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Van Huizen AV, Morton JM, Kinsey LJ, Von Kannon DG, Saad MA, Birkholz TR, Czajka JM, Cyrus J, Barnes FS, Beane WS. Weak magnetic fields alter stem cell-mediated growth. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaau7201. [PMID: 30729158 PMCID: PMC6353618 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau7201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Biological systems are constantly exposed to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) in the form of natural geomagnetic fields and EMFs emitted from technology. While strong magnetic fields are known to change chemical reaction rates and free radical concentrations, the debate remains about whether static weak magnetic fields (WMFs; <1 mT) also produce biological effects. Using the planarian regeneration model, we show that WMFs altered stem cell proliferation and subsequent differentiation via changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and downstream heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) expression. These data reveal that on the basis of field strength, WMF exposure can increase or decrease new tissue formation in vivo, suggesting WMFs as a potential therapeutic tool to manipulate mitotic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna V. Van Huizen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA
| | - Jacob M. Morton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA
| | - Luke J. Kinsey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA
| | - Donald G. Von Kannon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA
| | - Marwa A. Saad
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA
| | - Taylor R. Birkholz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA
| | - Jordan M. Czajka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA
| | - Julian Cyrus
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Frank S. Barnes
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Wendy S. Beane
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA
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Dou B, Miller EM, Christians JA, Sanehira EM, Klein TR, Barnes FS, Shaheen SE, Garner SM, Ghosh S, Mallick A, Basak D, van Hest MFAM. High-Performance Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells on Ultrathin Glass: Implications of the TCO. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:4960-4966. [PMID: 28944675 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b02128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
For halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) to fulfill their vast potential for combining low-cost, high efficiency, and high throughput production they must be scaled using a truly transformative method, such as roll-to-roll processing. Bringing this reality closer to fruition, the present work demonstrates flexible perovskite solar cells with 18.1% power conversion efficiency on flexible Willow Glass substrates. We highlight the importance of the transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layers on device performance by studying various TCOs. While tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) and indium zinc oxide (IZO) based PSC devices demonstrate high photovoltaic performances, aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) based devices underperformed in all device parameters. Analysis of X-ray photoemission spectroscopy data shows that the stoichiometry of the perovskite film surface changes dramatically when it is fabricated on AZO, demonstrating the importance of the substrate in perovskite film formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjia Dou
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Elisa M Miller
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | | | - Erin M Sanehira
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Talysa R Klein
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Frank S Barnes
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Sean E Shaheen
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309 United States
| | - Sean M Garner
- Corning Research & Development Corporation , Corning, New York 14830, United States
| | - Shuvaraj Ghosh
- Solid State Physics Department, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
| | - Arindam Mallick
- Solid State Physics Department, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
| | - Durga Basak
- Solid State Physics Department, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
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Abstract
It is proposed that radical concentrations can be modified by combinations of weak, steady and alternating magnetic fields that modify the population distribution of the nuclear and electronic spin state, the energy levels and the alignment of the magnetic moments of the components of the radical pairs. In low external magnetic fields, the electronic and nuclear angular momentum vectors are coupled by internal forces that outweigh the external fields' interactions and are characterized in the Hamiltonian by the total quantum number F. Radical pairs form with their unpaired electrons in singlet (S) or triplet (T) states with respect to each other. At frequencies corresponding to the energy separation between the various states in the external magnetic fields, transitions can occur that change the populations of both electron and nuclear states. In addition, the coupling between the nuclei, nuclei and electrons, and Zeeman shifts in the electron and nuclear energy levels can lead to transitions with resonances spanning frequencies from a few Hertz into the megahertz region. For nuclear energy levels with narrow absorption line widths, this can lead to amplitude and frequency windows. Changes in the pair recombination rates can change radical concentrations and modify biological processes. The overall conclusion is that the application of magnetic fields at frequencies ranging from a few Hertz to microwaves at the absorption frequencies observed in electron and nuclear resonance spectroscopy for radicals can lead to changes in free radical concentrations and have the potential to lead to biologically significant changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank S Barnes
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
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Portelli LA, Schomay TE, Barnes FS. Inhomogeneous background magnetic field in biological incubators is a potential confounder for experimental variability and reproducibility. Bioelectromagnetics 2013; 34:337-48. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.21787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Portelli LA, Madapatha DR, Martino C, Hernandez M, Barnes FS. Reduction of the background magnetic field inhibits ability of Drosophila melanogaster to survive ionizing radiation. Bioelectromagnetics 2012; 33:706-9. [PMID: 22532126 PMCID: PMC3426623 DOI: 10.1002/bem.21720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The effects of exposure to an environment where the background magnetic field (BMF) has been reduced were studied on wild-type Drosophila melanogaster by measuring its ability to survive a single exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) during its larval stage. The experimental design presented shows a timeframe, IR dose, and BMF parameters that will cause a significant and reproducible reduction of survival on this insect model. These results suggest that BMFs may play a fundamental role in the recovery or harm of a biological system that is exposed to single doses of IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Portelli
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Colorado 80309-0425, USA.
