TREM2 mediates MHCII-associated CD4+ T-cell response against gliomas

BACKGROUND

Myeloid cells comprise up to 50% of the total tumor mass in glioblastoma (GBM) and have been implicated in promoting tumor progression and immunosuppression. Modulating the response of myeloid cells to the tumor has emerged as a promising new approach for cancer treatment. In this regard, we focus on the Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 2 (TREM2), which has recently emerged as a novel immune modulator in peripheral tumors.

METHODS

We studied the TREM2 expression profile in various patient tumor samples and conducted single-cell transcriptomic analysis in both GBM patients and the GL261 mouse glioma model. We utilized multiple mouse glioma models and employed state-of-the-art techniques such as invivo 2-photon imaging, spectrum flow cytometry, and in vitro co-culture assays to study TREM2 function in myeloid cell-mediated phagocytosis of tumor cells, antigen presentation, and response of CD4+ T cells within the tumor hemispheres.

RESULTS

Our research revealed significantly elevated levels of TREM2 expression in brain tumors compared to other types of tumors in patients. TREM2 was predominantly localized in tumor-associated myeloid cells and was highly expressed in nearly all microglia, as well as various subtypes of macrophages. Surprisingly, in preclinical glioma models, TREM2 deficiency did not confer a beneficial effect; instead, it accelerated glioma progression. Through detailed investigations, we determined that TREM2 deficiency impaired the ability of tumor-myeloid cells to phagocytose tumor cells and led to reduced expression of MHCII. This deficiency further significantly decreased the presence of CD4+ T cells within the tumor hemispheres.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study unveiled a previously unrecognized protective role of tumor-myeloid TREM2. Specifically, we found that TREM2 enhances the phagocytosis of tumor cells and promotes an immune response by facilitating MHCII-associated CD4+ T-cell responses against gliomas.

Reduced Expression of CLEC4G in Neurons Is Associated with Alzheimer's Disease

CLEC4G, a glycan-binding receptor, has previously been demonstrated to inhibit Aβ generation, yet its brain localization and functions in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are not clear. We explored the localization, function, and regulatory network of CLEC4G via experiments and analysis of RNA-seq databases. CLEC4G transcripts and proteins were identified in brain tissues, with the highest expression observed in neurons. Notably, AD was associated with reduced levels of CLEC4G transcripts. Bioinformatic analyses revealed interactions between CLEC4G and relevant genes such as BACE1, NPC1, PILRA, TYROBP, MGAT1, and MGAT3, all displaying a negative correlation trend. We further identified the upstream transcriptional regulators NR2F6 and XRCC4 for CLEC4G and confirmed a decrease in CLEC4G expression in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. This study highlights the role of CLEC4G in protecting against AD progression and the significance of CLEC4G for AD research and management.

Maize catalases are recruited by a virus to modulate viral multiplication and infection

Given the detrimental effects of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in plant cells, various antioxidant mechanisms have evolved to maintain cellular redox homeostasis, encompassing both enzymatic components (e.g., catalase, superoxide dismutase) and non-enzymatic ones. Despite extensive research on the role of antioxidant systems in plant physiology and responses to abiotic stresses, the potential exploitation of antioxidant enzymes by plant viruses to facilitate viral infection remains insufficiently addressed. Herein, we demonstrate that maize catalases (ZmCATs) exhibited up-regulated enzymatic activities upon sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) infection. ZmCATs played crucial roles in SCMV multiplication and infection by catalysing the decomposition of excess cellular H2 O2 and promoting the accumulation of viral replication-related cylindrical inclusion (CI) protein through interaction. Peroxisome-localized ZmCATs were found to be distributed around SCMV replication vesicles in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Additionally, the helper component-protease (HC-Pro) of SCMV interacted with ZmCATs and enhanced catalase activities to promote viral accumulation. This study unveils a significant involvement of maize catalases in modulating SCMV multiplication and infection through interaction with two viral factors, thereby enhancing our understanding regarding viral strategies for manipulating host antioxidant mechanisms towards robust viral accumulation.

Microglia enhance post-anesthesia neuronal activity by shielding inhibitory synapses

Microglia are resident immune cells of the central nervous system and play key roles in brain homeostasis. During anesthesia, microglia increase their dynamic process surveillance and interact more closely with neurons. However, the functional significance of microglial process dynamics and neuronal interaction under anesthesia is largely unknown. Using in vivo two-photon imaging in mice, we show that microglia enhance neuronal activity after the cessation of isoflurane anesthesia. Hyperactive neuron somata are contacted directly by microglial processes, which specifically colocalize with GABAergic boutons. Electron-microscopy-based synaptic reconstruction after two-photon imaging reveals that, during anesthesia, microglial processes enter into the synaptic cleft to shield GABAergic inputs. Microglial ablation or loss of microglial β2-adrenergic receptors prevents post-anesthesia neuronal hyperactivity. Our study demonstrates a previously unappreciated function of microglial process dynamics, which enable microglia to transiently boost post-anesthesia neuronal activity by physically shielding inhibitory inputs.

Sorting Technology for Mesenchymal Stem Cells from a Single Tissue Source

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that can be obtained, enriched and proliferated in vitro. They owned enormous potential in fields like regenerative medicine, tissue engineering and immunomodulation. However, though isolated from the same origin, MSCs are still essentially heterogeneous cell populations with different phenotypes and functions. This heterogeneity of MSCs significantly affects their therapeutic efficacy and brings obstacles to scientific research. Thus, reliable sorting technology which can isolate or purify MSC subpopulations with various potential and differentiation pathways is urgently needed. This review summarized principles, application status and clinical implications for these sorting methods, aiming at improving the understanding of MSC heterogeneity as well as providing fresh perspectives for subsequent clinical applications.

Efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production by space separation of photo-generated charges from S-scheme ZnIn2S4/ZnO heterojunction

ZnIn2S4/ZnO heterostructures have been achieved by a simple in-situ growth solvothermal method. Under full spectrum irradiation, the optimal photocatalyst 2ZnIn2S4/ZnO exhibits H2 evolution rate of 13,638 (water/ethanol = 1:1) and 3036 (water) μmol·g-1h-1, which is respectively 4 and 5 times higher than that of pure ZnIn2S4. In situ illumination X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ISI-XPS) analysis and density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that the electrons of ZnIn2S4 are removed to ZnO through hybridization and form an internal electric field between ZnIn2S4 and ZnO. The optical properties of the catalyst and the effect of internal electric field (IEF) can increase photo-generated electrons (e-)-holes (h+) transport rate and enhance light collection, resulting in profitable photocatalytic properties. The photoelectrochemical and EPR results show that a stepped (S-scheme) heterojunction is formed in the ZnIn2S4/ZnO redox center, which greatly promotes separation of e--h+ pairs and efficient H2 evolution. This research offers an effective method for constructing an efficient S-Scheme photocatalytic system for H2 evolution.

