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Carraz M, Jossang A, Rasoanaivo P, Mazier D, Frappier F. Isolation and antimalarial activity of new morphinan alkaloids on Plasmodium yoelii liver stage. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:6186-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Revised: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Auffret G, Labaied M, Frappier F, Rasoanaivo P, Grellier P, Lewin G. Synthesis and antimalarial evaluation of a series of piperazinyl flavones. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:959-63. [PMID: 17166718 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2006] [Revised: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 11/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of 27 flavonoid derivatives containing a piperazinyl chain have been synthesized and tested for their antiplasmodial activity. Diverse substitution patterns on piperazinyl and flavone moieties were examined and found to affect the activity differently. The most active compounds, which have a 2,3,4-trimethoxybenzylpiperazinyl chain attached to the flavone at the 7-phenol group, showed in vitro activity against chloroquine-sensitive (Thai) and -resistant (FcB1,K1) Plasmodium falciparum strains in the micromolar to submicromolar range. One of them was active when given orally in a Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis infected mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenola Auffret
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, (Univ. Paris-Sud, BIOCIS, UMR-8076 CNRS), Faculté de Pharmacie, av. J.B. Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
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Carraz M, Jossang A, Franetich JF, Siau A, Ciceron L, Hannoun L, Sauerwein R, Frappier F, Rasoanaivo P, Snounou G, Mazier D. A plant-derived morphinan as a novel lead compound active against malaria liver stages. PLoS Med 2006; 3:e513. [PMID: 17194195 PMCID: PMC1716192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2006] [Accepted: 10/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global spread of multidrug-resistant malaria parasites has led to an urgent need for new chemotherapeutic agents. Drug discovery is primarily directed to the asexual blood stages, and few drugs that are effective against the obligatory liver stages, from which the pathogenic blood infection is initiated, have become available since primaquine was deployed in the 1950s. METHODS AND FINDINGS Using bioassay-guided fractionation based on the parasite's hepatic stage, we have isolated a novel morphinan alkaloid, tazopsine, from a plant traditionally used against malaria in Madagascar. This compound and readily obtained semisynthetic derivatives were tested for inhibitory activity against liver stage development in vitro (P. falciparum and P. yoelii) and in vivo (P. yoelii). Tazopsine fully inhibited the development of P. yoelii (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50] 3.1 muM, therapeutic index [TI] 14) and P. falciparum (IC50 4.2 muM, TI 7) hepatic parasites in cultured primary hepatocytes, with inhibition being most pronounced during the early developmental stages. One derivative, N-cyclopentyl-tazopsine (NCP-tazopsine), with similar inhibitory activity was selected for its lower toxicity (IC50 3.3 muM, TI 46, and IC50 42.4 muM, TI 60, on P. yoelii and P. falciparum hepatic stages in vitro, respectively). Oral administration of NCP-tazopsine completely protected mice from a sporozoite challenge. Unlike the parent molecule, the derivative was uniquely active against Plasmodium hepatic stages. CONCLUSIONS A readily obtained semisynthetic derivative of a plant-derived compound, tazopsine, has been shown to be specifically active against the liver stage, but inactive against the blood forms of the malaria parasite. This unique specificity in an antimalarial drug severely restricts the pressure for the selection of drug resistance to a parasite stage limited both in numbers and duration, thus allowing researchers to envisage the incorporation of a true causal prophylactic in malaria control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maëlle Carraz
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie des Substances Naturelles, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
- Inserm U511, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Akino Jossang
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie des Substances Naturelles, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Franetich
- Inserm U511, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Anthony Siau
- Inserm U511, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Liliane Ciceron
- Inserm U511, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Hannoun
- AP HP, Service de Chirurgie Digestive, Hépato-Bilio-Pancréatique et Transplantation Hépatique, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Robert Sauerwein
