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Mutlu E, Inanc M. Prognostic significance of inflammation scores in malignant mesothelioma. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2024; 28:2340-2350. [PMID: 38567597 DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202403_35741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The relationship between inflammatory markers and survival in many cancers has been investigated previously. Inflammatory markers may also offer the possibility of predicting surveillance in patients with malignant mesothelioma. Our study seeks to enhance comprehension of how variables such as the nutritional status and inflammation indices of malignant mesothelioma patients impact the disease's progression and prognosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS This study included patients who were treated at the Erciyes University Medical Oncology Clinic between 2010 and 2022 and diagnosed with malignant mesothelioma. This is a retrospective single-center cohort study. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis was applied to determine the inflammation markers' optimal cut-off values with high sensitivity and specificity. Patients were categorized based on these values. The differences in overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) between categorized groups were assessed using Log-rank curves and Kaplan-Meier tests. Multivariate analysis was performed using Cox regression analysis on statistically significant data. The relationship between inflammation markers and malignant mesothelioma survival was evaluated. RESULTS There are 115 patients in this study. Pre-treatment high neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) (HR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.12-2.83, p=0.04), high pan-immune inflammation value (PIIV) (HR: 2.01, 95% CI: 1.32-4.79, p=0.03), and high systemic inflammation response index (SIRI) (HR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.2-2.78, p=0.04) were associated with poor OS. Conversely, high advanced lung cancer inflammation index (ALI) (HR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.53-0.84, p=0.03) and high hemoglobin-albumin-lymphocyte and platelet (HALP) (HR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.23-0.78, p=0.02) were associated with favorable survival. CONCLUSIONS Our study investigated the prognostic value of various inflammation markers in malignant mesothelioma patients and suggests that composite formulas like NLR, PIIV, SIRI, ALI, and HALP that incorporate CBC cells and nutritional parameters like albumin, height, and weight could more consistently and accurately predict malignant mesothelioma prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mutlu
- Medical Oncology Department, Erciyes University Medical School, Kayseri, Turkey.
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Waidyanatha S, Collins BJ, Cristy T, Embry M, Gafner S, Johnson H, Kellogg J, Krzykwa J, Li S, Mitchell CA, Mutlu E, Pickett S, You H, Van Breemen R, Baker TR. Advancing botanical safety: A strategy for selecting, sourcing, and characterizing botanicals for developing toxicological tools. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 186:114537. [PMID: 38417538 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Increases in botanical use, encompassing herbal medicines and dietary supplements, have underlined a critical need for an advancement in safety assessment methodologies. However, botanicals present unique challenges for safety assessment due to their complex and variable composition arising from diverse growing conditions, processing methods, and plant varieties. Historically, botanicals have been largely evaluated based on their history of use information, based primarily on traditional use or dietary history. However, this presumption lacks comprehensive toxicological evaluation, demanding innovative and consistent assessment strategies. To address these challenges, the Botanical Safety Consortium (BSC) was formed as an international, cross-sector forum of experts to identify fit-for purpose assays that can be used to evaluate botanical safety. This global effort aims to assess botanical safety assessment methodologies, merging traditional knowledge with modern in vitro and in silico assays. The ultimate goal is to champion the development of toxicity tools for botanicals. This manuscript highlights: 1) BSC's strategy for botanical selection, sourcing, and preparation of extracts to be used in in vitro assays, and 2) the approach utilized to characterize botanical extracts, using green tea and Asian ginseng as examples, to build confidence for use in biological assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Bradley J Collins
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Michelle Embry
- Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Holly Johnson
- American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Josh Kellogg
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Julie Krzykwa
- Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Esra Mutlu
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Hong You
- Eurofins Botanical Testing US, Inc., Brea, CA, USA
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Johnson VJ, Rider CV, Luster MI, Brix A, Burleson GR, Cora M, Elmore SA, Frawley RP, Lopez FR, Mutlu E, Shockley KR, Pierfelice J, Burback B, Co CA, Germolec DR. Immunotoxicity of N-butylbenzenesulfonamide: impacts on immune function in adult mice and developmentally exposed rats. Toxicol Sci 2023; 196:71-84. [PMID: 37584675 PMCID: PMC10613960 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
N-butylbenzenesulfonamide (NBBS) is a high-production volume plasticizer that is an emerging contaminant of concern for environmental and human health. To understand the risks and health effects of exposure to NBBS, studies were conducted in adult-exposed mice and developmentally exposed rats to evaluate the potential for NBBS to modulate the immune system. Beginning between 8 and 9 weeks of age, dosed feed containing NBBS at concentrations of 0, 313, 625, 1250, 2500, and 5000 ppm was continuously provided to B6C3F1/N female mice for 28 days. Dosed feed was also continuously provided to time-mated Harlan Sprague Dawley (Sprague Dawley SD) rats at concentrations of 0-, 250-, 500-, and 1000-ppm NBBS from gestation day 6 to postnatal day 28 and in F1 rats until 11-14 weeks of age. Functional assessments of innate, humoral, and cell-mediated immunity were conducted in adult female mice and F1 rats following exposure to NBBS. In female mice, NBBS treatment suppressed the antibody-forming cell (AFC) response to SRBC with small increases in T-cell responses and natural killer (NK)-cell activity. In developmentally exposed rats, NBBS treatment-related immune effects were sex dependent. A positive trend in NK-cell activity occurred in male F1 rats while a negative trend occurred in female F1 rats. The AFC response to SRBC was decreased in female F1 rats but not in male F1 rats. These data provide evidence that oral exposure to NBBS has the potential to produce immunomodulatory effects on both innate and adaptive immune responses, and these effects appear to have some dependence on species, sex, and period of exposure (developmental vs adult).
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor J Johnson
- Burleson Research Technologies, Inc, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, United States
| | - Cynthia V Rider
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Michael I Luster
- Burleson Research Technologies, Inc, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, United States
| | - Amy Brix
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Gary R Burleson
- Burleson Research Technologies, Inc, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, United States
| | - Michelle Cora
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Susan A Elmore
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Rachel P Frawley
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Franklin R Lopez
- Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina 27703, United States
| | - Esra Mutlu
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Keith R Shockley
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | | | | | - Caroll A Co
- Social and Scientific Systems Inc., a DLH Holdings Corp Company, Durham, North Carolina 27703, United States
| | - Dori R Germolec
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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Smith-Roe SL, Swartz CD, Rashid A, Christy NC, Sly JE, Chang X, Sipes NS, Shockley KR, Harris SF, McBride SJ, Larson GJ, Collins BJ, Mutlu E, Witt KL. Evaluation of the herbicide glyphosate, (aminomethyl)phosphonic acid, and glyphosate-based formulations for genotoxic activity using in vitro assays. Environ Mol Mutagen 2023; 64:202-233. [PMID: 36880770 PMCID: PMC10266336 DOI: 10.1002/em.22534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate, the most heavily used herbicide world-wide, is applied to plants in complex formulations that promote absorption. The National Toxicology Program reported in 1992 that glyphosate, administered to rats and mice at doses up to 50,000 ppm in feed for 13 weeks, showed little evidence of toxicity, and no induction of micronuclei was observed in the mice in this study. Subsequently, mechanistic studies of glyphosate and glyphosate-based formulations (GBFs) that have focused on DNA damage and oxidative stress suggest that glyphosate may have genotoxic potential. However, few of these studies directly compared glyphosate to GBFs, or effects among GBFs. To address these data gaps, we tested glyphosate, glyphosate isopropylamine (IPA), and (aminomethyl)phosphonic acid (AMPA, a microbial metabolite of glyphosate), 9 high-use agricultural GBFs, 4 residential-use GBFs, and additional herbicides (metolachlor, mesotrione, and diquat dibromide) present in some of the GBFs in bacterial mutagenicity tests, and in human TK6 cells using a micronucleus assay and a multiplexed DNA damage assay. Our results showed no genotoxicity or notable cytotoxicity for glyphosate or AMPA at concentrations up to 10 mM, while all GBFs and herbicides other than glyphosate were cytotoxic, and some showed genotoxic activity. An in vitro to in vivo extrapolation of results for glyphosate suggests that it is of low toxicological concern for humans. In conclusion, these results demonstrate a lack of genotoxicity for glyphosate, consistent with observations in the NTP in vivo study, and suggest that toxicity associated with GBFs may be related to other components of these formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L. Smith-Roe
- Division of Translational Toxicology, NIEHS, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Carol D. Swartz
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC†, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina,
USA
| | - Asma Rashid
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC†, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina,
USA
| | - Nicholas C. Christy
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC†, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina,
USA
| | - Jamie E. Sly
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC†, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina,
USA
| | - Xiaoqing Chang
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC†, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina,
USA
| | - Nisha S. Sipes
- Division of Translational Toxicology, NIEHS, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Keith R. Shockley
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, NIEHS,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shawn F. Harris
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., Durham, North
Carolina, USA
| | | | - Gary J. Larson
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., Durham, North
Carolina, USA
| | - Bradley J. Collins
- Division of Translational Toxicology, NIEHS, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Esra Mutlu
- Division of Translational Toxicology, NIEHS, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kristine L. Witt
- Division of Translational Toxicology, NIEHS, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Mutlu E, Cristy T, Stiffler B, Waidyanatha S, Chartier R, Jetter J, Krantz T, Shen G, Champion W, Miller B, Richey J, Burback B, Rider CV. Do Storage Conditions Affect Collected Cookstove Emission Samples? Implications for Field Studies. ANAL LETT 2022; 56:1911-1931. [PMID: 37200484 PMCID: PMC10054858 DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2150772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cookstove emissions are a significant source of indoor air pollution in developing countries and rural communities world-wide. Considering that many research sites for evaluating cookstove emissions and interventions are remote and require potentially lengthy periods of particulate matter (PM) filter sample storage in sub-optimal conditions (e.g., lack of cold storage), an important question is whether samples collected in the field are stable over time. To investigate this, red oak was burned in a natural-draft stove, and fine PM (PM2.5) was collected on polytetrafluoroethylene filters. Filters were stored at either ambient temperature or more optimal conditions (-20°C or -80°C) for up to 3 months and extracted. The effects of storage temperature and length on stability were evaluated for measurements of extractable organic matter (EOM), PM2.5, and polycyclic aromatic compound (PAC) levels in the filter extracts. A parallel, controlled laboratory condition was also evaluated to further explore sources of variability. In general, PM2.5 and EOM in both simulated field and laboratory samples were similar regardless of the storage condition or duration. The extracts were also analyzed by gas chromatography to quantify 22 PACs and determine similarities and/or differences between the conditions. PAC levels were a more sensitive stability measure in differentiating between storage conditions. The findings suggest that measurements are relatively consistent across storage duration/temperatures for filter samples with relatively low EOM levels. This study aims to inform protocols and filter storage procedures for exposure and intervention research conducted in low- and middle-income countries where studies may be budget- and infrastructure-limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Mutlu
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, U.S. EPA, RTP, NC, USA
- Division of the Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of the Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Jim Jetter
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modelling, U.S. EPA, RTP, NC, USA
| | - Todd Krantz
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modelling, U.S. EPA, RTP, NC, USA
| | - Guofeng Shen
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modelling, U.S. EPA, RTP, NC, USA
| | - Wyatt Champion
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Postdoctoral Fellow at U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modelling, RTP, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Cynthia V. Rider
- Division of the Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Smith‐Roe SL, Garantziotis S, Church RL, Bemis JC, Torous DK, Shepard KG, Hobbs CA, Waidyanatha S, Mutlu E, Shockley KR, Kissling GE, McBride SJ, Xie G, Cristy T, Pierfelice J, Witt KL. A cross-sectional clinical study in women to investigate possible genotoxicity and hematological abnormalities related to the use of black cohosh botanical dietary supplements. Environ Mol Mutagen 2022; 63:389-399. [PMID: 36323641 PMCID: PMC10018809 DOI: 10.1002/em.22516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Black cohosh (BC; Actaea racemosa L.), a top-selling botanical dietary supplement, is marketed to women primarily to ameliorate a variety of gynecological symptoms. Due to widespread usage, limited safety information, and sporadic reports of hepatotoxicity, the Division of the National Toxicology Program (DNTP) initially evaluated BC extract in female rats and mice. Following administration of up to 1000 mg/kg/day BC extract by gavage for 90 days, dose-related increases in micronucleated peripheral blood erythrocytes were observed, along with a nonregenerative macrocytic anemia resembling megaloblastic anemia in humans. Because both micronuclei and megaloblastic anemia may signal disruption of folate metabolism, and inadequate folate levels in early pregnancy can adversely affect neurodevelopment, the DNTP conducted a pilot cross-sectional study comparing erythrocyte micronucleus frequencies, folate and B12 levels, and a variety of hematological and clinical chemistry parameters between women who used BC and BC-naïve women. Twenty-three women were enrolled in the BC-exposed group and 28 in the BC-naïve group. Use of any brand of BC-only supplement for at least 3 months was required for inclusion in the BC-exposed group. Supplements were analyzed for chemical composition to allow cross-product comparisons. All participants were healthy, with no known exposures (e.g., x-rays, certain medications) that could influence study endpoints. Findings revealed no increased micronucleus frequencies and no hematological abnormalities in women who used BC supplements. Although reassuring, a larger, prospective study with fewer confounders (e.g., BC product diversity and duration of use) providing greater power to detect subtle effects would increase confidence in these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L. Smith‐Roe
