S.G.), Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Hôpital, Le Mans (C. Guitton), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Clermont Tonnerre (C. Giacardi), Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale INSERM Mixte de Recherche Unité 1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (E.L.), and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU de la Cavale Blanche (E.L.), Brest, Aix-Marseille Université, Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, the Department of Medical Information, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HM, Hôpital Nord, Marseille (S.H.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Montauban (S.V.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Robert Ballanger, Aulnay-Sous-Bois (H.F.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Bourg-en-Bresse (C.B.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU, Caen (A.J.), INSERM Unité 1042, HP-2, Université Grenoble-Alpes, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble (N.T.), Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes (A.G.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint-Malo (C.Q.), INSERM Unité 1190, Université de Lille, and the Département de Réanimation, Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHU, Lille (M.J.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435, CHU, Limoges (C.C.-F.) - all in France
| | - Nicolas Barbarot
- From Université de Tours, INSERM, Center for the Study of Respiratory Diseases Unité 1100, Médecine Intensive-Réanimation and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) (P.-F.D.), Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, CHU (M.L., C.C.), Pharmacie à Usage Interne, CHU (H.B.), Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance et d'Information sur le Médicament, Service de Pharmacosurveillance, CHU (C.L.), Université de Tours, Université de Nantes, INSERM SPHERE Unité 1246 (B.G.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, CHU (B.G., A.L.G.), Tours, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation Nouvel Hôpital Civil (F.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de Hautepierre (J.-E.H.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, the Lipness Team, INSERM Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer-Unité Mixte de Recherche 1231 and LabEx LipSTIC, INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1432, Clinical Epidemiology, Université de Bourgogne, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.Q.), Dijon, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de la Source, Orléans (T.K.), INSERM Infection, Antimicrobials, Modeling, and Evolution (IAME) Unité 1137, Université Paris Cité (J.-D.R.), Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine Unité Mixte de Recherche 938 INSERM, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Tenon (G.V.), and Université Paris Cité, Paris, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin (J.-P.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, DMU ESPRIT, Colombes (J.-D.R.), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital Nord Franche-Comté, Trévenans (J.B.), Université de Nantes et Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes (J.R.), Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire (FHU) SEPSIS, INSERM Unité 1173, Faculté de Médecine Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Université de Paris Saclay, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré (N.H.), Garches, Réanimation Polyvalente, CH Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil (G.P.), Université Clermont Auvergne Unité Mixte de Recherche, French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome Environnement and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (B.S.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Départemental de Vendée, La Roche-Sur-Yon (G.C.), INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Investigations of Sleep, Acute Lung Injury, and Ventilation, Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Poitiers, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.F.), Poitiers, Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint Brieuc (N.B.), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1092, Université, Limoges, and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435 and Réanimation Polyvalente, CHU (B.F.), Limoges, Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital de Mercy, Centre Hospitalier Régional (CHR) Metz-Thionville, Metz (G.L.), Université de Lorraine, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital Central, CHU, Nancy (S.G.), Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Hôpital, Le Mans (C. Guitton), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Clermont Tonnerre (C. Giacardi), Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale INSERM Mixte de Recherche Unité 1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (E.L.), and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU de la Cavale Blanche (E.L.), Brest, Aix-Marseille Université, Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, the Department of Medical Information, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HM, Hôpital Nord, Marseille (S.H.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Montauban (S.V.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Robert Ballanger, Aulnay-Sous-Bois (H.F.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Bourg-en-Bresse (C.B.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU, Caen (A.J.), INSERM Unité 1042, HP-2, Université Grenoble-Alpes, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble (N.T.), Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes (A.G.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint-Malo (C.Q.), INSERM Unité 1190, Université de Lille, and the Département de Réanimation, Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHU, Lille (M.J.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435, CHU, Limoges (C.C.-F.) - all in France
| | - Bruno François
- From Université de Tours, INSERM, Center for the Study of Respiratory Diseases Unité 1100, Médecine Intensive-Réanimation and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) (P.-F.D.), Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, CHU (M.L., C.C.), Pharmacie à Usage Interne, CHU (H.B.), Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance et d'Information sur le Médicament, Service de Pharmacosurveillance, CHU (C.L.), Université de Tours, Université de Nantes, INSERM SPHERE Unité 1246 (B.G.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, CHU (B.G., A.L.G.), Tours, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation Nouvel Hôpital Civil (F.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de Hautepierre (J.-E.H.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, the Lipness Team, INSERM Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer-Unité Mixte de Recherche 1231 and LabEx LipSTIC, INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1432, Clinical Epidemiology, Université de Bourgogne, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.Q.), Dijon, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de la Source, Orléans (T.K.), INSERM Infection, Antimicrobials, Modeling, and Evolution (IAME) Unité 1137, Université Paris Cité (J.-D.R.), Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine Unité Mixte de Recherche 938 INSERM, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Tenon (G.V.), and Université Paris Cité, Paris, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin (J.-P.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, DMU ESPRIT, Colombes (J.-D.R.), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital Nord Franche-Comté, Trévenans (J.B.), Université de Nantes et Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes (J.R.), Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire (FHU) SEPSIS, INSERM Unité 1173, Faculté de Médecine Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Université de Paris Saclay, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré (N.H.), Garches, Réanimation Polyvalente, CH Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil (G.P.), Université Clermont Auvergne Unité Mixte de Recherche, French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome Environnement and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (B.S.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Départemental de Vendée, La Roche-Sur-Yon (G.C.), INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Investigations of Sleep, Acute Lung Injury, and Ventilation, Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Poitiers, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.F.), Poitiers, Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint Brieuc (N.B.), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1092, Université, Limoges, and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435 and Réanimation Polyvalente, CHU (B.F.), Limoges, Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital de Mercy, Centre Hospitalier Régional (CHR) Metz-Thionville, Metz (G.L.), Université de Lorraine, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital Central, CHU, Nancy (S.G.), Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Hôpital, Le Mans (C. Guitton), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Clermont Tonnerre (C. Giacardi), Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale INSERM Mixte de Recherche Unité 1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (E.L.), and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU de la Cavale Blanche (E.L.), Brest, Aix-Marseille Université, Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, the Department of Medical Information, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HM, Hôpital Nord, Marseille (S.H.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Montauban (S.V.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Robert Ballanger, Aulnay-Sous-Bois (H.F.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Bourg-en-Bresse (C.B.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU, Caen (A.J.), INSERM Unité 1042, HP-2, Université Grenoble-Alpes, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble (N.T.), Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes (A.G.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint-Malo (C.Q.), INSERM Unité 1190, Université de Lille, and the Département de Réanimation, Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHU, Lille (M.J.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435, CHU, Limoges (C.C.-F.) - all in France
| | - Guillaume Louis
- From Université de Tours, INSERM, Center for the Study of Respiratory Diseases Unité 1100, Médecine Intensive-Réanimation and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) (P.-F.D.), Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, CHU (M.L., C.C.), Pharmacie à Usage Interne, CHU (H.B.), Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance et d'Information sur le Médicament, Service de Pharmacosurveillance, CHU (C.L.), Université de Tours, Université de Nantes, INSERM SPHERE Unité 1246 (B.G.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, CHU (B.G., A.L.G.), Tours, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation Nouvel Hôpital Civil (F.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de Hautepierre (J.-E.H.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, the Lipness Team, INSERM Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer-Unité Mixte de Recherche 1231 and LabEx LipSTIC, INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1432, Clinical Epidemiology, Université de Bourgogne, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.Q.), Dijon, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de la Source, Orléans (T.K.), INSERM Infection, Antimicrobials, Modeling, and Evolution (IAME) Unité 1137, Université Paris Cité (J.-D.R.), Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine Unité Mixte de Recherche 938 INSERM, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Tenon (G.V.), and Université Paris Cité, Paris, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin (J.-P.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, DMU ESPRIT, Colombes (J.-D.R.), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital Nord Franche-Comté, Trévenans (J.B.), Université de Nantes et Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes (J.R.), Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire (FHU) SEPSIS, INSERM Unité 1173, Faculté de Médecine Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Université de Paris Saclay, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré (N.H.), Garches, Réanimation Polyvalente, CH Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil (G.P.), Université Clermont Auvergne Unité Mixte de Recherche, French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome Environnement and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (B.S.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Départemental de Vendée, La Roche-Sur-Yon (G.C.), INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Investigations of Sleep, Acute Lung Injury, and Ventilation, Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Poitiers, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.F.), Poitiers, Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint Brieuc (N.B.), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1092, Université, Limoges, and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435 and Réanimation Polyvalente, CHU (B.F.), Limoges, Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital de Mercy, Centre Hospitalier Régional (CHR) Metz-Thionville, Metz (G.L.), Université de Lorraine, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital Central, CHU, Nancy (S.G.), Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Hôpital, Le Mans (C. Guitton), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Clermont Tonnerre (C. Giacardi), Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale INSERM Mixte de Recherche Unité 1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (E.L.), and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU de la Cavale Blanche (E.L.), Brest, Aix-Marseille Université, Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, the Department of Medical Information, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HM, Hôpital Nord, Marseille (S.H.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Montauban (S.V.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Robert Ballanger, Aulnay-Sous-Bois (H.F.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Bourg-en-Bresse (C.B.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU, Caen (A.J.), INSERM Unité 1042, HP-2, Université Grenoble-Alpes, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble (N.T.), Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes (A.G.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint-Malo (C.Q.), INSERM Unité 1190, Université de Lille, and the Département de Réanimation, Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHU, Lille (M.J.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435, CHU, Limoges (C.C.-F.) - all in France
| | - Sébastien Gibot
- From Université de Tours, INSERM, Center for the Study of Respiratory Diseases Unité 1100, Médecine Intensive-Réanimation and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) (P.-F.D.), Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, CHU (M.L., C.C.), Pharmacie à Usage Interne, CHU (H.B.), Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance et d'Information sur le Médicament, Service de Pharmacosurveillance, CHU (C.L.), Université de Tours, Université de Nantes, INSERM SPHERE Unité 1246 (B.G.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, CHU (B.G., A.L.G.), Tours, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation Nouvel Hôpital Civil (F.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de Hautepierre (J.-E.H.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, the Lipness Team, INSERM Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer-Unité Mixte de Recherche 1231 and LabEx LipSTIC, INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1432, Clinical Epidemiology, Université de Bourgogne, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.Q.), Dijon, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de la Source, Orléans (T.K.), INSERM Infection, Antimicrobials, Modeling, and Evolution (IAME) Unité 1137, Université Paris Cité (J.-D.R.), Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine Unité Mixte de Recherche 938 INSERM, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Tenon (G.V.), and Université Paris Cité, Paris, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin (J.-P.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, DMU ESPRIT, Colombes (J.-D.R.), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital Nord Franche-Comté, Trévenans (J.B.), Université de Nantes et Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes (J.R.), Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire (FHU) SEPSIS, INSERM Unité 1173, Faculté de Médecine Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Université de Paris Saclay, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré (N.H.), Garches, Réanimation Polyvalente, CH Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil (G.P.), Université Clermont Auvergne Unité Mixte de Recherche, French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome Environnement and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (B.S.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Départemental de Vendée, La Roche-Sur-Yon (G.C.), INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Investigations of Sleep, Acute Lung Injury, and Ventilation, Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Poitiers, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.F.), Poitiers, Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint Brieuc (N.B.), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1092, Université, Limoges, and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435 and Réanimation Polyvalente, CHU (B.F.), Limoges, Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital de Mercy, Centre Hospitalier Régional (CHR) Metz-Thionville, Metz (G.L.), Université de Lorraine, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital Central, CHU, Nancy (S.G.), Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Hôpital, Le Mans (C. Guitton), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Clermont Tonnerre (C. Giacardi), Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale INSERM Mixte de Recherche Unité 1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (E.L.), and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU de la Cavale Blanche (E.L.), Brest, Aix-Marseille Université, Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, the Department of Medical Information, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HM, Hôpital Nord, Marseille (S.H.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Montauban (S.V.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Robert Ballanger, Aulnay-Sous-Bois (H.F.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Bourg-en-Bresse (C.B.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU, Caen (A.J.), INSERM Unité 1042, HP-2, Université Grenoble-Alpes, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble (N.T.), Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes (A.G.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint-Malo (C.Q.), INSERM Unité 1190, Université de Lille, and the Département de Réanimation, Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHU, Lille (M.J.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435, CHU, Limoges (C.C.-F.) - all in France
| | - Christophe Guitton
- From Université de Tours, INSERM, Center for the Study of Respiratory Diseases Unité 1100, Médecine Intensive-Réanimation and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) (P.-F.D.), Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, CHU (M.L., C.C.), Pharmacie à Usage Interne, CHU (H.B.), Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance et d'Information sur le Médicament, Service de Pharmacosurveillance, CHU (C.L.), Université de Tours, Université de Nantes, INSERM SPHERE Unité 1246 (B.G.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, CHU (B.G., A.L.G.), Tours, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation Nouvel Hôpital Civil (F.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de Hautepierre (J.-E.H.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, the Lipness Team, INSERM Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer-Unité Mixte de Recherche 1231 and LabEx LipSTIC, INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1432, Clinical Epidemiology, Université de Bourgogne, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.Q.), Dijon, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de la Source, Orléans (T.K.), INSERM Infection, Antimicrobials, Modeling, and Evolution (IAME) Unité 1137, Université Paris Cité (J.-D.R.), Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine Unité Mixte de Recherche 938 INSERM, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Tenon (G.V.), and Université Paris Cité, Paris, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin (J.-P.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, DMU ESPRIT, Colombes (J.-D.R.), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital Nord Franche-Comté, Trévenans (J.B.), Université de Nantes et Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes (J.R.), Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire (FHU) SEPSIS, INSERM Unité 1173, Faculté de Médecine Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Université de Paris Saclay, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré (N.H.), Garches, Réanimation Polyvalente, CH Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil (G.P.), Université Clermont Auvergne Unité Mixte de Recherche, French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome Environnement and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (B.S.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Départemental de Vendée, La Roche-Sur-Yon (G.C.), INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Investigations of Sleep, Acute Lung Injury, and Ventilation, Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Poitiers, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.F.), Poitiers, Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint Brieuc (N.B.), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1092, Université, Limoges, and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435 and Réanimation Polyvalente, CHU (B.F.), Limoges, Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital de Mercy, Centre Hospitalier Régional (CHR) Metz-Thionville, Metz (G.L.), Université de Lorraine, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital Central, CHU, Nancy (S.G.), Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Hôpital, Le Mans (C. Guitton), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Clermont Tonnerre (C. Giacardi), Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale INSERM Mixte de Recherche Unité 1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (E.L.), and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU de la Cavale Blanche (E.L.), Brest, Aix-Marseille Université, Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, the Department of Medical Information, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HM, Hôpital Nord, Marseille (S.H.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Montauban (S.V.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Robert Ballanger, Aulnay-Sous-Bois (H.F.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Bourg-en-Bresse (C.B.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU, Caen (A.J.), INSERM Unité 1042, HP-2, Université Grenoble-Alpes, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble (N.T.), Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes (A.G.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint-Malo (C.Q.), INSERM Unité 1190, Université de Lille, and the Département de Réanimation, Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHU, Lille (M.J.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435, CHU, Limoges (C.C.-F.) - all in France
| | - Christophe Giacardi
- From Université de Tours, INSERM, Center for the Study of Respiratory Diseases Unité 1100, Médecine Intensive-Réanimation and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) (P.-F.D.), Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, CHU (M.L., C.C.), Pharmacie à Usage Interne, CHU (H.B.), Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance et d'Information sur le Médicament, Service de Pharmacosurveillance, CHU (C.L.), Université de Tours, Université de Nantes, INSERM SPHERE Unité 1246 (B.G.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, CHU (B.G., A.L.G.), Tours, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation Nouvel Hôpital Civil (F.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de Hautepierre (J.-E.H.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, the Lipness Team, INSERM Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer-Unité Mixte de Recherche 1231 and LabEx LipSTIC, INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1432, Clinical Epidemiology, Université de Bourgogne, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.Q.), Dijon, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de la Source, Orléans (T.K.), INSERM Infection, Antimicrobials, Modeling, and Evolution (IAME) Unité 1137, Université Paris Cité (J.-D.R.), Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine Unité Mixte de Recherche 938 INSERM, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Tenon (G.V.), and Université Paris Cité, Paris, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin (J.-P.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, DMU ESPRIT, Colombes (J.-D.R.), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital Nord Franche-Comté, Trévenans (J.B.), Université de Nantes et Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes (J.R.), Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire (FHU) SEPSIS, INSERM Unité 1173, Faculté de Médecine Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Université de Paris Saclay, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré (N.H.), Garches, Réanimation Polyvalente, CH Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil (G.P.), Université Clermont Auvergne Unité Mixte de Recherche, French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome Environnement and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (B.S.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Départemental de Vendée, La Roche-Sur-Yon (G.C.), INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Investigations of Sleep, Acute Lung Injury, and Ventilation, Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Poitiers, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.F.), Poitiers, Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint Brieuc (N.B.), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1092, Université, Limoges, and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435 and Réanimation Polyvalente, CHU (B.F.), Limoges, Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital de Mercy, Centre Hospitalier Régional (CHR) Metz-Thionville, Metz (G.L.), Université de Lorraine, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital Central, CHU, Nancy (S.G.), Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Hôpital, Le Mans (C. Guitton), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Clermont Tonnerre (C. Giacardi), Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale INSERM Mixte de Recherche Unité 1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (E.L.), and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU de la Cavale Blanche (E.L.), Brest, Aix-Marseille Université, Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, the Department of Medical Information, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HM, Hôpital Nord, Marseille (S.H.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Montauban (S.V.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Robert Ballanger, Aulnay-Sous-Bois (H.F.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Bourg-en-Bresse (C.B.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU, Caen (A.J.), INSERM Unité 1042, HP-2, Université Grenoble-Alpes, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble (N.T.), Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes (A.G.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint-Malo (C.Q.), INSERM Unité 1190, Université de Lille, and the Département de Réanimation, Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHU, Lille (M.J.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435, CHU, Limoges (C.C.-F.) - all in France
| | - Sami Hraiech
