Spinal Cord Gray and White Matter Damage in Different Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Subtypes

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Spinal cord damage is a hallmark of hereditary spastic paraplegias, but it is still not clear whether specific subtypes of the disease have distinctive patterns of spinal cord gray (GM) and white (WM) matter involvement. We compared cervical cross-sectional GM and WM areas in patients with distinct hereditary spastic paraplegia subtypes. We also assessed whether these metrics correlated with clinical parameters.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We analyzed 37 patients (17 men; mean age, 47.3 [SD, 16.5] years) and 21 healthy controls (7 men; mean age, 42.3 [SD, 13.2] years). There were 7 patients with spastic paraplegia type 3A (SPG3A), 12 with SPG4, 10 with SPG7, and 8 with SPG11. Image acquisition was performed on a 3T MR imaging scanner, and T2*-weighted 2D images were assessed by the Spinal Cord Toolbox. Statistical analyses were performed in SPSS using nonparametric tests and false discovery rate-corrected P values < .05.

RESULTS

The mean disease duration for the hereditary spastic paraplegia group was 22.4 [SD, 13.8] years and the mean Spastic Paraplegia Rating Scale score was 22.8 [SD, 11.0]. We failed to identify spinal cord atrophy in SPG3A and SPG7. In contrast, we found abnormalities in patients with SPG4 and SPG11. Both subtypes had spinal cord GM and WM atrophy. SPG4 showed a strong inverse correlation between GM area and disease duration (ρ = -0.903, P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS

Cervical spinal cord atrophy is found in some but not all hereditary spastic paraplegia subtypes. Spinal cord damage in SPG4 and 11 involves both GM and WM.

Sensory neuronopathy is a specific and disabling neurological manifestation of autoimmune hepatitis

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Neurological manifestations have been identified in the context of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). Previous case reports highlighted the association between AIH and sensory neuronopathy (SN). Despite that, little is known about the frequency of AIH-related SN and its clinical/neurophysiological profile. Moreover, it is not clear whether SN is an AIH-specific manifestation or related to chronic liver damage.

METHODS

Seventy consecutive AIH patients were enrolled and their characteristics were compared with 52 consecutive patients with chronic active hepatitis B. All subjects underwent clinical and neurophysiological evaluation. Further comparisons were performed between AIH SN and AIH non-SN patients.

RESULTS

Mean ages and male:female proportions in the AIH and chronic active hepatitis B groups were 42.2 ± 16.3/51.7 ± 13.6 years and 14:56/29:23, respectively. The frequencies of carpal tunnel syndrome, radiculopathy and polyneuropathy were similar between groups. In contrast, SN was identified only in AIH patients (5/70 vs. 0/52, P = 0.04); the overall prevalence of AIH-related SN was 7% with an average profile of a woman in her 40s with asymmetric onset of sensory deficits that chronically evolved to disabling proprioceptive ataxia associated with marked dysautonomia. Neurological disability and hepatocellular damage did not follow in parallel. Anti-fibroblast growth factor receptor type 3 antibodies were found in 3/5 (60%) of the patients with AIH-related SN. Clinical or demographic predictors of SN in the context of AIH could not be identified.

CONCLUSION

Sensory neuronopathy, but not other peripheral nervous system diseases, is a specific AIH neurological manifestation. It is often disabling and, in contrast to hepatocellular injury, does not respond to immunosuppression.

Developmental and neurodegenerative damage in Friedreich's ataxia

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is the most common autosomal-recessive ataxia worldwide. It is characterized by early onset, sensory abnormalities and slowly progressive ataxia. All magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based studies have focused on the evaluation of adult patients. Therefore, we designed a cross-sectional multimodal MRI-based study to investigate the anatomical substrates involved in the early stages of FRDA.

METHODS

We enrolled 37 patients (12 children) and 38 controls. All subjects underwent MRI in a 3T device to assess gray and white matter. We used measures from FreeSurfer and CERES to evaluate the cerebral and cerebellar cortices. The T1 multiatlas assessed deep gray matter. The diffusion tensor imaging multiatlas was used to investigate microstructural abnormalities in brain white matter and SpineSeg was used to assess the cervical spinal cord. All analyses were corrected for multiple comparisons.