- Division of Translational ToxicologyNational Institute of Environmental Health SciencesResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Stavros Garantziotis
- Clinical Research Branch, Division of Intramural ResearchNational Institute of Environmental Health SciencesResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Rebecca L. Church
- Clinical Research Branch, Division of Intramural ResearchNational Institute of Environmental Health SciencesResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
| | | | | | - Kim G. Shepard
- Genetic and Molecular Toxicology ProgramIntegrated Laboratory Systems, LLC (an Inotiv Company)Research Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Cheryl A. Hobbs
- Genetic and Molecular Toxicology ProgramIntegrated Laboratory Systems, LLC (an Inotiv Company)Research Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of Translational ToxicologyNational Institute of Environmental Health SciencesResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Esra Mutlu
- Division of Translational ToxicologyNational Institute of Environmental Health SciencesResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Keith R. Shockley
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology BranchNational Institute of Environmental Health SciencesResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Grace E. Kissling
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology BranchNational Institute of Environmental Health SciencesResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Sandra J. McBride
- Social and Scientific Systems, Inc.A DLH Holdings CorpDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Guanhua Xie
- Social and Scientific Systems, Inc.A DLH Holdings CorpDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | | | | | - Kristine L. Witt
- Division of Translational ToxicologyNational Institute of Environmental Health SciencesResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
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Mutlu E, South N, Pierfelice J, Djonabaye A, Pauff M, Burback B, Waidyanatha S. Quantitation of Phenolic Benzotriazole Class Compounds in Plasma by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). ANAL LETT 2022; 55:2074-2088. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2044348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Esra Mutlu
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mindy Pauff
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Waidyanatha S, Cristy T, Pierfelice J, Andre JC, Burback B, Mutlu E. Working with the natural complexity: Selection and characterization of black cohosh root extract for use in toxicology testing. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 160:112769. [PMID: 34929352 PMCID: PMC9063431 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Black cohosh (Actaea racemosa L.) is a botanical supplement marketed to women of all ages. Due to paucity of data to assess the safe use, the National Toxicology Program (NTP) is evaluating the toxicity of black cohosh. The use of an authentic, quality material is imperative to generate robust data. Because botanical materials are complex mixtures with variable composition, the selection of a material is challenging. We describe selection and phytochemical characterization of an unformulated black cohosh root extract (i.e., an extract that serves as source material for a formulated product) to be used in the NTP assessments. A material was selected using a combination of non-targeted and targeted chemical analyses, including confirmation of authenticity, absence of contaminants and adulterants, and similarity to a popular black cohosh product used by consumers. Thirty-nine constituents covering three major classes, triterpene glycosides, phenolic acids, and alkaloids were identified. Among constituents quantified, triterpene glycosides made up approximately 4.7% (w/w) with total constituents quantified making up 5.8% (w/w) of the extract. Non-targeted chemical analysis followed by chemometric analysis of various materials sold as black cohosh, and reference materials for black cohosh and other Actaea species further confirmed the suitability of the selected extract for use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA,Correspondence: Suramya Waidyanatha, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Mail Drop K2-07, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709,
| | | | | | | | | | - Esra Mutlu
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Mutlu E, Pierfelice J, Cao Y, Djonabaye A, Gleason S, Burback B, Waidyanatha S. Development and Validation of an Analytical Method to Quantitate Hydroxycitric Acid, the Key Constituent in Garcinia cambogia Extract, in Rodent Plasma and Fetus. ANAL LETT 2021; 55:1382-1397. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2021.2005618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Esra Mutlu
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Yu Cao
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | | | | | - Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Huang MC, Willson CJ, Jaligama S, Baker GL, Singer AW, Cao Y, Pierfelice J, Mutlu E, Burback B, Xie G, Malarkey DE, Sparrow B, Ryan K, Stout M, Roberts GK. Whole-body inhalation exposure to 2-ethyltoluene for two weeks produced nasal lesions in rats and mice. Inhal Toxicol 2021; 33:334-346. [PMID: 34890527 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2021.2002480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ethyltoluenes are isolated during crude oil refinement for use in gasoline and commercial products and are ubiquitous in the environment. However, minimal toxicity data are available. Previously, we identified 2-ethyltoluene (2-ET) as the most potent isomer via nose-only inhalation exposure in rodents. Here, we expanded the hazard characterization of 2-ET in two rodent models using whole-body inhalation exposure and evaluated the role of prenatal exposure. METHODS Time-mated Hsd:Sprague Dawley® SD® rats were exposed to 0, 150, 300, 600, 900, or 1200 ppm 2-ET via inhalation starting on gestation day 6 until parturition. Rat offspring (n = 8/exposure/sex) were exposed to the same concentrations as the respective dams for 2 weeks after weaning. Adult male and female B6C3F1/N mice (n = 5/exposure/sex) were exposed to the same concentrations for 2 weeks. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Exposure to ≥600 ppm 2-ET produced acute toxicity in rats and mice characterized by large decreases in survival, body weight, adverse clinical observations, and diffuse nasal olfactory epithelium degeneration (rats) or necrosis (mice). Due to the early removal of groups ≥600 ppm, most endpoint evaluations focused on lower exposure groups. In 150 and 300 ppm exposure groups, reproductive performance and littering were not significantly changed and body weights in exposed rats and mice were 9-18% lower than controls. Atrophy of the olfactory epithelium and nerves was observed in all animals exposed to 150 and 300 ppm. These lesions were more severe in mice than in rats. CONCLUSION Nasal lesions were observed in all animals after whole-body exposure up to 600 ppm 2-ET for 2 weeks. Future studies should focus on 2-ET metabolism and distribution to better understand species differences and refine hazard characterization of this understudied environmental contaminant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelyn C Huang
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Yu Cao
- Battelle, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Esra Mutlu
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Guanhua Xie
- Social and Scientific Services, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David E Malarkey
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Kristen Ryan
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Matthew Stout
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Georgia K Roberts
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Mutlu E, Cao Y, Pierfelice J, Graber B, Burback B, Waidyanatha S. Validated Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Method for Simultaneous Quantitation of Tris(4-Chlorophenyl)Methane and Tris(4-Chlorophenyl)Methanol in Rat Plasma and Fetus. ANAL LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2021.1946554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Esra Mutlu
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Yu Cao
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | | | | | - Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Waidyanatha S, Mutlu E, Gibbs S, Pierfelice J, Smith JP, Burback B, Blystone CT. Phenolic benzotriazoles: a class comparison of toxicokinetics of ultraviolet-light absorbers in male rats. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:831-841. [PMID: 33952035 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.1927239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Phenolic benzotriazoles are ultraviolet-light absorbers used in a variety of industrial and consumer applications. We investigated the toxicokinetic behaviour of 9 compounds, covering unsubstituted, monosubstituted, disubstituted, and trisubstituted compounds, following a single gavage (30 and 300 mg/kg) and intravenous (IV) (2.25 mg/kg) administration in male rats.Following IV administration, no distinct pattern in plasma elimination was observed for the compounds with half-lives ranging from 15.4-84.8 h. Systemic exposure parameters, maximum concentration (Cmax) and area under the concentration time curve (AUC), generally increased with the degree of substitution.Following gavage administration, Cmax and AUC of unsubstituted compound were lower compared to the substituted compounds. Cmax and AUC increased ≤7-fold with a 10-fold increase in the dose except for the AUC of the unsubstituted compound where the increase was 30-fold. Plasma elimination half-lives for the class ranged from 1.57 to 192 h with the exception of 30 mg/kg drometrizole.Oral bioavailability was low with ∼ 6% estimated for unsubstituted compound and 12.8-23% for others at 30 mg/kg dose. Bioavailability was lower following administration of the higher dose.Taken collectively, these data point to low oral absorption of phenolic benzotriazoles. The absorption decreased with increasing dose. Substituted compounds may be less metabolized compared to the unsubstituted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Esra Mutlu
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Seth Gibbs
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | | | | | - Chad T Blystone
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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13
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Hsieh JH, Sedykh A, Mutlu E, Germolec DR, Auerbach SS, Rider CV. Harnessing In Silico, In Vitro, and In Vivo Data to Understand the Toxicity Landscape of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds (PACs). Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 34:268-285. [PMID: 33063992 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) are compounds with a minimum of two six-atom aromatic fused rings. PACs arise from incomplete combustion or thermal decomposition of organic matter and are ubiquitous in the environment. Within PACs, carcinogenicity is generally regarded to be the most important public health concern. However, toxicity in other systems (reproductive and developmental toxicity, immunotoxicity) has also been reported. Despite the large number of PACs identified in the environment, research attention to understand exposure and health effects of PACs has focused on a relatively limited subset, namely polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the PACs with only carbon and hydrogen atoms. To triage the rest of the vast number of PACs for more resource-intensive testing, we developed a data-driven approach to contextualize hazard characterization of PACs, by leveraging the available data from various data streams (in silico toxicity, in vitro activity, structural fingerprints, and in vivo data availability). The PACs were clustered on the basis of their in silico toxicity profiles containing predictions from 8 different categories (carcinogenicity, cardiotoxicity, developmental toxicity, genotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, and urinary toxicity). We found that PACs with the same parent structure (e.g., fluorene) could have diverse in silico toxicity profiles. In contrast, PACs with similar substituted groups (e.g., alkylated-PAHs) or heterocyclics (e.g., N-PACs) with varying ring sizes could have similar in silico toxicity profiles, suggesting that these groups are better candidates for toxicity read-across analysis. The clusters/regions associated with certain in silico toxicity, in vitro activity, and structural fingerprints were identified. We found that genotoxicity/carcinogenicity (in silico toxicity) and xenobiotic homeostasis and stress response (in vitro activity), respectively, dominate the toxicity/activity variation seen in the PACs. The "hot spots" with enriched toxicity/activity in conjunction with availability of in vivo carcinogenicity data revealed regions of either data-poor (hydroxylated-PAHs) or data-rich (unsubstituted, parent PAHs) PACs. These regions offer potential targets for prioritization of further in vivo assessment and for chemical read-across efforts. The analysis results are searchable through an interactive web application (https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/go/pacs_tableau), allowing for alternative hypothesis generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Hua Hsieh
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | | | - Esra Mutlu
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Dori R Germolec
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Scott S Auerbach
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Cynthia V Rider
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
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14
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Shockley KR, Cora MC, Malarkey DE, Jackson-Humbles D, Vallant M, Collins BJ, Mutlu E, Robinson VG, Waidyanatha S, Zmarowski A, Machesky N, Richey J, Harbo S, Cheng E, Patton K, Sparrow B, Dunnick JK. Comparative toxicity and liver transcriptomics of legacy and emerging brominated flame retardants following 5-day exposure in the rat. Toxicol Lett 2020; 332:222-234. [PMID: 32679240 PMCID: PMC7903589 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The relative toxicity of three legacy and six emerging brominated flame retardants* was studied in the male Harlan Sprague Dawley rat. The hepatocellular and thyroid toxicity of each flame retardant was evaluated following five-day exposure to each of the nine flame retardants (oral gavage in corn oil) at 0.1-1000 μmol/kg body weight per day. Histopathology and transcriptomic analysis were performed on the left liver lobe. Centrilobular hypertrophy of hepatocytes and increases in liver weight were seen following exposure to two legacy (PBDE-47, HBCD) and to one emerging flame retardant (HCDBCO). Total thyroxine (TT4) concentrations were reduced to the greatest extent after PBDE-47 exposure. The PBDE-47, decaBDE, and HBCD liver transcriptomes were characterized by upregulation of liver disease-related and/or metabolic transcripts. Fewer liver disease or metabolic transcript changes were detected for the other flame retardants studied (TBB, TBPH, TBBPA-DBPE, BTBPE, DBDPE, or HCDBCO). PBDE-47 exhibited the most disruption of hepatocellular toxic endpoints, with the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway transcripts upregulated to the greatest extent, although some activation of this pathway also occurred after decaBDE, HBCD, TBB, and HCBCO exposure. These studies provide information that can be used for prioritizing the need for more in-depth brominated flame retardant toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith R Shockley
- Biostatistics & Computational Biology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, United States
| | - Michelle C Cora
- Cellular & Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, United States
| | - David E Malarkey
- Cellular & Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, United States
| | - Daven Jackson-Humbles
- Cellular & Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, United States
| | - Molly Vallant
- Program Operations Branch, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, United States
| | - Brad J Collins
- Program Operations Branch, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, United States
| | - Esra Mutlu
- Program Operations Branch, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, United States
| | - Veronica G Robinson
- Program Operations Branch, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, United States
| | - Surayma Waidyanatha
- Program Operations Branch, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, United States
| | | | | | | | - Sam Harbo
- Battelle, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States
| | - Emily Cheng
- Battelle, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States
| | | | | | - June K Dunnick
- Toxicology Branch, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, United States.