- From Université de Tours, INSERM, Center for the Study of Respiratory Diseases Unité 1100, Médecine Intensive-Réanimation and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) (P.-F.D.), Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, CHU (M.L., C.C.), Pharmacie à Usage Interne, CHU (H.B.), Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance et d'Information sur le Médicament, Service de Pharmacosurveillance, CHU (C.L.), Université de Tours, Université de Nantes, INSERM SPHERE Unité 1246 (B.G.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, CHU (B.G., A.L.G.), Tours, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation Nouvel Hôpital Civil (F.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de Hautepierre (J.-E.H.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, the Lipness Team, INSERM Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer-Unité Mixte de Recherche 1231 and LabEx LipSTIC, INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1432, Clinical Epidemiology, Université de Bourgogne, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.Q.), Dijon, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de la Source, Orléans (T.K.), INSERM Infection, Antimicrobials, Modeling, and Evolution (IAME) Unité 1137, Université Paris Cité (J.-D.R.), Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine Unité Mixte de Recherche 938 INSERM, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Tenon (G.V.), and Université Paris Cité, Paris, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin (J.-P.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, DMU ESPRIT, Colombes (J.-D.R.), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital Nord Franche-Comté, Trévenans (J.B.), Université de Nantes et Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes (J.R.), Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire (FHU) SEPSIS, INSERM Unité 1173, Faculté de Médecine Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Université de Paris Saclay, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré (N.H.), Garches, Réanimation Polyvalente, CH Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil (G.P.), Université Clermont Auvergne Unité Mixte de Recherche, French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome Environnement and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (B.S.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Départemental de Vendée, La Roche-Sur-Yon (G.C.), INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Investigations of Sleep, Acute Lung Injury, and Ventilation, Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Poitiers, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.F.), Poitiers, Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint Brieuc (N.B.), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1092, Université, Limoges, and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435 and Réanimation Polyvalente, CHU (B.F.), Limoges, Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital de Mercy, Centre Hospitalier Régional (CHR) Metz-Thionville, Metz (G.L.), Université de Lorraine, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital Central, CHU, Nancy (S.G.), Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Hôpital, Le Mans (C. Guitton), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Clermont Tonnerre (C. Giacardi), Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale INSERM Mixte de Recherche Unité 1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (E.L.), and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU de la Cavale Blanche (E.L.), Brest, Aix-Marseille Université, Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, the Department of Medical Information, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HM, Hôpital Nord, Marseille (S.H.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Montauban (S.V.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Robert Ballanger, Aulnay-Sous-Bois (H.F.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Bourg-en-Bresse (C.B.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU, Caen (A.J.), INSERM Unité 1042, HP-2, Université Grenoble-Alpes, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble (N.T.), Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes (A.G.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint-Malo (C.Q.), INSERM Unité 1190, Université de Lille, and the Département de Réanimation, Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHU, Lille (M.J.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435, CHU, Limoges (C.C.-F.) - all in France
| | - Sylvie Vimeux
- From Université de Tours, INSERM, Center for the Study of Respiratory Diseases Unité 1100, Médecine Intensive-Réanimation and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) (P.-F.D.), Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, CHU (M.L., C.C.), Pharmacie à Usage Interne, CHU (H.B.), Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance et d'Information sur le Médicament, Service de Pharmacosurveillance, CHU (C.L.), Université de Tours, Université de Nantes, INSERM SPHERE Unité 1246 (B.G.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, CHU (B.G., A.L.G.), Tours, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation Nouvel Hôpital Civil (F.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de Hautepierre (J.-E.H.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, the Lipness Team, INSERM Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer-Unité Mixte de Recherche 1231 and LabEx LipSTIC, INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1432, Clinical Epidemiology, Université de Bourgogne, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.Q.), Dijon, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de la Source, Orléans (T.K.), INSERM Infection, Antimicrobials, Modeling, and Evolution (IAME) Unité 1137, Université Paris Cité (J.-D.R.), Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine Unité Mixte de Recherche 938 INSERM, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Tenon (G.V.), and Université Paris Cité, Paris, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin (J.-P.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, DMU ESPRIT, Colombes (J.-D.R.), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital Nord Franche-Comté, Trévenans (J.B.), Université de Nantes et Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes (J.R.), Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire (FHU) SEPSIS, INSERM Unité 1173, Faculté de Médecine Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Université de Paris Saclay, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré (N.H.), Garches, Réanimation Polyvalente, CH Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil (G.P.), Université Clermont Auvergne Unité Mixte de Recherche, French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome Environnement and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (B.S.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Départemental de Vendée, La Roche-Sur-Yon (G.C.), INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Investigations of Sleep, Acute Lung Injury, and Ventilation, Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Poitiers, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.F.), Poitiers, Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint Brieuc (N.B.), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1092, Université, Limoges, and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435 and Réanimation Polyvalente, CHU (B.F.), Limoges, Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital de Mercy, Centre Hospitalier Régional (CHR) Metz-Thionville, Metz (G.L.), Université de Lorraine, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital Central, CHU, Nancy (S.G.), Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Hôpital, Le Mans (C. Guitton), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Clermont Tonnerre (C. Giacardi), Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale INSERM Mixte de Recherche Unité 1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (E.L.), and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU de la Cavale Blanche (E.L.), Brest, Aix-Marseille Université, Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, the Department of Medical Information, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HM, Hôpital Nord, Marseille (S.H.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Montauban (S.V.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Robert Ballanger, Aulnay-Sous-Bois (H.F.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Bourg-en-Bresse (C.B.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU, Caen (A.J.), INSERM Unité 1042, HP-2, Université Grenoble-Alpes, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble (N.T.), Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes (A.G.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint-Malo (C.Q.), INSERM Unité 1190, Université de Lille, and the Département de Réanimation, Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHU, Lille (M.J.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435, CHU, Limoges (C.C.-F.) - all in France
| | - Erwan L'Her
- From Université de Tours, INSERM, Center for the Study of Respiratory Diseases Unité 1100, Médecine Intensive-Réanimation and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) (P.-F.D.), Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, CHU (M.L., C.C.), Pharmacie à Usage Interne, CHU (H.B.), Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance et d'Information sur le Médicament, Service de Pharmacosurveillance, CHU (C.L.), Université de Tours, Université de Nantes, INSERM SPHERE Unité 1246 (B.G.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, CHU (B.G., A.L.G.), Tours, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation Nouvel Hôpital Civil (F.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de Hautepierre (J.-E.H.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, the Lipness Team, INSERM Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer-Unité Mixte de Recherche 1231 and LabEx LipSTIC, INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1432, Clinical Epidemiology, Université de Bourgogne, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.Q.), Dijon, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de la Source, Orléans (T.K.), INSERM Infection, Antimicrobials, Modeling, and Evolution (IAME) Unité 1137, Université Paris Cité (J.-D.R.), Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine Unité Mixte de Recherche 938 INSERM, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Tenon (G.V.), and Université Paris Cité, Paris, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin (J.-P.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, DMU ESPRIT, Colombes (J.-D.R.), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital Nord Franche-Comté, Trévenans (J.B.), Université de Nantes et Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes (J.R.), Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire (FHU) SEPSIS, INSERM Unité 1173, Faculté de Médecine Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Université de Paris Saclay, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré (N.H.), Garches, Réanimation Polyvalente, CH Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil (G.P.), Université Clermont Auvergne Unité Mixte de Recherche, French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome Environnement and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (B.S.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Départemental de Vendée, La Roche-Sur-Yon (G.C.), INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Investigations of Sleep, Acute Lung Injury, and Ventilation, Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Poitiers, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.F.), Poitiers, Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint Brieuc (N.B.), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1092, Université, Limoges, and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435 and Réanimation Polyvalente, CHU (B.F.), Limoges, Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital de Mercy, Centre Hospitalier Régional (CHR) Metz-Thionville, Metz (G.L.), Université de Lorraine, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital Central, CHU, Nancy (S.G.), Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Hôpital, Le Mans (C. Guitton), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Clermont Tonnerre (C. Giacardi), Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale INSERM Mixte de Recherche Unité 1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (E.L.), and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU de la Cavale Blanche (E.L.), Brest, Aix-Marseille Université, Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, the Department of Medical Information, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HM, Hôpital Nord, Marseille (S.H.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Montauban (S.V.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Robert Ballanger, Aulnay-Sous-Bois (H.F.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Bourg-en-Bresse (C.B.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU, Caen (A.J.), INSERM Unité 1042, HP-2, Université Grenoble-Alpes, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble (N.T.), Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes (A.G.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint-Malo (C.Q.), INSERM Unité 1190, Université de Lille, and the Département de Réanimation, Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHU, Lille (M.J.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435, CHU, Limoges (C.C.-F.) - all in France
| | - Henri Faure
- From Université de Tours, INSERM, Center for the Study of Respiratory Diseases Unité 1100, Médecine Intensive-Réanimation and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) (P.-F.D.), Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, CHU (M.L., C.C.), Pharmacie à Usage Interne, CHU (H.B.), Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance et d'Information sur le Médicament, Service de Pharmacosurveillance, CHU (C.L.), Université de Tours, Université de Nantes, INSERM SPHERE Unité 1246 (B.G.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, CHU (B.G., A.L.G.), Tours, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation Nouvel Hôpital Civil (F.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de Hautepierre (J.-E.H.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, the Lipness Team, INSERM Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer-Unité Mixte de Recherche 1231 and LabEx LipSTIC, INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1432, Clinical Epidemiology, Université de Bourgogne, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.Q.), Dijon, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de la Source, Orléans (T.K.), INSERM Infection, Antimicrobials, Modeling, and Evolution (IAME) Unité 1137, Université Paris Cité (J.-D.R.), Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine Unité Mixte de Recherche 938 INSERM, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Tenon (G.V.), and Université Paris Cité, Paris, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin (J.-P.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, DMU ESPRIT, Colombes (J.-D.R.), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital Nord Franche-Comté, Trévenans (J.B.), Université de Nantes et Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes (J.R.), Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire (FHU) SEPSIS, INSERM Unité 1173, Faculté de Médecine Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Université de Paris Saclay, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré (N.H.), Garches, Réanimation Polyvalente, CH Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil (G.P.), Université Clermont Auvergne Unité Mixte de Recherche, French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome Environnement and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (B.S.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Départemental de Vendée, La Roche-Sur-Yon (G.C.), INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Investigations of Sleep, Acute Lung Injury, and Ventilation, Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Poitiers, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.F.), Poitiers, Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint Brieuc (N.B.), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1092, Université, Limoges, and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435 and Réanimation Polyvalente, CHU (B.F.), Limoges, Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital de Mercy, Centre Hospitalier Régional (CHR) Metz-Thionville, Metz (G.L.), Université de Lorraine, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital Central, CHU, Nancy (S.G.), Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Hôpital, Le Mans (C. Guitton), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Clermont Tonnerre (C. Giacardi), Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale INSERM Mixte de Recherche Unité 1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (E.L.), and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU de la Cavale Blanche (E.L.), Brest, Aix-Marseille Université, Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, the Department of Medical Information, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HM, Hôpital Nord, Marseille (S.H.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Montauban (S.V.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Robert Ballanger, Aulnay-Sous-Bois (H.F.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Bourg-en-Bresse (C.B.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU, Caen (A.J.), INSERM Unité 1042, HP-2, Université Grenoble-Alpes, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble (N.T.), Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes (A.G.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint-Malo (C.Q.), INSERM Unité 1190, Université de Lille, and the Département de Réanimation, Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHU, Lille (M.J.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435, CHU, Limoges (C.C.-F.) - all in France
| | - Jean-Etienne Herbrecht
- From Université de Tours, INSERM, Center for the Study of Respiratory Diseases Unité 1100, Médecine Intensive-Réanimation and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) (P.-F.D.), Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, CHU (M.L., C.C.), Pharmacie à Usage Interne, CHU (H.B.), Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance et d'Information sur le Médicament, Service de Pharmacosurveillance, CHU (C.L.), Université de Tours, Université de Nantes, INSERM SPHERE Unité 1246 (B.G.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, CHU (B.G., A.L.G.), Tours, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation Nouvel Hôpital Civil (F.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de Hautepierre (J.-E.H.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, the Lipness Team, INSERM Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer-Unité Mixte de Recherche 1231 and LabEx LipSTIC, INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1432, Clinical Epidemiology, Université de Bourgogne, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.Q.), Dijon, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de la Source, Orléans (T.K.), INSERM Infection, Antimicrobials, Modeling, and Evolution (IAME) Unité 1137, Université Paris Cité (J.-D.R.), Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine Unité Mixte de Recherche 938 INSERM, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Tenon (G.V.), and Université Paris Cité, Paris, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin (J.-P.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, DMU ESPRIT, Colombes (J.-D.R.), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital Nord Franche-Comté, Trévenans (J.B.), Université de Nantes et Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes (J.R.), Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire (FHU) SEPSIS, INSERM Unité 1173, Faculté de Médecine Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Université de Paris Saclay, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré (N.H.), Garches, Réanimation Polyvalente, CH Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil (G.P.), Université Clermont Auvergne Unité Mixte de Recherche, French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome Environnement and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (B.S.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Départemental de Vendée, La Roche-Sur-Yon (G.C.), INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Investigations of Sleep, Acute Lung Injury, and Ventilation, Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Poitiers, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.F.), Poitiers, Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint Brieuc (N.B.), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1092, Université, Limoges, and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435 and Réanimation Polyvalente, CHU (B.F.), Limoges, Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital de Mercy, Centre Hospitalier Régional (CHR) Metz-Thionville, Metz (G.L.), Université de Lorraine, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital Central, CHU, Nancy (S.G.), Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Hôpital, Le Mans (C. Guitton), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Clermont Tonnerre (C. Giacardi), Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale INSERM Mixte de Recherche Unité 1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (E.L.), and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU de la Cavale Blanche (E.L.), Brest, Aix-Marseille Université, Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, the Department of Medical Information, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HM, Hôpital Nord, Marseille (S.H.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Montauban (S.V.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Robert Ballanger, Aulnay-Sous-Bois (H.F.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Bourg-en-Bresse (C.B.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU, Caen (A.J.), INSERM Unité 1042, HP-2, Université Grenoble-Alpes, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble (N.T.), Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes (A.G.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint-Malo (C.Q.), INSERM Unité 1190, Université de Lille, and the Département de Réanimation, Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHU, Lille (M.J.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435, CHU, Limoges (C.C.-F.) - all in France
| | - Camille Bouisse
- From Université de Tours, INSERM, Center for the Study of Respiratory Diseases Unité 1100, Médecine Intensive-Réanimation and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) (P.-F.D.), Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, CHU (M.L., C.C.), Pharmacie à Usage Interne, CHU (H.B.), Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance et d'Information sur le Médicament, Service de Pharmacosurveillance, CHU (C.L.), Université de Tours, Université de Nantes, INSERM SPHERE Unité 1246 (B.G.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, CHU (B.G., A.L.G.), Tours, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation Nouvel Hôpital Civil (F.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de Hautepierre (J.-E.H.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, the Lipness Team, INSERM Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer-Unité Mixte de Recherche 1231 and LabEx LipSTIC, INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1432, Clinical Epidemiology, Université de Bourgogne, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.Q.), Dijon, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de la Source, Orléans (T.K.), INSERM Infection, Antimicrobials, Modeling, and Evolution (IAME) Unité 1137, Université Paris Cité (J.-D.R.), Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine Unité Mixte de Recherche 938 INSERM, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Tenon (G.V.), and Université Paris Cité, Paris, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin (J.-P.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, DMU ESPRIT, Colombes (J.-D.R.), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital Nord Franche-Comté, Trévenans (J.B.), Université de Nantes et Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes (J.R.), Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire (FHU) SEPSIS, INSERM Unité 1173, Faculté de Médecine Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Université de Paris Saclay, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré (N.H.), Garches, Réanimation Polyvalente, CH Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil (G.P.), Université Clermont Auvergne Unité Mixte de Recherche, French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome Environnement and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (B.S.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Départemental de Vendée, La Roche-Sur-Yon (G.C.), INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Investigations of Sleep, Acute Lung Injury, and Ventilation, Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Poitiers, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.F.), Poitiers, Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint Brieuc (N.B.), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1092, Université, Limoges, and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435 and Réanimation Polyvalente, CHU (B.F.), Limoges, Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital de Mercy, Centre Hospitalier Régional (CHR) Metz-Thionville, Metz (G.L.), Université de Lorraine, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital Central, CHU, Nancy (S.G.), Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Hôpital, Le Mans (C. Guitton), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Clermont Tonnerre (C. Giacardi), Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale INSERM Mixte de Recherche Unité 1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (E.L.), and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU de la Cavale Blanche (E.L.), Brest, Aix-Marseille Université, Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, the Department of Medical Information, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HM, Hôpital Nord, Marseille (S.H.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Montauban (S.V.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Robert Ballanger, Aulnay-Sous-Bois (H.F.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Bourg-en-Bresse (C.B.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU, Caen (A.J.), INSERM Unité 1042, HP-2, Université Grenoble-Alpes, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble (N.T.), Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes (A.G.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint-Malo (C.Q.), INSERM Unité 1190, Université de Lille, and the Département de Réanimation, Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHU, Lille (M.J.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435, CHU, Limoges (C.C.-F.) - all in France
| | - Aurélie Joret
- From Université de Tours, INSERM, Center for the Study of Respiratory Diseases Unité 1100, Médecine Intensive-Réanimation and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) (P.-F.D.), Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, CHU (M.L., C.C.), Pharmacie à Usage Interne, CHU (H.B.), Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance et d'Information sur le Médicament, Service de Pharmacosurveillance, CHU (C.L.), Université de Tours, Université de Nantes, INSERM SPHERE Unité 1246 (B.G.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, CHU (B.G., A.L.G.), Tours, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation Nouvel Hôpital Civil (F.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de Hautepierre (J.-E.H.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, the Lipness Team, INSERM Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer-Unité Mixte de Recherche 1231 and LabEx LipSTIC, INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1432, Clinical Epidemiology, Université de Bourgogne, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.Q.), Dijon, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de la Source, Orléans (T.K.), INSERM Infection, Antimicrobials, Modeling, and Evolution (IAME) Unité 1137, Université Paris Cité (J.-D.R.), Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine Unité Mixte de Recherche 938 INSERM, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Tenon (G.V.), and Université Paris Cité, Paris, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin (J.-P.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, DMU ESPRIT, Colombes (J.-D.R.), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital Nord Franche-Comté, Trévenans (J.B.), Université de Nantes et Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes (J.R.), Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire (FHU) SEPSIS, INSERM Unité 1173, Faculté de Médecine Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Université de Paris Saclay, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré (N.H.), Garches, Réanimation Polyvalente, CH Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil (G.P.), Université Clermont Auvergne Unité Mixte de Recherche, French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome Environnement and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (B.S.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Départemental de Vendée, La Roche-Sur-Yon (G.C.), INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Investigations of Sleep, Acute Lung Injury, and Ventilation, Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Poitiers, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.F.), Poitiers, Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint Brieuc (N.B.), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1092, Université, Limoges, and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435 and Réanimation Polyvalente, CHU (B.F.), Limoges, Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital de Mercy, Centre Hospitalier Régional (CHR) Metz-Thionville, Metz (G.L.), Université de Lorraine, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital Central, CHU, Nancy (S.G.), Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Hôpital, Le Mans (C. Guitton), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Clermont Tonnerre (C. Giacardi), Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale INSERM Mixte de Recherche Unité 1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (E.L.), and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU de la Cavale Blanche (E.L.), Brest, Aix-Marseille Université, Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, the Department of Medical Information, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HM, Hôpital Nord, Marseille (S.H.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Montauban (S.V.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Robert Ballanger, Aulnay-Sous-Bois (H.F.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Bourg-en-Bresse (C.B.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU, Caen (A.J.), INSERM Unité 1042, HP-2, Université Grenoble-Alpes, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble (N.T.), Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes (A.G.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint-Malo (C.Q.), INSERM Unité 1190, Université de Lille, and the Département de Réanimation, Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHU, Lille (M.J.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435, CHU, Limoges (C.C.-F.) - all in France