- University Medical Center St. Radboud, Department of Medical Microbiology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - François Frappier
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie des Substances Naturelles, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Rasoanaivo
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie Appliquée aux Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Malgache de Recherches Appliquées, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Georges Snounou
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Comparée et Modèles Expérimentaux, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Mazier
- Inserm U511, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Mambu L, Grellier P, Florent L, Joyeau R, Ramanitrahasimbola D, Rasoanaivo P, Frappier F. Clerodane and labdane diterpenoids from Nuxia sphaerocephala. Phytochemistry 2006; 67:444-51. [PMID: 16427101 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2005] [Revised: 11/17/2005] [Accepted: 11/24/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Seven diterpenoids including four clerodane and three labdane derivatives, (13S)-ent-7beta-hydroxy-3-cleroden-15-oic acid (1), ent-7beta-hydroxy-2-oxo-3-cleroden-15-oic acid (2), ent-2,7-dioxo-3-clero-den-15-oic acid (3), ent-18-(E)-caffeoyloxy-7beta-hydroxy-3-cleroden-15-oic acid (4) (13S)-ent-18-(E)-coumaroyloxy-8(17)-labden-15-oic acid (5), ent-18-(E)-caffeoyloxy-8(17)-labden-15-oic acid (6), ent-15-(E)-caffeoyloxy-8(17)-labden-18-oic acid (7), have been isolated from an ethyl acetate extract of the leaves of Nuxia sphaerocephala, together with 17 known compounds. 3-Oxolup-20(29)-en-30-al (3-oxolupenal) (8) and 3beta-hydroxylup-20(29)-en-30-al (3beta-hydroxy-lupenal) (9) showed the best inhibitory activity against Plasmodium falciparum with the IC(50) values between 1.55 and 4.67 microg/ml in vitro, respectively. The structure and the relative stereochemistry of the compounds were established on the basis of their spectroscopic properties. The absolute configuration at C-13 of 1 and 5 was determined by the PGME amide procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lengo Mambu
- USM 0502-UMR5154 CNRS Chimie et Biochimie des substances naturelles, Département Régulations, Développement, Diversité Moléculaire, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 63 rue Buffon, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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Ramanandraibe V, Martin MT, Rakotondramanana DL, Mambu L, Ramanitrahasimbola D, Labaïed M, Grellier P, Rasoanaivo P, Frappier F. Pseudoguanolide sesquiterpene lactones from Vernoniopsis caudata and their in vitro antiplasmodial activities. J Nat Prod 2005; 68:800-3. [PMID: 15921436 DOI: 10.1021/np0401866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Two new helenanolide sesquiterpene lactones, 1 and 2, as well as one known related structure, 11alpha,13-dihydrohelenalin-[2-(1-hydroxyethyl)acrylate] (3), together with 4'-beta-d-O-glucopyranosyl-luteolin and ethyl 2,5-dihydroxycinnamate were isolated from an ethyl acetate extract of leaves of Vernoniopsis caudatawith potent antiplasmodial activity (IC50 1.6 microg/mL) in a preliminary biological screen. The structures of the new compounds were determined by spectroscopic techniques. The three sesquiterpene lactones 1-3 displayed strong in vitro antiplasmodial activity, with IC50 values of 1, 0.19, and 0.41 microM, respectively. However, these compounds also exhibited considerable cytotoxicity on KB cells (IC50 < 1 microM in each case).
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Affiliation(s)
- Voahangy Ramanandraibe
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie Appliquée aux Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Malgache de Recherches Appliquées, BP 3833, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar
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Rasoanaivo P, Ramanitrahasimbola D, Rafatro H, Rakotondramanana D, Robijaona B, Rakotozafy A, Ratsimamanga-Urverg S, Labaïed M, Grellier P, Allorge L, Mambu L, Frappier F. Screening extracts of Madagascan plants in search of antiplasmodial compounds. Phytother Res 2004; 18:742-7. [PMID: 15478200 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
One hundred and ninety plants, of which 51 are used to treat malaria in traditional medicine, were collected in five different ecosystems of Madagascar for a screening programme devoted to the search of naturally-occurring antimalarial compounds. Thirty-nine plants, of which 12 are used as herbal antimalarials, were found to display in vitro activity against Plasmodium falciparum with a median inhibitory concentration (IC50) lower than 5 microg/ml while 9 had an IC50 ranging from 5 to 7.5 microg/ml. Seventeen of them exhibited cytotoxic effects on murine P388 leukemia cells with an IC50 < 10 microg/ml. The biological activities were mostly located in the ethyl acetate fractions. Bioassay-directed fractionation is underway to isolate the active constituents.