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Waidyanatha S, Black SR, Croutch CR, Collins BJ, Silinski MAR, Kerns S, Sutherland V, Robinson VG, Aillon K, Fernando RA, Mutlu E, Fennell TR. Comparative toxicokinetics of bisphenol S and bisphenol AF in male rats and mice following repeated exposure via feed. Xenobiotica 2020; 51:210-221. [PMID: 32985913 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1829171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the plasma toxicokinetic behavior of free (parent) and total (parent and conjugated forms) of bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol AF (BPAF) in plasma of adult male rats and mice following exposure via feed for 7 days to BPS (338, 1125, and 3375 ppm) or BPAF (338, 1125, and 3750 ppm). In rats, the exposure concentration-normalized maximum concentration [Cmax/D (ng/mL)/(ppm)] and area under the concentration time curve [AUC/D (h × ng/mL)/(ppm)] for free was higher for BPS (Cmax/D: 0.476-1.02; AUC/D: 3.58-8.26) than for BPAF (Cmax/D: 0.017-0.037; AUC/D:0.196-0.436). In mice, the difference in systemic exposure parameters between free BPS (Cmax/D: 0.376-0.459; AUC/D: 1.52-2.54) and free BPAF (Cmax/D: 0.111-0.165; AUC/D:0.846-1.09) was marginal. Elimination half-lives for free analytes (4.41-10.4 h) were comparable between species and analogues. When systemic exposure to free analyte was compared between species, in rats, BPS exposure was slightly higher but BPAF exposure was much lower than in mice. BPS and BPAF were highly conjugated; total BPS AUC values (rats ≥18-fold, mice ≥17-fold) and BPAF (rats ≥127-fold, mice ≥16-fold) were higher than corresponding free values. Data demonstrated that there are analogue and species differences in the kinetics of BPS and BPAF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Sherry R Black
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Bradley J Collins
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Vicki Sutherland
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Veronica G Robinson
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Reshan A Fernando
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Esra Mutlu
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Timothy R Fennell
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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16
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Shockley KR, Cora MC, Malarkey DE, Jackson-Humbles D, Vallant M, Collins BJ, Mutlu E, Robinson VG, Waidyanatha S, Zmarowski A, Machesky N, Richey J, Harbo S, Cheng E, Patton K, Sparrow B, Dunnick JK. Transcriptomic data from the rat liver after five days of exposure to legacy or emerging brominated flame retardants. Data Brief 2020; 32:106136. [PMID: 32904430 PMCID: PMC7452714 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.106136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale gene expression analysis of legacy* and emerging** brominated flame retardants were conducted in the male Harlan Sprague Dawley rat [1]. Each animal was dosed for 5 days with the chemical at concentrations of 0.1 – 1000 μmol/kg body weight per day. Following the last dose, a specimen of the left liver was removed for RNA extraction. The amplified RNA (aRNA) was fragmented and then hybridized to Affymetrix Rat Genome 230 2.0 Arrays. Each GeneChip® array was scanned using an Affymetrix GeneChip® Scanner 3000 7 G to generate raw expression level data (.CEL files). Statistical contrasts were used to find pairwise gene expression differences between the control group and each dose group using the R/maanova package [2]. The transcriptomic data can be used to provide insights into the degree of toxicity, toxic mechanisms, disease pathways activated by exposure, and for benchmark dose analysis. The gene expression data for each of the nine flame retardants discussed here accompanies the research article entitled, “Comparative Toxicity and Liver Transcriptomics of Legacy and Emerging Brominated Flame Retardants following 5-Day Exposure in the Rat” [1]. * polybrominated diphenyl ether 47 (PBDE 47), decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD); ** 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB); bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBPH); tetrabromobisphenol A-bis(2,3-dibromopropyl ether (TBBPA-DBPE); 1,2-bis(tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE); decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE); hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith R Shockley
- Biostatistics & Computational Biology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Michelle C Cora
- Cellular & Molecular Pathology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program (DNTP), NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - David E Malarkey
- Cellular & Molecular Pathology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program (DNTP), NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Daven Jackson-Humbles
- Cellular & Molecular Pathology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program (DNTP), NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Molly Vallant
- Program Operations Branch, DNTP, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Brad J Collins
- Program Operations Branch, DNTP, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Esra Mutlu
- Program Operations Branch, DNTP, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Veronica G Robinson
- Program Operations Branch, DNTP, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Surayma Waidyanatha
- Program Operations Branch, DNTP, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | | | | | | | - Sam Harbo
- Battelle, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Emily Cheng
- Battelle, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | | | | | - June K Dunnick
- Toxicology Branch, DNTP, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
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17
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Gwinn WM, Auerbach SS, Parham F, Stout MD, Waidyanatha S, Mutlu E, Collins B, Paules RS, Merrick BA, Ferguson S, Ramaiahgari S, Bucher JR, Sparrow B, Toy H, Gorospe J, Machesky N, Shah RR, Balik-Meisner MR, Mav D, Phadke DP, Roberts G, DeVito MJ. Evaluation of 5-day In Vivo Rat Liver and Kidney With High-throughput Transcriptomics for Estimating Benchmark Doses of Apical Outcomes. Toxicol Sci 2020; 176:343-354. [PMID: 32492150 PMCID: PMC7416315 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A 5-day in vivo rat model was evaluated as an approach to estimate chemical exposures that may pose minimal risk by comparing benchmark dose (BMD) values for transcriptional changes in the liver and kidney to BMD values for toxicological endpoints from traditional toxicity studies. Eighteen chemicals, most having been tested by the National Toxicology Program in 2-year bioassays, were evaluated. Some of these chemicals are potent hepatotoxicants (eg, DE71, PFOA, and furan) in rodents, some exhibit toxicity but have minimal hepatic effects (eg, acrylamide and α,β-thujone), and some exhibit little overt toxicity (eg, ginseng and milk thistle extract) based on traditional toxicological evaluations. Male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed once daily for 5 consecutive days by oral gavage to 8-10 dose levels for each chemical. Liver and kidney were collected 24 h after the final exposure and total RNA was assayed using high-throughput transcriptomics (HTT) with the rat S1500+ platform. HTT data were analyzed using BMD Express 2 to determine transcriptional gene set BMD values. BMDS was used to determine BMD values for histopathological effects from chronic or subchronic toxicity studies. For many of the chemicals, the lowest transcriptional BMDs from the 5-day assays were within a factor of 5 of the lowest histopathological BMDs from the toxicity studies. These data suggest that using HTT in a 5-day in vivo rat model provides reasonable estimates of BMD values for traditional apical endpoints. This approach may be useful to prioritize chemicals for further testing while providing actionable data in a timely and cost-effective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Gwinn
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Scott S Auerbach
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Fred Parham
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Matthew D Stout
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Esra Mutlu
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Brad Collins
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Richard S Paules
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Bruce Alex Merrick
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Stephen Ferguson
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Sreenivasa Ramaiahgari
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - John R Bucher
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Georgia Roberts
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Michael J DeVito
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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Waidyanatha S, Gibbs S, South N, Smith JP, Mutlu E, Burback B, Cao Y, Rider CV. Toxicokinetics of the plasticizer, N-butylbenzenesulfonamide, in plasma and brain following oral exposure in rodents: Route, species, and sex comparison. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:711-722. [PMID: 32551233 PMCID: PMC7287195 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
N-Butylbenzenesulfonamide (NBBS) is a widely used plasticizer and hence there is potential for human exposure via oral routes. This work investigates the toxicokinetic behavior of NBBS in rodents following a single gavage (20, 60, and 200 mg/kg body weight) or multi-day feed administration (500, 1000, and 2000 ppm). In male and female rats following gavage administration, maximum plasma NBBS concentration, Cmax, was reached at ≤0.539 h. Cmax increased proportionally to the dose. Area under the curve (AUC) increased more than proportionally to the dose and was 4- to 5-fold higher in females than in males. In mice, plasma Cmax was reached at ≤0.136 h and increased proportionally to the dose in female mice and more than proportionally to the dose in males. AUC increased more than proportionally to the dose with no apparent sex difference. Elimination of NBBS in plasma was faster in mice (half-life (h); mice ≤0.432, rat ≤3.55). Oral bioavailability was higher in female rats (≥60%) than males (23-52%) with apparent saturation of clearance at ∼200 mg/kg body weight in females. In mice, bioavailability (5-14%) was lower with no apparent sex difference. NBBS was detected in brains of rats and mice but with low brain:plasma ratios (rats, ≤5; mice, ≤1) suggesting low potential to cross the blood brain barrier. Systemic exposure in male rats and mice following a single gavage administration was ≥48-fold higher than multi-day feed exposure. These data demonstrate potential species, sex, dose- and route-related difference in toxicokinetics of NBBS in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Seth Gibbs
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Natalie South
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jeremy P Smith
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Esra Mutlu
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Brian Burback
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Yu Cao
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Cynthia V Rider
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
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Mutlu E, Gibbs ST, South N, Pierfelice J, Burback B, Germolec D, Waidyanatha S. Comparative toxicokinetics of Trans-resveratrol and its major metabolites in Harlan Sprague Dawley rats and B6C3F1/N mice following oral and intravenous administration. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 394:114962. [PMID: 32205187 PMCID: PMC7398575 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.114962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Trans-resveratrol (RES) is a naturally occurring stilbene found in numerous plants and foods. Due to its widespread human exposure and lack of toxicity and carcinogenicity data, RES was nominated to the National Toxicology Program for testing. To aid the toxicology studies, the dose, sex, and species differences in RES toxicokinetics was investigated in Harlan Sprague Dawley rats and B6C3F1/N mice following single intravenous (IV) (10 mg/kg) or oral gavage administration (312.5, 625, and 1250 mg/kg and 625, 1250, and 2500 mg/kg in rats and mice, respectively). Following IV and gavage administration, systemic exposure of RES based on AUC was trans-resveratrol-3-O-β-D-glucuronide (R3G)> > trans-resveratrol-3-sulfate (R3S) > RES in both species. Following gavage administration Tmax_predicted values were ≤ 263 min for both species and sexes. RES elimination half-life was longer in rats than mice, and shortest in male mice. Clearance was slower in mice with no apparent sex difference in both species. In both rats and mice, following gavage administration AUC increased proportionally to the dose. After gavage administration, enterohepatic recirculation of RES was observed in both rats and mice with secondary peaks occurring around 640 min in the concentration-time profiles. RES was rapidly metabolized to R3S and R3G in both species. Extensive first pass conjugation and metabolism resulted in low levels of the parent compound RES which was confirmed by the low estimates for bioavailability. The bioavailability of RES was low, ~12-31% and ~2-6% for rats and mice, respectively, with no apparent difference between sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Mutlu
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America.