| | - Nicolas Terzi
- From Université de Tours, INSERM, Center for the Study of Respiratory Diseases Unité 1100, Médecine Intensive-Réanimation and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) (P.-F.D.), Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, CHU (M.L., C.C.), Pharmacie à Usage Interne, CHU (H.B.), Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance et d'Information sur le Médicament, Service de Pharmacosurveillance, CHU (C.L.), Université de Tours, Université de Nantes, INSERM SPHERE Unité 1246 (B.G.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, CHU (B.G., A.L.G.), Tours, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation Nouvel Hôpital Civil (F.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de Hautepierre (J.-E.H.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, the Lipness Team, INSERM Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer-Unité Mixte de Recherche 1231 and LabEx LipSTIC, INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1432, Clinical Epidemiology, Université de Bourgogne, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.Q.), Dijon, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de la Source, Orléans (T.K.), INSERM Infection, Antimicrobials, Modeling, and Evolution (IAME) Unité 1137, Université Paris Cité (J.-D.R.), Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine Unité Mixte de Recherche 938 INSERM, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Tenon (G.V.), and Université Paris Cité, Paris, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin (J.-P.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, DMU ESPRIT, Colombes (J.-D.R.), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital Nord Franche-Comté, Trévenans (J.B.), Université de Nantes et Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes (J.R.), Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire (FHU) SEPSIS, INSERM Unité 1173, Faculté de Médecine Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Université de Paris Saclay, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré (N.H.), Garches, Réanimation Polyvalente, CH Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil (G.P.), Université Clermont Auvergne Unité Mixte de Recherche, French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome Environnement and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (B.S.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Départemental de Vendée, La Roche-Sur-Yon (G.C.), INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Investigations of Sleep, Acute Lung Injury, and Ventilation, Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Poitiers, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.F.), Poitiers, Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint Brieuc (N.B.), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1092, Université, Limoges, and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435 and Réanimation Polyvalente, CHU (B.F.), Limoges, Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital de Mercy, Centre Hospitalier Régional (CHR) Metz-Thionville, Metz (G.L.), Université de Lorraine, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital Central, CHU, Nancy (S.G.), Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Hôpital, Le Mans (C. Guitton), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Clermont Tonnerre (C. Giacardi), Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale INSERM Mixte de Recherche Unité 1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (E.L.), and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU de la Cavale Blanche (E.L.), Brest, Aix-Marseille Université, Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, the Department of Medical Information, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HM, Hôpital Nord, Marseille (S.H.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Montauban (S.V.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Robert Ballanger, Aulnay-Sous-Bois (H.F.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Bourg-en-Bresse (C.B.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU, Caen (A.J.), INSERM Unité 1042, HP-2, Université Grenoble-Alpes, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble (N.T.), Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes (A.G.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint-Malo (C.Q.), INSERM Unité 1190, Université de Lille, and the Département de Réanimation, Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHU, Lille (M.J.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435, CHU, Limoges (C.C.-F.) - all in France
| | - Arnaud Gacouin
- From Université de Tours, INSERM, Center for the Study of Respiratory Diseases Unité 1100, Médecine Intensive-Réanimation and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) (P.-F.D.), Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, CHU (M.L., C.C.), Pharmacie à Usage Interne, CHU (H.B.), Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance et d'Information sur le Médicament, Service de Pharmacosurveillance, CHU (C.L.), Université de Tours, Université de Nantes, INSERM SPHERE Unité 1246 (B.G.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, CHU (B.G., A.L.G.), Tours, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation Nouvel Hôpital Civil (F.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de Hautepierre (J.-E.H.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, the Lipness Team, INSERM Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer-Unité Mixte de Recherche 1231 and LabEx LipSTIC, INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1432, Clinical Epidemiology, Université de Bourgogne, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.Q.), Dijon, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de la Source, Orléans (T.K.), INSERM Infection, Antimicrobials, Modeling, and Evolution (IAME) Unité 1137, Université Paris Cité (J.-D.R.), Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine Unité Mixte de Recherche 938 INSERM, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Tenon (G.V.), and Université Paris Cité, Paris, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin (J.-P.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, DMU ESPRIT, Colombes (J.-D.R.), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital Nord Franche-Comté, Trévenans (J.B.), Université de Nantes et Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes (J.R.), Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire (FHU) SEPSIS, INSERM Unité 1173, Faculté de Médecine Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Université de Paris Saclay, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré (N.H.), Garches, Réanimation Polyvalente, CH Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil (G.P.), Université Clermont Auvergne Unité Mixte de Recherche, French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome Environnement and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (B.S.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Départemental de Vendée, La Roche-Sur-Yon (G.C.), INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Investigations of Sleep, Acute Lung Injury, and Ventilation, Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Poitiers, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.F.), Poitiers, Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint Brieuc (N.B.), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1092, Université, Limoges, and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435 and Réanimation Polyvalente, CHU (B.F.), Limoges, Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital de Mercy, Centre Hospitalier Régional (CHR) Metz-Thionville, Metz (G.L.), Université de Lorraine, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital Central, CHU, Nancy (S.G.), Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Hôpital, Le Mans (C. Guitton), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Clermont Tonnerre (C. Giacardi), Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale INSERM Mixte de Recherche Unité 1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (E.L.), and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU de la Cavale Blanche (E.L.), Brest, Aix-Marseille Université, Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, the Department of Medical Information, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HM, Hôpital Nord, Marseille (S.H.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Montauban (S.V.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Robert Ballanger, Aulnay-Sous-Bois (H.F.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Bourg-en-Bresse (C.B.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU, Caen (A.J.), INSERM Unité 1042, HP-2, Université Grenoble-Alpes, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble (N.T.), Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes (A.G.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint-Malo (C.Q.), INSERM Unité 1190, Université de Lille, and the Département de Réanimation, Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHU, Lille (M.J.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435, CHU, Limoges (C.C.-F.) - all in France
| | - Charlotte Quentin
- From Université de Tours, INSERM, Center for the Study of Respiratory Diseases Unité 1100, Médecine Intensive-Réanimation and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) (P.-F.D.), Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, CHU (M.L., C.C.), Pharmacie à Usage Interne, CHU (H.B.), Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance et d'Information sur le Médicament, Service de Pharmacosurveillance, CHU (C.L.), Université de Tours, Université de Nantes, INSERM SPHERE Unité 1246 (B.G.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, CHU (B.G., A.L.G.), Tours, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation Nouvel Hôpital Civil (F.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de Hautepierre (J.-E.H.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, the Lipness Team, INSERM Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer-Unité Mixte de Recherche 1231 and LabEx LipSTIC, INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1432, Clinical Epidemiology, Université de Bourgogne, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.Q.), Dijon, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de la Source, Orléans (T.K.), INSERM Infection, Antimicrobials, Modeling, and Evolution (IAME) Unité 1137, Université Paris Cité (J.-D.R.), Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine Unité Mixte de Recherche 938 INSERM, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Tenon (G.V.), and Université Paris Cité, Paris, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin (J.-P.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, DMU ESPRIT, Colombes (J.-D.R.), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital Nord Franche-Comté, Trévenans (J.B.), Université de Nantes et Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes (J.R.), Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire (FHU) SEPSIS, INSERM Unité 1173, Faculté de Médecine Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Université de Paris Saclay, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré (N.H.), Garches, Réanimation Polyvalente, CH Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil (G.P.), Université Clermont Auvergne Unité Mixte de Recherche, French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome Environnement and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (B.S.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Départemental de Vendée, La Roche-Sur-Yon (G.C.), INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Investigations of Sleep, Acute Lung Injury, and Ventilation, Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Poitiers, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.F.), Poitiers, Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint Brieuc (N.B.), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1092, Université, Limoges, and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435 and Réanimation Polyvalente, CHU (B.F.), Limoges, Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital de Mercy, Centre Hospitalier Régional (CHR) Metz-Thionville, Metz (G.L.), Université de Lorraine, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital Central, CHU, Nancy (S.G.), Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Hôpital, Le Mans (C. Guitton), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Clermont Tonnerre (C. Giacardi), Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale INSERM Mixte de Recherche Unité 1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (E.L.), and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU de la Cavale Blanche (E.L.), Brest, Aix-Marseille Université, Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, the Department of Medical Information, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HM, Hôpital Nord, Marseille (S.H.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Montauban (S.V.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Robert Ballanger, Aulnay-Sous-Bois (H.F.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Bourg-en-Bresse (C.B.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU, Caen (A.J.), INSERM Unité 1042, HP-2, Université Grenoble-Alpes, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble (N.T.), Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes (A.G.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint-Malo (C.Q.), INSERM Unité 1190, Université de Lille, and the Département de Réanimation, Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHU, Lille (M.J.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435, CHU, Limoges (C.C.-F.) - all in France
| | - Mercé Jourdain
- From Université de Tours, INSERM, Center for the Study of Respiratory Diseases Unité 1100, Médecine Intensive-Réanimation and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) (P.-F.D.), Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, CHU (M.L., C.C.), Pharmacie à Usage Interne, CHU (H.B.), Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance et d'Information sur le Médicament, Service de Pharmacosurveillance, CHU (C.L.), Université de Tours, Université de Nantes, INSERM SPHERE Unité 1246 (B.G.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, CHU (B.G., A.L.G.), Tours, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation Nouvel Hôpital Civil (F.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de Hautepierre (J.-E.H.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, the Lipness Team, INSERM Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer-Unité Mixte de Recherche 1231 and LabEx LipSTIC, INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1432, Clinical Epidemiology, Université de Bourgogne, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.Q.), Dijon, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de la Source, Orléans (T.K.), INSERM Infection, Antimicrobials, Modeling, and Evolution (IAME) Unité 1137, Université Paris Cité (J.-D.R.), Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine Unité Mixte de Recherche 938 INSERM, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Tenon (G.V.), and Université Paris Cité, Paris, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin (J.-P.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, DMU ESPRIT, Colombes (J.-D.R.), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital Nord Franche-Comté, Trévenans (J.B.), Université de Nantes et Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes (J.R.), Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire (FHU) SEPSIS, INSERM Unité 1173, Faculté de Médecine Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Université de Paris Saclay, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré (N.H.), Garches, Réanimation Polyvalente, CH Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil (G.P.), Université Clermont Auvergne Unité Mixte de Recherche, French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome Environnement and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (B.S.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Départemental de Vendée, La Roche-Sur-Yon (G.C.), INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Investigations of Sleep, Acute Lung Injury, and Ventilation, Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Poitiers, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.F.), Poitiers, Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint Brieuc (N.B.), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1092, Université, Limoges, and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435 and Réanimation Polyvalente, CHU (B.F.), Limoges, Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital de Mercy, Centre Hospitalier Régional (CHR) Metz-Thionville, Metz (G.L.), Université de Lorraine, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital Central, CHU, Nancy (S.G.), Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Hôpital, Le Mans (C. Guitton), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Clermont Tonnerre (C. Giacardi), Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale INSERM Mixte de Recherche Unité 1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (E.L.), and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU de la Cavale Blanche (E.L.), Brest, Aix-Marseille Université, Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, the Department of Medical Information, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HM, Hôpital Nord, Marseille (S.H.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Montauban (S.V.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Robert Ballanger, Aulnay-Sous-Bois (H.F.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Bourg-en-Bresse (C.B.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU, Caen (A.J.), INSERM Unité 1042, HP-2, Université Grenoble-Alpes, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble (N.T.), Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes (A.G.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint-Malo (C.Q.), INSERM Unité 1190, Université de Lille, and the Département de Réanimation, Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHU, Lille (M.J.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435, CHU, Limoges (C.C.-F.) - all in France
| | - Marie Leclerc
- From Université de Tours, INSERM, Center for the Study of Respiratory Diseases Unité 1100, Médecine Intensive-Réanimation and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) (P.-F.D.), Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, CHU (M.L., C.C.), Pharmacie à Usage Interne, CHU (H.B.), Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance et d'Information sur le Médicament, Service de Pharmacosurveillance, CHU (C.L.), Université de Tours, Université de Nantes, INSERM SPHERE Unité 1246 (B.G.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, CHU (B.G., A.L.G.), Tours, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation Nouvel Hôpital Civil (F.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de Hautepierre (J.-E.H.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, the Lipness Team, INSERM Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer-Unité Mixte de Recherche 1231 and LabEx LipSTIC, INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1432, Clinical Epidemiology, Université de Bourgogne, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.Q.), Dijon, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de la Source, Orléans (T.K.), INSERM Infection, Antimicrobials, Modeling, and Evolution (IAME) Unité 1137, Université Paris Cité (J.-D.R.), Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine Unité Mixte de Recherche 938 INSERM, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Tenon (G.V.), and Université Paris Cité, Paris, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin (J.-P.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, DMU ESPRIT, Colombes (J.-D.R.), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital Nord Franche-Comté, Trévenans (J.B.), Université de Nantes et Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes (J.R.), Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire (FHU) SEPSIS, INSERM Unité 1173, Faculté de Médecine Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Université de Paris Saclay, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré (N.H.), Garches, Réanimation Polyvalente, CH Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil (G.P.), Université Clermont Auvergne Unité Mixte de Recherche, French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome Environnement and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (B.S.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Départemental de Vendée, La Roche-Sur-Yon (G.C.), INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Investigations of Sleep, Acute Lung Injury, and Ventilation, Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Poitiers, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.F.), Poitiers, Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint Brieuc (N.B.), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1092, Université, Limoges, and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435 and Réanimation Polyvalente, CHU (B.F.), Limoges, Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital de Mercy, Centre Hospitalier Régional (CHR) Metz-Thionville, Metz (G.L.), Université de Lorraine, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital Central, CHU, Nancy (S.G.), Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Hôpital, Le Mans (C. Guitton), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Clermont Tonnerre (C. Giacardi), Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale INSERM Mixte de Recherche Unité 1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (E.L.), and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU de la Cavale Blanche (E.L.), Brest, Aix-Marseille Université, Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, the Department of Medical Information, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HM, Hôpital Nord, Marseille (S.H.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Montauban (S.V.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Robert Ballanger, Aulnay-Sous-Bois (H.F.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Bourg-en-Bresse (C.B.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU, Caen (A.J.), INSERM Unité 1042, HP-2, Université Grenoble-Alpes, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble (N.T.), Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes (A.G.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint-Malo (C.Q.), INSERM Unité 1190, Université de Lille, and the Département de Réanimation, Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHU, Lille (M.J.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435, CHU, Limoges (C.C.-F.) - all in France
| | - Carine Coffre
- From Université de Tours, INSERM, Center for the Study of Respiratory Diseases Unité 1100, Médecine Intensive-Réanimation and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) (P.-F.D.), Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, CHU (M.L., C.C.), Pharmacie à Usage Interne, CHU (H.B.), Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance et d'Information sur le Médicament, Service de Pharmacosurveillance, CHU (C.L.), Université de Tours, Université de Nantes, INSERM SPHERE Unité 1246 (B.G.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, CHU (B.G., A.L.G.), Tours, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation Nouvel Hôpital Civil (F.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de Hautepierre (J.-E.H.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, the Lipness Team, INSERM Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer-Unité Mixte de Recherche 1231 and LabEx LipSTIC, INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1432, Clinical Epidemiology, Université de Bourgogne, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.Q.), Dijon, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de la Source, Orléans (T.K.), INSERM Infection, Antimicrobials, Modeling, and Evolution (IAME) Unité 1137, Université Paris Cité (J.-D.R.), Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine Unité Mixte de Recherche 938 INSERM, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Tenon (G.V.), and Université Paris Cité, Paris, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin (J.-P.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, DMU ESPRIT, Colombes (J.-D.R.), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital Nord Franche-Comté, Trévenans (J.B.), Université de Nantes et Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes (J.R.), Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire (FHU) SEPSIS, INSERM Unité 1173, Faculté de Médecine Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Université de Paris Saclay, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré (N.H.), Garches, Réanimation Polyvalente, CH Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil (G.P.), Université Clermont Auvergne Unité Mixte de Recherche, French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome Environnement and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (B.S.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Départemental de Vendée, La Roche-Sur-Yon (G.C.), INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Investigations of Sleep, Acute Lung Injury, and Ventilation, Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Poitiers, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.F.), Poitiers, Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint Brieuc (N.B.), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1092, Université, Limoges, and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435 and Réanimation Polyvalente, CHU (B.F.), Limoges, Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital de Mercy, Centre Hospitalier Régional (CHR) Metz-Thionville, Metz (G.L.), Université de Lorraine, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital Central, CHU, Nancy (S.G.), Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Hôpital, Le Mans (C. Guitton), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Clermont Tonnerre (C. Giacardi), Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale INSERM Mixte de Recherche Unité 1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (E.L.), and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU de la Cavale Blanche (E.L.), Brest, Aix-Marseille Université, Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, the Department of Medical Information, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HM, Hôpital Nord, Marseille (S.H.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Montauban (S.V.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Robert Ballanger, Aulnay-Sous-Bois (H.F.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Bourg-en-Bresse (C.B.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU, Caen (A.J.), INSERM Unité 1042, HP-2, Université Grenoble-Alpes, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble (N.T.), Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes (A.G.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint-Malo (C.Q.), INSERM Unité 1190, Université de Lille, and the Département de Réanimation, Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHU, Lille (M.J.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435, CHU, Limoges (C.C.-F.) - all in France
| | - Hélène Bourgoin
- From Université de Tours, INSERM, Center for the Study of Respiratory Diseases Unité 1100, Médecine Intensive-Réanimation and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) (P.-F.D.), Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, CHU (M.L., C.C.), Pharmacie à Usage Interne, CHU (H.B.), Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance et d'Information sur le Médicament, Service de Pharmacosurveillance, CHU (C.L.), Université de Tours, Université de Nantes, INSERM SPHERE Unité 1246 (B.G.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, CHU (B.G., A.L.G.), Tours, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation Nouvel Hôpital Civil (F.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de Hautepierre (J.-E.H.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, the Lipness Team, INSERM Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer-Unité Mixte de Recherche 1231 and LabEx LipSTIC, INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1432, Clinical Epidemiology, Université de Bourgogne, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.Q.), Dijon, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de la Source, Orléans (T.K.), INSERM Infection, Antimicrobials, Modeling, and Evolution (IAME) Unité 1137, Université Paris Cité (J.-D.R.), Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine Unité Mixte de Recherche 938 INSERM, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Tenon (G.V.), and Université Paris Cité, Paris, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin (J.-P.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, DMU ESPRIT, Colombes (J.-D.R.), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital Nord Franche-Comté, Trévenans (J.B.), Université de Nantes et Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes (J.R.), Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire (FHU) SEPSIS, INSERM Unité 1173, Faculté de Médecine Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Université de Paris Saclay, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré (N.H.), Garches, Réanimation Polyvalente, CH Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil (G.P.), Université Clermont Auvergne Unité Mixte de Recherche, French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome Environnement and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (B.S.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Départemental de Vendée, La Roche-Sur-Yon (G.C.), INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Investigations of Sleep, Acute Lung Injury, and Ventilation, Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Poitiers, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.F.), Poitiers, Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint Brieuc (N.B.), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1092, Université, Limoges, and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435 and Réanimation Polyvalente, CHU (B.F.), Limoges, Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital de Mercy, Centre Hospitalier Régional (CHR) Metz-Thionville, Metz (G.L.), Université de Lorraine, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital Central, CHU, Nancy (S.G.), Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Hôpital, Le Mans (C. Guitton), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Clermont Tonnerre (C. Giacardi), Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale INSERM Mixte de Recherche Unité 1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (E.L.), and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU de la Cavale Blanche (E.L.), Brest, Aix-Marseille Université, Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, the Department of Medical Information, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HM, Hôpital Nord, Marseille (S.H.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Montauban (S.V.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Robert Ballanger, Aulnay-Sous-Bois (H.F.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Bourg-en-Bresse (C.B.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU, Caen (A.J.), INSERM Unité 1042, HP-2, Université Grenoble-Alpes, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble (N.T.), Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes (A.G.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint-Malo (C.Q.), INSERM Unité 1190, Université de Lille, and the Département de Réanimation, Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHU, Lille (M.J.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435, CHU, Limoges (C.C.-F.) - all in France