RESULTS

Comparison with age-matched controls showed that pediatric patients have spinal cord, inferior cerebellar peduncle and red nucleus damage. In contrast, adult patients showed more widespread white matter damage than pediatric patients. With regard to gray matter, we found cortical thinning at the left central sulcus and volumetric reduction in the thalami and hippocampi only in adult patients. Finally, values of fractional anisotropy in adult patients and radial diffusivity in pediatric patients from the inferior cerebellar peduncle correlated with disease duration and ataxia severity, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Structural damage in FRDA begins in the spinal cord and inferior cerebellar peduncle as well as the red nucleus, and progresses to cerebral areas in adulthood. These results shed some light on the early stages of FRDA and highlight potential neuroimaging markers for therapeutic trials.

The relationships between selected anthropometric and socio-economic data in schoolchildren from different social strata in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

The nutritional status according to anthropometric data was assessed in 756 schoolchildren from 5 low-income state schools and in one private school in the same part of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The prevalence of stunting and wasting (cut-off point: less than 90% ht/age and less than 80% wt/ht) ranged in the public schools from 6.2 to 15.2% and 3.3 to 24.0%, respectively, whereas the figures for the private school were 2.3 and 3.5%, respectively. Much more obesity was found in the private school (18.0%) than in the state schools (0.8-6.2%). Nutritional problems seem to develop more severely in accordance with the increasing age of the children. Therefore it appears advisable to assess schoolchildren within the context of nutritional surveillance system.

[Physical disabilities in Hansen's disease at the time of diagnosis. I. Disability evaluation]

The evaluation of the physical disabilities at the moment of the hanseniasis diagnosis was carried out through the clinical and epidemiological forms of the 8,915 cases recorded in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, from 1981 to 1983. The records of the physical disabilities were studied by three different methods: the disabilities at their highest grade, the disabilities' grade index achieved from the arithmetic mean of the added values of the different disability grades, and the absolute disabilities frequency. The study suggested that the maximum grade was the best evaluation method of the physical disabilities at the moment of the diagnosis, being an important indicator for the evaluation of prevention efforts and of the hanseniasis control.

[Biological and social determinants of disease: a study of iron deficiency anemia]

Buscou-se caracterizar os diferentes níveis de determinação da anemia carencial, enquanto fenômeno de saúde pública, a partir de algumas das relações biológicas e sociais definidoras desse processo saúde-doença. Articulando a análise dos processos específicos de determinada população de gestantes aos processos gerais próprios da metrópole paulistana, pôde-se observar como as condições para a ocorrência da anemia ferropriva estão atreladas às condições sociais e econômicas, de classe, seja pelas deficiências qualitativas e quantitativas da dieta, seja pela precariedade de saneamento ambiental, condições essas típicas das áreas habitadas pelas camadas sociais mais baixas. Focalizando um outro nível hierárquico das determinações, a análise dessas carências foi remetida, tendo em vista os processos biológicos singulares, ao conceito de vulnerabilidade orgânica tomado como articulador das características definidoras de grupos biológicos específicos frente aos riscos diferenciais de adoecer e morrer por "causas" ou processos mórbidos particulares, riscos esses atrelados às próprias condições de classe. Caracterizando os determinantes últimos dessa carência em função do baixo nível de consumo do que se convencionou chamar de "bens fundamentais", a análise buscou apreender elementos da realidade paulistana capazes de fornecer subsídios para o estabelecimento de possíveis "níveis críticos de consumo", isto é, determinada condição de vida abaixo da qual os indivíduos, (no caso as gestantes adscritas a grupos sociais específicos) estariam inscritos em situações particulares, simultaneamente de naturezas orgânica e social, "determinantes" dos níveis de risco à doença carencial. Focalizou-se a trajetória existente entre as condições de normalidade e de anemia, em termos de processo cuja fase intermediária entre a doença e o estado de normalidade foi representada pela deficiência de ferro sem anemia, entendida como fase subclínica. Nesta, esses três momentos do processo foram analisados em função das condições sócio-econômicas do grupo considerado. Articulando categorias de renda consideradas, em função do processo de análise, como incompatíveis com as possibilidades objetivas de aquisição dos "bens fundamentais" definidos como mínimos, pôde-se caracterizar determinada condição social e econômica a partir da qual a anemia ferropriva teria, por hipótese, maior probabilidade de incidência, considerados os vários processos em jogo, quer de natureza social, quer de natureza biológica.