Cell-autonomous effects of APOE4 in restricting microglial response in brain homeostasis and Alzheimer's disease

Microglial involvement in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology has emerged as a risk-determining pathogenic event. While apolipoprotein E (APOE) is known to modify AD risk, it remains unclear how microglial apoE impacts brain cognition and AD pathology. Here, using conditional mouse models expressing apoE isoforms in microglia and central nervous system-associated macrophages (CAMs), we demonstrate a cell-autonomous effect of apoE3-mediated microglial activation and function, which are negated by apoE4. Expression of apoE3 in microglia/CAMs improves cognitive function, increases microglia surrounding amyloid plaque and reduces amyloid pathology and associated toxicity, whereas apoE4 expression either compromises or has no effects on these outcomes by impairing lipid metabolism. Single-cell transcriptomic profiling reveals increased antigen presentation and interferon pathways upon apoE3 expression. In contrast, apoE4 expression downregulates complement and lysosomal pathways, and promotes stress-related responses. Moreover, in the presence of mouse endogenous apoE, microglial apoE4 exacerbates amyloid pathology. Finally, we observed a reduction in Lgals3-positive responsive microglia surrounding amyloid plaque and an increased accumulation of lipid droplets in APOE4 human brains and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia. Our findings establish critical isoform-dependent effects of microglia/CAM-expressed apoE in brain function and the development of amyloid pathology, providing new insight into how apoE4 vastly increases AD risk.

VEGF-A in serum protects against memory impairment in APP/PS1 transgenic mice by blocking neutrophil infiltration

Activation of innate immunity in the brain is a prominent feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The present study investigated the regulation of innate immunity by wild-type serum injection in a transgenic AD mouse model. We found that treatment with wild-type mouse serum significantly reduced the number of neutrophils and microglial reactivity in the brains of APP/PS1 mice. Mimicking this effect, neutrophil depletion via Ly6G neutralizing antibodies resulted in improvements in AD brain functions. Serum proteomic analysis identified vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) as factors enriched in serum samples, which are crucial for neutrophil migration and chemotaxis, leukocyte migration, and cell chemotaxis. Exogenous VEGF-A reversed amyloid β (Aβ)-induced decreases in cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) and increases in CXCL1 in vitro and blocked neutrophil infiltration into the AD brain. Endothelial Cdk5 overexpression conferred an inhibitory effect on CXCL1 and neutrophil infiltration, thereby restoring memory abilities in APP/PS1 mice. Our findings uncover a previously unknown link between blood-derived VEGF signaling and neutrophil infiltration and support targeting endothelial Cdk5 signaling as a potential therapeutic strategy for AD.

Assessing the construction of a Healthy City in China: a conceptual framework and evaluation index system

OBJECTIVES

COVID-19 has brought challenges to the health of all mankind. It is particularly important to promote the construction of a 'Healthy China' and build a 'healthy community'. The aims of this study were to construct a reasonable conceptual framework for the Healthy City concept and to assess Healthy City construction in China.

STUDY DESIGN

This study combined qualitative and quantitative research.

METHODS

This study proposes the concept model of 'nature-human body-Healthy City' and accordingly constructs an evaluation index system for the construction of a Healthy City that integrates five dimensions, namely, the medical level, economic basis, cultural development, social services, and ecological environment to explore the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of Healthy City construction in China. Finally, the influencing factors of Healthy City construction patterns are explored using GeoDetector.

RESULTS

(1) The pace of Healthy City construction is generally on the rise; (2) the construction of Healthy Cities exhibits significant global spatial autocorrelation and gradually increasing agglomeration. The spatial distribution of cold hotspot areas was relatively stable; (3) medical and health progress is an important factor; the level of economic development is the leading support; the endowment of resources and environment is the basic condition; public service support provides important support; and scientific and technological innovation capabilities provide technical support for the construction of a Healthy City.

CONCLUSIONS

The spatial heterogeneity of Healthy City construction in China is evident, and the state of spatial distribution is relatively stable. The spatial pattern of Healthy City construction is shaped by a combination of factors. Our research will provide a scientific basis for promoting the construction of Healthy Cities and helping to implement the Health China Strategy.

Well-Defined Fullerene Bisadducts Enable High-Performance Tin-Based Perovskite Solar Cells

Tin-based perovskite solar cells (TPSCs) are attracting intense research interest due to their excellent optoelectric properties and eco-friendly features. To further improve the device performance, developing new fullerene derivatives as electron transporter layers (ETLs) is highly demanded. Four well-defined regioisomers (trans-2, trans-3, trans-4, and e) of diethylmalonate-C₆₀ bisadduct (DCBA) are isolated and well characterized. The well-defined molecular structure enables us to investigate the real structure-dependent effects on photovoltaic performance. It is found that the chemical structures of the regioisomers not only affect their energy levels, but also lead to significant differences in their molecular packings and interfacial contacts. As a result, the devices with trans-2, trans-3, trans-4, and e as ETLs yield efficiencies of 11.69%, 14.58%, 12.59%, and 10.55%, respectively, which are higher than that of the as-prepared DCBA-based (10.28%) device. Notably, the trans-3-based device also demonstrates a certified efficiency of 14.30%, representing one of the best-performing TPSCs.

Carbonyl (CO)/N-based thermally activated delayed fluorescent materials with high efficiency and fast reverse intersystem crossing rate: a theoretical design and study

Two novel highly efficient organic TADF materials based on MR structures have been theoretically designed and investigated.

Optoelectronic performance of perovskites Cs2KMI6 (M = Ga, In) based on high-throughput screening and first-principles calculations

Developing novel lead-free perovskite materials with suitable bandgaps and superior thermal stability is crucial to boost their applications in the next-generation photovoltaic technologies. High throughput screening combined with first principles...

Simultaneous measurement of the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 and its multiple variants by a phage display mediated immuno-multiplex quantitative PCR-based assay

To combat the continued pandemic of COVID-19, multiplex serological assays have been developed to comprehensively monitor the humoral immune response and help to design new vaccination protocols to different SARS-CoV-2 variants. However, multiplex beads and stably transfected cell lines require stringent production and storage conditions, and assays based on flow cytometry is time-consuming and its application is therefore restricted. Here, we describe a phage display system to distinguish the differences of immune response to antigenic domains of multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants simultaneously. Compared with linear peptides, the recombinant antigens displayed on the phage surface have shown some function that requires the correct folding to form a stable structure, and the binding efficiency between the recombinant phage and existing antibodies is reduced by mutations on antigens known to be important for antigen–antibody interaction. By using Phage display mediated immuno-multiplex quantitative PCR (Pi-mqPCR), the binding efficiency between the antibody and antigens of different SARS-CoV-2 variants can be measured in one amplification reaction. Overall, these data show that this assay is a valuable tool to evaluate the humoral response to the same antigen of different SARS-CoV-2 variants or antigens of different pathogens. Combined with high-throughput DNA sequencing technology, this phage display system can be further applied in monitoring humoral immune response in a large population before and after vaccination.