| | - Céline Lengellé
- From Université de Tours, INSERM, Center for the Study of Respiratory Diseases Unité 1100, Médecine Intensive-Réanimation and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) (P.-F.D.), Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, CHU (M.L., C.C.), Pharmacie à Usage Interne, CHU (H.B.), Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance et d'Information sur le Médicament, Service de Pharmacosurveillance, CHU (C.L.), Université de Tours, Université de Nantes, INSERM SPHERE Unité 1246 (B.G.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, CHU (B.G., A.L.G.), Tours, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation Nouvel Hôpital Civil (F.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de Hautepierre (J.-E.H.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, the Lipness Team, INSERM Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer-Unité Mixte de Recherche 1231 and LabEx LipSTIC, INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1432, Clinical Epidemiology, Université de Bourgogne, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.Q.), Dijon, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de la Source, Orléans (T.K.), INSERM Infection, Antimicrobials, Modeling, and Evolution (IAME) Unité 1137, Université Paris Cité (J.-D.R.), Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine Unité Mixte de Recherche 938 INSERM, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Tenon (G.V.), and Université Paris Cité, Paris, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin (J.-P.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, DMU ESPRIT, Colombes (J.-D.R.), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital Nord Franche-Comté, Trévenans (J.B.), Université de Nantes et Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes (J.R.), Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire (FHU) SEPSIS, INSERM Unité 1173, Faculté de Médecine Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Université de Paris Saclay, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré (N.H.), Garches, Réanimation Polyvalente, CH Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil (G.P.), Université Clermont Auvergne Unité Mixte de Recherche, French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome Environnement and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (B.S.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Départemental de Vendée, La Roche-Sur-Yon (G.C.), INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Investigations of Sleep, Acute Lung Injury, and Ventilation, Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Poitiers, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.F.), Poitiers, Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint Brieuc (N.B.), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1092, Université, Limoges, and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435 and Réanimation Polyvalente, CHU (B.F.), Limoges, Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital de Mercy, Centre Hospitalier Régional (CHR) Metz-Thionville, Metz (G.L.), Université de Lorraine, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital Central, CHU, Nancy (S.G.), Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Hôpital, Le Mans (C. Guitton), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Clermont Tonnerre (C. Giacardi), Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale INSERM Mixte de Recherche Unité 1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (E.L.), and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU de la Cavale Blanche (E.L.), Brest, Aix-Marseille Université, Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, the Department of Medical Information, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HM, Hôpital Nord, Marseille (S.H.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Montauban (S.V.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Robert Ballanger, Aulnay-Sous-Bois (H.F.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Bourg-en-Bresse (C.B.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU, Caen (A.J.), INSERM Unité 1042, HP-2, Université Grenoble-Alpes, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble (N.T.), Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes (A.G.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint-Malo (C.Q.), INSERM Unité 1190, Université de Lille, and the Département de Réanimation, Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHU, Lille (M.J.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435, CHU, Limoges (C.C.-F.) - all in France
| | - Caroline Caille-Fénérol
- From Université de Tours, INSERM, Center for the Study of Respiratory Diseases Unité 1100, Médecine Intensive-Réanimation and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) (P.-F.D.), Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, CHU (M.L., C.C.), Pharmacie à Usage Interne, CHU (H.B.), Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance et d'Information sur le Médicament, Service de Pharmacosurveillance, CHU (C.L.), Université de Tours, Université de Nantes, INSERM SPHERE Unité 1246 (B.G.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, CHU (B.G., A.L.G.), Tours, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation Nouvel Hôpital Civil (F.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de Hautepierre (J.-E.H.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, the Lipness Team, INSERM Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer-Unité Mixte de Recherche 1231 and LabEx LipSTIC, INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1432, Clinical Epidemiology, Université de Bourgogne, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.Q.), Dijon, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de la Source, Orléans (T.K.), INSERM Infection, Antimicrobials, Modeling, and Evolution (IAME) Unité 1137, Université Paris Cité (J.-D.R.), Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine Unité Mixte de Recherche 938 INSERM, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Tenon (G.V.), and Université Paris Cité, Paris, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin (J.-P.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, DMU ESPRIT, Colombes (J.-D.R.), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital Nord Franche-Comté, Trévenans (J.B.), Université de Nantes et Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes (J.R.), Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire (FHU) SEPSIS, INSERM Unité 1173, Faculté de Médecine Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Université de Paris Saclay, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré (N.H.), Garches, Réanimation Polyvalente, CH Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil (G.P.), Université Clermont Auvergne Unité Mixte de Recherche, French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome Environnement and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (B.S.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Départemental de Vendée, La Roche-Sur-Yon (G.C.), INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Investigations of Sleep, Acute Lung Injury, and Ventilation, Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Poitiers, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.F.), Poitiers, Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint Brieuc (N.B.), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1092, Université, Limoges, and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435 and Réanimation Polyvalente, CHU (B.F.), Limoges, Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital de Mercy, Centre Hospitalier Régional (CHR) Metz-Thionville, Metz (G.L.), Université de Lorraine, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital Central, CHU, Nancy (S.G.), Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Hôpital, Le Mans (C. Guitton), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Clermont Tonnerre (C. Giacardi), Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale INSERM Mixte de Recherche Unité 1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (E.L.), and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU de la Cavale Blanche (E.L.), Brest, Aix-Marseille Université, Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, the Department of Medical Information, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HM, Hôpital Nord, Marseille (S.H.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Montauban (S.V.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Robert Ballanger, Aulnay-Sous-Bois (H.F.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Bourg-en-Bresse (C.B.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU, Caen (A.J.), INSERM Unité 1042, HP-2, Université Grenoble-Alpes, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble (N.T.), Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes (A.G.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint-Malo (C.Q.), INSERM Unité 1190, Université de Lille, and the Département de Réanimation, Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHU, Lille (M.J.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435, CHU, Limoges (C.C.-F.) - all in France
| | - Bruno Giraudeau
- From Université de Tours, INSERM, Center for the Study of Respiratory Diseases Unité 1100, Médecine Intensive-Réanimation and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) (P.-F.D.), Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, CHU (M.L., C.C.), Pharmacie à Usage Interne, CHU (H.B.), Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance et d'Information sur le Médicament, Service de Pharmacosurveillance, CHU (C.L.), Université de Tours, Université de Nantes, INSERM SPHERE Unité 1246 (B.G.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, CHU (B.G., A.L.G.), Tours, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation Nouvel Hôpital Civil (F.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de Hautepierre (J.-E.H.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, the Lipness Team, INSERM Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer-Unité Mixte de Recherche 1231 and LabEx LipSTIC, INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1432, Clinical Epidemiology, Université de Bourgogne, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.Q.), Dijon, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de la Source, Orléans (T.K.), INSERM Infection, Antimicrobials, Modeling, and Evolution (IAME) Unité 1137, Université Paris Cité (J.-D.R.), Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine Unité Mixte de Recherche 938 INSERM, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Tenon (G.V.), and Université Paris Cité, Paris, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin (J.-P.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, DMU ESPRIT, Colombes (J.-D.R.), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital Nord Franche-Comté, Trévenans (J.B.), Université de Nantes et Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes (J.R.), Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire (FHU) SEPSIS, INSERM Unité 1173, Faculté de Médecine Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Université de Paris Saclay, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré (N.H.), Garches, Réanimation Polyvalente, CH Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil (G.P.), Université Clermont Auvergne Unité Mixte de Recherche, French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome Environnement and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (B.S.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Départemental de Vendée, La Roche-Sur-Yon (G.C.), INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Investigations of Sleep, Acute Lung Injury, and Ventilation, Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Poitiers, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.F.), Poitiers, Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint Brieuc (N.B.), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1092, Université, Limoges, and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435 and Réanimation Polyvalente, CHU (B.F.), Limoges, Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital de Mercy, Centre Hospitalier Régional (CHR) Metz-Thionville, Metz (G.L.), Université de Lorraine, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital Central, CHU, Nancy (S.G.), Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Hôpital, Le Mans (C. Guitton), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Clermont Tonnerre (C. Giacardi), Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale INSERM Mixte de Recherche Unité 1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (E.L.), and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU de la Cavale Blanche (E.L.), Brest, Aix-Marseille Université, Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, the Department of Medical Information, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HM, Hôpital Nord, Marseille (S.H.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Montauban (S.V.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Robert Ballanger, Aulnay-Sous-Bois (H.F.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Bourg-en-Bresse (C.B.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU, Caen (A.J.), INSERM Unité 1042, HP-2, Université Grenoble-Alpes, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble (N.T.), Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes (A.G.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint-Malo (C.Q.), INSERM Unité 1190, Université de Lille, and the Département de Réanimation, Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHU, Lille (M.J.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435, CHU, Limoges (C.C.-F.) - all in France
| | - Amélie Le Gouge
- From Université de Tours, INSERM, Center for the Study of Respiratory Diseases Unité 1100, Médecine Intensive-Réanimation and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) (P.-F.D.), Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, CHU (M.L., C.C.), Pharmacie à Usage Interne, CHU (H.B.), Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance et d'Information sur le Médicament, Service de Pharmacosurveillance, CHU (C.L.), Université de Tours, Université de Nantes, INSERM SPHERE Unité 1246 (B.G.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1415, CHU (B.G., A.L.G.), Tours, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation Nouvel Hôpital Civil (F.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de Hautepierre (J.-E.H.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, the Lipness Team, INSERM Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer-Unité Mixte de Recherche 1231 and LabEx LipSTIC, INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1432, Clinical Epidemiology, Université de Bourgogne, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.Q.), Dijon, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital de la Source, Orléans (T.K.), INSERM Infection, Antimicrobials, Modeling, and Evolution (IAME) Unité 1137, Université Paris Cité (J.-D.R.), Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine Unité Mixte de Recherche 938 INSERM, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Tenon (G.V.), and Université Paris Cité, Paris, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin (J.-P.M.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, DMU ESPRIT, Colombes (J.-D.R.), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital Nord Franche-Comté, Trévenans (J.B.), Université de Nantes et Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes (J.R.), Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire (FHU) SEPSIS, INSERM Unité 1173, Faculté de Médecine Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Université de Paris Saclay, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré (N.H.), Garches, Réanimation Polyvalente, CH Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil (G.P.), Université Clermont Auvergne Unité Mixte de Recherche, French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome Environnement and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (B.S.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Départemental de Vendée, La Roche-Sur-Yon (G.C.), INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Investigations of Sleep, Acute Lung Injury, and Ventilation, Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Poitiers, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU (J.-P.F.), Poitiers, Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint Brieuc (N.B.), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1092, Université, Limoges, and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435 and Réanimation Polyvalente, CHU (B.F.), Limoges, Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital de Mercy, Centre Hospitalier Régional (CHR) Metz-Thionville, Metz (G.L.), Université de Lorraine, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital Central, CHU, Nancy (S.G.), Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Hôpital, Le Mans (C. Guitton), Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Clermont Tonnerre (C. Giacardi), Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale INSERM Mixte de Recherche Unité 1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (E.L.), and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU de la Cavale Blanche (E.L.), Brest, Aix-Marseille Université, Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, the Department of Medical Information, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, and Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HM, Hôpital Nord, Marseille (S.H.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Montauban (S.V.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Robert Ballanger, Aulnay-Sous-Bois (H.F.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Bourg-en-Bresse (C.B.), Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU, Caen (A.J.), INSERM Unité 1042, HP-2, Université Grenoble-Alpes, and Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble (N.T.), Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes (A.G.), Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier, Saint-Malo (C.Q.), INSERM Unité 1190, Université de Lille, and the Département de Réanimation, Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHU, Lille (M.J.), and INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435, CHU, Limoges (C.C.-F.) - all in France
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4
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Blanchet MA, Mercier G, Delobel A, Nayet E, Bouchard PA, Simard S, L'Her E, Branson RD, Lellouche F. Accuracy of Multiple Pulse Oximeters in Stable Critically Ill Patients. Respir Care 2023; 68:565-574. [PMID: 36596654 PMCID: PMC10171338 DOI: 10.4187/respcare.10582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An accurate SpO2 value is critical in order to optimally titrate oxygen delivery to patients and to follow oxygenation guidelines. Limited prospective data exist on real-world performance of pulse oximeters in critically ill patients. The objective of this study was to assess accuracy and bias of the SpO2 values measured by several oximeters in hospitalized subjects. METHODS We included stable adults in the ICU with an arterial catheter in place. Main exclusion criteria were poor SpO2 signal and SpO2 > 96%. In each subject, we simultaneously evaluated 4 oximeters: Nonin (Plymouth, Minnesota) embedded in the FreeO2 device (OxyNov, Québec City, Québec, Canada), Masimo (Radical-7, Masimo, Irvine, California), Philips (FAST, Philips, Amsterdam, the Netherlands), and Nellcor (N-600, Medtronic, Minneapolis, Minnesota). Arterial blood gases were drawn and simultaneously each oximeters' SpO2 values were collected. SpO2 values were compared to the reference (arterial oxygen saturation [SaO2 ] value) to determine bias and accuracy. The ability for oximeters to detect hypoxemia and the impact of oximeters on oxygen titration were evaluated. RESULTS We included 193 subjects (153 male, mean age 66 y) in whom 211 sets of measurements were performed. The skin pigmentation evaluated by Fitzpatrick scale showed 96.2% of subjects were light skin (types 1 and 2). One oximeter overestimated SaO2 (Philips, +0.9%), whereas the 3 others underestimated SaO2 (Nonin -3.1%, Nellcor -0.3%, Masimo -0.2%). SaO2 was underestimated with Nonin oximeter in 91.3% of the cases, whereas it was overestimated in 55.2% of the cases with Philips oximeter. Moderate hypoxemia (SaO2 86-90% or PaO2 55-60 mm Hg) was detected in 92, 33, 42, and 11% of the cases with Nonin, Nellcor, Masimo, and Philips, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We found significant bias and moderate accuracy between the tested oximeters and the arterial blood gases in the studied population. These discrepancies may have important clinical impact on the detection of hypoxemia and management of oxygen therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Anne Blanchet
- Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Gabriel Mercier
- Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Antoine Delobel
- Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Emi Nayet
- Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre-Alexandre Bouchard
- Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Serge Simard
- Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Erwan L'Her
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, CHRU Brest, La Cavale Blanche, Brest, France
| | - Richard D Branson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Critical Care, University Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - François Lellouche
- Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.
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L'Her E, Nazir S, Le Moigne G. The authors reply. Crit Care Med 2022; 50:e595-e596. [PMID: 35612448 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000005523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erwan L'Her
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, La Cavale Blanche University Hospital, Brest, France
- LATIM INSERM UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France
| | - Souha Nazir
- LATIM INSERM UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France
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6
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Abbas A, Abdukahil SA, Abdulkadir NN, Abe R, Abel L, Absil L, Acharya S, Acker A, Adachi S, Adam E, Adrião D, Ageel SA, Ahmed S, Ain Q, Ainscough K, Aisa T, Ait Hssain A, Ait Tamlihat Y, Akimoto T, Akmal E, Al Qasim E, Alalqam R, Alam T, Al-dabbous T, Alegesan S, Alegre C, Alessi M, Alex B, Alexandre K, Al-Fares A, Alfoudri H, Ali I, Ali Shah N, Alidjnou KE, Aliudin J, Alkhafajee Q, Allavena C, Allou N, Altaf A, Alves J, Alves JM, Alves R, Amaral M, Amira N, Ammerlaan H, Ampaw P, Andini R, Andrejak C, Angheben A, Angoulvant F, Ansart S, Anthonidass S, Antonelli M, Antunes de Brito CA, Anwar KR, Apriyana A, Arabi Y, Aragao I, Arali R, Arancibia F, Araujo C, Arcadipane A, Archambault P, Arenz L, Arlet JB, Arnold-Day C, Aroca A, Arora L, Arora R, Artaud-Macari E, Aryal D, Asaki M, Asensio A, Ashley E, Ashraf M, Ashraf S, Asim M, Assie JB, Asyraf A, Atique A, Attanyake AMUL, Auchabie J, Aumaitre H, Auvet A, Azemar L, Azoulay C, Bach B, Bachelet D, Badr C, Baig N, Baillie JK, Baird JK, Bak E, Bakakos A, Bakar NA, Bal A, Balakrishnan M, Balan V, Bani-Sadr F, Barbalho R, Barbosa NY, Barclay WS, Barnett SU, Barnikel M, Barrasa H, Barrelet A, Barrigoto C, Bartoli M, Bartone C, Baruch J, Bashir M, Basmaci R, Basri MFH, Bastos D, Battaglini D, Bauer J, Bautista Rincon DF, Bazan Dow D, Bedossa A, Bee KH, Behilill S, Beishuizen A, Beljantsev A, Bellemare D, Beltrame A, Beltrão BA, Beluze M, Benech N, Benjiman LE, Benkerrou D, Bennett S, Bento L, Berdal JE, Bergeaud D, Bergin H, Bernal Sobrino JL, Bertoli G, Bertolino L, Bessis S, Betz A, Bevilcaqua S, Bezulier K, Bhatt A, Bhavsar K, Bianchi I, Bianco C, Bidin FN, Bikram Singh M, Bin Humaid F, Bin Kamarudin MN, Bissuel F, Biston P, Bitker L, Blanco-Schweizer P, Blier C, Bloos F, Blot M, Blumberg L, Boccia F, Bodenes L, Bogaarts A, Bogaert D, Boivin AH, Bolze PA, Bompart F, Bonfasius A, Borges D, Borie R, Bosse HM, Botelho-Nevers E, Bouadma L, Bouchaud O, Bouchez S, Bouhmani D, Bouhour D, Bouiller K, Bouillet L, Bouisse C, Boureau 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D, Treoux T, Trieu HT, Tripathy S, Tromeur C, Trontzas I, Trouillon T, Truong J, Tual C, Tubiana S, Tuite H, Turmel JM, Turtle LC, Tveita A, Twardowski P, Uchiyama M, Udayanga PGI, Udy A, Ullrich R, Umer Z, Uribe A, Usman A, Vajdovics C, Val-Flores L, Valle AL, Valran A, Van de Velde S, van den Berge M, van der Feltz M, van der Valk P, Van Der Vekens N, Van der Voort P, Van Der Werf S, van Dyk M, van Gulik L, Van Hattem J, van Lelyveld S, van Netten C, Van Twillert G, van Veen I, Vanel N, Vanoverschelde H, Varghese P, Varrone M, Vasudayan SR, Vauchy C, Vaughan H, Veeran S, Veislinger A, Vencken S, Ventura S, Verbon A, Vidal JE, Vieira C, Vijayan D, Villanueva JA, Villar J, Villeneuve PM, Villoldo A, Vinh Chau NV, Visseaux B, Visser H, Vitiello C, Vonkeman H, Vuotto F, Wahab NH, Wahab SA, Wahid NA, Wainstein M, Wan Muhd Shukeri WF, Wang CH, Webb SA, Wei J, Weil K, Wen TP, Wesselius S, West TE, Wham M, Whelan B, White N, Wicky PH, Wiedemann A, Wijaya SO, Wille K, Willems S, Williams V, Wils EJ, Wing Yiu N, Wong C, Wong TF, Wong XC, Wong YS, Xian GE, Xian LS, Xuan KP, Xynogalas I, Yacoub S, Yakop SRBM, Yamazaki M, Yazdanpanah Y, Yee Liang Hing N, Yelnik C, Yeoh CH, Yerkovich S, Yokoyama T, Yonis H, Yousif O, Yuliarto S, Zaaqoq A, Zabbe M, Zacharowski K, Zahid M, Zahran M, Zaidan NZB, Zambon M, Zambrano M, Zanella A, Zawadka K, Zaynah N, Zayyad H, Zoufaly A, Zucman D. The value of open-source clinical science in pandemic response: lessons from ISARIC. Lancet Infect Dis 2021; 21:1623-1624. [PMID: 34619109 PMCID: PMC8489876 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(21)00565-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Chetboun M, Raverdy V, Labreuche J, Simonnet A, Wallet F, Caussy C, Antonelli M, Artigas A, Goma G, Meziani F, Helms J, Mylonakis E, Levy MM, Kalligeros M, Latronico N, Piva S, Cerf C, Neuville M, Klouche K, Larcher R, Tamion F, Occhiali E, Snacken M, Preiser J, Kontar L, Riviere A, Silva S, Sarton B, Krouchi R, Dubar V, Palaiodimos L, Karamanis D, Perche J, L'Her E, Busetto L, Dicker D, Lev S, Duhamel A, Jourdain M, Pattou F. BMI and pneumonia outcomes in critically ill covid-19 patients: An international multicenter study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:1477-1486. [PMID: 33966355 PMCID: PMC8242742 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have unveiled a relationship between the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia and obesity. The aims of this multicenter retrospective cohort study were to disentangle the association of BMI and associated metabolic risk factors (diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and current smoking status) in critically ill patients with COVID-19. METHODS Patients admitted to intensive care units for COVID-19 in 21 centers (in Europe, Israel, and the United States) were enrolled in this study between February 19, 2020, and May 19, 2020. Primary and secondary outcomes were the need for invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) and 28-day mortality, respectively. RESULTS A total of 1,461 patients were enrolled; the median (interquartile range) age was 64 years (40.9-72.0); 73.2% of patients were male; the median BMI was 28.1 kg/m2 (25.4-32.3); a total of 1,080 patients (73.9%) required IMV; and the 28-day mortality estimate was 36.1% (95% CI: 33.0-39.5). An adjusted mixed logistic regression model showed a significant linear relationship between BMI and IMV: odds ratio = 1.27 (95% CI: 1.12-1.45) per 5 kg/m2 . An adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression model showed a significant association between BMI and mortality, which was increased only in obesity class III (≥40; hazard ratio = 1.68 [95% CI: 1.06-2.64]). CONCLUSIONS In critically ill COVID-19 patients, a linear association between BMI and the need for IMV, independent of other metabolic risk factors, and a nonlinear association between BMI and mortality risk were observed.