| | - Seth T Gibbs
- Battelle, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Dori Germolec
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
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20
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Waidyanatha S, Pierfelice J, Cristy T, Mutlu E, Burback B, Rider CV, Ryan K. A strategy for test article selection and phytochemical characterization of Echinacea purpurea extract for safety testing. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 137:111125. [PMID: 31931071 PMCID: PMC7079738 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Botanical dietary supplements (BDS) are used around the world for many purported therapeutic properties. The selection of an authentic product and it's phytochemical characterization is critical to generate robust safety data. Because botanicals are complex mixtures with variable quality, identification of a representative product for testing has been challenging. Echinacea is used for its purported immune stimulant properties and was listed as the 2nd top-selling BDS in 2018. However, there are limited safety data for Echinacea. Hence, the National Toxicology Program (NTP) has selected Echinacea for safety testing using rodent models. Here, we describe selection and comprehensive characterization of an Echinacea purpurea root extract to be used in the NTP testing program. Using non-targeted chemical analyses combined with chemometric analysis, a potential unfinished product (i.e., an extract that serves as source material for finished products) of Echinacea purpurea was selected. The product was then authenticated using chemical and DNA techniques and characterized, including the phytochemical composition. Among numerous constituents identified, caftaric acid, chicoric acid, chlorogenic acid and dodeca-2(E),4(E),8(Z),10(E/Z)-tetraenoic acid isobutylamide made up a small fraction of the extract. Based on these analyses, an approach is proposed for test article selection for Echinacea research which can be adapted to other botanicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | | | | | - Esra Mutlu
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Cynthia V Rider
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kristen Ryan
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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21
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Dunnick JK, Shockley KR, Morgan DL, Travlos G, Gerrish KE, Ton TV, Wilson RE, Brar SS, Brix AE, Waidyanatha S, Mutlu E, Pandiri AR. Hepatic Transcriptomic Patterns in the Neonatal Rat After Pentabromodiphenyl Ether Exposure. Toxicol Pathol 2020; 48:338-349. [PMID: 31826744 PMCID: PMC7596650 DOI: 10.1177/0192623319888433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human exposure to pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE) mixture (DE-71) and its PBDE-47 congener can occur both in utero and during lactation. Here, we tested the hypothesis that PBDE-induced neonatal hepatic transcriptomic alterations in Wistar Han rat pups can inform on potential toxicity and carcinogenicity after longer term PBDE exposures. Wistar Han rat dams were exposed to either DE-71 or PBDE-47 daily from gestation day (GD 6) through postnatal day 4 (PND 4). Total plasma thyroxine (T4) was decreased in PND 4 pups. In liver, transcripts for CYPs and conjugation enzymes, Nrf2, and ABC transporters were upregulated. In general, the hepatic transcriptomic alterations after exposure to DE-71 or PBDE-47 were similar and provided early indicators of oxidative stress and metabolic alterations, key characteristics of toxicity processes. The transcriptional benchmark dose lower confidence limits of the most sensitive biological processes were lower for PBDE-47 than for the PBDE mixture. Neonatal rat liver transcriptomic data provide early indicators on molecular pathway alterations that may lead to toxicity and/or carcinogenicity if the exposures continue for longer durations. These early toxicogenomic indicators may be used to help prioritize chemicals for a more complete toxicity and cancer risk evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. K. Dunnick
- Toxicology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - K. R. Shockley
- Biostatistics & Computational Biology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - D. L. Morgan
- Toxicology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - G. Travlos
- Cellular & Molecular Pathology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - K. E. Gerrish
- Molecular Genomics Core, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - T. V. Ton
- Cellular & Molecular Pathology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - R. E. Wilson
- Cellular & Molecular Pathology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - S. S. Brar
- Cellular & Molecular Pathology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - A. E. Brix
- EPL, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - S. Waidyanatha
- Program Operations Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - E. Mutlu
- Program Operations Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - A. R. Pandiri
- Cellular & Molecular Pathology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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22
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Ryan KR, Huang MC, Ferguson SS, Waidyanatha S, Ramaiahgari S, Rice JR, Dunlap PE, Auerbach SS, Mutlu E, Cristy T, Peirfelice J, DeVito MJ, Smith-Roe SL, Rider CV. Evaluating Sufficient Similarity of Botanical Dietary Supplements: Combining Chemical and In Vitro Biological Data. Toxicol Sci 2019; 172:316-329. [PMID: 31504990 PMCID: PMC6876258 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Botanical dietary supplements are complex mixtures with numerous potential sources of variation along the supply chain from raw plant material to the market. Approaches for determining sufficient similarity (ie, complex mixture read-across) may be required to extrapolate efficacy or safety data from a tested sample to other products containing the botanical ingredient(s) of interest. In this work, screening-level approaches for generating both chemical and biological-response profiles were used to evaluate the similarity of black cohosh (Actaea racemosa) and Echinacea purpurea samples to well-characterized National Toxicology Program (NTP) test articles. Data from nontargeted chemical analyses and gene expression of toxicologically important hepatic receptor pathways (aryl hydrocarbon receptor [AhR], constitutive androstane receptor [CAR], pregnane X receptor [PXR], farnesoid X receptor [FXR], and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha [PPARα]) in primary human hepatocyte cultures were used to determine similarity through hierarchical clustering. Although there were differences in chemical profiles across black cohosh samples, these differences were not reflected in the biological-response profiles. These findings highlight the complexity of biological-response dynamics that may not be reflected in chemical composition profiles. Thus, biological-response data could be used as the primary basis for determining similarity among black cohosh samples. Samples of E. purpurea displayed better correlation in similarity across chemical and biological-response measures. The general approaches described herein can be applied to complex mixtures with unidentified active constituents to determine when data from a tested mixture (eg, NTP test article) can be used for hazard identification of sufficiently similar mixtures, with the knowledge of toxicological targets informing assay selection when possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen R Ryan
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Madelyn C Huang
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Stephen S Ferguson
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Sreenivasa Ramaiahgari
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Julie R Rice
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Paul E Dunlap
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Scott S Auerbach
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Esra Mutlu
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | | | | | - Michael J DeVito
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Stephanie L Smith-Roe
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Cynthia V Rider
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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23
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Mutlu E, Garner CE, Wegerski CJ, McDonald JD, McIntyre BS, Doyle-Eisele M, Waidyanatha S. Metabolism and disposition of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, a sunscreen ingredient, in Harlan Sprague Dawley rats and B6C3F1/N mice; a species and route comparison. Xenobiotica 2019; 50:689-704. [PMID: 31613170 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2019.1680906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (HMB) is a common ingredient in personal care products and used as an UV stabilizer. In these studies, disposition and metabolism of [14C]HMB in rats and mice was assessed following single gavage administration (10, 100, or 500 mg/kg), single IV administration (10 mg/kg), or dermal application (0.1, 1, 10, or 15 mg/kg).Following gavage administration, [14C]HMB was well absorbed and excreted mainly in urine (39-57%) and feces (24-42%) with no apparent difference between doses, species or sexes. Distribution of HMB in tissues was minimal in rats (0.36%) and mice (<0.55%).Distribution of HMB following dermal application was comparable to that following gavage administration; no differences between doses, sexes, or species were observed but absorption varied between dose vehicles. Light paraffin oil had the highest absorption and excretion (98% of the HMB dose absorbed).In rats, HMB slowly appeared in the systemic circulation (Tmax ∼2-6 h) and had poor bioavailability (F%<1).Urine metabolites for both species and all routes included HMB, HMB-glucuronide, 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (DHB), DHB-glucuronide, and DHB-sulfates, and novel minor dihydroxy metabolites including 2,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone.In vitro hepatic metabolism in mice differed from human and in vivo metabolism especially for phase II conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Mutlu
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | - C Edwin Garner
- Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | - Jacob D McDonald
- Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Barry S McIntyre
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
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24
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Waidyanatha S, Mutlu E, Gibbs S, Stiffler B, Andre J, Burback B, Rider CV. Systemic exposure to Ginkgo biloba extract in male F344/NCrl rats: Relevance to humans. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 131:110586. [PMID: 31202939 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) is a popular botanical dietary supplement used worldwide and the safety of use is a public health concern. While GBE is a complex mixture, the terpene trilactones and flavonol glycosides are believed to elicit the pharmacological and/or toxicological effects of GBE. In a National Toxicology Program (NTP) 2-year rodent bioassay with GBE, hepatotoxicity was observed in rodents (≥100 mg/kg in rats, ≥ 200 mg/kg in mice). Subsequently, questions arose about whether or not the GBE used in NTP studies was representative of other GBE products and how rodent doses are related to human doses. To address these, we generated systemic exposure data for terpene trilactones in male rats following oral administration of 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg GBE test article from the 2-year bioassay. Dose-normalized Cmax and AUC∞ for terpene trilactones from the current study were within 5-fold of published rodent studies using a standardized GBE preparation. Comparison of our rat systemic exposure data at 100 mg/kg GBE to published human data following ingestion of 240 mg GBE-containing product showed that the rat/human exposure multiple was 3-22, for terpene trilactones. These data demonstrate the relevance of NTP rodent toxicity data to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Esra Mutlu
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Cynthia V Rider
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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25
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Dunnick JK, Pandiri AR, Merrick BA, Kissling GE, Cunny H, Mutlu E, Waidyanatha S, Sills RC, Hong HHL, Ton TV, Maynor T, Rescio L, Phillips SL, Devito MJ, Brix A. Mutational analysis of pentabrominated diphenyl-induced hepatocellular tumors in rats and mice, tissue levels of PBDE congeners in rats and mice, and AhR genotyping of Wistar Han rats. Data Brief 2018; 21:2125-2128. [PMID: 30533462 PMCID: PMC6262166 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.10.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This article describes data related to the research article entitled “Carcinogenic activity of pentabrominated diphenyl ether mixture (DE-71) in rats and mice” (Dunnick et al., 2018). PBDE-induced hepatocellular tumors harbored Hras and Ctnnb1 mutations and the methods for these studies are provided. Tissue levels of PBDE congeners in rats and mice after oral exposure to PBDE mixture increased with increasing dose of PBDE. There was no correlation between AhR status and the incidence of hepatocellular tumors in female Wistar Han rats. This manuscript provides additional information on the methods for conducting mutational analysis, PBDE tissue level determinations, and AhR genotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- June K Dunnick
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Arun R Pandiri
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - B A Merrick
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Grace E Kissling
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Helen Cunny
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Esra Mutlu
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Suramya Waidyanatha
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Robert C Sills
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Hue-Hua L Hong
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Thai-Vu Ton
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Timonthy Maynor
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Leslie Rescio
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Siuzanne L Phillips
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Michael J Devito
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Amy Brix
- EPL, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
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26
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Dunnick JK, Shockley KR, Pandiri AR, Kissling GE, Gerrish KE, Ton TV, Wilson RE, Brar SS, Brix AE, Waidyanatha S, Mutlu E, Morgan DL. PBDE-47 and PBDE mixture (DE-71) toxicities and liver transcriptomic changes at PND 22 after in utero/postnatal exposure in the rat. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:3415-3433. [PMID: 30206662 PMCID: PMC6706773 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2292-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pentabromodiphenyl ethers (PBDE) are found in human tissue, in household dust, and in the environment, and a particular concern is the potential for the induction of cancer pathways from these fat-soluble persistent organic pollutants. Only one PBDE cancer study has been conducted and that was for a PBDE mixture (DE-71). Because it is not feasible to test all PBDE congeners in the environment for cancer potential, it is important to develop a set of biological endpoints that can be used in short-term toxicity studies to predict disease outcome after long-term exposures. In this study, PBDE-47 was selected as the test PBDE congener to evaluate and compare toxicity to that of the carcinogenic PBDE mixture. The toxicities of PBDE-47 and the PBDE mixture were evaluated at PND 22 in Wistar Han rat (Crl: WI (Han)) pups after in utero/postnatal exposure (0, 0.1, 15, or 50 mg/kg; dams, GD6-21; pups, PND 12-PND 21; oral gavage daily dosing). By PND 22, PBDE-47 caused centrilobular hypertrophy and fatty change in liver, and reduced serum thyroxin (T4) levels; similar effects were also observed after PBDE mixture exposure. Transcriptomic changes in the liver included induction of cytochrome p450 transcripts and up-regulation of Nrf2 antioxidant pathway transcripts and ABC membrane transport transcripts. Decreases in other transport transcripts (ABCG5 & 8) provided a plausible mechanism for lipid accumulation, characterized by a treatment-related liver fatty change after PBDE-47 and PBDE mixture exposure. The benchmark dose calculation based on liver transcriptomic data was generally lower for PBDE-47 than for the PBDE mixture. The up-regulation of the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway and changes in metabolic transcripts after PBDE-47 and PBDE mixture exposure suggest that PBDE-47, like the PBDE mixture (NTP 2016, TR 589), could be a liver toxin/carcinogen after long-term exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Dunnick
- Toxicology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P. O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709-2233, USA.