Lead-free all-inorganic halide double perovskite materials for optoelectronic applications: progress, performance and design

The geometrical and electronic structures of all-inorganic halide double perovskites and their applications in optoelectronic devices are reviewed. Novel design methods are desirable to develop this type of perovskite with superior performance.

Theoretically elucidating high photoluminescence performance of dimethylacridan-based blue-color thermally activated delayed fluorescent materials

Based on first-principles methods, we comprehensively quantify the luminous quantum efficiencies and related photophysical process rates of dimethylacridan-based blue-color TADF emitters.

Thermally activated delayed fluorescence materials with aggregation-induced emission properties: a QM/MM study

Organic molecules with thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and aggregation induced emission (AIE) properties have attracted increasing research interest due to their great potential applications in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), especially for those with multicolor mechanochromic luminescence (MCL) features. Theoretical research on the luminescence characteristics of organic TADF emitters based on the aggregation states is highly desired to quantify the relationship between the TADF properties and aggregation states. In this work, we study the 4,4'-(6-(9,9-dimethylacridine-10(9H)-yl)quinoline-2,3-dibenzonitrile (DMAC-CNQ) emitter with TADF and AIE properties, and calculate the photophysical properties in gas, solid and amorphous states by using the quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics (QM/MM) method. Our simulations demonstrate that the aggregation states enhance obviously the reverse intersystem crossing rates and transition dipole moments of the DMAC-CNQ emitter, and suppress the non-radiative rates from the lowest excited singlet state (S₁) to ground state (S₀). Specifically, the molecular stacking of DMAC-CNQ in solid phases can mainly restrict the geometric torsion of the DMAC moiety for decreasing non-radiative decay rates, and the torsion of the CNQ moiety for increasing the reverse intersystem crossing rates. As a result, the calculated fluorescence efficiencies of the DMAC-CNQ emitter in the crystal and amorphous states are 67% and 26% respectively, and in good agreement with the experimental results.

Efficacy of a virtual reality-based basic and clinical fused curriculum for clinical education on the lumbar intervertebral disc

OBJECTIVE

Today, minimally invasive procedures have become mainstream surgical procedures. Percutaneous endoscopic transforaminal discectomy for lumbar disc herniation (LDH) requires profound knowledge of the laparoscopic lumbar anatomy. Immersive virtual reality (VR) provides three-dimensional patient-specific models to help in the process of preclinical surgical preparation. In this study, the authors investigated the efficacy of VR application in LDH for training orthopedic residents and postgraduates.

METHODS

VR images of the lumbar anatomy were created with immersive VR and mAnatomy software. The study was conducted among 60 residents and postgraduates. A questionnaire was developed to assess the effect of and satisfaction with this VR-based basic and clinical fused curriculum. The teaching effect was also evaluated through a postlecture test, and the results of the prelecture surgical examination were taken as baselines.

RESULTS

All participants in the VR group agreed that VR-based education is practical, attractive, and easy to operate, compared to traditional teaching, and promotes better understanding of the anatomical structures involved in LDH. Learners in the VR group achieved higher scores on an anatomical and clinical fusion test than learners in the traditional group (84.67 ± 14.56 vs 76.00 ± 16.10, p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

An immersive VR-based basic and clinical fused curriculum can increase residents' and postgraduates' interest and support them in mastering the structural changes and complicated symptoms of LDH. However, a simplified operational process and more realistic haptics of the VR system are necessary for further surgical preparation and application.

Bacille Calmette-Guérin attenuates vascular amyloid pathology and maximizes synaptic preservation in APP/PS1 mice following active amyloid-β immunotherapy

Despite effective clearance of parenchymal amyloid-β (Aβ) in patients with Alzheimer's disease, Aβ immunotherapy exacerbates the vascular Aβ (VAβ)-associated pathology in the brain. We have previously shown that BCG immunization facilitates protective monocyte recruitment to the brain of APP/PS1 mice. Here, we confirmed that the 4Aβ1-15 vaccine exacerbates VAβ deposits in this model, which coincides with a decrease in the number of cerebrovascular endothelial cells and pericytes, infiltration of neutrophils into the brain, and induction of cerebral microhemorrhage. Moreover, combined 4Aβ1-15/BCG treatment abrogates the development of the VAβ-associated pathology. In addition, BCG treatment is required for the upregulation of interleukin-10 in the brain. Notably, BCG treatment selectively enhances Aβ phagocytosis by recruited macrophages. Furthermore, combined 4Aβ1-15/BCG treatment is more effective than 4Aβ1-15 monotherapy in synaptic preservation and the enhancement of the learning efficiency. Overall, our study suggests that the combination of Aβ-targeted therapy with an immunomodulatory strategy may improve the efficacy of Aβ vaccine in Alzheimer's disease.

Influenza vaccine combined with moderate-dose PD1 blockade reduces amyloid-β accumulation and improves cognition in APP/PS1 mice

Immune dysfunction is implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD), whereas systemic immune modulation may be neuroprotective. Our previous results have indicated immune challenge with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin attenuates AD pathology in animal models by boosting the systemic immune system. Similarly, independent studies have shown that boosting systemic immune system, by blocking PD-1 checkpoint pathway, modifies AD. Here we hypothesized that influenza vaccine would potentiate function of moderate dose anti-PD-1 and therefore combining them might allow reducing the dose of PD-1 antibody needed to modify the disease. We found that moderate-dose PD-1 in combination with influenza vaccine effectively attenuated cognitive deficit and prevented amyloid-β pathology build-up in APP/PS1 mice in a mechanism dependent on recruitment of peripheral monocyte-derived macrophages into the brain. Eliminating peripheral macrophages abrogated the beneficial effect. Moreover, by comparing CD11b⁺ compartments in the mouse parenchyma, we observed an elevated subset of Ly6C⁺ microglia-like cells, which are reportedly derived from peripheral monocytes. In addition, myeloid-derived suppressor cells are strongly elevated in the transgenic model used and normalized by combination treatment, indicating restoration of brain immune homeostasis. Overall, our results suggest that revitalizing brain immunity by combining IV with moderate-dose PD-1 inhibition may represent a therapeutic immunotherapy for AD.