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Dugrenot E, Balestra C, Gouin E, L'Her E, Guerrero F. Physiological effects of mixed-gas deep sea dives using a closed-circuit rebreather: a field pilot study. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:3323-3331. [PMID: 34435274 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04798-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Deep diving using mixed gas with closed-circuit rebreathers (CCRs) is increasingly common. However, data regarding the effects of these dives are still scarce. This preliminary field study aimed at evaluating the acute effects of deep (90-120 msw) mixed-gas CCR bounce dives on lung function in relation with other physiological parameters. METHODS Seven divers performed a total of sixteen open-sea CCR dives breathing gas mixture of helium, nitrogen and oxygen (trimix) within four days at 2 depths (90 and 120 msw). Spirometric parameters, SpO2, body mass, hematocrit, short term heart rate variability (HRV) and critical flicker fusion frequency (CFFF) were measured at rest 60 min before the dive and 120 min after surfacing. RESULTS The median [1st-3rd quartile] of the forced vital capacity was lower (84% [76-93] vs 91% [74-107] of predicted values; p = 0.029), whereas FEV1/FVC was higher (98% [95-99] vs 95% [89-99]; p = 0.019) after than before the dives. The other spirometry values and SpO2 were unchanged. Body mass decreased from 73.5 kg (72.0-89.6) before the dives to 70.0 kg (69.2-85.8) after surfacing (p = 0.001), with no change of hematocrit or CFFT. HRV was increased as indicated by the higher SDNN, RMSSD and pNN50 after than before dives. CONCLUSION The present observation represents the first original data regarding the effects of deep repeated CCR dives. The body mass loss and decrease of FVC after bounce dives at depth of about 100 msw may possibly impose an important physiological stress for the divers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Dugrenot
- TEK diving SAS, F-29200, Brest, France
- Univ Brest, ORPHY, IBSAM, 6 avenue Le Gorgeu, F-29200, Brest, France
| | - Costantino Balestra
- Environmental and Occupational Physiology Laboratory, (ISEK), Haute Ecole Bruxelles-Brabant (HE2B), 1160, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Erwan L'Her
- Médecine Intensive et Réanimation, CHRU de Brest, Brest, NA, France
| | - François Guerrero
- Univ Brest, ORPHY, IBSAM, 6 avenue Le Gorgeu, F-29200, Brest, France.
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Le Moigne G, Nazir S, Pateau V, Courtois E, L'Her E. Noninvasive Tidal Volume Measurements, Using a Time-of-Flight Camera, Under High-Flow Nasal Cannula-A Physiological Evaluation, in Healthy Volunteers. Crit Care Med 2021; 50:e61-e70. [PMID: 34259664 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000005183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The mechanisms of high-flow nasal cannula are still debated but may be mediated by the generation of low positive end-expiratory pressure and a washout of the airway dead space. The aims of this study were to assess the effects of high-flow nasal cannula on tidal volume using a noninvasive method using a time-of-flight camera, under various conditions. DESIGN A physiologic evaluation in healthy volunteers. SETTING An university hospital ICU. SUBJECTS Ten healthy volunteers were included in a physiologic study (CamOpt study, ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04096183). INTERVENTIONS All volunteers were submitted to 12 different conditions (i.e., gas flow [baseline = 0; 30-60 L/min]; mouth [open/closed]; respiratory rate [baseline; baseline + 10 breaths/min]). Tidal volume measurements were performed every minute, during a 6-minute recording period. In all combinations, reference respiratory rate was measured by using chronometric evaluation, over a 30-second period (RRREF), and by using the time-of-flight camera (RRTOF). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Tidal volume increased while increasing gas flow whatever the respiratory rate and mouth condition (p < 0.001). Similar results were observed whatever the experimental conditions (p < 0.01), except one (baseline respiratory rate + 10 breaths/min and mouth closed). Tidal volume increased while decreasing respiratory rate (p < 0.001) and mouth closing (p < 0.05). Proportion of tidal volume greater than 10, 15, and 20 mL/kg changed while increasing the flow. RRTOF was in agreement with RRREF (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.96), with a low mean bias (0.55 breaths/min) and acceptable deviation. CONCLUSIONS Time-of-flight enables to detect tidal volume changes under various conditions of high-flow nasal cannula application. Tidal volume increased significantly while increasing gas flow and mouth closing. Such technique might be useful to monitor the risk of patient self-inflicted lung injury or under assistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Le Moigne
- Département de Médecine d'Urgence, CHRU de La Cavale Blanche, Brest, France. LATIM INSERM UMR 1101, FHU TechSan, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France. Médecine Intensive et Réanimation, CHRU de La Cavale Blanche, Brest, France. UGD DRCI, CHRU de La Cavale Blanche, Brest, France
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L'Her E, Nazir S, Pateau V, Visvikis D. Accuracy of noncontact surface imaging for tidal volume and respiratory rate measurements in the ICU. J Clin Monit Comput 2021; 36:775-783. [PMID: 33886075 PMCID: PMC8060689 DOI: 10.1007/s10877-021-00708-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Tidal volume monitoring may help minimize lung injury during respiratory assistance. Surface imaging using time-of-flight camera is a new, non-invasive, non-contact, radiation-free, and easy-to-use technique that enables tidal volume and respiratory rate measurements. The objectives of the study were to determine the accuracy of Time-of-Flight volume (VTTOF) and respiratory rate (RRTOF) measurements at the bedside, and to validate its application for spontaneously breathing patients under high flow nasal canula. Data analysis was performed within the ReaSTOC data-warehousing project (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02893462). All data were recorded using standard monitoring devices, and the computerized medical file. Time-of-flight technique used a Kinect V2 (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA) to acquire the distance information, based on measuring the phase delay between the emitted light-wave and received backscattered signals. 44 patients (32 under mechanical ventilation; 12 under high-flow nasal canula) were recorded. High correlation (r = 0.84; p < 0.001), with low bias (-1.7 mL) and acceptable deviation (75 mL) was observed between VTTOF and VTREF under ventilation. Similar performance was observed for respiratory rate (r = 0.91; p < 0.001; bias < 1b/min; deviation ≤ 5b/min). Measurements were possible for all patients under high-flow nasal canula, detecting overdistension in 4 patients (tidal volume > 8 mL/kg) and low ventilation in 6 patients (tidal volume < 6 mL/kg). Tidal volume monitoring using time-of-flight camera (VTTOF) is correlated to reference values. Time-of-flight camera enables continuous and non-contact respiratory monitoring under high-flow nasal canula, and enables to detect tidal volume and respiratory rate changes, while modifying flow. It enables respiratory monitoring for spontaneously patients, especially while using high-flow nasal oxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan L'Her
- Médecine Intensive Et Réanimation, CHRU de La Cavale Blanche, Bvd. Tanguy-Prigent, 29609, BREST Cedex, France. .,LATIM INSERM UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, BREST, France.
| | - Souha Nazir
- LATIM INSERM UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, BREST, France
| | - Victoire Pateau
- Médecine Intensive Et Réanimation, CHRU de La Cavale Blanche, Bvd. Tanguy-Prigent, 29609, BREST Cedex, France
| | - Dimitris Visvikis
- LATIM INSERM UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, BREST, France
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Roué JM, Delpeut J, d'Hennezel A, Tierrie T, Barzic A, L'Her E, Cros P. Automatic oxygen flow titration in spontaneously breathing children: An open-label randomized controlled pilot study. Pediatr Pulmonol 2020; 55:3180-3188. [PMID: 32827344 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.25035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION When children require supplemental oxygen due to acute hypoxemic respiratory distress (AHRD), manual control of the oxygen flow is often difficult and time-consuming, and carries the risk of unrecognized hypoxia and hyperoxia. To date, no automatic oxygen titration system has been developed and evaluated in spontaneously breathing children. METHODS Children between 1 month and 15 years of age receiving supplemental oxygen due to AHRD were recruited within 24 hours following the onset of the O2 administration in a French University Department of Paediatrics. Patients were randomized to receive either automated oxygen administration using the FreeO2 device, or conventional manual oxygen administration over a maximum period of 6 hours. Stratification was performed to classify the patients into two age groups: 1 month to 2 years of age and 2 to 15 years of age. The primary outcome was % time spent within the SpO2 target range (92%-98%). RESULTS 60 patients (30 infants, 30 children) were randomized and 55 could be analyzed for the primary outcome (28 automated, 27 manual). The automated O2 delivery using the FreeO2 device significantly increased the time spent within the predefined SpO2 range (94.6% ± 6% vs 76.3% ± 22%, difference [95% confidence interval {CI}] 18.4 [10.1; 26.7]) with less time spent with hypoxemia (1% ± 1.1% vs 15.1% ± 21.8%, difference [95% CI] -14.4 [-22.2; -6.7]). This difference was greater among (2-15 years of age) children, compared to (1 month-2 years of age) infants. CONCLUSIONS The present randomized controlled pilot study indicates that the tested automated closed-loop O2 titration technology was safe and yielded improved oxygen parameters among spontaneously breathing children. Based on our pilot data, a full randomized controlled trial will be required to verify the potential clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Roué
- Department of Pediatrics, Brest University Hospital, Brest, France
| | - Juliette Delpeut
- Department of Pediatrics, Brest University Hospital, Brest, France
| | - Alix d'Hennezel
- Department of Pediatrics, Brest University Hospital, Brest, France
| | - Tess Tierrie
- Department of Pediatrics, Brest University Hospital, Brest, France
| | - Audrey Barzic
- Department of Pediatrics, Brest University Hospital, Brest, France
| | - Erwan L'Her
- Department of Medical Intensive Care, Brest University Hospital, Brest, France
| | - Pierrick Cros
- Department of Pediatrics, Brest University Hospital, Brest, France
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kirk Shelley
- Professor Emeritus, Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Erwan L'Her
- Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Brest, La Cavale Blanche, Brest, France
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Ouanes I, Bouhaouala F, Maatouk S, Lahmar M, Ben Abdallah S, Hammouda Z, Dachraoui F, Ouanes-Besbes L, L'Her E, Abroug F. Automatic oxygen administration and weaning in patients following mechanical ventilation. J Crit Care 2020; 61:45-51. [PMID: 33075609 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate efficacy of FreeO2 device in oxygen weaning of patients after being liberated from mechanical ventilation (MV). METHODS Prospective crossover cohort study in patients admitted to ICU and after MV weaning. FreeO2 curves were recorded during constant flow and FreeO2 modes. Oxygenation parameters and O2 consumption were assessed. RESULTS Fifty one records were obtained in 51 patients (median age, 62 years, 54.9% had COPD, admission for acute respiratory failure in 96%). NIV was used initially in 68.6%. For a median records duration of 2.04 h, the time spent within target SpO2 range was significantly higher with FreeO2 mode compared to constant O2 flow mode [86.92% (77.11-92.39) vs 43.17% (5.08-75.37); p < 0.001]. Time with hyperoxia was lower with FreeO2 mode: 8.68% (2.96-15.59) vs 38.28% (2.02-86.34). Times with hypoxaemia, and with severe desaturation, were similar. At the end of FreeO2 mode, O2 flow was lower than 1 l/min in 28 patients (54.9%), with a median of 0.99 l/min. CONCLUSIONS For the purpose of oxygen weaning in patients recovering from MV, automatic O2 titration with FreeO2 was associated with a substantial reduction in O2 delivery and better oxygenation parameters in comparison with constant O2 flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ouanes
- Service de Réanimation Polyvalente, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Fattouma Bourguiba, Monastir, Tunisia; Faculté de Médecine de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - F Bouhaouala
- Service de Réanimation Polyvalente, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Fattouma Bourguiba, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - S Maatouk
- Service de Réanimation Polyvalente, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Fattouma Bourguiba, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - M Lahmar
- Service de Réanimation Polyvalente, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Fattouma Bourguiba, Monastir, Tunisia; Faculté de Médecine de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Tunisia
| | - S Ben Abdallah
- Service de Réanimation Polyvalente, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Fattouma Bourguiba, Monastir, Tunisia; Faculté de Médecine de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Z Hammouda
- Service de Réanimation Polyvalente, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Fattouma Bourguiba, Monastir, Tunisia; Faculté de Médecine de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Tunisia
| | - F Dachraoui
- Service de Réanimation Polyvalente, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Fattouma Bourguiba, Monastir, Tunisia; Faculté de Médecine de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Tunisia
| | - L Ouanes-Besbes
- Service de Réanimation Polyvalente, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Fattouma Bourguiba, Monastir, Tunisia; Faculté de Médecine de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Tunisia
| | - E L'Her
- Service de Réanimation Médicale, CHRU de Brest, France; LATIM INSERM UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France
| | - F Abroug
- Service de Réanimation Polyvalente, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Fattouma Bourguiba, Monastir, Tunisia; Faculté de Médecine de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Tunisia
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Ferrière N, Bodenes L, Bailly P, L'Her E. Shortage of anesthetics: Think of inhaled sedation! J Crit Care 2020; 63:104-105. [PMID: 33019992 PMCID: PMC7501081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Ferrière
- Service de Réanimation Médicale, Boulevard Tanguy Prigent, 290609 Brest, Cedex, France.
| | - L Bodenes
- Service de Réanimation Médicale, Boulevard Tanguy Prigent, 290609 Brest, Cedex, France
| | - P Bailly
- Service de Réanimation Médicale, Boulevard Tanguy Prigent, 290609 Brest, Cedex, France
| | - E L'Her
- Service de Réanimation Médicale, Boulevard Tanguy Prigent, 290609 Brest, Cedex, France; LATIM INSERM UMR 1101, FHU Techsan, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France
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L'Her E, Jaber S, Verzilli D, Jacob C, Huiban B, Futier E, Kerforne T, Pateau V, Bouchard PA, Consigny M, Lellouche F. Automated closed-loop versus standard manual oxygen administration after major abdominal or thoracic surgery: an international multicentre randomised controlled study. Eur Respir J 2020; 57:13993003.00182-2020. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00182-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IntroductionHypoxaemia and hyperoxaemia may occur after surgery, with related complications. This multicentre randomised trial evaluated the impact of automated closed-loop oxygen administration after high-risk abdominal or thoracic surgeries in terms of optimising the oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry time within target range.MethodsAfter extubation, patients with an intermediate to high risk of post-operative pulmonary complications were randomised to “standard” or “automated” closed-loop oxygen administration. The primary outcome was the percentage of time within the oxygenation range, during a 3-day frame. The secondary outcomes were the time with hypoxaemia and hyperoxaemia under oxygen.ResultsAmong the 200 patients, time within range was higher in the automated group, both initially (≤3 h; 91.4±13.7% versus 40.2±35.1% of time, difference +51.0% (95% CI −42.8–59.2%); p<0.0001) and during the 3-day period (94.0±11.3% versus 62.1±23.3% of time, difference +31.9% (95% CI 26.3–37.4%); p<0.0001). Periods of hypoxaemia were reduced in the automated group (≤3 days; 32.6±57.8 min (1.2±1.9%) versus 370.5±594.3 min (5.0±11.2%), difference −10.2% (95% CI −13.9–−6.6%); p<0.0001), as well as hyperoxaemia under oxygen (≤3 days; 5.1±10.9 min (4.8±11.2%) versus 177.9±277.2 min (27.0±23.8%), difference −22.0% (95% CI −27.6–−16.4%); p<0.0001). Kaplan–Meier analysis depicted a significant difference in terms of hypoxaemia (p=0.01) and severe hypoxaemia (p=0.0003) occurrence between groups in favour of the automated group. 25 patients experienced hypoxaemia for >10% of the entire monitoring time during the 3 days within the standard group, as compared to the automated group (p<0.0001).ConclusionAutomated closed-loop oxygen administration promotes greater time within the oxygenation target, as compared to standard manual administration, thus reducing the occurrence of hypoxaemia and hyperoxaemia.