| | - K R Shockley
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - A R Pandiri
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - G E Kissling
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - K E Gerrish
- Molecular Genomics Core, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - T V Ton
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - R E Wilson
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - S S Brar
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - A E Brix
- EPL, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - S Waidyanatha
- Toxicology Operations Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - E Mutlu
- Toxicology Operations Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - D L Morgan
- Toxicology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P. O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709-2233, USA
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Dunnick JK, Pandiri AR, Merrick BA, Kissling GE, Cunny H, Mutlu E, Waidyanatha S, Sills R, Hong HL, Ton TV, Maynor T, Recio L, Phillips SL, Devito MJ, Brix A. Carcinogenic activity of pentabrominated diphenyl ether mixture (DE-71) in rats and mice. Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:615-624. [PMID: 29868454 PMCID: PMC5984199 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pentabrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) mixture was a multispecies carcinogen causing liver tumors in male and female rats and mice. Hras or Ctnnb1 mutations characterized the PBDE-induced liver tumors. PBDE-induced liver tumors increased with increasing PBDE exposure.
Pentabrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants have been phased out in Europe and in the United States, but these lipid soluble chemicals persist in the environment and are found human and animal tissues. PBDEs have limited genotoxic activity. However, in a 2-year cancer study of a PBDE mixture (DE-71) (0, 3, 15, or 50 mg/kg (rats); 0, 3, 30, or 100 mg/kg (mice)) there were treatment-related liver tumors in male and female Wistar Han rats [Crl:WI(Han) after in utero/postnatal/adult exposure, and in male and female B6C3F1 mice, after adult exposure. In addition, there was evidence for a treatment-related carcinogenic effect in the thyroid and pituitary gland tumor in male rats, and in the uterus (stromal polyps/stromal sarcomas) in female rats. The treatment-related liver tumors in female rats were unrelated to the AhR genotype status, and occurred in animals with wild, mutant, or heterozygous Ah receptor. The liver tumors in rats and mice had treatment-related Hras and Ctnnb mutations, respectively. The PBDE carcinogenic activity could be related to oxidative damage, disruption of hormone homeostasis, and molecular and epigenetic changes in target tissue. Further work is needed to compare the PBDE toxic effects in rodents and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Dunnick
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - A R Pandiri
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - B A Merrick
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - G E Kissling
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - H Cunny
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - E Mutlu
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - S Waidyanatha
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - R Sills
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - H L Hong
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - T V Ton
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - T Maynor
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - L Recio
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - S L Phillips
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - M J Devito
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - A Brix
- EPL, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Waidyanatha S, Toy H, South N, Gibbs S, Mutlu E, Burback B, McIntyre BS, Catlin N. Systemic exposure of vinpocetine in pregnant Sprague Dawley rats following repeated oral exposure: An investigation of fetal transfer. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 338:83-92. [PMID: 29155086 PMCID: PMC7063504 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vinpocetine is being used worldwide by people of all ages, including pregnant women, for its purported multiple health benefits. However, limited data is available addressing the safety/toxicity of vinpocetine. The National Toxicology Program conducted studies to examine potential effects of vinpocetine on the developing rat. Disposition data is helpful to put the fetal findings into context and provide information on the potential risk for humans. The current study reports the systemic exposure and toxicokinetic (TK) parameters of vinpocetine and metabolite, apovincaminic acid (AVA), in pregnant Harlan Sprague Dawley rats, fetuses and amniotic fluid following oral gavage exposure of dams to 5 and 20mg/kg vinpocetine from gestational day 6 to 18. Vinpocetine was absorbed rapidly in dams with a maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) reaching ≤1.37h. Predicted Cmax and area under the concentration versus time curve (AUC) increased less than proportionally to the dose. Vinpocetine was rapidly distributed to the peripheral compartment. More importantly, significant transfer of vinpocetine from dam to fetuses was observed with fetal Cmax and AUC≥55% of dams. Vinpocetine was cleared rapidly from dam plasma with an elimination half-life of ≤4.02h with no apparent dose-related effect. Vinpocetine was rapidly and highly metabolized to AVA with AVA plasma levels in dams ≥2.7-fold higher than vinpocetine, although in the fetuses, AVA levels were much lower than vinpocetine. Comparison of current rat data with literature human data demonstrates that systemic exposure to vinpocetine in rats following repeated exposure to 5mg/kg is similar to that following a single human relevant dose of 10mg suggesting that the findings from the toxicology study may be relevant to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States.
| | - Heather Toy
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Natalie South
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Seth Gibbs
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Esra Mutlu
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Brian Burback
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Barry S McIntyre
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Natasha Catlin
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
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29
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Mutlu E, Pierfelice J, McIntyre BS, Cunny HC, Kissling GE, Burback B, Waidyanatha S. Simultaneous Quantitation of 2-Hydroxy-4-Methoxybenzophenone, a Sunscreen Ingredient, and its Metabolites in Harlan Sprague Dawley Rat Plasma Following Perinatal Dietary Exposure. J Anal Toxicol 2017; 41:744-754. [PMID: 28977387 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkx070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (HMB) is a common ingredient in sunscreens and other personal care products and thus significant potential exists for human exposure. HMB was nominated to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) for testing due to its high exposure through consumer products and inadequate toxicological data at the time, which also included increasing concern for the potential effects of HMB on reproduction and development. HMB is metabolized to numerous metabolites in vivo and in vitro including 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (DHB), 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzophenone (THB) and 2,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (2,5-DHMB) as well as their corresponding glucuronide and/or sulfate conjugates. In this study, we have developed and validated a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method to quantitate free (unconjugated) HMB and DHB, and total (combined conjugated and unconjugated) HMB, DHB, THB and 2,5-DHMB. The method was successfully applied to quantitate these analytes in plasma from postnatal day 28 and 56 male and female Harlan Sprague Dawley rat pups following perinatal dietary exposure to 0 (control), 3,000, 10,000 and 30,000 ppm HMB beginning on gestational Day 6. All determined analyte concentrations increased with increasing dose and were significantly higher than the controls at both timepoints. All the total analytes were quantified in all plasma samples and total concentrations were considerably higher than free, suggesting extensive conjugation. Mean concentrations of total HMB and DHB were higher (~100-300-fold) than the free HMB and DHB concentrations, and total concentrations in plasma were approximately HMB≈DHB > 2,5-DHMB»THB. Free and total analyte plasma concentrations were not sex-dependent and in general, both free and total analytes were detected in the control samples. Comparison of our rat data, using the internal dose, with human data available in the literature suggests that the rat doses used in our studies were within 4-fold of the human dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Mutlu
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, PO Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | | | - Barry S McIntyre
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, PO Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Helen C Cunny
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, PO Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Grace E Kissling
- Division of Intamural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, PO Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Aksoy H, Özyurt SÖ, Aksoy Ü, Özdamar ÖÖ, Mutlu E, Tutuş ŞT, Babayiğit MB, Açmaz GA. Interobserver reliability of sonographic fetal biometry in second trimester maternal serum screening. CLIN EXP OBSTET GYN 2017. [DOI: 10.12891/ceog3246.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Alaei A, Alaei K, Waye K, Tracy M, Nalbandyan M, Mutlu E, Cetin MK. Hepatitis C infection and other drug-related harms among inpatients who injected drugs in Turkey. J Viral Hepat 2017; 24:496-505. [PMID: 27925346 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is easily spread among those who share drug injection equipment. Due to the ease of contraction and growing prevalence of HCV in Eastern Europe, the aims of this study focused on describing risky injection practices as well as the prevalence of HCV, HIV and hepatitis B virus (HBV) among people who inject drugs (PWID) who were admitted to public and private drug treatment centres in Turkey from 2012 to 2013. Other aims included identifying correlates of needle sharing and HCV infection. Of the 4694 inpatients who ever injected drugs and the 3914 who injected in the past 30 days, nearly all (98%) reported heroin as their drug of choice, the vast majority reported ever sharing a needle (73.4% and 79.3%), and the mean age at first injection was 23 years. Of current PWID, 51.9% were HCV-positive, 5.9% were HBV-positive and only 0.34% of lifetime PWID were HIV-positive. Predictors of increased needle sharing include younger age, being unemployed, having lesser education and reporting heroin as a drug of choice. Significant predictors of HCV infection included being 40 years or older, receiving treatment in the Mediterranean region of Turkey, reporting heroin as a primary substance, a longer duration of drug use and sharing needles. With this information, it is essential to improve access to clean injection equipment in Turkey, to focus on improving education on clean injection practices and to enhance efforts in testing and treating HCV-positive PWID.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Alaei
- Global Institute for Health and Human Rights, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, USA.,Department of Health Policy, Management, and Behavior, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - K Alaei
- Global Institute for Health and Human Rights, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, USA.,Department of Health Policy, Management, and Behavior, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, USA.,Department of Public Administration and Policy, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - K Waye
- Global Institute for Health and Human Rights, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - M Tracy
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - M Nalbandyan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - E Mutlu
- Department of Psychology, Gelisim University, Avcılar, Turkey
| | - M K Cetin
- Turkish Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey
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Gao L, Mutlu E, Collins LB, Walker NJ, Hartwell HJ, Olson JR, Sun W, Gold A, Ball LM, Swenberg JA. DNA Product Formation in Female Sprague-Dawley Rats Following Polyhalogenated Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PHAH) Exposure. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:794-803. [PMID: 28207250 PMCID: PMC5363288 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
![]()
DNA
oxidation damage has been regarded as one of the possible mechanisms
for the hepatic carcinogenesis of dioxin-like compounds (DLCs). In
this study, we evaluated the toxic equivalency factor (TEF) from the
standpoint of induced DNA oxidation products and their relationship
to toxicity and carcinogenicity. Nine DNA oxidation products were
analyzed in the liver of female Sprague–Dawley rats exposed
to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-pdioxin (TCDD) alone or the tertiary
mixture of TCDD, 3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB
126), and 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (PeCDF) by gavage
for 14, 31, and 53 weeks (5 days/week) by LC–MS/MS: 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine
(8-oxo-dGuo); 1,N6-etheno-2′-deoxyadenosine
(1,N6-εdAdo); N2,3-ethenoguanine (N2,3-εG);
7-(2-oxoethly)guanine (7-OEG); 1,N2-etheno-2′-deoxyguanosine
(1,N2-εdGuo); malondialdehyde (M1dGuo); acrolein (AcrdGuo); crotonaldehyde (CrdGuo); and 4-hydroxynonenal
(HNEdGuo) derived 2′-deoxyguanosine adducts. Exposure to TCDD
(100 ng/kg/day) significantly induced 1,N6-εdAdo at 31 and 53 weeks, while no increase of 8-oxo-dGuo
was observed. Significant increases were observed for 8-oxo-dGuo and
1,N6-εdAdo at all time points following
exposure to the tertiary mixture (TEQ 100 ng/kg/day). Exposure to
TCDD for 53 weeks only significantly increased 1,N6-εdAdo, while increases of N2,3-εG and 7-OEG were only found in the highest dose
group (100 ng/kg/day). Exposure to the tertiary mixture for 53 weeks
had no effect on N2,3-εG in any
exposure group (TEQ 0, 22, 46, or 100 ng/kg/day), while significant
increases were observed for 1,N6-εdAdo
(all dose groups), 8-oxo-dGuo (46 and 100 ng/kg/day), and 7-OEG (100
ng/kg/day). While no significant increase was observed at 53 weeks
for 1,N2-εdGuo, M1dGuo,
AcrdGuo, or CrdGuo following exposure to TCDD (100 ng/kg/day), all
of them were significantly induced in animals exposed to the tertiary
mixture (TEQ 100 ng/kg/day). This oxidation DNA product data suggest
that the simple TEF methodology cannot be applied to evaluate the
diverse patterns of toxic effects induced by DLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Esra Mutlu
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, RTP , Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | | | - Nigel J Walker