[Research on feasibility of in vitro inflammatory wound microenvironment simulated by using inflammatory wound tissue homogenate of mice]

Objective: To investigate the feasibility of in vitro inflammatory wound microenvironment simulated by using inflammatory wound tissue homogenate of mice. Methods: (1) Ten eight-week-old C57BL/6 male mice were collected and full-thickness skin tissue with diameter of 1.0 cm on both sides of the midline of the back was taken with a perforator to make the normal skin tissue homogenate supernatant. At 48 h after the full-thickness skin defect wound was established, the wound tissue within 2 mm from the wound edge was taken to make inflammatory wound tissue homogenate supernatant. Two kinds of tissue homogenate supernatant were taken to adjust the total protein concentration to 1 mg/mL, and the tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) content was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The number of sample was 6. (2) The primary passage of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) were collected and cultured to the 3rd passage with the normal exosomes being extracted from the hUCMSCs after cultured for 48 h. Another batch of hUCMSCs in the 3rd passage was collected and stimulated with inflammatory wound tissue homogenate supernatant of 30, 50, and 100 μg/mL total protein and normal skin tissue homogenate supernatant of 30, 50, and 100 μg/mL total protein, respectively. After cultured for 48 h, the exosomes stimulated with normal protein of 30, 50, and 100 μg/mL and exosomes stimulated with inflammatory protein of 30, 50, and 100 μg/mL were extracted. Normal exosomes, exosomes stimulated with 30 μg/mL normal protein, and exosomes stimulated with 30 μg/mL inflammatory protein were collected, the morphology was observed by transmission electron microscope, the particle size was detected by nanoparticle tracking analyzer, and the expressions of CD9 and CD63 were detected by Western blotting. (3) Twenty one-day-old C57BL/6 mice were taken to isolate the primary passage of fibroblasts (Fbs) and the 3rd passage of Fbs, whose morphology was observed under the inverted phase contrast microscope. The Fbs of 3rd passage were collected to observe the expression of vimentin by cell crawling method combined with immunofluorescence method at culture hour (CH) 2. (4) The Fbs of 3rd passage were divided into control group, normal exosome group, 30, 50, 100 μg/mL normal protein stimulating exosome group, and 30, 50, 100 μg/mL inflammatory protein stimulating exosome group according to the random number table, with 4 wells in each group. Cells in control group received no treatment, and cells in the other 7 groups were respectively added with normal exosomes, exosomes stimulated with normal protein of 30, 50, and 100 μg/mL, and exosomes stimulated with inflammatory protein of 30, 50, and 100 μg/mL prepared in experiment (2). The final mass concentration of exosomes was adjusted to 10 μg/mL. The cell viability was detected by cell count kit 8 at CH 48. (5) Two batches of Fbs in the 3rd passage were divided and treated as those in experiment (4), with 4 wells in each group, and the final mass concentration of exosomes was adjusted to 1 and 10 μg/mL, respectively. The cell mobility was detected by cell scratch test at CH 6, 12, and 24. (6) Two batches of the Fbs of 3rd passage were collected, divided, and treated as those in experiment (4) except with no control group, with 3 wells in each group, and the final mass concentration of exosomes was respectively adjusted to 1 and 10 μg/mL. The mRNA expression levels of transforming growth factor β(1) (TGF-β(1)), TGF-β(3), and α smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction at CH 48. Data were statistically analyzed with analysis of variance for repeated measurement, one-way analysis of variance, and Bonferroni method. Results: (1) The content of TNF-α in inflammatory wound tissue homogenate supernatant of mice was (116±3) pg/mL, significantly higher than (97±5) pg/mL in normal skin tissue homogenate supernatant at post injury hour 48 (t=3.306, P<0.05). (2) Normal exosomes, exosomes stimulated with 30 μg/mL normal protein, and exosomes stimulated with 30 μg/mL inflammatory protein of hUCMSCs showed the typical saucer-like shape. The particle sizes of the three exosomes of hUCMSCs were 30-150 nm, which were all within the normal particle size range of exosome. Three exosomes of hUCMSCs positively expressed CD9 and CD63. (3) The primary passage of cells were clearly defined and showed protruding spindle shape, irregular polygon shape, or slender strip shape. The morphology of the 3rd and the primary passage of cells is similar. At CH 2, vimentin in cells was positively expressed, and the cells were identified as Fbs. (4) At CH 48, the cell viability was (137.4±2.8)% in 30 μg/mL inflammatory protein stimulating exosome group, obviously higher than 100%, (107.5±2.4)%, (113.3±3.2)%, (104.0±2.0)%, and (101.9±1.5)% in control group, normal exosome group, 30 μg/mL normal protein stimulating exosome group, and 50 and 100 μg/mL inflammatory protein stimulating exosome groups, respectively (P<0.01), and cell viability in 30 μg/mL normal protein stimulating exosome group was obviously higher than that in control group, normal exosome group, and 50 and 100 μg/mL normal protein stimulating exosome groups [(103.4±2.2)% and (102.5±1.4)%], respectively (P<0.01). (5) At CH 6, 12, and 24, the mobility rate of cells in 30 μg/mL inflammatory protein stimulating exosome group was significantly higher than that in control group, normal exosome group, 30 μg/mL normal protein stimulating exosome group, and 50 and 100 μg/mL inflammatory protein stimulating exosome groups, respectively, when the final mass concentrations of exosome was 1 μg/mL (P<0.05) . At CH 12, the mobility rate of cells in 30 μg/mL normal protein stimulating exosome group was obviously higher than that in control group, normal exosome group, and 50 and 100 μg/mL normal protein stimulating exosome groups, respectively, when the final mass concentration of exosome was 1 μg/mL (P<0.05). At CH 6, the mobility rate of cells in 30 μg/mL inflammatory protein stimulating exosome group was significantly higher than that in control group and normal exosome group (P<0.05), and the mobility rate of cells in 30 μg/mL normal protein stimulating exosome group was significantly higher than that in 50 and 100 μg/mL normal protein stimulating exosome groups, respectively, when the final mass concentration of exosome was 10 μg/mL (P<0.05). At CH 12 and 24, the mobility rate of cells in 30 μg/mL inflammatory protein stimulating exosome group was significantly higher than that in control group, normal exosome group, and 50 and 100 μg/mL inflammatory protein stimulating exosome groups (P<0.05), and the mobility rate of cells in 30 μg/mL normal protein stimulating exosome group was significantly higher than that in control group, normal exosome group, and 50 and 100 μg/mL normal protein stimulating exosome groups, respectively, when the final mass concentration of exosome was 10 μg/mL (P<0.05). (6) There were no statistically significant differences in mRNA expression levels of TGF-β(1), TGF-β(3), and α-SMA of cells among the 7 groups at CH 48 when the final mass concentration of exosome was 1 μg/mL (F=1.123, 1.537, 1.653, P>0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in mRNA expression levels of TGF-β(1) and α-SMA of cells among the 7 groups at CH 48 when the final mass concentration of exosome was 10 μg/mL (F=1.487, 1.308, P>0.05), and mRNA expression level of TGF-β(3) of cells in 50 μg/mL inflammatory protein stimulating exosome group at CH 48 was significantly higher than that in normal exosome group, 50 μg/mL normal protein stimulating exosome group, and 30 and 100 μg/mL inflammatory protein stimulating exosome groups when the final mass concentration of exosome was 10 μg/mL (P<0.05). Conclusions: The pretreatment with inflammatory wound tissue homogenate supernatant of mice has no significant effect on the total protein of hUCMSCs exosomes. The hUCMSCs exosomes stimulated by low concentration inflammatory wound tissue homogenate supernatant can significantly promote the proliferation and migration ability of Fbs. The content of inflammatory mediators in the wound tissue homogenate supernatant during the inflammatory phase is extremely low, which may be the reason that the anti-inflammation and tissue repair paracrine effects of mesenchymal stem cell cannot be effectively started.