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Abstract
Respiratory monitoring in patients receiving oxygen therapy for acute care is mandatory at the initial stage of in-hospital management given the potential risk of clinical worsening. Although some patients benefit from close monitoring in the ICU, the vast majority of them are managed in general wards with reduced staff and clinical supervision. The objective of monitoring is to detect early clinical deterioration, which may help prevent in-hospital cardiac arrest. In addition to the clinical and usual evaluations (eg, breathing frequency, breathing pattern, oximetry, and oxygen flow requirements), early warning scoring systems have been developed to detect clinical deterioration in acutely ill patients. The monitoring of these scores is recommended for patients receiving oxygen therapy. These scores have several limitations, among which is the absence of oxygen flow evaluation. Manual and intermittent monitoring of these scores in the ward is time-consuming and may not be sufficient to accurately detect deterioration of patient's clinical condition in a timely manner. Automated and continuous monitoring, in addition to clinical evaluation and arterial blood gases analysis, which remain necessary, may improve the detection of clinical worsening in specific patients. Devices that automatically titrate and wean oxygen flow on the basis of [Formula: see text] enable measurement of several major cardiorespiratory parameters (eg, [Formula: see text], oxygen flow, heart rate, breathing frequency, and heart rate variability). The combination of these parameters into new scores is at least as accurate and well-evaluated, and recommended early warning scores and may be useful in monitoring patients receiving oxygen therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Lellouche
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada.
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Grein J, Ohmagari N, Shin D, Diaz G, Asperges E, Castagna A, Feldt T, Green G, Green ML, Lescure FX, Nicastri E, Oda R, Yo K, Quiros-Roldan E, Studemeister A, Redinski J, Ahmed S, Bernett J, Chelliah D, Chen D, Chihara S, Cohen SH, Cunningham J, D'Arminio Monforte A, Ismail S, Kato H, Lapadula G, L'Her E, Maeno T, Majumder S, Massari M, Mora-Rillo M, Mutoh Y, Nguyen D, Verweij E, Zoufaly A, Osinusi AO, DeZure A, Zhao Y, Zhong L, Chokkalingam A, Elboudwarej E, Telep L, Timbs L, Henne I, Sellers S, Cao H, Tan SK, Winterbourne L, Desai P, Mera R, Gaggar A, Myers RP, Brainard DM, Childs R, Flanigan T. Compassionate Use of Remdesivir for Patients with Severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med 2020; 382:2327-2336. [PMID: 32275812 PMCID: PMC7169476 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2007016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1809] [Impact Index Per Article: 452.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Remdesivir, a nucleotide analogue prodrug that inhibits viral RNA polymerases, has shown in vitro activity against SARS-CoV-2. METHODS We provided remdesivir on a compassionate-use basis to patients hospitalized with Covid-19, the illness caused by infection with SARS-CoV-2. Patients were those with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection who had an oxygen saturation of 94% or less while they were breathing ambient air or who were receiving oxygen support. Patients received a 10-day course of remdesivir, consisting of 200 mg administered intravenously on day 1, followed by 100 mg daily for the remaining 9 days of treatment. This report is based on data from patients who received remdesivir during the period from January 25, 2020, through March 7, 2020, and have clinical data for at least 1 subsequent day. RESULTS Of the 61 patients who received at least one dose of remdesivir, data from 8 could not be analyzed (including 7 patients with no post-treatment data and 1 with a dosing error). Of the 53 patients whose data were analyzed, 22 were in the United States, 22 in Europe or Canada, and 9 in Japan. At baseline, 30 patients (57%) were receiving mechanical ventilation and 4 (8%) were receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. During a median follow-up of 18 days, 36 patients (68%) had an improvement in oxygen-support class, including 17 of 30 patients (57%) receiving mechanical ventilation who were extubated. A total of 25 patients (47%) were discharged, and 7 patients (13%) died; mortality was 18% (6 of 34) among patients receiving invasive ventilation and 5% (1 of 19) among those not receiving invasive ventilation. CONCLUSIONS In this cohort of patients hospitalized for severe Covid-19 who were treated with compassionate-use remdesivir, clinical improvement was observed in 36 of 53 patients (68%). Measurement of efficacy will require ongoing randomized, placebo-controlled trials of remdesivir therapy. (Funded by Gilead Sciences.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Grein
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Norio Ohmagari
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Daniel Shin
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - George Diaz
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Erika Asperges
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Antonella Castagna
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Torsten Feldt
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Gary Green
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Margaret L Green
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - François-Xavier Lescure
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Emanuele Nicastri
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Rentaro Oda
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Kikuo Yo
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Eugenia Quiros-Roldan
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Alex Studemeister
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - John Redinski
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Seema Ahmed
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Jorge Bernett
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Daniel Chelliah
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Danny Chen
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Shingo Chihara
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Stuart H Cohen
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Jennifer Cunningham
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Antonella D'Arminio Monforte
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Saad Ismail
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Hideaki Kato
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Giuseppe Lapadula
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Erwan L'Her
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Toshitaka Maeno
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Sumit Majumder
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Marco Massari
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Marta Mora-Rillo
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Yoshikazu Mutoh
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Duc Nguyen
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Ewa Verweij
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Alexander Zoufaly
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Anu O Osinusi
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Adam DeZure
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Yang Zhao
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Lijie Zhong
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Anand Chokkalingam
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Emon Elboudwarej
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Laura Telep
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Leighann Timbs
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Ilana Henne
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Scott Sellers
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Huyen Cao
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Susanna K Tan
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Lucinda Winterbourne
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Polly Desai
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Robertino Mera
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Anuj Gaggar
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Robert P Myers
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Diana M Brainard
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Richard Childs
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
| | - Timothy Flanigan
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Università degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Université de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan)
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Affiliation(s)
- François Lellouche
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de QuébecQuebec, Quebec, Canadaand
| | - Erwan L'Her
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire La Cavale BlancheBrest, France
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L'Her E, Geeraerts T, Desclefs JP, Benhamou D, Blanié A, Cerf C, Delmas V, Jourdain M, Lecomte F, Ouanes I, Garnier M, Mossadegh C. Simulation-based teaching in critical care, anaesthesia and emergency medicine. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med 2020; 39:311-326. [PMID: 32223994 DOI: 10.1016/j.accpm.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erwan L'Her
- Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Brest, La Cavale-Blanche, Médecine Intensive et Réanimation, LATIM, INSERM, UMR 1101, boulevard Tanguy-Prigent, 29609 Brest cedex, France.
| | - Thomas Geeraerts
- Anesthésie-Réanimation, CHU de Toulouse, Hôpital Pierre-Paul-Riquet, Institut Toulousain de Simulation en Santé (ItSimS), Université Toulouse 3-Paul-Sabatier, place du Docteur-Baylac, TSA 40031, 31059 Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Desclefs
- Samu 91, Smur de Corbeil-Essonnes, Centre Hospitalier Sud-Francilien, 91100 Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - Dan Benhamou
- Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre, 78, rue du Général-Leclerc, 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Antonia Blanié
- Département d'anesthésie-réanimation-médecine périopératoire, groupe hospitalo-universitaire, Paris-Saclay, AP-HP, Paris, France; Centre de simulation LabForSIMS, faculté de médecine Paris-Sud, unité de recherche CIAMS, EA4532, UFR STAPS Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Charles Cerf
- Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital Foch, 40, rue Worth, 92150 Suresnes, France
| | - Véronique Delmas
- Urgences, CHU Le Mans, 194, avenue Rubillard, 72000 Le Mans, France
| | - Mercedes Jourdain
- Réanimation médicale, Hôpital Salengro, rue Émile-Laine, 59037 Lille, France
| | - François Lecomte
- Urgences, Hôpital Cochin, 27, rue du Faubourg-Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Islem Ouanes
- Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Fattouma-Bourguiba, avenue Farhat-Hached, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Marc Garnier
- Département d'anesthésie et réanimation, Pôle Thorax-Voies Aériennes-Anesthésie-Réanimation, Hôpital Tenon, 4, rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France; INSERM, UMR1152, Faculté de médecine X.-Bichat, 16, rue Henri-Huchard, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Chirine Mossadegh
- Hôpital Universitaire La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Réanimation Médicale, 47-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75651 Paris cedex 13, France
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Loddé B, Querellou GE, Morel A, L'Her E. SEA-mulation: training for technical treatment related to emergency situations in maritime environment. Crit Care 2019; 23:310. [PMID: 31511047 PMCID: PMC6737687 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-019-2599-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brice Loddé
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, CS 93837, 29238, Brest Cedex 3, France. .,Service de Santé au Travail et Maladies liées à l'environnement, CHRU Morvan, 29609, Brest Cedex, France. .,Société Française de Médecine, UFR Médecine et Sciences de la santé, 22, Avenue Camille Desmoulins, 29200, Brest, France.
| | - Gael-Emgan Querellou
- Centre de Simulation en Santé, UFR Médecine et Sciences de la Santé, 22, Avenue Camille Desmoulins, 29200, Brest, France
| | - Alexandre Morel
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, CS 93837, 29238, Brest Cedex 3, France
| | - Erwan L'Her
- Centre de Simulation en Santé, UFR Médecine et Sciences de la Santé, 22, Avenue Camille Desmoulins, 29200, Brest, France
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21
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L'Her E, N'Guyen QT, Pateau V, Bodenes L, Lellouche F. Photoplethysmographic determination of the respiratory rate in acutely ill patients: validation of a new algorithm and implementation into a biomedical device. Ann Intensive Care 2019; 9:11. [PMID: 30666472 PMCID: PMC6340913 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-019-0485-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory rate is among the first vital signs to change in deteriorating patients. The aims of this study were to evaluate the accuracy of respiratory rate measurements using a specifically dedicated reflection-mode photoplethysmographic signal analysis in a pathological condition (PPG-RR) and to validate its implementation within medical devices. Methods This study is derived from a data mining project, including all consecutive patients admitted to our ICU (ReaSTOC study, ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02893462). During the evaluation phase of the algorithm, PPG-RR calculations were retrospectively performed on PPG waveforms extracted from the data warehouse and compared with RR reference values. During the prospective phase, PPG-RR calculations were automatically and continuously performed using a dedicated device (FreeO2, Oxynov, Québec, QC, Canada). In all phases, reference RR was measured continuously using electrical thoracic impedance and chronometric evaluation (Manual-RR) over a 30-s period. Results In total, 201 ICU patients’ recordings (SAPS II 51.7 ± 34.6) were analysed during the retrospective evaluation phase, most of them being admitted for a respiratory failure and requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. PPG-RR determination was available in 95.5% cases, similar to reference (22 ± 4 vs. 22 ± 5 c/min, respectively; p = 1), and well correlated with reference values (R = 0.952; p < 0.0001), with a low bias (0.1 b/min) and deviation (± 3.5 b/min). Prospective estimation of the PPG-RR on 30 ICU patients’ recordings was well correlated with the reference method (Manual-RR; r = 0.78; p < 0.001). Comparison of the methods depicted a low bias (0.5 b/min) and acceptable deviation (< ± 5.5 b/min). Conclusion According to our results, PPG-RR is an interesting approach for ventilation monitoring, as this technique would make simultaneous monitoring of respiratory rate and arterial oxygen saturation possible, thus minimizing the number of sensors attached to the patient. Trial registry number ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02893462
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan L'Her
- Réanimation Médicale, LATIM INSERM UMR 1101, CHRU de la Cavale Blanche, Bvd Tanguy-Prigent, 22 rue Camille Desmoulins, 29609, Brest Cedex, France. .,Médecine Intensive et Réanimation, CHRU de la Cavale Blanche, Bvd Tanguy-Prigent, 29609, Brest Cedex, France. .,Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, 2725 Ch Ste-Foy, Quebec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada.
| | - Quang-Thang N'Guyen
- Oxynov Inc, Technopole Brest Iroise, 135 rue Claude Chappe, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Victoire Pateau
- Réanimation Médicale, LATIM INSERM UMR 1101, CHRU de la Cavale Blanche, Bvd Tanguy-Prigent, 22 rue Camille Desmoulins, 29609, Brest Cedex, France.,Oxynov Inc, Technopole Brest Iroise, 135 rue Claude Chappe, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Laetitia Bodenes
- Médecine Intensive et Réanimation, CHRU de la Cavale Blanche, Bvd Tanguy-Prigent, 29609, Brest Cedex, France
| | - François Lellouche
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, 2725 Ch Ste-Foy, Quebec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada
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22
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Marjanovic NS, Teiten C, Pallamin N, L'Her E. Evaluation of emotional excitation during standardized endotracheal intubation in simulated conditions. Ann Intensive Care 2018; 8:117. [PMID: 30511087 PMCID: PMC6277399 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-018-0460-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To assess how stressful conditions in endotracheal intubation could induct emotional excitation in a population of acute care physicians. Materials and methods Two situations were randomly tested: one in standard and easy intubation conditions the other under difficult conditions presumed to induce stress (monitoring alarms, manikin lying on the floor, difficult intubation). Emotional excitation was assessed using several physiological (cardiac patterns, electrodermal activity and eye-tracking) and psycho-cognitive patterns. Auto-evaluations of video recordings and mental workload were performed immediately after simulation. Results Significant physiological parameter modifications were observed under the stressful intubation conditions (SDNN 35 ± 15 vs. 42 ± 21; p = 0.035—AVNN 514 ± 94 vs. 548 ± 110; p < 0.0001). Emotional excitation was demonstrated to lead a higher mental workload (NASA-TLX = 39 ± 18 vs. 63 ± 15; p = 0.001), frustration and effort dimensions being its determinant components (p < 0.01). Video recording auto-evaluations depicted significant emotional excitation occurrence under the difficult conditions, with few differences according to the operator’s experience. Conclusion This study highlights the fact that a stress condition during ETI on a simulation model leads to an important emotional excitation as compared to the neutral condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas S Marjanovic
- Emergency Department and Prehospital Care, University Hospital of Poitiers, 86000, Poitiers, France.,CIC1402 U5 ALIVE - University Hospital of Poitiers, 86000, Poitiers, France.,ABS-Lab - Laboratory of Anatomy, Biomechanics and Simulation, Poitiers University, School of Medicine, 86000, Poitiers, France
| | - Christelle Teiten
- Emergency Department, University Hospital of Brest - La Cavale Blanche, 29609, Brest Cedex, France
| | - Nicola Pallamin
- B-com, Institute of Research and Technology, Brest University, 29609, Brest Cedex, France
| | - Erwan L'Her
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Brest - La Cavale Blanche, Boulevard Tanguy Prigent, 29609, Brest Cedex, France. .,CeSIM/LaTIM UMR 1101, Western Brittany University - School of Medicine, Rue Camille Desmoulins, 29200, Brest, France.
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23
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Vivodtzev I, L'Her E, Vottero G, Yankoff C, Tamisier R, Maltais F, Lellouche F, Pépin JL. Automated O 2 titration improves exercise capacity in patients with hypercapnic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled cross-over trial. Thorax 2018; 74:298-301. [PMID: 30166425 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-211967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Automatically titrated O2 flows (FreeO2) was compared with constant O2 flow on exercise capacity, O2 saturation and risk of hyperoxia-related hypercapnia in patients with severe COPD with baseline hypercapnia and long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT). Twelve patients were enrolled in a randomised double-blind cross-over study to perform exercise with either FreeO2 or constant flow. Endurance time (primary outcome) and SpO2 were both significantly improved with FreeO2compared with constant flow (p<0.04), although pCO2 was similar in both conditions. Automated titration of O2 significantly and clinically improved endurance walking time in patients with severe COPD receiving LTOT, without worsening of pCO2 TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: Results , NCT01575327.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Vivodtzev
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CHU Grenoble Alpes, HP2, Grenoble Alps University, 38000 Grenoble, France.,Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, dept. of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Erwan L'Her
- LATIM Inserm UMR1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France
| | - Gabrielle Vottero
- Rehabilitation center, Clinique de Pneumologie Les Rieux, ATRIR, Nyons, France
| | - Claire Yankoff
- Rehabilitation center, Clinique de Pneumologie Les Rieux, ATRIR, Nyons, France
| | - Renaud Tamisier
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CHU Grenoble Alpes, HP2, Grenoble Alps University, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - François Maltais
- Centre de recherche, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Qc, Canada
| | - François Lellouche
- Centre de recherche, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Qc, Canada
| | - Jean-Louis Pépin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CHU Grenoble Alpes, HP2, Grenoble Alps University, 38000 Grenoble, France
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24
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Rossignol Y, Huet O, Chapalain X, Le Maguet P, Sparrow R, L'Her E, Le Niger C, Ozier Y, Aubron C. Compliance with the European trauma guidelines: An observational single centre study. Transfus Clin Biol 2018; 26:18-26. [PMID: 29936040 DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The European trauma guidelines were developed to assist clinicians in the early phase of trauma management to diagnose and treat coagulopathy and bleeding. This study aimed to determine compliance with these European trauma guidelines in a French referral trauma centre. METHODS Medical charts of trauma patients with an injury severity score≥16 admitted between January 2013 and December 2014 were reviewed. Compliance with 21 recommendations in the first 24-hours of patient management was assessed. RESULTS There were 145 patients with median ISS of 34 [IQR 25-41]. A good level of compliance (i.e. applied in≥80% of patients) was identified for nine recommendations, inconsistent compliance (i.e. applied in 50 to 79% of patients) for six recommendations, including fibrinogen levels at hospital admission and achievement of a target mean arterial blood pressure (MAP)>80mmHg in patients with major bleeding and TBI (55.5%), and poor compliance (i.e. applied in<50% of patients) for another six recommendations. Poorly applied recommendations included early measurement of lactate or base deficit (32%), early administration of tranexamic acid (18%), and achievement of normocapnia in patients with TBI undergoing invasive ventilation (3%). CONCLUSIONS In a referral trauma centre, nine of the 21 evaluable recommendations in the European trauma guidelines were applied in≥80% of patients. Early diagnosis and treatment of trauma-related coagulopathy was identified as an area for significant practice improvement. In patients with TBI, efforts should be made to achieve the targeted MAP and to maintain normocapnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Rossignol
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Brest, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 29200 Brest, France
| | - O Huet
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Brest, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 29200 Brest, France
| | - X Chapalain
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Brest, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 29200 Brest, France
| | - P Le Maguet
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Brest, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 29200 Brest, France
| | - R Sparrow
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 3004 Melbourne, Australia
| | - E L'Her
- Emergency Department, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Brest, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 29200 Brest, France; Medical Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Brest, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 29200 Brest, France
| | - C Le Niger
- Haemovigilance Unit, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Brest, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 29200 Brest, France
| | - Y Ozier
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Brest, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 29200 Brest, France
| | - C Aubron
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Brest, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 29200 Brest, France; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 3004 Melbourne, Australia.