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, RTP , Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | | | - James R Olson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State University of New York at Buffalo , Buffalo, New York 14214, United States
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Mutlu E, Cristy T, Graves SW, Hooth MJ, Waidyanatha S. Characterization of aqueous formulations of tetra- and pentavalent forms of vanadium in support of test article selection in toxicology studies. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:405-416. [PMID: 27726079 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7803-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Tetravalent (VIV) and pentavalent (VV) forms of vanadium were selected for testing by the National Toxicology Program via drinking water exposure due to potential human exposure. To aid in the test article selection, drinking water formulations (125-2000 mg/L) of vanadyl sulfate (VIV), sodium orthovanadate, and sodium metavanadate (VV) were characterized by ultraviolet/visible (UV/VIS) spectroscopy, mass spectrometry (MS), or 51V nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Aqueous formulations of orthovanadate, metavanadate, and vanadyl sulfate in general were basic, neutral, and acidic, respectively. Changes in vanadium speciation were investigated by adjusting formulation pH to acidic, neutral, or basic. There was no visible difference in UV/VIS spectra of pentavalent forms. NMR and MS analyses showed that the predominant oxidovanadate species in both ortho- and metavanadate formulations at basic and acidic pH, respectively, were the monomer and decamer, while, a mixture of oxidovanadates were present at neutral pH. Oxidovanadate species were not observed in vanadyl sulfate formulations at acidic pH but were observed at basic pH suggesting conversion of VIV to VV. These data suggest that formulations of both ortho- and metavanadate form similar oxidovanadate species in acidic, neutral and basic pH and exist mainly in the VV form while vanadyl sulfate exists mainly as VIV in acidic pH. Therefore, the formulation stability overtime was investigated only for sodium metavanadate and vanadyl sulfate. Drinking water formulations (50 and 2000 mg/L) of metavanadate (~pH 7) and vanadyl sulfate (~pH 3.5) were ≥92 % of target concentration up to 42 days at ~5 °C and ambient temperature demonstrating the utility in toxicology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Mutlu
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Mail Drop K2-07, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Tim Cristy
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Michelle J Hooth
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Mail Drop K2-07, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Mail Drop K2-07, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
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Aksoy H, Ozyurt S, Aksoy U, Ozdamar O, Mutlu E, Tutus S, Babayigit MA, Acmaz G. Interobserver reliability of sonographic fetal biometry in second trimester maternal serum screening. CLIN EXP OBSTET GYN 2017; 44:379-383. [PMID: 29949277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the interobserver variability for fetal biometry parameters and to investigate whether this variability affects the second-trimester maternal serum screening test (STMSS) results. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 60 singleton pregnancies who were scheduled for STMSS were investigated. Two experienced sonographers performed all examinations at the same visit. The risk calclations of screening were performed according to the each operator's biometric measurements separately. Interobserver variability in measurements of fetal biometrics and the effect of this interobserver variability on the screening results were assessed. RESULTS inter-observer reliability for biparietal diameter (BPD) and femur length (FL) were 0.904 and 0.888 (p < 0.00 1), respectively. interobserver reliability coefficients for trisomy 21, trisomy 13/18, and neural tube defect were 0.887, 0.999, and 0.920 (p < 0.0001), respectively. CONCLUSION The present results demonstrate that the interobserver reliability and agreement of ultrasound measurements of fetal biometry in cases of routine prenatal screening are highly reliable.
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Ross JA, Nelson GB, Mutlu E, Warren SH, Gilmour MI, DeMarini DM. DNA adducts induced by in vitro activation of extracts of diesel and biodiesel exhaust particles. Inhal Toxicol 2016; 27:576-84. [PMID: 26514785 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2015.1068892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Biodiesel and biodiesel-blend fuels offer a renewable alternative to petroleum diesel, but few data are available concerning the carcinogenic potential of biodiesel exhausts. OBJECTIVES We compared the formation of covalent DNA adducts by the in vitro metabolic activation of organic extracts of diesel-exhaust particles (DEP) from petroleum diesel and soy biodiesel and correlated DNA adduct levels and mutagenicity in Salmonella TA100. METHODS We examined two different DEP from petroleum diesel (C-DEP and B0), one from soy bean oil biodiesel (B100) and one from combustion of a blend of 20% B100 and 80% B0 (B20) for in vitro DNA adduct-forming potential under oxidative or nitroreductive conditions in the presence of calf thymus DNA as well as in vivo in Salmonella TA100. The modified DNA was hydrolyzed and analyzed by (32)P-postlabeling using either butanol extraction or nuclease P1 pre-enrichment. RESULTS Multiple DNA adducts were produced with chromatographic mobilities consistent with PAH and nitro-PAH adducts. The types and quantities of DNA adducts produced by the two independent petroleum diesel DEP were similar, with both polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)- and nitro-PAH-derived adducts formed. Relative potencies for S9-mediated DNA adduct formation, either per mass of particulate or per MJ(th) energy consumed were B100 > B0 > B20. CONCLUSIONS Soy biodiesel emissions induced DNA damage in the form of presumptive PAH and nitro-PAH DNA adducts that correlated with mutagenicity in Salmonella. B20 is the soy biodiesel used most commonly in the US, and it produced the lowest DNA adduct-emission factor, ∼50% that of petroleum diesel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Ross
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , NC , USA and
| | - Garret B Nelson
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , NC , USA and
| | - Esra Mutlu
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , NC , USA and.,b Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina , NC , USA
| | - Sarah H Warren
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , NC , USA and
| | - M Ian Gilmour
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , NC , USA and
| | - David M DeMarini
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , NC , USA and
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Mutlu E, Gao L, Collins LB, Walker NJ, Hartwell HJ, Olson JR, Sun W, Gold A, Ball LM, Swenberg JA. Polychlorinated Biphenyls Induce Oxidative DNA Adducts in Female Sprague-Dawley Rats. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1335-1344. [PMID: 27436759 PMCID: PMC5020703 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are organic chemicals that were traditionally produced and widely used in industry as mixtures and are presently formed as byproducts of pigment and dye manufacturing. They are known to persist and bioaccumulate in the environment. Some have been shown to induce liver cancer in rodents. Although the mechanism of the toxicity of PCBs is unknown, it has been shown that they increase oxidative stress, including lipid peroxidation. We hypothesized that oxidative stress-induced DNA damage could be a contributor for PCB carcinogenesis and analyzed several DNA adducts in female Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126), 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 153), and a binary mixture (PCB 126 + 153) for 14, 31, and 53 wks. Eight adducts were measured to profile oxidative DNA lesions, including 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG), 1,N(6)-ethenodeoxyadenosine (1,N(6)-εdA), N(2),3-ethenoguanine (N(2),3-εG), 1,N(2)-ethenodeoxyguanosine (1,N(2)-εdG), as well as malondialdehyde (M1dG), acrolein (AcrdG), crotonaldehyde (CrdG), and 4-hydroxynonenal-derived dG adducts (HNEdG) by LC-MS/MS analysis. Statistically significant increases were observed for 8-oxo-dG and 1,N(6)-εdA concentrations in hepatic DNA of female rats exposed to the binary mixture (1000 ng/kg/day + 1000 μg/kg/day) but not in rats exposed to PCB 126 (1000 ng/kg/day) or PCB 153 (1000 μg/kg/day) for 14 and 31 wks. However, exposure to PCB 126 (1000 ng/kg/day) for 53 wks significantly increased 8-oxo-dG, 1,N(6)-εdA, AcrdG, and M1dG. Exposure to PCB 153 (1000 μg/kg/day) for 53 wks increased 8-oxo-dG, and 1,N(6)-εdA. Exposure to the binary mixture for 53 wks increased 8-oxo-dG, 1,N(6)-εdA, AcrdG, 1,N(2)-εdG, and N(2),3-εG significantly above control groups. Increased hepatic oxidative DNA adducts following exposure to PCB 126, PCB 153, or the binary mixture shows that an increase in DNA damage may play an important role in hepatic toxicity and carcinogenesis in female Sprague-Dawley rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Mutlu
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Lina Gao
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Leonard B. Collins
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Nigel J. Walker
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Hadley J. Hartwell
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - James R. Olson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, United States
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Avram Gold
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Louise M. Ball
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - James A Swenberg
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Mutlu E, Warren SH, Ebersviller SM, Kooter IM, Schmid JE, Dye JA, Linak WP, Gilmour MI, Jetter JJ, Higuchi M, DeMarini DM. Mutagenicity and Pollutant Emission Factors of Solid-Fuel Cookstoves: Comparison with Other Combustion Sources. Environ Health Perspect 2016; 124:974-82. [PMID: 26895221 PMCID: PMC4937857 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1509852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emissions from solid fuels used for cooking cause ~4 million premature deaths per year. Advanced solid-fuel cookstoves are a potential solution, but they should be assessed by appropriate performance indicators, including biological effects. OBJECTIVE We evaluated two categories of solid-fuel cookstoves for eight pollutant and four mutagenicity emission factors, correlated the mutagenicity emission factors, and compared them to those of other combustion emissions. METHODS We burned red oak in a 3-stone fire (TSF), a natural-draft stove (NDS), and a forced-draft stove (FDS), and we combusted propane as a liquified petroleum gas control fuel. We determined emission factors based on useful energy (megajoules delivered, MJd) for carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides (NOx), black carbon, methane, total hydrocarbons, 32 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PM2.5, levoglucosan (a wood-smoke marker), and mutagenicity in Salmonella. RESULTS With the exception of NOx, the emission factors per MJd were highly correlated (r ≥ 0.97); the correlation for NOx with the other emission factors was 0.58-0.76. Excluding NOx, the NDS and FDS reduced the emission factors an average of 68 and 92%, respectively, relative to the TSF. Nevertheless, the mutagenicity emission factor based on fuel energy used (MJthermal) for the most efficient stove (FDS) was between those of a large diesel bus engine and a small diesel generator. CONCLUSIONS Both mutagenicity and pollutant emission factors may be informative for characterizing cookstove performance. However, mutagenicity emission factors may be especially useful for characterizing potential health effects and should be evaluated in relation to health outcomes in future research. An FDS operated as intended by the manufacturer is safer than a TSF, but without adequate ventilation, it will still result in poor indoor air quality. CITATION Mutlu E, Warren SH, Ebersviller SM, Kooter IM, Schmid JE, Dye JA, Linak WP, Gilmour MI, Jetter JJ, Higuchi M, DeMarini DM. 2016. Mutagenicity and pollutant emission factors of solid-fuel cookstoves: comparison with other combustion sources. Environ Health Perspect 124:974-982; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1509852.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Mutlu
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sarah H. Warren
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Seth M. Ebersviller
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ingeborg M. Kooter
- Department of Environmental Modelling, Sensing and Analyses, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Judith E. Schmid
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Janice A. Dye
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - William P. Linak
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - M. Ian Gilmour
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - James J. Jetter
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mark Higuchi
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - David M. DeMarini
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- Address correspondence to D.M. DeMarini, U.S. EPA, B105-03, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 USA. Telephone: (919) 541-1510. E-mail:
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İlkaya F, Yüce M, Ağrı AE, Güzel H, Balcı H, Uçar F, Babadağı Z, Müjdeci M, Mutlu E. The combination of agomelatine and ritanserin exerts a synergistic interaction in passive avoidance task. Hum Exp Toxicol 2015; 34:787-95. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327114559613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Agomelatine is a potent agonist at melatonergic 1 and 2 (MT1 and MT2) receptors and an antagonist at serotonin-2C (5HT-2C) receptors. It was suggested that psychotropic effects of agomelatine is associated with its melatonergic and serotonergic effects. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of agomelatine alone or in combination with ritanserin (5HT-2A/2C antagonist) on memory and learning. Male Balb-C mice (25–30 g) were used, and all drugs and saline were administrated by intraperitoneal (i.p.) route 30 min prior to evaluating retention time. Whilst agomelatine was administered at the doses of 1, 10 and 30 mg/kg, ritanserin was administered at the doses of 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/kg. To evaluate memory function, passive avoidance test was used. On the first day, acquisition time and on the second day (after 24h), retention time of mice were recorded. To evaluate the synergistic activity, only the least doses of agomelatine and ritanserine were used, that is, 1 and 0.1 mg/kg, respectively. Scopolamine (1 mg/kg) was used as a reference drug, so it was combined with drug groups. Our results show that 5HT-2A/2C receptor antagonist ritanserin (1 and 4 mg/kg, i.p.) and agomelatine (10 and 30 mg/kg, i.p.) improve memory deficit induced by scopolamine, whilst a synergistic interaction is observed between ritanserin and agomelatine (0.1 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg, i.p., respectively) when they were administered at their ineffective doses. According to our findings, we concluded that agomelatine improves memory deficit and thus improves the effect of agomelatine arises from its 5HT-2C receptor antagonist activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F İlkaya