[Analysis on the situation of being supported by the national natural science foundation of China in the field of occupational diseases from 2010 to 2019]

Objective: To understand the situation supported by the National Natural Science Foundation in the field of occupational diseases (H2402) in China, so as to provide a reference basis for the application and research of scientific researchers in the field of occupational diseases in China. Methods: The information system of scientific and technological achievements was used to search the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) in the field of occupational diseases from 2010 to 2019. Results: From 2010 to 2019, a total of 55 projects were funded under the Occupational Disease code (H2402) , with a total funding of 22.33 million yuan, of which 30 were supported by the Youth Science Foundation, 20 by the Youth Science Foundation and 5 by the Regional Science Foundation. Thirty five items of the research projects focused on pneumoconiosis and other respiratory diseases which accounted for 63.64 per cent. Forty one items of scientific research projects are supported by domestic institutions of higher learning which accounted for 74.55 per cent. Conclusion: The research support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China to the field of occupational diseases (H2402) has increased steadily, but the support of different research directions and supporting units is not balanced. It is suggested that departments concerned strengthen guidance and support for the applicants in less developed areas and weak research directions of the projects in the National Natural Science Foundation.

MiR-204 inhibits inflammation and cell apoptosis in retinopathy rats with diabetic retinopathy by regulating Bcl-2 and SIRT1 expressions

OBJECTIVE

To explore the influences of micro ribonucleic acid (miR)-204 on the rats with diabetic retinopathy by regulating the expressions of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 36 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into normal group (n=12), model group (n=12), and miR-204 mimics group (n=12). No treatment was performed in the normal group, the diabetic retinopathy model was established in model group, and miR-204 mimics were administered for intervention after modeling in the inhibitor group. After 7 d, materials were sampled for detection. The expressions of Bcl-2 and SIRT1 were detected via immunohistochemistry, and their relative protein expression levels were determined via Western blotting (WB). Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) was performed to detect the expression of miR-204, and the content of inflammatory factors interleukin (IL)-6, IL-18, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Finally, cell apoptosis was evaluated via terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL).

RESULTS

Immunohistochemistry results showed that the positive expression levels of Bcl-2 and SIRT1 were substantially lower in the model and miR-204 mimics groups than those in the normal group (p<0.05), and their positive expression levels in miR-204 mimics group were notably higher than those in model group (p<0.05). According to Western blot (WB) results, the relative protein expression levels of Bcl-2 and SIRT1 markedly declined in the other two groups compared with those in the normal group (p<0.05), while miR-204 mimics group exhibited remarkably higher relative protein expression levels of Bcl-2 and SIRT1 than the model group (p<0.05). The results of qPCR revealed that the relative expression level of miR-204 was markedly lowered in model and miR-204 mimics groups compared with that in the normal group (p<0.05), and its relative expression level in miR-204 mimics group was remarkably higher than that in the model group. It was found through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that compared with normal group, the other two groups had substantially increased content of IL-6, IL-18, and TNF-α (p<0.05), and the content of IL-6, IL-18, and TNF-α in miR-204 mimics group was markedly lower than that in the model group (p<0.05). According to TUNEL results, the apoptosis rate of cells rose substantially in the other two groups compared with that in the normal group (p<0.05), while was notably lower in the miR-204 mimics group than that in the model group (p<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

MiR-204 up-regulates Bcl-2 and SIRT1 expressions to inhibit the inflammation and cell apoptosis in rats with diabetic retinopathy.

CRISPR-dCas9-mediated knockdown of prtR, an essential gene in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a widely distributed non-fermentative Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen that is often responsible for nosocomial infections. Gene interference is a potentially valuable tool for investigating essential genes in P. aeruginosa. To establish a gene interference platform in P. aeruginosa, CRISPR system was used with an inactive Cas9 protein. The CRISPR-dCas9 system was cloned into pHERD20T, a shuttle vector with arabinose inducible promoter, and was further modified to target a regulatory gene prtR that is essential for the viability of P. aeruginosa. Cells expressing the prtR-targeting CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) showed growth defect in an arabinose dose-dependent manner. A high-throughput RNA sequencing analysis of bacterial cells with or without the CRISPRi-mediated prtR inhibition indicated that prtRis a global regulator affecting multiple biological processes. In conclusion, the CRISPR-dCas9-based gene knockdown system has been successfully implemented in P. aeruginosa and demonstrated to be an effective tool in the investigation of essential or difficult-to-inactivate genes in this species.

Intraperitoneal injection of IFN-γ restores microglial autophagy, promotes amyloid-β clearance and improves cognition in APP/PS1 mice

Autophagy is a major self-degradative process that maintains cellular homeostasis and function in mammalian cells. Autophagic dysfunction occurs in the early pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and directly regulates amyloid-β (Aβ) metabolism. Although it has been proven that the cytokine IFN-γ enhances autophagy in macrophage cell lines, whether the signaling cascade is implicated in Aβ degradation in AD mouse models remains to be elucidated. Here, we found that 9 days of the intraperitoneal administration of IFN-γ significantly increased the LC3II/I ratio and decreased the level of p62 in APP/PS1 mice, an AD mouse model. In vitro, IFN-γ protected BV2 cells from Aβ toxicity by upregulating the expressions of Atg7 and Atg5 and the LC3II/I ratio, whereas these protective effects were ablated by interference with Atg5 expression. Moreover, IFN-γ enhanced autophagic flux, probably through suppressing the AKT/mTOR pathway both in vivo and in vitro. Importantly, using intravital two-photon microscopy and fluorescence staining, we found that microglia interacted with exogenous IFN-γ and Aβ, and surrounded Aβ in APP/PS1;CX3CR1-GFP^+/− mice. In addition, IFN-γ treatment decreased the Aβ plaque load in the cortex and hippocampus and rescued cognitive deficits in APP/PS1 mice. Our data suggest a possible mechanism by which the peripheral injection of IFN-γ restores microglial autophagy to induce the phagocytosis of cerebral Aβ, which represents a potential therapeutic approach for the use of exogenous IFN-γ in AD.