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25
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Trouillet JL, Collange O, Belafia F, Blot F, Capellier G, Cesareo E, Constantin JM, Demoule A, Diehl JL, Guinot PG, Jegoux F, L'Her E, Luyt CE, Mahjoub Y, Mayaux J, Quintard H, Ravat F, Vergez S, Amour J, Guillot M. Tracheotomy in the intensive care unit: Guidelines from a French expert panel: The French Intensive Care Society and the French Society of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med 2018; 37:281-294. [PMID: 29559211 DOI: 10.1016/j.accpm.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tracheotomy is widely used in intensive care units, albeit with great disparities between medical teams in terms of frequency and modality. Indications and techniques are, however, associated with variable levels of evidence based on inhomogeneous or even contradictory literature. Our aim was to conduct a systematic analysis of the published data in order to provide guidelines. We present herein recommendations for the use of tracheotomy in adult critically ill patients developed using the grading of recommendations assessment, development and evaluation (GRADE) method. These guidelines were conducted by a group of experts from the French Intensive Care Society (Société de réanimation de langue française) and the French Society of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine (Société francaise d'anesthésie réanimation) with the participation of the French Emergency Medicine Association (Société française de médecine d'urgence), the French Society of Otorhinolaryngology. Sixteen experts and two coordinators agreed to consider questions concerning tracheotomy and its practical implementation. Five topics were defined: indications and contraindications for tracheotomy in intensive care, tracheotomy techniques in intensive care, modalities of tracheotomy in intensive care, management of patients undergoing tracheotomy in intensive care, and decannulation in intensive care. The summary made by the experts and the application of GRADE methodology led to the drawing up of 8 formal guidelines, 10 recommendations, and 3 treatment protocols. Among the 8 formal guidelines, 2 have a high level of proof (Grade 1±) and 6 a low level of proof (Grade 2±). For the 10 recommendations, GRADE methodology was not applicable and instead 10 expert opinions were produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Trouillet
- Service de réanimation, groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Collange
- Hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, pôle d'anesthésie-réanimation chirurgicale, SAMU, SMUR, NHC, 1, place de l'Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France; EA 3072, FMTS université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Fouad Belafia
- Inserm, U1046, intensive care unit and department of anesthesiology, research unit, university of Montpellier, Saint-Éloi hospital, Montpellier school of medicine, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - François Blot
- Medical-surgical intensive care unit, Gustave-Roussy Cancer Campus, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Gilles Capellier
- EA3920, université de Franche-Comté, CHRU de Besançon, 25000 Besançon, France; Australian and New Zealand intensive care research centre, department of epidemiology and preventive medicine, Monash University Clayton, Australia
| | - Eric Cesareo
- SAMU de Lyon and department of emergency medicine, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard-Herriot hospital, 69003 Lyon, France; Lyon Sud, school of medicine, university Lyon 1, 69600 Oullins, France
| | - Jean-Michel Constantin
- Department of preoperative medicine university hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; EA-7281, R2D2, Auvergne University, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alexandre Demoule
- Inserm, UMRS1158 neurophysiologie respiratoire expérimentale et clinique Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris France; AP-HP, groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles-Foix, service de pneumologie et réanimation médicale du département R3S, Sorbonne Université Paris, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Diehl
- Medical ICU, Georges-Pompidou European Hospital, AP-HP, 75016 Paris, France; Inserm UMR-S1140 Paris Descartes University and Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Grégoire Guinot
- Anaesthesiology and critical care department, Amiens University Hospital, place Victor-Pauchet, 80054 Amiens, France; Inserm, U1088, Jules-Verne University of Picardy, 80054 Amiens, France
| | - Franck Jegoux
- Service ORL et chirurgie cervico-maxillofaciale, CHU de Pontchaillou, rue H.-Le-Guilloux, 35033 Rennes cedex 9, France
| | - Erwan L'Her
- CeSim/LaTIM Inserm, UMR 1101, université de Bretagne Occidentale, rue Camille-Desmoulins, 29200 Brest cedex, France; Médecine intensive et réanimation CHRU de Brest, boulevard Tanguy-Prigent, 29200 Brest cedex, France
| | - Charles-Edouard Luyt
- Service de réanimation, groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75013 Paris, France; Inserm, UMRS-1166, UPMC, université Paris 06, ICAN, institute of cardiometabolism and nutrition sorbonne universités, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Yazine Mahjoub
- Department of anesthesia and intensive care, Amiens-Picardie, university Hospital, 80054 Amiens, France
| | - Julien Mayaux
- Inserm, UMRS1158 neurophysiologie respiratoire expérimentale et clinique Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris France; AP-HP, groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles-Foix, service de pneumologie et réanimation médicale du département R3S, Sorbonne Université Paris, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Hervé Quintard
- Réanimation médico-chirurgicale, hôpital Pasteur 2, CHU de Nice, 30, voie Romaine, 06000 Nice, France; CNRS, UMR 7275, IPMC, 06560 Sophia Antipolis Valbonne, France
| | - François Ravat
- Centre des brûlés, centre hospitalier St-Joseph et St-Luc, 20, quai Claude-Bernard, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Sébastien Vergez
- ORL chirurgie cervicofaciale, CHU de Toulouse, Rangueil-Larrey, 24, chemin de Pouvourville, 31059 Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - Julien Amour
- Département d'anesthésie et de réanimation chirurgicale, institut de cardiologie, groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Max Guillot
- EA 3072, FMTS université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, hôpital de Hautepierre, réanimation médicale, avenue Molière, 67200 Strasbourg, France.
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26
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Trouillet JL, Collange O, Belafia F, Blot F, Capellier G, Cesareo E, Constantin JM, Demoule A, Diehl JL, Guinot PG, Jegoux F, L'Her E, Luyt CE, Mahjoub Y, Mayaux J, Quintard H, Ravat F, Vergez S, Amour J, Guillot M. Tracheotomy in the intensive care unit: guidelines from a French expert panel. Ann Intensive Care 2018; 8:37. [PMID: 29546588 PMCID: PMC5854567 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-018-0381-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tracheotomy is widely used in intensive care units, albeit with great disparities between medical teams in terms of frequency and modality. Indications and techniques are, however, associated with variable levels of evidence based on inhomogeneous or even contradictory literature. Our aim was to conduct a systematic analysis of the published data in order to provide guidelines. We present herein recommendations for the use of tracheotomy in adult critically ill patients developed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) method. These guidelines were conducted by a group of experts from the French Intensive Care Society (Société de Réanimation de Langue Française) and the French Society of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine (Société Francaise d'Anesthésie Réanimation) with the participation of the French Emergency Medicine Association (Société Française de Médecine d'Urgence), the French Society of Otorhinolaryngology. Sixteen experts and two coordinators agreed to consider questions concerning tracheotomy and its practical implementation. Five topics were defined: indications and contraindications for tracheotomy in intensive care, tracheotomy techniques in intensive care, modalities of tracheotomy in intensive care, management of patients undergoing tracheotomy in intensive care, and decannulation in intensive care. The summary made by the experts and the application of GRADE methodology led to the drawing up of 8 formal guidelines, 10 recommendations, and 3 treatment protocols. Among the 8 formal guidelines, 2 have a high level of proof (Grade 1+/-) and 6 a low level of proof (Grade 2+/-). For the 10 recommendations, GRADE methodology was not applicable and instead 10 expert opinions were produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Louis Trouillet
- Service de Réanimation, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Collange
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Pôle d'Anesthésie-Réanimation Chirurgicale, SAMU, SMUR, NHC, 1 Place de l'Hôpital, 67000, Strasbourg, France.,EA 3072, FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Fouad Belafia
- Intensive Care Unit and Department of Anesthesiology, Research Unit INSERM U1046, University of Montpellier Saint Eloi Hospital and Montpellier School of Medicine, Montpellier, France
| | - François Blot
- Medical-Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Gilles Capellier
- CHRU Besançon 25000, EA3920 Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.,Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Eric Cesareo
- SAMU de Lyon and Department of Emergency Medicine, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France.,Lyon Sud School of Medicine, University Lyon 1, Oullins, France
| | - Jean-Michel Constantin
- Department of Preoperative Medicine, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,R2D2, EA-7281, Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alexandre Demoule
- INSERM, UMRS1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique; AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Service de Pneumologie et Réanimation Médicale du Département R3S, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Diehl
- Medical ICU, AP-HP, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S1140, Paris Descartes University and Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Grégoire Guinot
- Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Department, Amiens University Hospital, Place Victor Pauchet, 80054, Amiens, France.,INSERM U1088, Jules Verne University of Picardy, 80054, Amiens, France
| | - Franck Jegoux
- Service ORL et Chirurgie Cervico-maxillo-Faciale, CHU PONTCHAILLOU, Rue H. Le Guilloux, 35033, Rennes Cedex 9, France
| | - Erwan L'Her
- CeSim/LaTIM INSERM UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Rue Camille Desmoulins, 29200, Brest Cedex, France.,Médecine Intensive et Réanimation, CHRU de Brest, Boulevard Tanguy Prigent, 29200, Brest Cedex, France
| | - Charles-Edouard Luyt
- Service de Réanimation, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, UMRS-1166, ICAN Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Yazine Mahjoub
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Amiens-Picardie University Hospital, Amiens, France
| | - Julien Mayaux
- INSERM, UMRS1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique; AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Service de Pneumologie et Réanimation Médicale du Département R3S, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Quintard
- Réanimation médico chirurgicale Hôpital Pasteur 2 CHU de Nice, 30 voie romaine, 06000, Nice, France.,CNRS UMR 7275, IPMC Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| | - François Ravat
- Centre des brûlés, Centre Hospitalier St Joseph et St Luc, 20 quai Claude Bernard, 69007, Lyon, France
| | - Sebastien Vergez
- ORL Chirurgie Cervicofaciale, CHU Toulouse Rangueil-Larrey, 24 chemin de Pouvourville, 31059, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Julien Amour
- Département d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation Chirurgicale, Institut de Cardiologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Max Guillot
- EA 3072, FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France. .,Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Réanimation Médicale, Avenue Molière, 67200, Strasbourg, France.
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L'Her E, Dias P, Gouillou M, Riou A, Souquiere L, Paleiron N, Archambault P, Bouchard PA, Lellouche F. Automaticversusmanual oxygen administration in the emergency department. Eur Respir J 2017; 50:50/1/1602552. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02552-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen is commonly administered in hospitals, with poor adherence to treatment recommendations.We conducted a multicentre randomised controlled study in patients admitted to the emergency department requiring O2≥3 L·min−1. Patients were randomised to automated closed-loop or manual O2titration during 3 h. Patients were stratified according to arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) (hypoxaemicPaCO2≤45 mmHg; or hypercapnicPaCO2>45–≤55 mmHg) and study centre. Arterial oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry (SpO2) goals were 92–96% for hypoxaemic, or 88–92% for hypercapnic patients. Primary outcome was % time withinSpO2target. Secondary endpoints were hypoxaemia and hyperoxia prevalence, O2weaning, O2duration and hospital length of stay.187 patients were randomised (93 automated, 94 manual) and baseline characteristics were similar between the groups. Time within theSpO2target was higher under automated titration (81±21%versus51±30%, p<0.001). Time with hypoxaemia (3±9%versus5±12%, p=0.04) and hyperoxia under O2(4±9%versus22±30%, p<0.001) were lower with automated titration. O2could be weaned at the end of the study in 14.1%versus4.3% patients in the automated and manual titration group, respectively (p<0.001). O2duration during the hospital stay was significantly reduced (5.6±5.4versus7.1±6.3 days, p=0.002).Automated O2titration in the emergency department improved oxygenation parameters and adherence to guidelines, with potential clinical benefits.
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Basset A, Nowak E, Castellant P, Gut-Gobert C, Le Gal G, L'Her E. Development of a clinical prediction score for congestive heart failure diagnosis in the emergency care setting: The Brest score. Am J Emerg Med 2016; 34:2277-2283. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2016.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Lellouche F, L'Her E, Bouchard PA, Brouillard C, Maltais F. Automatic Oxygen Titration During Walking in Subjects With COPD: A Randomized Crossover Controlled Study. Respir Care 2016; 61:1456-1464. [DOI: 10.4187/respcare.04406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Lellouche F, Bouchard PA, Roberge M, Simard S, L'Her E, Maltais F, Lacasse Y. Automated oxygen titration and weaning with FreeO2 in patients with acute exacerbation of COPD: a pilot randomized trial. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2016; 11:1983-90. [PMID: 27601891 PMCID: PMC5003517 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s112820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction We developed a device (FreeO2) that automatically adjusts the oxygen flow rates based on patients’ needs, in order to limit hyperoxia and hypoxemia and to automatically wean them from oxygen. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using FreeO2 in patients hospitalized in the respiratory ward for an acute exacerbation of COPD. Methods We conducted a randomized controlled trial comparing FreeO2 vs manual oxygen titration in the respiratory ward of a university hospital. We measured the perception of appropriateness of oxygen titration and monitoring in both groups by nurses and attending physicians using a Likert scale. We evaluated the time in the target range of oxygen saturation (SpO2) as defined for each patient by the attending physician, the time with severe desaturation (SpO2 <85%), and the time with hyperoxia (SpO2 >5% above the target). We also recorded length of stay, intensive care unit admissions, and readmission rate. Fifty patients were randomized (25 patients in both groups; mean age: 72±8 years; mean forced expiratory volume in 1 second: 1.00±0.49 L; and mean initial O2 flow 2.0±1.0 L/min). Results Nurses and attending physicians felt that oxygen titration and monitoring were equally appropriate with both O2 administration systems. The percentage of time within the SpO2 target was significantly higher with FreeO2, and the time with severe desaturation and hyperoxia was significantly reduced with FreeO2. Time from study inclusion to hospital discharge was 5.8±4.4 days with FreeO2 and 8.4±6.0 days with usual oxygen administration (P=0.051). Conclusion FreeO2 was deemed as an appropriate oxygen administration system by nurses and physicians of a respiratory unit. This system maintained SpO2 at the target level better than did manual titration and reduced periods of desaturation and hyperoxia. Our results also suggest that FreeO2 has the potential to reduce the hospital length of stay.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Serge Simard
- Research Centre; Biostatistics Department, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University
| | - Erwan L'Her
- Research Centre; Emergency Medicine, Hôtel-Dieu de Lévis, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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Cherif S, Pastor D, L'Her E. Detection of artifacts on photoplethysmography signals using random distortion testing. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2016; 2016:6214-6217. [PMID: 28269671 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2016.7592148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we describe a novel method based on waveform morphology for detecting artifacts in photoplethysmography (PPG) signals and, thus, improve reliability of PPG. By considering inter-individual and measure condition variability, specific parameters are estimated for each record. We introduce a novel metric for comparing pulses, which is the derivative of the correlation coefficient. Then, we propose a detection method based on Random Distortion Testing (RDT), to perform adaptive threasholding for each record. The results show that the proposed method provides pertinent detection of pulses with artifacts. Tested on 104 PPG records, the mean of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were 84 ± 16%, 83 ± 12% and 83 ± 8%, respectively.
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Reydel T, Callahan JC, Verley L, Teiten C, Andreotti C, Claessens YE, Missud D, L'Her E, Le Roux G, Lerolle N. Routine biological tests in self-poisoning patients: results from an observational prospective multicenter study. Am J Emerg Med 2016; 34:1383-8. [PMID: 27117657 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Routine biological tests are frequently ordered in self-poisoning patients, but their clinical relevance is poorly studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a prospective multicentric observational study conducted in the emergency departments and intensive care units of 5 university and nonuniversity French hospitals. Adult self-poisoning patients without severely altered vital status on admission were prospectively included. RESULTS Routine biological test (serum electrolytes and creatinine, liver enzymes, bilirubin, blood cell count, prothrombin time) ordering and results were analyzed. A total of 1027 patients were enrolled (age, 40.2 ± 14 years; women, 61.5%); no patient died during the hospital stay. Benzodiazepine was suspected in more than 70% of cases; 65% (range, 48%-80%) of patients had at least 1 routine biological test performed. At least 1 abnormal test was registered in 23% of these patients. Three factors were associated with abnormal test results: age older than 40 years, male sex, and poisoning with a drug known to alter routine tests (ie, acetaminophen, NSAIDs, metformine, lithium). Depending on these factors, abnormal results ranged from 14% to 48%. Unexpected severe life-threatening conditions were recorded in 6 patients. Only 3 patients were referred to the intensive care unit solely because of abnormal test results. CONCLUSION Routine biological tests are commonly prescribed in nonsevere self-poisoning patients. Abnormal results are frequent but their relevance at bedside remains limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Reydel
- Angers University, Angers, France; Department of Medical Intensive Care and Hyperbaric Medicine, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France
| | | | - Laurent Verley
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Saint Malo Hospital, Saint Malo, France
| | - Christelle Teiten
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brest University Hospital, Brest, France
| | - Christophe Andreotti
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Cochin University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Yann Erick Claessens
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Princesse Grace, Principauté de, Monaco
| | - David Missud
- Clinical Research Center, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Erwan L'Her
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brest University Hospital, Brest, France
| | - Gael Le Roux
- Poison Center, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Nicolas Lerolle
- Angers University, Angers, France; Department of Medical Intensive Care and Hyperbaric Medicine, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France.
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Prat G, Guinard S, Bizien N, Nowak E, Tonnelier JM, Alavi Z, Renault A, Boles JM, L'Her E. Can lung ultrasonography predict prone positioning response in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients? J Crit Care 2015; 32:36-41. [PMID: 26806842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose was to assess whether lung ultrasonography (L-US) is a useful tool in prediction of prone positioning (PP) oxygenation response in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). METHODS In a prospective study, 19 ARDS patients were included for assessment of PP oxygenation response. The latter was assessed for at least 12 hours 6 different ultrasonography windows were performed on each hemithorax before prone (H0, H2, H12 before return to supine and at H14 (2 hours after return to supine). Patients were classified into 2 groups (responders / non responders) according their oxygenation response to PP. Ultrasonography videos were blindly evaluated by 3 expert clinicians to classify lung regions as "normal", "moderate loss of aeration," "severe loss of aeration," or "lung consolidation." Oxygenation parameters were collected at H0, H2, and H14. RESULTS Association of each lung region aspect to PP oxygenation response was compared between the 2 groups. The normal aspect of the anterobasal regions was significantly associated with the oxygenation response (P = .0436), with a positive predictive value equal to or near 100%. DISCUSSION Our results demonstrated that a simple and short L-US examination could be a useful tool in prediction of PP oxygenation response in ARDS patients. A normal L-US pattern of both anterobasal lung regions in supine position may predict a significant PaO2/FIO2 ratio improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenaël Prat
- Réanimation Médicale, CHRU de la Cavale Blanche, Bvd Tanguy-Prigent, 29609 Brest Cedex, France.
| | - Solène Guinard
- Réanimation Médicale, CHRU de la Cavale Blanche, Bvd Tanguy-Prigent, 29609 Brest Cedex, France.
| | - Nicolas Bizien
- Réanimation Médicale, CHRU de la Cavale Blanche, Bvd Tanguy-Prigent, 29609 Brest Cedex, France.
| | - Emmanuel Nowak
- UBO, CIC INSERM 1412, CHRU de la Cavale Blanche, Bvd Tanguy-Prigent, 29609 Brest Cedex, France.
| | - Jean-Marie Tonnelier
- Réanimation Médicale, CHRU de la Cavale Blanche, Bvd Tanguy-Prigent, 29609 Brest Cedex, France.
| | - Zarrin Alavi
- UBO, CIC INSERM 1412, CHRU de la Cavale Blanche, Bvd Tanguy-Prigent, 29609 Brest Cedex, France.
| | - Anne Renault
- Réanimation Médicale, CHRU de la Cavale Blanche, Bvd Tanguy-Prigent, 29609 Brest Cedex, France.
| | - Jean-Michel Boles
- Réanimation Médicale, CHRU de la Cavale Blanche, Bvd Tanguy-Prigent, 29609 Brest Cedex, France.
| | - Erwan L'Her
- Réanimation Médicale, CHRU de la Cavale Blanche, Bvd Tanguy-Prigent, 29609 Brest Cedex, France; LATIM INSERM UMR1101, CHRU de Brest, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 29200 Brest, France.