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Trigalo F, Joyeau R, Pham VC, Youté JJ, Rasoanaivoa P, Frappier F. Synthesis of modulators of chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum, analogues of malagashanine from strychnobrasiline. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Okpekon T, Yolou S, Gleye C, Roblot F, Loiseau P, Bories C, Grellier P, Frappier F, Laurens A, Hocquemiller R. Antiparasitic activities of medicinal plants used in Ivory Coast. J Ethnopharmacol 2004; 90:91-97. [PMID: 14698515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2003.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
During an ethnopharmacological survey of antiparasitic medicinal plants used in Ivory Coast, 17 plants were identified and collected. Polar, non-polar and alkaloidic extracts of various parts of these species were evaluated in vitro in an antiparasitic drug screening. Antimalarial, leishmanicidal, trypanocidal, antihelminthiasis and antiscabies activities were determined. Among the selected plants, Anogeissus leiocarpus and Terminalia glaucescens were strongly active against Plasmodium falciparum. Lawsonia inermis, selectively prescribed against trypanosomiasis shows interesting trypanocidal activities as did other 15 plants. Anthelmintic activities were found for 10 active species and 2 species (Uvaria afzelli and Monodora myristica) were actives against mites.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Okpekon
- Laboratoire de Chimie, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 22 BP 714, République de Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, France
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Kluza J, Baldeyrou B, Colson P, Rasoanaivo P, Mambu L, Frappier F, Bailly C. Cytotoxicity and DNA binding properties of the plant alkaloid burasaine. Eur J Pharm Sci 2003; 20:383-91. [PMID: 14659482 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2003.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Burasaine is a plant alkaloid isolated from the roots of several species of the Burasaia genus endemic to Madagascar. It exhibits in vitro antiplasmodial activities but the molecular basis of this biological activity is not known. The strong structural similarity with the alkaloid berberine prompted us to postulate that burasaine could interact with DNA. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the mode of binding of burasaine to DNA and tested its cytotoxic potential toward human HL-60 leukemia cells. Its inhibitory activity toward topoisomerases I and II was also studied. Absorption and melting temperature measurements attested that burasaine forms stable complexes with DNA. The results of electric linear dichroism (ELD) spectroscopy may be interpreted either by an intercalation or by an external stacking parallel to the base pairs. The affinity of burasaine for DNA is slightly lower than that of berberine and this translates at the cellular level by a reduced cytotoxicity. Burasaine does not promote DNA cleavage by human topoisomerases I or II and this likely accounts for its very weak cytotoxic potential and its very modest effects on the cell cycle progression observed at high concentrations. The study identifies DNA as a potential bioreceptor for burasaine and contributes to a better understanding of the mechanism of action of benzoquinolizine alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Kluza
- INSERM U-524 et Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Antitumorale du Centre Oscar Lambret, IRCL, Place de Verdun, 59045 Lille, France
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Beldjoudi N, Mambu L, Labaïed M, Grellier P, Ramanitrahasimbola D, Rasoanaivo P, Martin MT, Frappier F. Flavonoids from Dalbergia louvelii and their antiplasmodial activity. J Nat Prod 2003; 66:1447-1450. [PMID: 14640516 DOI: 10.1021/np030008x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Four new flavonoids (1-4), along with 13 known compounds, were isolated from the heartwood of Dalbergia louvelii by following their potential to inhibit in vitro the growth of Plasmodium falciparum. Of the isolated compounds, four known compounds showed antiplasmodial activity with IC(50) values ranging from 5.8 to 8.7 microM, namely, (R)-4' '-methoxydalbergione (5), obtusafuran (6), 7,4'-dihydroxy-3'-methoxyisoflavone (7), and isoliquiritigenin (8). The structures of the new compounds were determined using spectroscopic techniques as 1-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propane (1), spirolouveline (2), (3R)-7,2'-dihydroxy-4',5'-dimethoxyisoflavanone (3), and 3-(2,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxy)phenyl-7-hydroxycoumarin (4), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naïma Beldjoudi
- USM 0502-UMR 8041CNRS Chimie et Biochimie des Substances Naturelles, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 63 Rue Buffon, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Helesbeux JJ, Peyronnet D, Labaïed M, Grellier P, Frappier F, Seraphin D, Richomme P, Duval O. Synthesis and antimalarial activity of some new 1,2-dioxolane derivatives. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2002; 17:431-7. [PMID: 12683680 DOI: 10.1080/1475636021000005677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of 1,2-dioxolane derivatives in two different acetophenone series, as simplified models of natural coumarins is described. 2-Acetyl-3-acetoxy-4-(3-hydroperoxy-3-methylbut-1-enyl)phenyl acetate and 2-acetyl-5-acetoxy4-(3-hydroperoxy-3-methylbut-1-enyl) phenyl acetate synthons are used as precursors to these structures. In vitro antimalarial activity of the 1,2-dioxolane derivatives has been investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Jacques Helesbeux
- SONAS, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Ingénierie de la Santé, 16 Bd Daviers, 49100 Angers, France
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Mambu L, Ramanandraibe V, Martin MT, Blond A, Grellier P, Frappier F. Constituents of Burasaïa madagascarensis: a new clerodane-type diterpene. Planta Med 2002; 68:377-379. [PMID: 11988871 DOI: 10.1055/s-2002-26748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
From an ethanol extract of the stems of Burasaïa madagascarensis Thouars (Menispermaceae) were isolated N-acetylnornuciferine and two clerodane-type diterpenes, one of them, epicordatine, being new. The structures were established by the interpretation of the spectral data. All the described compounds exhibited weak antimalarial activity.