The adoptive transfer of BCG-induced T lymphocytes contributes to hippocampal cell proliferation and tempers anxiety-like behavior in immune deficient mice

We previously have reported that neonatal Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination improves neurogenesis and behavior in early life through affecting the neuroimmune milieu in the brain, but it is uncertain whether activation phenotypes and functional changes in T lymphocytes shape brain development. Here, we studied the effects of BCG vaccination via the adoptive transfer of T lymphocytes from the BALB/c wild-type mice into naive mice. Our results show that mice adoptive BCG-induced lymphocytes (BCG->naive mice) showed anxiolytic and antidepressant-like performance when completing an elevated plus maze (EPM) test. Meanwhile, BCG->naive mice possess more cell proliferation and newborn neurons than PBS->naive and nude mice in the hippocampus. IFN-γ and IL-4 levels in the serum of BCG->naive mice also increased, while TNF-α and IL-1β levels were reduced relative to those of PBS->naive and nude mice. We further found that BCG->naive mice showed different repartition of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cell to naive (CD62L⁺CD44^low), effector memory (CD62L⁻CD44^hi), central memory (CD62L⁺CD44^hi) and acute/activated effector (CD62L⁻CD44^low) cells in the spleen. Importantly, the adoptive transfer of BCG-induced T lymphocytes infiltrated into the dura mater and brain parenchyma of the nude mice. Activation phenotypes and functional changes in T lymphocytes are very likely to affect the neuroimmune milieu in the brain, and alterations in ratios of splenic CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ memory T cells may affect the expression of correlative cytokines in the serum, accounting for our behavioral results. We conclude thus that the adoptive transfer of BCG-induced T lymphocytes contributes to hippocampal cell proliferation and tempers anxiety-like behavior in immune deficient mice. Our work shows that BCG vaccination improves hippocampal cell proliferation outcomes and behaviors, likely as a result of splenic effector/memory T lymphocytes regulating the neuroimmune niche in the brain.

Influenza vaccination in early Alzheimer's disease rescues amyloidosis and ameliorates cognitive deficits in APP/PS1 mice by inhibiting regulatory T cells

Background

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder strongly correlated with a dysfunctional immune system. Our previous results demonstrated that inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) facilitates hippocampal neurogenesis and blocks lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cognitive impairment. However, whether IIV improves cognitive deficits in an AD mouse model remains unclear. In addition, early interventions in AD have been encouraged in recent years. Here, we investigated whether IIV immunization at the preclinical stage of AD alters the brain pathology and cognitive deficits in an APP/ PS1 mouse model.

Methods

We assessed spatial learning and memory using Morris water maze (MWM). The brain β-amyloid (Aβ) plaque burden and activated microglia were investigated by immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, flow cytometry was utilized to analyze the proportions of Treg cells in the spleen. A cytokine antibody array was performed to measure the alteration of cytokines in the brain and peripheral immune system.

Results

Five IIV immunizations activated microglia, reduced the Aβ burden and improved the cognitive impairment. Simultaneously, the IIV-induced immune response broke peripheral immunosuppression by reducing Foxp3⁺ regulatory T cell (Treg) activities, whereas the restoration of Treg level in the periphery using all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) blunted the protective effects of IIV on Aβ burden and cognitive functions. Interestingly, IIV immunization might increase proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine expression in the brain of APP/PS1 mice, enhanced microglial activation, and enhanced the clustering and phagocytosis of Aβ, thereby creating new homeostasis in the disordered immune microenvironment.

Conclusions

Altogether, our results suggest that early multiple IIV immunizations exert a beneficial immunomodulatory effect in APP/PS1 mice by breaking Treg-mediated systemic immune tolerance, maintaining the activation of microglia and removing of Aβ plaques, eventually improving cognitive deficits.

[The basic characteristics and medical status of pneumoconiosis patients under different investigation methods]

Objective: To analyze the characteristics of pneumoconiosis patients and the basic status of medical treatment. Methods: Research objects were chosen by stratified sampling method and typical survey method from existing pneumoconiosis patients in China. The survey was carried out from March 2017 to January 2018 in nine provinces including provinces from east, medium and western region in China. Source of pneumoconiosis cases were inpatient cases, outpatient or physical-examined cases and household-investigation cases. The survey mainly included demographic and sociological characteristics, economic status, occupational history and dust exposure history, disease status, work-related injury insurance and social security status and related indicators of pneumoconiosis treatment. Results: Investigated 1037 pneumoconiosis cases which included 186 (19.9%) household-investigation cases, 212 (20.4%) outpatient or physical-examined cases and 639 (61.7%) inpatient cases. Demographic and sociological characteristics, individual monthly income, economic source, occupational history and work-related injury insurance were statistically significant among different source of pneumoconiosis patients (P<0.05) . Among all of the household-investigation cases, there were 74 cases (40.2%) had no income, 117 cases (62.9%) used to work in private enterprises, 36 cases (19.4%) had work-related injuries insurance, 95 cases (51.1%) were at three phase of pneumoconiosis, 108 cases (59.0%) haven't had any drugs for pneumoconiosis. 65 cases (39.4%) haven't went to the clinic, 53 cases (28.5%) hadn't seek medical advice although they needed medical treatment very much. Among all of the outpatient or physical-examined cases, there were 95 cases (46.1%) had no income, 36 cases (17.0%) had work-related injuries Insurance, 139 cases (65.6%) went to the clinic for treatment of pneumoconiosis, 81 cases (38.2%) went to the clinic for more than ten times. Among all the inpatient cases, 310 cases' (49.3%) personal monthly income was above 2000 yuan, 352 cases (55.1%) had work-related injuries Insurance, 588 cases (92.2%) were taking drugs for treatment of pneumoconiosis, 153 canses (24.2%) had hospitalization for than ten times. Conclusion: Household-investigation cases have lower economic conditions, lower rates of Insurance coverage for work-related injuries, severer pneumoconiosis and higher clinical service utilization. Clinical or physical-examined cases have lower economic conditions, lower rates of Insurance coverage for work-related injuries and higher clinical service utilization. Hospitalized cases have better economic conditions, higher rates of insurance coverage for work-related injuries and higher hospitalization service utilization.

Synergistic effects of combined vaccination with BCG and influenza vaccines on spatial cognition and hippocampal plasticity in rats

Previous study has demonstrated the neurobeneficial role of BCG and influenza vaccines. Based on this, our study concentrated on the synergistic effects on development of central nervous system by combined vaccination with BCG and influenza vaccines in rats. Our results displayed that pups combinedly vaccinated with BCG and influenza vaccines showed a significant enhance in spatial cognition, induction of LTP, hippocampal neurogenesis and morphology of dendritic spines compared with pups vaccinated with BCG solely. Furthermore, combined vaccination with BCG and influenza vaccines showed higher expression of BDNF, IGF-1, IL-4, IFN-γ and lower IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 than BCG. Taken together, combined vaccination with BCG and influenza vaccines presented synergistic effects on spatial cognition and hippocampal plasticity in rats.