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L'Her E, Dias P, Gouillou M, Paleiron N, Archambault P, Bouchard PA, Lellouche F. Automation of oxygen titration in patients with acute respiratory distress at the emergency department. A multicentric international randomised controlled study. Intensive Care Med Exp 2015. [PMCID: PMC4796761 DOI: 10.1186/2197-425x-3-s1-a424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Grillet G, Marjanovic N, Diverrez JM, Tattevin P, Tadié JM, L'Her E. Intensive care medical procedures are more complicated, more stressful, and less comfortable with Ebola personal protective equipment: A simulation study. J Infect 2015; 71:703-6. [PMID: 26391677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Grillet
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et de Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Pontchaillou, rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Nicolas Marjanovic
- Service d'Accueil des Urgences, Hôpital de la Cavale Blanche, 29200 Brest, France.
| | - Jean-Marc Diverrez
- Institut de Recherche Technologique B-Com, 25 rue Claude Chappe, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - Pierre Tattevin
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et de Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Pontchaillou, rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Jean-Marc Tadié
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et de Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Pontchaillou, rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Erwan L'Her
- Institut de Recherche Technologique B-Com, 25 rue Claude Chappe, 29280 Plouzané, France; Service de Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital de la Cavale Blanche, 29200 Brest, France; Centre de Simulation en Santé, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, LATIM INSERM UMR 1101, Brest, France.
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Léon K, Pichavant-Rafini K, Ollivier H, L'Her E. Effect of Induced Mild Hypothermia on Acid-Base Balance During Experimental Acute Sepsis in Rats. Ther Hypothermia Temp Manag 2015; 5:163-70. [DOI: 10.1089/ther.2015.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Karelle Léon
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Mouvement, Sport, Santé EA 1274, Université de Brest, Brest, France
- Laboratoire ORPHY EA 4324, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Université de Brest, Brest, France
| | - Karine Pichavant-Rafini
- Laboratoire ORPHY EA 4324, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Université de Brest, Brest, France
| | - Hélène Ollivier
- Laboratoire ORPHY EA 4324, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Université de Brest, Brest, France
| | - Erwan L'Her
- Réanimation Médicale, Pôle ARSIBOU, CHRU de Brest, Brest, France
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Léon K, Pichavant-Rafini K, Ollivier H, Monbet V, L'Her E. Does Induction Time of Mild Hypothermia Influence the Survival Duration of Septic Rats? Ther Hypothermia Temp Manag 2015; 5:85-8. [DOI: 10.1089/ther.2014.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Karelle Léon
- Laboratory Mouvement, Sport, Santé, Université de Brest, Brest, France
- Laboratory ORPHY, Université de Brest, Brest, France
| | | | | | - Valérie Monbet
- Laboratory IRMAR (VM), Université de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Erwan L'Her
- Réanimation Médicale (ELH), Pôle ARSIBOU, CHRU de Brest, Brest, France
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L'Her E, Roy A, Marjanovic N. Bench-test comparison of 26 emergency and transport ventilators. Crit Care 2014; 18:506. [PMID: 25672675 PMCID: PMC4197290 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-014-0506-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Numerous emergency and transport ventilators are commercialized and new generations arise constantly. The aim of this study was to evaluate a large panel of ventilators to allow clinicians to choose a device, taking into account their specificities of use. Methods This experimental bench-test took into account general characteristics and technical performances. Performances were assessed under different levels of FIO2 (100%, 50% or Air-Mix), respiratory mechanics (compliance 30,70,120 mL/cmH2O; resistance 5,10,20 cmH2O/mL/s), and levels of leaks (3.5 to 12.5 L/min), using a test lung. Results In total 26 emergency and transport ventilators were analyzed and classified into four categories (ICU-like, n = 5; Sophisticated, n = 10; Simple, n = 9; Mass-casualty and military, n = 2). Oxygen consumption (7.1 to 15.8 L/min at FIO2 100%) and the Air-Mix mode (FIO2 45 to 86%) differed from one device to the other. Triggering performance was heterogeneous, but several sophisticated ventilators depicted triggering capabilities as efficient as ICU-like ventilators. Pressurization was not adequate for all devices. At baseline, all the ventilators were able to synchronize, but with variations among respiratory conditions. Leak compensation in most ICU-like and 4/10 sophisticated devices was able to correct at least partially for system leaks, but with variations among ventilators. Conclusion Major differences were observed between devices and categories, either in terms of general characteristics or technical reliability, across the spectrum of operation. Huge variability of tidal volume delivery with some devices in response to modifications in respiratory mechanics and FIO2 should make clinicians question their use in the clinical setting. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13054-014-0506-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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L'Her E. [A Serious Game for the prevention of risks in the home]. Rev Infirm 2014:23-24. [PMID: 26050400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A Serious Game is a tool based on new technologies. It encompasses the notion of entertainment and learning. It has several purposes and is aimed at professionals as well as the general public. It can be used for educational purposes and integrated into training programmes.
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Léon K, Moisan C, Amérand A, Poupon G, L'Her E. Effect of induced mild hypothermia on two pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative parameters during experimental acute sepsis. Redox Rep 2014; 18:120-6. [PMID: 23746123 DOI: 10.1179/1351000213y.0000000049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effect of induced mild hypothermia (34°C) on the production of two cytokines (interleukin (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha) and reactive nitrogen and oxygen species in plasma and the heart of acutely septic rats. After anesthesia and in conditions of normothermia (38°C) or mild hypothermia (34°C), acute sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and perforation. For each temperature three groups were formed: (1) baseline (blood sample collected at T0 hour), (2) sham (blood sample at T4 hours) and (3) septic (blood sample at T4 hours). At either temperature sepsis induced a significant increase in plasma IL-6, TNF-alpha and HO• concentration, compared with the sham groups (P≤0.016). Compared with the normothermic septic group, septic rats exposed to mild hypothermia showed a mild decrease in TNF-alpha concentration (104±50 pg/ml vs. 215±114 pg/ml; P>0.05) and a significant decrease in IL-6 (1131±402 pg/ml vs. 2494±691 pg/ml, P=0.038). At either temperature sepsis induced no enhancement within the heart of lipoperoxidation (malondialdehyde content) or antioxidant activities (superoxide dismutase and catalase). In conclusion, during acute sepsis, induced mild hypothermia appears to reduce some pro-inflammatory and oxidative responses. This may, in part, explain the beneficial effect of hypothermia on survival duration of septic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karelle Léon
- Laboratoire ORPHY EA 4324, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Brest, France.
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Bojmehrani A, Bergeron-Duchesne M, Bouchard C, Simard S, Bouchard PA, Vanderschuren A, L'Her E, Lellouche F. Comparison of usual and alternative methods to measure height in mechanically ventilated patients: potential impact on protective ventilation. Respir Care 2013; 59:1025-33. [PMID: 24255160 DOI: 10.4187/respcare.02732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protective ventilation implementation requires the calculation of predicted body weight (PBW), determined by a formula based on gender and height. Consequently, height inaccuracy may be a limiting factor to correctly set tidal volumes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of different methods in measuring heights in mechanically ventilated patients. METHODS Before cardiac surgery, actual height was measured with a height gauge while subjects were standing upright (reference method); the height was also estimated by alternative methods based on lower leg and forearm measurements. After cardiac surgery, upon ICU admission, a subject's height was visually estimated by a clinician and then measured with a tape measure while the subject was supine and undergoing mechanical ventilation. RESULTS One hundred subjects (75 men, 25 women) were prospectively included. Mean PBW was 61.0 ± 9.7 kg, and mean actual weight was 30.3% higher. In comparison with the reference method, estimating the height visually and using the tape measure were less accurate than both lower leg and forearm measurements. Errors above 10% in calculating the PBW were present in 25 and 40 subjects when the tape measure or visual estimation of height was used in the formula, respectively. With lower leg and forearm measurements, 15 subjects had errors above 10% (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that significant variability exists between the different methods used to measure height in bedridden patients on mechanical ventilation. Alternative methods based on lower leg and forearm measurements are potentially interesting solutions to facilitate the accurate application of protective ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Bojmehrani
- Centre de Recherche, l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Maude Bergeron-Duchesne
- Centre de Recherche, l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Carmelle Bouchard
- Centre de Recherche, l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Serge Simard
- Centre de Recherche, l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre-Alexandre Bouchard
- Centre de Recherche, l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Abel Vanderschuren
- Centre de Recherche, l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Erwan L'Her
- Centre de Recherche, l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - François Lellouche
- Centre de Recherche, l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada.
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Marjanovic N, Le Floch S, Jaffrelot M, L'Her E. Evaluation of manual and automatic manually triggered ventilation performance and ergonomics using a simulation model. Respir Care 2013; 59:735-42. [PMID: 24170912 DOI: 10.4187/respcare.02557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the absence of endotracheal intubation, the manual bag-valve-mask (BVM) is the most frequently used ventilation technique during resuscitation. The efficiency of other devices has been poorly studied. The bench-test study described here was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of an automatic, manually triggered system, and to compare it with manual BVM ventilation. METHODS A respiratory system bench model was assembled using a lung simulator connected to a manikin to simulate a patient with unprotected airways. Fifty health-care providers from different professional groups (emergency physicians, residents, advanced paramedics, nurses, and paramedics; n = 10 per group) evaluated manual BVM ventilation, and compared it with an automatic manually triggered device (EasyCPR). Three pathological situations were simulated (restrictive, obstructive, normal). Standard ventilation parameters were recorded; the ergonomics of the system were assessed by the health-care professionals using a standard numerical scale once the recordings were completed. RESULTS The tidal volume fell within the standard range (400-600 mL) for 25.6% of breaths (0.6-45 breaths) using manual BVM ventilation, and for 28.6% of breaths (0.3-80 breaths) using the automatic manually triggered device (EasyCPR) (P < .0002). Peak inspiratory airway pressure was lower using the automatic manually triggered device (EasyCPR) (10.6 ± 5 vs 15.9 ± 10 cm H2O, P < .001). The ventilation rate fell consistently within the guidelines, in the case of the automatic manually triggered device (EasyCPR) only (10.3 ± 2 vs 17.6 ± 6, P < .001). Significant pulmonary overdistention was observed when using the manual BVM device during the normal and obstructive sequences. The nurses and paramedics considered the ergonomics of the automatic manually triggered device (EasyCPR) to be better than those of the manual device. CONCLUSIONS The use of an automatic manually triggered device may improve ventilation efficiency and decrease the risk of pulmonary overdistention, while decreasing the ventilation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Marjanovic
- Emergency Department, Pôle Arsibou, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de la Cavale Blanche, 29609 Brest, France
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Nguyen BV, Prat G, Vincent JL, Nowak E, Bizien N, Tonnelier JM, Renault A, Ould-Ahmed M, Boles JM, L'Her E. Determination of the learning curve for ultrasound-guided jugular central venous catheter placement. Intensive Care Med 2013; 40:66-73. [PMID: 23974524 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-013-3069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Use of ultrasound (US) when introducing central venous catheters (CVC) may improve success rates, reduce the number of needle punctures, and decrease complication rates, but has been hampered by supposed difficulty in learning how to perform the technique. This study describes the learning curve for US-guided jugular CVC placement after a training program. METHODS After an initial slide presentation and a video, intensivists who had not previously used US for CVC placement were evaluated qualitatively for US set up (score S1) and technical skills (score S2). Quantitative measures included durations of different components of the procedure (T1, time from entry of the US into the patient's room to sterile dressing of the intensivist; T2, time needed for sterile drapes, venous line preparation, and sterile sheath placement; T3, time from skin puncture to venous flashback; T4, time from guide insertion to dressing; T(tot), total duration of the procedure); number of skin punctures; and a difficulty score allocated by the intensivist. RESULTS We performed 150 evaluations of 30 intensivists: 50% had no prior experience of CVC placement and 50% no prior US experience. Maximal S1 and S2 scores were obtained with the fourth and eighth placement procedures, respectively. T1 and T2 did not change with ongoing training (5 and 8 min, respectively), but T3 and T4 decreased, from 5 min (first procedure) to less than 1 min (seventh procedure), and from 10 min (first procedure) to 7 min (sixth procedure), respectively. T(tot) decreased from 34 to 21 min at the eighth procedure. The number of skin punctures and the difficulty score decreased rapidly with the number of evaluations. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that skills in US-guided CVC placement can easily be acquired with training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ba-Vinh Nguyen
- Réanimation Médicale, CHRU de La Cavale Blanche, Bvd Tanguy-Prigent, 29609, Brest Cedex, France,
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Tonnelier A, Lellouche F, Bouchard PA, L'Her E. Impact of humidification and nebulization during expiratory limb protection: an experimental bench study. Respir Care 2012; 58:1315-22. [PMID: 23232732 DOI: 10.4187/respcare.01785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different filtering devices are used during mechanical ventilation to avoid dysfunction of flow and pressure transducers or for airborne microorganisms containment. Water condensates, resulting from the use of humidifiers, but also residual nebulization particles may have a major influence on expiratory limb resistance. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the influence of nebulization and active humidification on the resistance of expiratory filters. METHODS A respiratory system analog was constructed using a test lung, an ICU ventilator, heated humidifiers, and a piezoelectric nebulizer. Humidifiers were connected to different types of circuits (unheated, mono-heated, new-generation and old-generation bi-heated). Five filter types were evaluated: electrostatic, heat-and-moisture exchanger, standard, specific, and internal heated high-efficiency particulate air [HEPA] filter. Baseline characteristics were obtained from each dry filter. Differential pressure measurements were carried out after 24 hours of continuous in vitro use for each condition, and after 24 hours of use with an old-generation bi-heated circuit without nebulization. RESULTS While using unheated circuits, measurements had to be interrupted before 24 hours for all the filtering devices except the internal heated HEPA filter. The heat-and-moisture exchangers occluded before 24 hours with the unheated and mono-heated circuits. The circuit type, nebulization practice, and duration of use did not influence the internal heated HEPA filter resistance. CONCLUSION Expiratory limb filtration is likely to induce several major adverse events. Expiratory filter resistance increase is due mainly to the humidification circuit type, rather than to nebulization. If filtration is mandatory while using an unheated circuit, a dedicated filter should be used for ≤ 24 hours, or a heated HEPA for a longer duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Tonnelier
- Réanimation Médicale et Urgences Adultes, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de la Cavale Blanche, Brest, France
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Deye N, Lellouche F, Maggiore SM, Taillé S, Demoule A, L'Her E, Galia F, Harf A, Mancebo J, Brochard L. The semi-seated position slightly reduces the effort to breathe during difficult weaning. Intensive Care Med 2012; 39:85-92. [PMID: 23093247 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-012-2727-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The influence of posture on breathing effort in patients with difficult weaning is unknown. We hypothesized that posture could modulate the breathing effort in difficult-to-wean patients. METHODS A prospective, crossover, physiologic study was performed in 24 intubated patients breathing with pressure support who had already failed a spontaneous breathing trial or an extubation episode. Their median duration of mechanical ventilation before measurements was 25 days. Breathing pattern, occlusion pressure (P (0.1)), intrinsic PEEP (PEEP(i)), and inspiratory muscle effort evaluated by the pressure-time product of the respiratory muscles and the work of breathing were measured during three postures: the seated position in bed (90°LD), simulating the position in a chair, the semi-seated (45°), and the supine (0°) positions consecutively applied in a random order. A comfort score was obtained in 17 cooperative patients. The influence of position on chest wall compliance was measured in another group of 11 sedated patients. RESULTS The 45° position was associated with the lowest levels of effort (p ≤ 0.01) and occlusion pressure (p < 0.05), and tended to be more often comfortable. Respiratory effort was the lowest at 45° in 18/24 patients. PEEP(i) and PEEP(i)-related work were slightly higher in the supine position (p ≤ 0.01), whereas respiratory effort, heart rate, and P (0.1) values were increased in the seated position (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION A 45° position helps to unload the respiratory muscles, moderately reduces PEEP(i), and is often considered as comfortable. The semi-seated position may help the weaning process in ventilator-dependent patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Deye
- Medical Intensive Care Unit (ICU), Henri Mondor University Hospital, AP-HP, Créteil, France.
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Ozier Y, Querellou E, Grimault O, L'Her E. [Current trends in plasma transfusion for patients with severe hemorrhage]. Transfus Clin Biol 2012; 19:154-8. [PMID: 23039954 DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2012.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent changes in plasma transfusion practices for severe hemorrhage are largely related to the recognition of an early endogenous coagulopathy associated with traumatic injury. Observational and mostly retrospective data suggest improved survival rates with high-dose plasma therapy, up to a 1:1 ratio of fresh frozen plasma to packed red blood cells, but the quality of evidence is limited. Putting it into practice raises many issues (early identification of patients at risk of massive bleeding, extrapolation to non-trauma settings, alternative or adjunctive treatments, among others) that are discussed in this brief review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ozier
- Département d'anesthésie-réanimation chirurgicale, pôle anesthésie-réanimations-soins intensifs-blocs opératoires-urgences, université de Bretagne Occidentale, hôpital de la Cavale-Blanche, CHRU de Brest, boulevard Tanguy-Prigent, 29609 Brest cedex, France.
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Girault C, Bubenheim M, Abroug F, Diehl JL, Elatrous S, Beuret P, Richecoeur J, L'Her E, Hilbert G, Capellier G, Rabbat A, Besbes M, Guérin C, Guiot P, Bénichou J, Bonmarchand G. Noninvasive ventilation and weaning in patients with chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure: a randomized multicenter trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 184:672-9. [PMID: 21680944 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201101-0035oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The use of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) as an early weaning/extubation technique from mechanical ventilation remains controversial. OBJECTIVES To investigate NIV effectiveness as an early weaning/extubation technique in difficult-to-wean patients with chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure (CHRF). METHODS In 13 intensive care units, 208 patients with CHRF intubated for acute respiratory failure (ARF) who failed a first spontaneous breathing trial were randomly assigned to three groups: conventional invasive weaning group (n = 69), extubation followed by standard oxygen therapy (n = 70), or NIV (n = 69). NIV was permitted as rescue therapy for both non-NIV groups if postextubation ARF occurred. Primary endpoint was reintubation within 7 days after extubation. Secondary endpoints were: occurrence of postextubation ARF or death within 7 days after extubation, use of rescue postextubation NIV, weaning time, and patient outcomes. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Reintubation rates were 30, 37, and 32% for invasive weaning, oxygen-therapy, and NIV groups, respectively (P = 0.654). Weaning failure rates, including postextubation ARF, were 54, 71, and 33%, respectively (P < 0.001). Rescue NIV success rates for invasive and oxygen-therapy groups were 45 and 58%, respectively (P = 0.386). By design, intubation duration was 1.5 days longer for the invasive group than in the two others. Apart from a longer weaning time in NIV than in invasive group (2.5 vs. 1.5 d; P = 0.033), no significant outcome difference was observed between groups. CONCLUSIONS No difference was found in the reintubation rate between the three weaning strategies. NIV decreases the intubation duration and may improve the weaning results in difficult-to-wean patients with CHRF by reducing the risk of postextubation ARF. The benefit of rescue NIV in these patients deserves confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Girault
- Department of Medical Intensive Care, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France.
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Tonnelier A, Tonnelier JM, Nowak E, Gut-Gobert C, Prat G, Renault A, Boles JM, L'Her E. Clinical Relevance of Classification According to Weaning Difficulty. Respir Care 2011; 56:583-90. [DOI: 10.4187/respcare.00842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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