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13
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Akendengue B, Ngou-Milama E, Roblot F, Laurens A, Hocquemiller R, Grellier P, Frappier F. Antiplasmodial activity of Uvaria klaineana. Planta Med 2002; 68:167-169. [PMID: 11859471 DOI: 10.1055/s-2002-20245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Crude extracts of Uvaria klaineana Engler and Diels (Annonaceae) stems showed in vitro activity against chloroquine-resistant K1 strain of Plasmodium falciparum. The most active extract was the basic dichloromethane extract containing crude alkaloids (IC50 = 3.55 microg/mL). The bioassay-guided fractionation of this extract led to the isolation of the major alkaloid crotsparine (1) which showed an antiplasmodial activity against the chloroquine-sensitive Thai strain of P. falciparum and the chloroquine-resistant K1 and FcB1 strains of P. falciparum. Two minor alkaloids were also identified as crotonosine (2) and zenkerine (3). Their structures were elucidated using 2D-NMR techniques.
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Grellier P, Vendeville S, Joyeau R, Bastos IM, Drobecq H, Frappier F, Teixeira AR, Schrével J, Davioud-Charvet E, Sergheraert C, Santana JM. Trypanosoma cruzi prolyl oligopeptidase Tc80 is involved in nonphagocytic mammalian cell invasion by trypomastigotes. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:47078-86. [PMID: 11598112 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m106017200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is an intracellular protozoan parasite able to invade a wide variety of mammalian cells. To have access to the target organs/cells, the parasite must cross the basal laminae and the extracellular matrix (ECM). We previously characterized an 80-kDa proteinase (Tc80) secreted by the infective trypomastigotes that hydrolyzes native collagens and might be involved in infection by degrading ECM components. Here, we present evidence indicating a role for Tc80 in the invasion of nonphagocytic cells. Tc80 was classified as a member of the prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) family of serine proteases and was also found to hydrolyze fibronectin. Selective inhibitors for POP Tc80 were synthesized that blocked parasite entry into cells. Blockage occurred when trypomastigotes were preincubated with irreversible inhibitors but not after host cell preincubation, and the blockage correlated with inhibition of POP Tc80 activity in treated parasites. These data and the enzyme location inside a vesicular compartment close to the flagellar pocket, a specialized domain in endocytosis/exocytosis, strongly suggest a role for POP Tc80 in the maturation of parasite protein(s) and/or, after secretion, in a local action on parasite or host cell/ECM components required for invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Grellier
- Laboratoire de Biologie Parasitaire, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, FR CNRS 63, 61 rue Buffon, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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Rakotondraibe LH, Rakotovao M, Ramanandraibe V, Ravaonindrina N, Frappier F, Brouard JP. Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Leaf Oils ofVepris leandrianaH. Perr. Journal of Essential Oil Research 2001. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2001.9699731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Arzel E, Rocca P, Grellier P, Labaeïd M, Frappier F, Guéritte F, Gaspard C, Marsais F, Godard A, Quéguiner G. New synthesis of benzo-delta-carbolines, cryptolepines, and their salts: in vitro cytotoxic, antiplasmodial, and antitrypanosomal activities of delta-carbolines, benzo-delta-carbolines, and cryptolepines. J Med Chem 2001; 44:949-60. [PMID: 11300877 DOI: 10.1021/jm0010419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The paper describes, in its first part, a new synthesis of benzo-delta-carbolines, cryptolepines, and their salts. The strategy is based on the association between halogen-dance and hetero-ring cross-coupling. It is fully convergent and regioselective with interesting overall yields from 27% to 70%. A halogen-dance mechanism in quinoline series is also proposed. The formal synthesis of potential antimalarial compounds and the first total synthesis of 11-isopropylcryptolepine are also described. In the second part, cytotoxic activity against mammalian cells and activities against Plasmodium falciparum and Trypanosoma cruzi of benzo-delta-carbolines and delta-carbolines were evaluated in vitro to study the structure-activity relationships. For benzo-delta-carbolines, methylation at N-5 increases the cytotoxic and antiparasitic activities. A further alkylation on C-11 generally increases the cytotoxic activity but not the antiparasitic activity, cryptolepine and 11-methylcryptolepine being the most active on both parasites. Taking advantage of the fluorescence of the indoloquinoline chromophore, cryptolepine was localized by fluorescence microscopy in parasite DNA-containing structures suggesting that these compounds act through interaction with parasite DNA as proposed for cryptolepine on melanoma cells. For delta-carbolines, methylation at N-1 is essential for the antimalarial activity. 1-Methyl-delta-carboline specifically accumulates in the intracellular parasite. It has weak cytotoxic activity and can be considered as a potential antimalarial compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Arzel
- Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, UMR 6014, BP 08, 76131 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