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - M Yüce
- Department of Medicine Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - AE Ağrı
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - H Güzel
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - H Balcı
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - F Uçar
- Department of Medicine Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Z Babadağı
- Department of Medicine Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - M Müjdeci
- Department of Medicine Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - E Mutlu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
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Mutlu E, Nash DG, King C, Krantz TQ, Preston WT, Kooter IM, Higuchi M, DeMarini D, Linak WP, Gilmour MI. Generation and characterization of diesel engine combustion emissions from petroleum diesel and soybean biodiesel fuels and application for inhalation exposure studies. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 27:515-32. [PMID: 26514780 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2015.1076910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Biodiesel made from the transesterification of plant- and animal-derived oils is an important alternative fuel source for diesel engines. Although numerous studies have reported health effects associated with petroleum diesel emissions, information on biodiesel emissions are more limited. To this end, a program at the U.S. EPA assessed health effects of biodiesel emissions in rodent inhalation models. Commercially obtained soybean biodiesel (B100) and a 20% blend with petroleum diesel (B20) were compared to pure petroleum diesel (B0). Rats and mice were exposed independently for 4 h/day, 5 days/week for up to 6 weeks. Exposures were controlled by dilution air to obtain low (50 µg/m(3)), medium (150 µg/m(3)) and high (500 µg/m(3)) diesel particulate mass (PM) concentrations, and compared to filtered air. This article provides details on facilities, fuels, operating conditions, emission factors and physico-chemical characteristics of the emissions used for inhalation exposures and in vitro studies. Initial engine exhaust PM concentrations for the B100 fuel (19.7 ± 0.7 mg/m(3)) were 30% lower than those of the B0 fuel (28.0 ± 1.5 mg/m(3)). When emissions were diluted with air to control equivalent PM mass concentrations, B0 exposures had higher CO and slightly lower NO concentrations than B100. Organic/elemental carbon ratios and oxygenated methyl esters and organic acids were higher for the B100 than B0. Both the B0 and B100 fuels produced unimodal-accumulation mode particle-size distributions, with B0 producing lower concentrations of slightly larger particles. Subsequent papers in this series will describe the effects of these atmospheres on cardiopulmonary responses and in vitro genotoxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Mutlu
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
- b Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - David G Nash
- c National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
- d Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) , Oak Ridge , TN , USA
| | - Charly King
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Todd Q Krantz
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | | | - Ingeborg M Kooter
- f Department of Applied Environmental Chemistry , TNO , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Mark Higuchi
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - David DeMarini
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - William P Linak
- c National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - M Ian Gilmour
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
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Mutlu E, Warren SH, Matthews PP, Schmid JE, Kooter IM, Linak WP, Ian Gilmour M, DeMarini DM. Health effects of soy-biodiesel emissions: bioassay-directed fractionation for mutagenicity. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 27:597-612. [PMID: 26514787 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2015.1091054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Soy biodiesel is the predominant biodiesel in the USA, but there is little understanding of the classes of chemicals responsible for the mutagenicity of its emissions. OBJECTIVE We determined some of the chemical classes responsible for the mutagenicity of the particulate matter (PM) of the emissions from petroleum diesel (B0) and biodiesel containing increasing concentrations of soy methyl esters (B20, B50, and B100). MATERIALS AND METHODS We subjected organic extracts of the PM to bioassay-directed fractionation by sequential elution on silica gel with solvents of increasing polarity to produce four fractions per fuel. We injected these onto high performance liquid chromatography to produce 62 sub-fractions per fraction based on chemical polarity and evaluated all fractions and sub-fractions for mutagenicity in Salmonella. We correlated the results with the concentrations of 32 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the fractions. RESULTS The mutagenicity-emission factors of the fractions generally decreased with increasing concentrations of soy in the fuel. Despite the different chemical compositions of the fuels, the extractable organics of all four emissions had similar features: ∼60% of the mass was nonpolar, non-mutagenic compounds; most of the PAHs were polar; and most of the mutagenicity was due to weakly polar and polar compounds. Some of the mutagenicity of B20 was due to highly polar compounds. CONCLUSIONS The PM from soy biodiesel emissions was less mutagenic than that from petroleum diesel, and this reduction was associated with reduced concentrations of various weakly polar, polar, and highly polar mutagens, including PAHs, aromatic amines, nitroarenes, and oxy-PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Mutlu
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
- b Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Sarah H Warren
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Peggy P Matthews
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Judith E Schmid
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Ingeborg M Kooter
- c Department of Applied Environmental Chemistry , TNO , Utrecht , The Netherlands , and
| | - William P Linak
- d National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - M Ian Gilmour
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - David M DeMarini
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
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Mutlu E, Warren SH, Matthews PP, King C, Walsh L, Kligerman AD, Schmid JE, Janek D, Kooter IM, Linak WP, Gilmour MI, DeMarini DM. Health effects of soy-biodiesel emissions: mutagenicity-emission factors. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 27:585-96. [PMID: 26514786 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2015.1080771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Soy biodiesel is the predominant biodiesel fuel used in the USA, but only a few, frequently conflicting studies have examined the potential health effects of its emissions. OBJECTIVE We combusted petroleum diesel (B0) and fuels with increasing percentages of soy methyl esters (B20, B50 and B100) and determined the mutagenicity-emission factors expressed as revertants/megajoule of thermal energy consumed (rev/MJ(th)). MATERIALS AND METHODS We combusted each fuel in replicate in a small (4.3-kW) diesel engine without emission controls at a constant load, extracted organics from the particles with dichloromethane, determined the percentage of extractable organic material (EOM), and evaluated these extracts for mutagenicity in 16 strains/S9 combinations of Salmonella. RESULTS Mutagenic potencies of the EOM did not differ significantly between replicate experiments for B0 and B100 but did for B20 and B50. B0 had the highest rev/MJ(th), and those of B20 and B100 were 50% and ∼85% lower, respectively, in strains that detect mutagenicity due to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitroarenes, aromatic amines or oxidative mutagens. For all strains, the rev/MJ(th) decreased with increasing biodiesel in the fuel. The emission factor for the 16 EPA Priority PAHs correlated strongly (r(2 )= 0.69) with the mutagenicity-emission factor in strain TA100 + S9, which detects PAHs. CONCLUSIONS Under a constant load, soy-biodiesel emissions were 50-85% less mutagenic than those of petroleum diesel. Without additional emission controls, petroleum and biodiesel fuels had mutagenicity-emission factors between those of large utility-scale combustors (e.g. natural gas, coal, or oil) and inefficient open-burning (e.g. residential wood fireplaces).
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Mutlu
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
- b Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Sarah H Warren
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Peggy P Matthews
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Charly King
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Leon Walsh
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Andrew D Kligerman
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Judith E Schmid
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Daniel Janek
- c National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA , and
| | - Ingeborg M Kooter
- d Department of Applied Environmental Chemistry , TNO , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - William P Linak
- c National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA , and
| | - M Ian Gilmour
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - David M DeMarini
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
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Rahman MA, Leiss L, Lellahi MS, Gjerde CH, Saed HS, Mutlu E, Enger PO. CS-28 * THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR POU3f2 UNIFORMLY EXPRESS IN HUMAN GLIOMAS AND PROMOTES TUMORIGENESIS AND OVERALL GROWTH RATE IN VIVO. Neuro Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou242.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Gjerde CH, Mutlu E, Leiss L, Enger PO. CS-10 * FGFR4 IS EXPRESSED IN HUMAN GLIOMAS OF DIFFERENT GRADES AND HISTOLOGIES. Neuro Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou242.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
The concept of the Exposome is a compilation of diseases and one's lifetime exposure to chemicals, whether the exposure comes from environmental, dietary, or occupational exposures; or endogenous chemicals that are formed from normal metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, infections, and other natural metabolic processes such as alteration of the gut microbiome. In this review, we have focused on the endogenous exposome, the DNA damage that arises from the production of endogenous electrophilic molecules in our cells. It provides quantitative data on endogenous DNA damage and its relationship to mutagenesis, with emphasis on when exogenous chemical exposures that produce identical DNA adducts to those arising from normal metabolism cause significant increases in total identical DNA adducts. We have utilized stable isotope labeled chemical exposures of animals and cells, so that accurate relationships between endogenous and exogenous exposures can be determined. Advances in mass spectrometry have vastly increased both the sensitivity and accuracy of such studies. Furthermore, we have clear evidence of which sources of exposure drive low dose biology that results in mutations and disease. These data provide much needed information to impact quantitative risk assessments, in the hope of moving towards the use of science, rather than default assumptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Nakamura
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Esra Mutlu
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Vyom Sharma
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Leonard Collins
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Wanda Bodnar
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Rui Yu
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Yongquan Lai
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Benjamin Moeller
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Kun Lu
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - James Swenberg
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
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Gandhi S, Jedel S, Hood MM, Mutlu E, Swanson G, Keshavarzian A. The relationship between coping, health competence and patient participation among patients with inactive inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis 2014; 8:401-8. [PMID: 24230968 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coping is an integral part of adjustment for patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease but has not been well described in the literature. This study explored the relationship between coping, perceived health competence, patient preference for involvement in their treatment, depression and quality of life, particularly among patients with inactive disease (in remission). METHODS Subjects (n=70) with active and inactive IBD completed questionnaires, including the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Quality of Life Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory, Perceived Health Competence Scale and the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations. The Harvey Bradshaw Index measured disease activity. RESULTS Patients with inactive IBD demonstrated significantly more interest in participating in their treatment (p<.05), more perceived health competence (p=.001), less depressive symptoms (p<.001), more task oriented coping (p=.02), and better quality of life than those with active disease. Only Task Oriented Coping was significantly negatively associated with the number of flares among inactive patients (p<.001). Patient preference for participation in treatment was inversely associated with Avoidance (p=.005), Distraction (p=.008), and Social Diversion (p=.008) coping among inactive patients. CONCLUSION Among patients in remission, those who expressed a greater interest in treatment participation were also less likely to practice maladaptive coping. Our data demonstrate that a more active coping style may be associated with improved health outcome. Compared to patients with active disease, patients in remission are more likely to employ task oriented coping, demonstrate a higher interest in treatment participation, report greater perceived control of their health, and exhibit less depression symptoms. Our findings may increase awareness of the importance of identifying coping strategies for IBD patients, including those in remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Gandhi
- Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Digestive Disease and Nutrition), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - S Jedel
- Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Digestive Disease and Nutrition), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States.