Abstract P1-08-23: Not presented

This abstract was not presented at the conference.

Citation Format: Zang Y-S, Qi F, Qin W-X. Not presented [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-08-23.

MiR-206-3p alleviates chronic constriction injury-induced neuropathic pain through targeting HDAC4

It was identified that microRNAs were involved in the regulation of chronic neuropathic pain. However, the role of miR-206-3p in neuropathic pain was still unclear. In the current study, the role of miR-206-3p, a type of mature miR-206, in neuropathic pain was investigated. The potential mechanisms were also explored. We found that the expression of miR-206-3p decreased in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of chronic constriction sciatic nerve injury (CCI) rats, whereas the While histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) level increased. Further exploration showed that administration of a miR-206-3p mimic alleviated neuropathic pain and reduced the level of HDAC4, a predicted target of miR-206-3p. Overexpression of HDAC4 attenuated the effects of miR-206-3p on neuropathic pain. Our data revealed a miR-206-3p-HDAC4 signal that played a potentially important role in CCI-induced neuropathic pain.

Prenatal influenza vaccination rescues impairments of social behavior and lamination in a mouse model of autism

Background

Prenatal infection is a substantial risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism in offspring. We have previously reported that influenza vaccination (VAC) during early pregnancy contributes to neurogenesis and behavioral function in offspring.

Results

Here, we probe the efficacy of VAC pretreatment on autism-like behaviors in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced maternal immune activation (MIA) mouse model. We show that VAC improves abnormal fetal brain cytoarchitecture and lamination, an effect associated with promotion of intermediate progenitor cell differentiation in MIA fetal brain. These beneficial effects are sufficient to prevent social deficits in adult MIA offspring. Furthermore, whole-genome analysis suggests a strong interaction between Ikzf1 (IKAROS family zinc-finger 1) and neuronal differentiation. Intriguingly, VAC rescues excessive microglial Ikzf1 expression and attenuates microglial inflammatory responses in the MIA fetal brain.

Conclusions

Our study implies that a preprocessed influenza vaccination prevents maternal bacterial infection from causing neocortical lamination impairments and autism-related behaviors in offspring.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1252-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

An enriched environment restores hepatitis B vaccination-mediated impairments in synaptic function through IFN-γ/Arginase1 signaling

Activation of the neonatal immune system may contribute to deficits in neuronal plasticity. We have reported that neonatal vaccination with a hepatitis B vaccine (HBV) transiently impairs mood status and spatial memory involving a systemic T helper (Th) 2 bias and M1 microglial activation. Here, an EE induced microglial anti-inflammatory M2 polarization, as evidenced by selectively enhanced expression of the Arginase1 gene (Arg-1) in the hippocampus. Interestingly, knock-down of the Arg-1 gene prevented the effects of EE on restoring the dendritic spine density. Moreover, levels of the Th1-derived cytokine IFN-gamma (IFN-γ) were elevated in the choroid plexus (CP), which is the interface between the brain and the periphery. IFN-γ-blocking antibodies blunted the protective effects of an EE on spine density and LTP. Furthermore, levels of complement proteins C1q and C3 were elevated, and this elevation was associated with synapse loss induced by the HBV, whereas an EE reversed the effects of the HBV. Similarly, blockade of C1q activation clearly prevented synaptic pruning by microglia, LTP inhibition and memory deficits in hepatitis B-vaccinated mice. Together, the EE-induced increase in IFN-γ levels in the CP may disrupt systemic immunosuppression related to HBV via an IFN-γ/Arg-1/complement-dependent pathway.

Mycobacterium smegmatis Induces Neurite Outgrowth and Differentiation in an Autophagy-Independent Manner in PC12 and C17.2 Cells

Both pathogenic and non-pathogenic Mycobacteria can induce the differentiation of immune cells into dendritic cells (DC) or DC-like cells. In addition, pathogenic Mycobacteria is found to stimulate cell differentiation in the nerves system. Whether non-pathogenic Mycobacteria interacts with nerve cells remains unknown. In this study, we found that co-incubation with fast-growing Mycobacteria smegmatis induced neuron-like morphological changes of PC12 and C17.2 cells. Moreover, the M. smegmatis culture supernatant which was ultrafiltrated through a membrane with a 10 kDa cut-off, induced neurite outgrowth and differentiation in an autophagy-independent pathway in PC12 and C17.2 cells. Further analysis showed that IFN-γ production and activation of the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway were involved in the neural differentiation. In conclusion, our finding demonstrated that non-pathogenic M. smegmatis was able to promote neuronal differentiation by its extracellular proteins, which might provide a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.

IL-4 mediates the delayed neurobehavioral impairments induced by neonatal hepatitis B vaccination that involves the down-regulation of the IL-4 receptor in the hippocampus

We have previously verified that neonatal hepatitis B vaccination induced hippocampal neuroinflammation and behavior impairments in mice. However, the exact mechanism of these effects remain unclear. In this study, we observed that neonatal hepatitis B vaccination induced an anti-inflammatory cytokine response lasting for 4-5 weeks in both the serum and the hippocampus, primarily indicated by elevated IL-4 levels. Three weeks after the vaccination schedule, however, hepatitis B vaccine (HBV)-mice showed delayed hippocampal neuroinflammation. In periphery, IL-4 is the major cytokine induced by this vaccine. Correlation analyses showed a positive relationship in the IL-4 levels between serum and hippocampus in HBV-mice. Thus, we investigated whether neonatal over-exposure to systemic IL-4 influences brain and behavior. We observed that mice injected intraperitoneally with recombinant mouse IL-4 (mIL-4) during early life had similar neuroinflammation and cognition impairment similar to those induced by neonatal hepatitis B vaccination. Next, the mechanism underlying the effects of IL-4 on brain in mice was explored using a series of experiments. In brief, these experiments showed that IL-4 mediates the delayed neurobehavioral impairments induced by neonatal hepatitis B vaccination, which involves the permeability of neonatal blood-brain barrier and the down-regulation of IL-4 receptor. This finding suggests that clinical events concerning neonatal IL-4 over-exposure, including neonatal hepatitis B vaccination and allergic asthma in human infants, may have adverse implications for brain development and cognition.