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Abstract
From a defatted chloroform extract of the aerial parts of Hypoestes serpens a new diterpene exhibiting relaxant activity on isolated rat aorta was obtained. The structure of this compound, named serpendione (1), was fully established by the interpretation of its spectral data.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Andriamihaja
- Faculté des Sciences, Université d'Antananarivo, B.P. 906, 101-Antananarivo, Madagascar, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN-CNRS), Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198-Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Mambu L, Martin MT, Razafimahefa D, Ramanitrahasimbola D, Rasoanaivo P, Frappier F. Spectral characterisation and antiplasmodial activity of bisbenzylisoquinolines from Isolona ghesquiereina. Planta Med 2000; 66:537-540. [PMID: 10985080 DOI: 10.1055/s-2000-8610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
From stem barks of Isolona guesquiereina three known bisbenzylisoquinolines were isolated and identified as (-)-curine, chondrofoline and isochondodendrine. Structures were established mainly on the basis of comparison of their physical and spectral data with published data for them and their methylated derivatives. Cleavage with sodium in liquid ammonia was necessary to unambiguously determine the stereochemistry of (-)-curine and subsequently establish its stereochemical link with chondrofoline, erroneously assigned as 7-O-methyl-(+)-curine. Complete and unambiguous 1H-, 15N- and 13C-NMR assignments of the three alkaloids were made by means of 2D-NMR techniques namely, COSY, HMQC, gs-HMQC, HMBC and NOESY. (-)-Curine, isochondrodendrine and their methylated derivatives were shown to exhibit strong in vitro antiplasmodial activity and in vivo activity was also observed for (-)-curine.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mambu
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, ESA 8041 CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
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Rafatro H, Ramanitrahasimbola D, Rasoanaivo P, Ratsimamanga-Urverg S, Rakoto-Ratsimamanga A, Frappier F. Reversal activity of the naturally occurring chemosensitizer malagashanine in Plasmodium malaria. Biochem Pharmacol 2000; 59:1053-61. [PMID: 10704934 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(99)00400-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Malagashanine (MG) is the parent compound of a new type of indole alkaloids, the N(b)C(21)-secocuran, isolated so far from the Malagasy Strychnos species traditionally used as chloroquine adjuvants in the treatment of chronic malaria. Previously, it was shown to have weak in vitro intrinsic antiplasmodial activity (IC(50) = 146.5 +/- 0.2 microM), but did display marked in vitro chloroquine-potentiating action against the FcM29 chloroquine-resistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum. The purpose of the present study was to further investigate its reversal activity. Thus, the previous in vitro results were tested in vivo. The interaction of MG with several antimalarials against various strains of P. falciparum was also assessed. As expected, MG enhanced the effect of chloroquine against the resistant strain W2, but had no action on the susceptible strain 3D7 and two sensitive isolates. Interestingly, MG was found to exhibit significant chloroquine-potentiating action against the FcB1 strain formerly described as a resistant strain but one which has since lost its resistance for unknown reasons. One other relevant result that arose from our study was the observation of the selective enhancing action of MG on quinolines (chloroquine, quinine, and mefloquine), aminoacridines (quinacrine and pyronaridine), and a structurally unrelated drug (halofantrine), all of which are believed to exert their antimalarial effect by binding with haematin. MG was finally found to specifically act with chloroquine on the old trophozoite stage of the P. falciparum cycle. Similarities and differences between verapamil and MG reversal activity are briefly presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Rafatro
- Institut Malgache de Recherches Appliquées, B.P. 3833, 101, Antananarivo, Madagascar
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Joyeau R, Maoulida C, Guillet C, Frappier F, Teixeira AR, Schrével J, Santana J, Grellier P. Synthesis and activity of pyrrolidinyl- and thiazolidinyl-dipeptide derivatives as inhibitors of the Tc80 prolyl oligopeptidase from Trypanosoma cruzi. Eur J Med Chem 2000; 35:257-66. [PMID: 10758287 DOI: 10.1016/s0223-5234(00)00118-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolidinyl- and thiazolidinyl- dipeptide derivatives, featuring either a vinyl sulfone-, a 2-ketobenzothiazole-, a nitrile-, or a benzimidazole group at the C-terminus, were designed and synthesized as potential inhibitors of the prolyl-specific Tc80 proteinase from Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas' disease. These compounds were evaluated in vitro towards the target enzyme which was classified as a serine protease belonging to the prolyl oligopeptidase family (EC 3.4.21.26). A peptidyl nitrile and two peptidyl alpha-ketobenzothiazoles were shown to be potent reversible and competitive inhibitors of Tc 80 proteinase, with K(i) values in the range 38-219 nM, and compared advantageously with some known mammalian prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Joyeau
- Laboratoire de chimie des substances naturelles, MNHN, ESA CNRS 8041, 63 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France.