| | - M M Hood
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - E Mutlu
- Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Digestive Disease and Nutrition), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - G Swanson
- Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Digestive Disease and Nutrition), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - A Keshavarzian
- Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Digestive Disease and Nutrition), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
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Mutlu E, Warren SH, Matthews PP, King C, Linak WP, Kooter IM, Schmid JE, Ross JA, Gilmour MI, Demarini DM. Bioassay-directed fractionation and sub-fractionation for mutagenicity and chemical analysis of diesel exhaust particles. Environ Mol Mutagen 2013; 54:719-36. [PMID: 24105890 DOI: 10.1002/em.21812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Several types of diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) have been used for toxicology studies, including a high-organic automobile DEP (A-DEP) from Japan, and a low-organic forklift DEP developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (N-DEP). However, these DEPs were not characterized extensively for chemical composition or sub-fractionated and tested extensively for mutagenicity. We collected a compressor-generated DEP (C-DEP) and characterized it by conducting bioassay-directed fractionation of the extractable organics in Salmonella and correlating the results by hierarchical clustering with the concentrations of 32 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Relative to A- and N-DEP, the mutagenic potency of C-DEP was intermediate in TA100 +S9 (PAH mutagenicity) but was lowest in TA98 -S9 (nitroarene mutagenicity). More than 50% of the mass of the extractable organics of C-DEP eluted in the nonpolar Fraction 1, and only ∼20% eluted in the moderately polar Fractions 2 and 3. However, most of the mutagenicity eluted in Fractions 2 and 3, similar to A-DEP but different from N-DEP. HPLC-derived mutagrams of 62 sub-fractions per fraction confirmed that most of the mutagenicity was due to moderately polar compounds. The diagnostic strains identified a strong role for PAHs, nitroarenes, aromatic amines, and oxy-PAHs in the mutagenicity of C-DEP. Hierarchical clustering confirmed the importance of oxy-PAHs but not that of nitroarenes. To our knowledge this is the first use of hierarchical clustering to correlate chemical composition with the mutagenicity of a complex mixture. The chemical analysis and mutagenicity of C-DEP described here makes C-DEP suitable for additional toxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Mutlu
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Ross JA, Mutlu E, King C, Warren SH, DeMarini DM, Gilmour MI, Linak WP, Nelson GB. Abstract 3594: Mutations and DNA adducts induced by diesel exhaust particles. Cancer Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2013-3594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We performed bioassay-directed fractionation and analyzed the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) levels of a composite sample of diesel-exhaust particles (C-DEP) generated on site from petroleum diesel with a 30-kW 4-cylinder Deutz BF4M1008 diesel engine connected to an air compressor. C-DEP was generated to be representative of contemporary DEP. We extracted particles with dichloromethane (DCM) and determined the percentage of extractable organic material (EOM), solvent-exchanged extracts into dimethyl sulfoxide, and evaluated them for mutagenicity in Salmonella strains TA100 and TA98 +/- S9. More than 50% of the C-DEP EOM mass eluted in fraction 1, but this fraction was not mutagenic. Fraction 2 contained 6% of the mass of OEM, and had 60% of the TA100+S9 activity, suggestive of PAHs. The 3rd fraction contained 14% of the OEM mass and contributed 60% of the TA98-S9 activity, suggestive of nitroarenes. S9 mediated binding of C-DEP extracts was assessed by 32P-postlabeling analysis. Unfractionated C-DEP EOM was incubated with S9 in the presence of calf thymus DNA. The modified DNA was enzymatically hydrolyzed and then subjected to postlabeling analysis using either butanol extraction or nuclease P1 pre-enrichment. Multiple DNA adducts were produced with chromatographic mobilities consistent with PAH and nitro-PAH adducts. Although previous studies of the mutagenicity and adduct-forming potential of diesel exhaust have been reported, most of those utilized exhaust particles that were generated by older diesel engines that were not representative of contemporary diesel exhaust. Data derived from the C-DEP particles are more relevant to understanding the risks posed by contemporary diesel engines. This study provides further characterization of the biochemical potential for these particles to induce DNA damage and gene mutations, key events in the process of chemical carcinogenesis by diesel exhausts. [This is an abstract of a proposed presentation and does not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. EPA.]
Citation Format: Jeffrey A. Ross, Esra Mutlu, Charly King, Sarah H. Warren, David M. DeMarini, M. Ian Gilmour, William P. Linak, Garret B. Nelson. Mutations and DNA adducts induced by diesel exhaust particles. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3594. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3594
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A. Ross
- 1Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Esra Mutlu
- 2University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Charly King
- 1Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Sarah H. Warren
- 1Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | | | - M. Ian Gilmour
- 1Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC
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Mutlu E, Jeong YC, Collins LB, Ham AJL, Upton PB, Hatch G, Winsett D, Evansky P, Swenberg JA. A new LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of endogenous and vinyl chloride-induced 7-(2-Oxoethyl)guanine in sprague-dawley rats. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:391-9. [PMID: 22211352 PMCID: PMC3288741 DOI: 10.1021/tx200447w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Vinyl chloride (VC) is an industrial chemical that is known to be carcinogenic to animals and humans. VC primarily induces hepatic angiosarcomas following high exposures (≥50 ppm). VC is also found in Superfund sites at ppb concentrations as a result of microbial metabolism of trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene. Here, we report a new sensitive LC-MS/MS method to analyze the major DNA adduct formed by VC, 7-(2-oxoethylguanine) (7-OEG). We used this method to analyze tissue DNA from both adult and weanling rats exposed to 1100 ppm [(13)C(2)]-VC for 5 days. After neutral thermal hydrolysis, 7-OEG was derivatized with O-t-butyl hydroxylamine to an oxime adduct, followed by LC-MS/MS analysis. The limit of detection was 1 fmol, and the limit of quantitation was 1.5 fmol on the column. The use of stable isotope VC allowed us to demonstrate for the first time that endogenous 7-OEG was present in tissue DNA. We hypothesized that endogenous 7-OEG was formed from lipid peroxidation and demonstrated the formation of [(13)C(2)]-7-OEG from the reaction of calf thymus DNA with [(13)C(18)]-ethyl linoleate (EtLa) under peroxidizing conditions. The concentrations of endogenous 7-OEG in liver, lung, kidney, spleen, testis, and brain DNA from adult and weanling rats typically ranged from 1.0 to 10.0 adducts per 10(6) guanine. The exogenous 7-OEG in liver DNA from adult rats exposed to 1100 ppm [(13)C(2)]-VC for 5 days was 104.0 ± 23.0 adducts per 10(6) guanine (n = 4), while concentrations in other tissues ranged from 1.0 to 39.0 adducts per 10(6) guanine (n = 4). Although endogenous concentrations of 7-OEG in tissues in weanling rats were similar to those of adult rats, exogenous [(13)C(2)]-7-OEG concentrations were higher in weanlings, averaging 300 adducts per 10(6) guanine in liver. Studies on the persistence of [(13)C(2)]-7-OEG in adult rats sacrificed 2, 4, and 8 weeks postexposure to [(13)C(2)]-VC demonstrated a half-life of 7-OEG of 4 days in both liver and lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Mutlu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Curriculum in Toxicology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Yo-Chan Jeong
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Leonard B. Collins
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Amy-Joan L. Ham
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Patricia B. Upton
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | | | | | | | - James A. Swenberg
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Curriculum in Toxicology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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Prithviraj GK, Sommers SR, Jump RL, Halmos B, Chambless LB, Parker SL, Hassam-Malani L, McGirt MJ, Thompson RC, Chambless LB, Parker SL, Hassam-Malani L, McGirt MJ, Thompson RC, Hunter K, Chamberlain MC, Le EM, Lee ELT, Chamberlain MC, Sadighi ZS, Pearlman ML, Slopis JM, Vats TS, Khatua S, DeVito NC, Yu M, Chen R, Pan E, Cloughesy T, Raizer J, Drappatz J, Gerena-Lewis M, Rogerio J, Yacoub S, Desjardin A, Groves MD, DeGroot J, Loghin M, Conrad CA, Hess K, Ni J, Ictech S, Hunter K, Yung WA, Porter AB, Dueck AC, Karlin NJ, Chamberlain MC, Olson J, Silber J, Reiner AS, Panageas KS, Iwamoto FM, Cloughesy TF, Aldape KD, Rivera AL, Eichler AF, Louis DN, Paleologos NA, Fisher BJ, Ashby LS, Cairncross JG, Roldan GB, Wen PY, Ligon KL, Shiff D, Robins HI, Rocque BG, Chamberlain MC, Mason WP, Weaver SA, Green RM, Kamar FG, Abrey LE, DeAngelis LM, Jhanwar SC, Rosenblum MK, Lassman AB, Cachia D, Alderson L, Moser R, Smith T, Yunus S, Saito K, Mukasa A, Narita Y, Tabei Y, Shinoura N, Shibui S, Saito 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MEDICAL AND NEURO-ONCOLOGY. Neuro Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nor152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Mutlu E, Collins LB, Stout MD, Upton PB, Daye LR, Winsett D, Hatch G, Evansky P, Swenberg JA. Development and application of an LC-MS/MS method for the detection of the vinyl chloride-induced DNA adduct N(2),3-ethenoguanine in tissues of adult and weanling rats following exposure to [(13)C(2)]-VC. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 23:1485-91. [PMID: 20799743 DOI: 10.1021/tx1001767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the 1970s, exposure to vinyl chloride (VC) was shown to cause liver angiosarcoma in VC workers. We have developed a new LC-MS/MS method for analyzing the promutagenic DNA adduct N(2),3-ethenoguanine (εG) and have applied this to DNA from tissues of both adult and weanling rats exposed to 1100 ppm [(13)C(2)]-VC for 5 days or 1100 ppm VC for 1 day. This assay utilizes neutral thermal hydrolysis and an HPLC cleanup prior to quantitation by LC-MS/MS. The number of endogenous and exogenous εG adducts in DNA from tissues of adult rats exposed to [(13)C(2)]-VC for 5 days was 4.1 ± 2.8 adducts/10(8) guanine of endogenous and 19.0 ± 4.9 adducts/10(8) guanine of exogenous εG in the liver, 8.4 ± 2.8 adducts/10(8) guanine of endogenous and 7.4 ± 0.5 adducts/10(8) guanine of exogenous εG in the lung, and 5.9 ± 3.3 adducts/10(8) guanine of endogenous and 5.7 ± 2.1 adducts/10(8) guanine of exogenous εG in the kidney (n = 4). Additionally, the data from weanling rats demonstrated higher numbers of exogenous εG, with ∼4-fold higher amounts in the liver DNA of weanlings (75.9 ± 17.9 adducts/10(8) guanine) in comparison to adult rats and ∼2-fold higher amounts in the lung (15.8 ± 3.6 adducts/10(8) guanine) and kidney (12.9 ± 0.4 adducts/10(8) guanine) (n = 8). The use of stable isotope labeled VC permitted accurate estimates of the half-life of εG for the first time by comparing [(13)C(2)]-εG in adult rats with identically exposed animals euthanized 2, 4, or 8 weeks later. The half-life of εG was found to be 150 days in the liver and lung and 75 days in the kidney, suggesting little or no active repair of this promutagenic adduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Mutlu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Curriculum in Toxicology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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