Immunization with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) alleviates neuroinflammation and cognitive deficits in APP/PS1 mice via the recruitment of inflammation-resolving monocytes to the brain

The immune system plays a crucial role in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recently, immune-dependent cascade induced by systemic immune activation has been verified to play a beneficial role in AD mouse models. Here, we tested whether Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunization alters AD pathology and cognitive dysfunction in APP/PS1 AD mouse model, and with 4Aβ1-15 vaccination as positive control. It was found that BCG treatment reversed the cognitive decline to the extent observed in 4Aβ1-15 group, but did not reduce the β-amyloid (Aβ) burden in the brain. Then, we demonstrated the enhanced recruitment of inflammation-resolving monocytes across the choroid plexus and perivascular spaces to cerebral sites of plaque pathology in APP/PS1 mice immunized with BCG. Furthermore, elevated splenocyte Foxp3⁺ regulatory T cell levels in the control APP/PS1 mice were down-regulated back to the wild-type (WT) levels by BCG treatment but not 4Aβ1-15 vaccination. In addition, BCG treatment induced the production of more circulating interferon (IFN)-γ than the controls and 4Aβ1-15 vaccination. Though the similar reductions in brain levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were observed in the BCG and 4Aβ1-15 groups compared to the controls, only BCG had the great effect in upregulating cerebral anti-inflammatory cytokine levels as well as elevating the expression of neurotrophic factors in the brain of APP/PS1 mice. Thus, it is suggested that BCG exerts a beneficial immunomodulatory effect in APP/PS1 mice through mitigation of systemic immune suppression, induction of IFN-γ response and alleviation of the neuroinflammatory response.

Neonatal hepatitis B vaccination impaired the behavior and neurogenesis of mice transiently in early adulthood

The immune system plays a vital role in brain development. The hepatitis B vaccine (HBV) is administered to more than 70% of neonates worldwide. Whether this neonatal vaccination affects brain development is unknown. Newborn C57BL/6 mice were injected intraperitoneally with HBV or phosphate-buffered saline. HBV induced impaired behavioral performances and hippocampal long-term potentiation at 8 weeks (w) of age without influence at 4 or 12w. At 6w, there was decreased neurogenesis, M1 microglial activation and a neurotoxic profile of neuroimmune molecule expression [increased tumor necrosis factor-α and reduced interferon (IFN)-γ, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and insulin-like growth factor-1] in the hippocampus of the HBV-vaccinated mice. In the serum, HBV induced significantly higher levels of interleukin (IL)-4, indicating a T helper (Th)-2 bias. Moreover, the serum IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio was positively correlated with the levels of neurotrophins and neurogenesis in the hippocampus at the individual level. These findings suggest that neonatal HBV vaccination of mice results in neurobehavioral impairments in early adulthood by inducing a proinflammatory and low neurotrophic milieu in the hippocampus, which follows the HBV-induced systemic Th2 bias.

Effect of Brominated Epoxy Resins on the Thermal Stability and Flame Retardancy of Long-Glass-Fiber Reinforced Polyamide 6

In this work, the compounds of brominated epoxy resins and antimony trioxide (BER/Sb2O3) additives are analyzed and added into long-glass-fiber reinforced polyamide 6 (PA6/LGF) composites in order to solve the “candle-wick effect” caused by glass fibers. The thermal stability, flammability, and morphology of charred residues of the flame retardant PA6/LGF composites are investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94 test, cone calorimeter test (CCT), and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The results show the addition of BER/Sb2O3 provides improvements in flame retardancy by increasing the LOI values, enhancing UL-94 rating, and reducing the heat release rate, total heat release and effective heat of combustion due to the formation of consolidated and thick charred residual structures on the surfaces of the LGF reinforced PA6 composites. When the content of BER/Sb2O3 is increased to 12 wt%, the LOI value and UL-94 rating of BER/PA6/LGF composites reach 24.8 and V-0, respectively. The TGA results exhibit that the decomposition temperature of the PA6/LGF composites decreases with the addition of BER/Sb2O3 additive, resulting in forming some high quality residual char layer. A possible flame retardant mechanism is proposed to illustrate the effect of the gaseous and condensed phases on the flame retardancy of the PA6/LGF composites.

Experimentally simulating quantum walks with self-collimated light

In self-collimated photonic crystal, periodically arranged air holes of sub-wavelength scale provide flattened equi-frequency curves perpendicular to the ΓM direction, which allow light or photons propagating in a quasi-uniform medium without diffraction. Here we for the first time experimentally simulate four-step single-photon discrete time quantum walks with classical light in such a photonic crystal chip fabricated on silicon-on-insulator. Similarities between theoretical expectations and experimental results are higher than 0.98. The functional area is compact and can be extended to construct more complicated linear quantum circuits.

Expression of TRPM8 in diabetic rats and its relationship with visceral pain stimulation

Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 8 (TRPM8) is a nonselective cation channel and a candidate for cold sensation signaling, but the relationship between TRPM8 and diabetes remains unclear. In the present study, we determined the expression levels of TRPM8 messenger RNA (mRNA) and the levels of the TRPM8 protein in the bladder tissue of diabetic rats. We also investigated the correlation between TRPM8 expression and the visceral pain stimulation-related factor, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in diabetic rats. The rats were sacrificed 3, 5, 7, and 15 days after streptozotocin injection, and blood was collected from their tail veins to determine the blood glucose levels. Bladder tissue was removed to assess the expression of TRPM8 mRNA by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and the expression of the TRPM8 protein by western blotting. After administering electrical stimulation (5 V/1 Hz), the expression levels of TRPM8 and CGRP proteins were determined. Our results revealed that the blood glucose level, and TRPM8 mRNA and TRPM8 protein expression levels increased significantly in the diabetic rats. Spinal tissue protein expression levels of both TRPM8 and CGRP also increased significantly following electrical stimulation. This possibly indicates that TRPM8 is closely associated with visceral pain stimulation, and could be an independent prognostic biomarker for diabetes.

Assessment of genetic diversity of cucumber cultivars in China based on simple sequence repeats and fruit traits

The cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is an important crop grown worldwide. In this study, the genetic diversity of 42 cucumber cultivars in China was analyzed using 51 pairs of simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers. These primers identified 129 polymorphic loci, 95.6% of which were polymorphic. The mean effective number of alleles, mean Nei's gene diversity, and mean Shannon's information index were 0.36, 0.16, and 0.21, respectively. A cluster analysis demonstrated that the 42 cultivars could be divided into three groups, a result that was largely consistent with those of a principal component analysis (PCA). The PCA indicated that the three groups displayed significant variation in fruit traits. The cultivars of group 1 tended to have longer fruits (>30 cm), longer fruit ends (>4 cm), larger fruit diameters (>5 cm), a sharp strigose fruit spine, and the same fruit end shape. The basal color of the fruit in group 2 was dark green. Group 3 cultivars have no wax or mottling on the fruit surface. Our study demonstrates the value of our SSR primers for assessing genetic diversity in cucumber.