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Rasoanaivo P, Ratsimamanga-Urverg S, Frappier F. [Recent results on the pharmacodynamics of Strychnos malgaches alkaloids]. Sante 1996; 6:249-53. [PMID: 9026324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of Strychnos (Loganiaceae) shrubs and trees was initiated by their traditional uses of their inherent poisons on arrows: this led to the discovery of strychnine and curare alkaloids. Subsequently, phytochemical investigation of several Strychnos species has shown great structural diversity of the alkaloid constituent which also display various biological effects, i.e. convulsive and relaxant effects on muscles, and antimicrobial, antitumor and antihypertensive properties. Ethnobotanical field work conducted in different regions of Madagascar revealed that infusion of three Strychnos species, S. mostueoides, S. myrtoides and S. diplotricha, is used in association with subcurative doses of chloroquine to treat chronic malaria. Bioassayfractionation led to the isolation of two major bioactive components, strychnobrasiline and malagashanine. Whereas strychnobrasiline is a previously known chemical compound, malagashanine is the first in a series of a new subtype of Strychnos alkaloids. These two alkaloids are devoid of intrinsic antimalarial effects, both in vitro (IC50 = 73.0 micrograms/ml for strychnobrasiline and 69.1 micrograms/ml for malagashanine) and in vivo (10 mg/kg conferred a 5% suppression of parasitemia). When these alkaloids are combined with chloroquine at doses much lower than required for antiplasmodial effects, they greatly enhance the chloroquine action in a dose dependent manner as seen by the isobologram method. Several minor alkaloids structurally related to malagashanine were also isolated from Madagascan Strychnos. They all enhance, to greater or lesser degrees, the chloroquine effectiveness. Interestingly, there is a positive correlation between the ethnomedical use of the three Strychnos species as chloroquine adjuvants and the chloroquine-potentiating effects of malagashanine and strychnobrasiline isolated from them. After preliminary toxicological studies, infusion of stem barks of S. myrtoides in association with chloroquine was successfully evaluated in a clinical setting. Additional chemical, pharmacological and toxicological work is being conducted on these alkaloids with the aim of developing purified and standardized extracts for clinical trials. These trials will be carried out in the chloroquine-resistant regions of Madagascar which are in need of inexpensive and efficient drugs for the treatment of chloroquine-resistant malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rasoanaivo
- Institut malgache de recherches appliquées, département de Phylochimie-Pharmacologie, Antananarivo, Madagascar
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Frappier F, Jossang A, Soudon J, Calvo F, Rasoanaivo P, Ratsimamanga-Urverg S, Saez J, Schrevel J, Grellier P. Bisbenzylisoquinolines as modulators of chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum and multidrug resistance in tumor cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40:1476-81. [PMID: 8726022 PMCID: PMC163352 DOI: 10.1128/aac.40.6.1476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ten naturally occurring bisbenzylisoquinolines (BBIQ) and two dihydro derivatives belonging to five BBIQ subgroups were evaluated in vitro for their ability to inhibit Plasmodium falciparum growth and, in drug combination, to reverse the resistance to chloroquine of strain FcB1. The same alkaloids were also assessed in vitro for their potentiating activity against vinblastine with the multidrug-resistant clone CCRF-CEM/VLB, established from lymphoblastic acute leukemia. Three of the BBIQ tested had 50% inhibitory concentrations of less than 1 microM. The most potent antimalarial agent was cocsoline (50% inhibitory concentration, 0.22 microM). Regarding the chloroquine-potentiating effect, fangchinoline exhibited the highest biological activity whereas the remaining compounds displayed either antagonistic or slight synergistic effects. Against the multidrug-resistant cancer cell line, fangchinoline was also by far the most active compound. Although there were clear differences between the activities of tested alkaloids, no relevant structure-activity relationship could be established. Nevertheless, fangchinoline appears to be a new biochemical tool able to help in the comprehension of the mechanism of both chloroquine resistance in P. falciparum and multidrug resistance in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Frappier
- Institut Malgache de Recherches Appliquées, Madagascar
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Grellier P, Ramiaramanana L, Millerioux V, Deharo E, Schrével J, Frappier F, Trigalo F, Bodo B, Pousset JL. Antimalarial Activity of Cryptolepine and Isocryptolepine, Alkaloids Isolated fromCryptolepis sanguinolenta. Phytother Res 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1573(199606)10:4<317::aid-ptr858>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
Blood-parasite protozoa are causative agents of some of the major tropical or infectious diseases for humans and animals, such as Plasmodium for malaria (about 270 million infected people), Trypanosoma cruzi for Chagas' disease (about 18-20 million individuals), African trypanosomes for human and bovine trypanosomiasis, and Babesia for cattle and dogs. The absence of efficient vaccines against these diseases, the absence or the high toxicity of the few drugs against American and African trypanosomiasis, and the emergence of chemoresistance against Plasmodium falciparum emphasize the necessity to propose new antiparasitic strategies. Among these strategies, the biological strategy is based on the identification of key molecules for parasite development such that structural analogs can be designed that are parasite-specific or sufficiently inactive for the host. This requires a careful biochemical analysis of each step of the parasite life cycle. For blood-parasite protozoa, the lipid metabolism required for membrane biogenesis, antimicrotubular drugs or inhibitors of the mitotic spindle, and drug targeting offer new trends in chemotherapy against Plasmodium, Babesia, and trypanosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schrével
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Laboratoire de Biologie Parasitaire Chimiothérapie, Paris, France
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Abstract
Abstract:
Chloroquine (CQ) resistance is a serious problem afflicting the populations in the Third World countries where malaria is endemic. Some strategies have been developed to circumvent the increasing spread of CQ resistance and the alarming emergence of multidrug resistance in malaria. Among these, drug combination has received much attention in the past few years. In this approach, the sensitivity of resistant malaria parasites to antima larial drugs can be restored by coadministration of one of the drugs collectively named reversing agents or chemosensitizers. The present review gives a update of chemically synthetized and naturally occurring reversing agents that have been proved to potentiate in vitro and/or in vivo the effect of the existing antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Rasoanaivo
- Institut Malgache de Recherches Appliquees, B.P. 3833, 101-Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | - F. Frappier
- Museum National d\'Histoire Naturelle, 63 rue Buffon, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Rasoanaivo P, Ratsimamanga-Urverg S, Galeffi C, Nicoletti M, Frappier F, Martin MT. A new group of isoquinoline dimers from Hernandia voyronii. Tetrahedron 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(94)00992-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Manjary F, Petitjean A, Conan JY, Martin MT, Frappier F, Rasoanaivo P, Ratsimamanga-Urverg S. Degueline: A Rotenoid Constituent of Chadsia grevei. Planta Med 1994; 60:602. [PMID: 17236096 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-959591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Manjary
- Faculté des Sciences de la Réunion, 15 avenue René Cassin, 97487 Saint-Denis Cedex, France, DOM
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Schrével J, Sinou V, Grellier P, Frappier F, Guénard D, Potier P. Interactions between docetaxel (Taxotere) and Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:8472-6. [PMID: 7915841 PMCID: PMC44628 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.18.8472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Taxotere (docetaxel) inhibits Plasmodium falciparum erythrocytic development in vitro at nanomolar concentrations, both in chloroquine-sensitive (F32/Tanzania) and chloroquine-resistant (FcB1/Colombia, FcR3/Gambia) strains. The dose-response assays performed on asynchronous cultures during 42 hr showed clear biphasic curves with a plateau from 50 microM to 10 nM and a single sigmoid curve with a concentration inhibiting 50% of growth (IC50) of 3-6 nM observed after a 72-hr incubation. Addition of Taxotere to different stages of FcB1 revealed two types of targets: one type on ring/trophozoite-infected erythrocytes (RBCs), at the micromolar level, and another type on schizont-infected RBCs with Taxotere at micromolar concentrations inhibited the merozoite invasion of erythrocytes and parasite growth. These Taxotere-RBC interactions were stable, at least for 1 day. Pulse experiments of 5 hr with Taxotere efficiently inhibit parasite development regardless of the period of the parasite's erythrocytic life cycle. However, different cellular effects were obtained depending upon periods of drug incubations. The inhibition of P. falciparum development by Taxotere should provide additional strategies to block parasite development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schrével
- Laboratoire de Biologie Parasitaire et Chimiothérapie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité de Recherche Associée 114, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
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Vilmont M, Azoulay M, Frappier F. Metabolism of glutamine in erythrocytes infected with the human malaria parasite: Plasmodium falciparum. Ann Parasitol Hum Comp 1990; 65:162-6. [PMID: 1982204 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/1990654162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The metabolism of glutamine was studied in erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium falciparum, comparatively to normal cells, in presence or not of DON (6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine) or acivicin, two glutamine antagonists which have been shown to inhibit the growth of P. falciparum in vitro. Extracellular glutamine was partially converted into glutamate using two routes corresponding to gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and glutaminase activities. In cells infected with mature trophozoites, the observed enhancement of the glutamine influx and of the glutamate formation was consistent with the enhancement of GGT and glutaminase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vilmont
- UA CNRS 484, Faculté de Pharmacie, Paris, France
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Morineau G, Azoulay M, Frappier F. Reaction of o-phthalaldehyde with amino acids and glutathione. Application to high-performance liquid chromatography determination. J Chromatogr A 1989; 467:209-16. [PMID: 2753934 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)93965-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Experimental conditions were found for the preparation of stable fluorescent adducts of o-phthalaldehyde with glutathione and its metabolites: glutamine, glutamic and aspartic acids, gamma-glutamylglutamine and gamma-glutamylglutamylglutamine. The structure of the glutathione isoindole derivative obtained was confirmed by NMR studies. The procedure was applied to reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of the previous compounds. The method was extended to glutathione and "total glutathione" determinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Morineau
- UA-CNRS 484, Faculté de Pharmacie, Paris, France
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31
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Maillard M, Faraj A, Frappier F, Florent JC, Grierson DS, Monneret C. Synthesis of 3′-substituted-2′,3′-dideoxynucleoside analogs as potential anti-aids drugs. Tetrahedron Lett 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)99623-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- F Frappier
- UA CNRS 484, Faculté de Pharmacie, Paris, France
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Azoulay M, Desbene PL, Frappier F, Georges Y. Use of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for the quantitation of dethiobiotin and biotin in biological samples. J Chromatogr A 1984; 303:272-6. [PMID: 6511836 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)96076-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Desbene PL, Coustal S, Frappier F. Separation of biotin and its analogs by high-performance liquid chromatography: convenient labeling for ultraviolet or fluorimetric detection. Anal Biochem 1983; 128:359-62. [PMID: 6846813 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(83)90386-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Frappier F, Guillerm G, Tabet JC, Tabet JC. The application of low voltge mass spectrometry to the determination of extent and location of deuterium substitution in dethiobiotin. Biomed Mass Spectrom 1980; 7:185-8. [PMID: 7417693 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200070502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The fragmentation mechanism of dethiobiotin and its derivatives has been studied. A new fragmentation favoured at low energy allows the localization of deuterium on the carbons 2, 3, 4 and 5 in a sample of monodeuterated dethiobiotin.
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Frappier F, Guillerm G, Salib AG, Marquet A. On the mechanism of conversion of dethiobiotin to biotin in Escherichia coli. Discussion of the occurrence of an intermediate hydroxylation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1979; 91:521-7. [PMID: 391234 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(79)91553-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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38
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Salib AG, Frappier F, Guillerm G, Marquet A. On the mechanism of conversion of dethiobiotin to biotin in Escherichia coli. III. Isolation of an intermediate in the biosynthesis of biotin from dethiobiotin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1979; 88:312-9. [PMID: 378232 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(79)91731-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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39
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40
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41
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Janot MM, Frappier F, Thierry J, Lukacs G, Jarreau F, Goutarel R. Alcaloides stereodiques CXLII (1) - isomerisation spinale XII (8) - deuteriation du methyle 19 au cours de l'isomerisation des amino-3β Δ5 steroids dans SO4D2. Tetrahedron Lett 1972. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)94082-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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42
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Thiéblemont P, Pasquier C, Frappier F. [Determination of some hemodynamic constants of the monkey]. Rev Fr Etud Clin Biol 1966; 11:1046-52. [PMID: 4962858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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