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Aly AA, Cheema MI, Tambawala M, Laterza R, Zhou E, Rathnabharathi K, Barnes FS. Effects of 900-MHz Radio Frequencies on the Chemotaxis of Human Neutrophils in Vitro. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2008; 55:795-7. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2007.912636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Abstract
Combined parallel static and alternating magnetic fields cause a rapid change in the ionic current flowing through an aqueous glutamic acid solution when the alternating field frequency is equal to the cyclotron frequency. The current peak is 20-30% of the background direct current. The peak is observed with slow sweep in the alternating magnetic field frequency from 1 Hz-10 Hz. Only one resonance peak in the current is observed in this frequency range. The frequency corresponding to the peak is directly proportional to the static magnetic field. The above effect only arises at very small alternating field amplitude in the range from 0.02 microT-0.08 microT.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Zhadin
- Laboratory of Neurocybernetics, Institute of Cell Biophysics, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
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Abstract
The results of 3 sets of experiments on the effects of 22 microT sinusoidal 50 Hz magnetic fields (MF), applied for 1 h on 5 successive days (1 h/5 days), on the level of host defense and on spleen colony formation are reported. The first set of experiments shows the effects on the number of colony-forming units (CFUs) on the spleen and on the cellularity of the thymus in mice. The MF exposures resulted in an increase in CFUs which was statistically significant with respect to the controls, but not with respect to the shams. Statistically significant changes in the thymic weight and thymic index with respect to both the controls and the shams were measured 1 h after the last MF exposure. In the second set of experiments, the mice were given a sublethal dose of X-rays (6 Gy), which was followed by exposure 2 h later to the MF. The MF exposure was repeated at the same time of day for 5 days. The number of colonies per spleen showed a consistent, statistically significant increase with MF exposure and the number of CFUs per femur was decreased. In the third set of experiments, bone marrow was taken from mice which had been exposed to 22 microT fields and injected into mice which had been exposed to a lethal dose of X-rays (9 Gy). The number of CFUs per femur in the recipient mice was shown to be reduced by a statistically significant amount at 1 and 4 days after injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Korneva
- Department of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a real-time multichannel computerized electrogastrograph (EGG) to measure and analyze electrical signals from the human abdominal surface. A soft-contact matrix composed of 25 cutaneous electrodes is embedded evenly in a latex mat. The mat can be firmly attached to the abdominal surface by drawing a vacuum between the matrix and the stomach. Twenty-five high-amplification filter/amplifiers provide a high signal-to-noise ratio and flat amplitude response for a signal between 0.02 and 0.12 Hz (1.2-7.2 cpm). The computer program provides waveform and frequency analysis for any chosen channel and mapping analyses for all 25 channels. A two-dimensional propagation exploration program was also developed. Using four different mapping analysis program subroutines, the optimal points for analyzing the EGG signals can be reliably found and variability of these locations can be observed easily. Results show differences in the EGG mappings of normal and abnormal subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zhou
- Medical Testing Technology Institute, Boulder, CO 80304, USA
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Mihran RT, Lineaweaver SK, Barnes FS, Wachtel H. Effects of Pulsed Acoustic and Mechanical Stimuli on the Excitability of Isolated Neuronal and Cardiac Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1080/1047322x.1996.10389322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Barnes FS, Harwick P, Banerjee A. Brief communication: coaxial lines for multiphase power distribution. Bioelectromagnetics 1996; 17:162-4. [PMID: 8860734 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-186x(1996)17:2<162::aid-bem11>3.0.co;2-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A coaxial cable can be used to reduce the magnetic and electric fields that extend into environments in the vicinity of transmission lines and distribution lines and in-house or building wiring for power distribution systems. The use of the coaxial geometry may prove useful in cases where there are environmental concerns with respect to health effects and in cases where there is a need to run high-speed data communications in close proximity to power distribution systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- F S Barnes
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder 80309-0425, USA
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Barnes FS. A theoretical basis for coupling via induced currents to biological systems for ultra fast switched magnetic fields. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1992; 649:69-73. [PMID: 1580519 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb49598.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F S Barnes
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309
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Abstract
The objective of this paper is to review some of the fundamental mechanisms for the interaction of electric and magnetic fields with biological systems at variable levels of field strengths and to examine several possible ways by which weak fields may influence these systems. We begin with a review of the basic equations by which electric or magnetic fields interact with biological fluids and follow it with a look at the effects of inserting a simple cell membrane. The initial starting points are the force equations on charged particles and dipoles. We examine their effects on current flow, the orientation of long-chain molecules, and the forces which can be exerted by particles of magnetite on membranes. This is followed by a very simple model for the effects of a cell membrane on the overall current distribution and a model for current flow through a membrane. Some sources of nonlinearities which might serve as mechanisms for converting weak electrical signals from one frequency to a more biologically significant frequency are described. Additionally, three models by which a biological system may extract weak signals from noise are presented. The first of these is the injection-locking of oscillating processes where the signal-to-noise ratio may be less than unity. The second is parametric amplification which allows the external signal and the biological process to be at different frequencies and where stability requirements on the external pump frequency discriminates against the noise. The third approach is to examine a computer model for a neural network which can be trained to identify a 60 Hz field at signal-to-noise ratios much less than one. The key to each of these models for possible interactions of magnetic fields with biological systems is the long-term coherence of the signal with respect to the noise. Finally, we briefly examine the possibility of using scanning force and tunneling microscopes to give a better description of the characteristics of the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- F S Barnes
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309-0425
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Mihran RT, Barnes FS, Wachtel H. Temporally-specific modification of myelinated axon excitability in vitro following a single ultrasound pulse. Ultrasound Med Biol 1990; 16:297-309. [PMID: 2363236 DOI: 10.1016/0301-5629(90)90008-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Single, short-duration, low-energy pulses of ultrasound were found to elicit distinct modifications of the electrical excitability of myelinated frog sciatic nerve in vitro in a window extending 40-50 ms after pulse termination. These modifications include both enhancement and suppression of relative excitability, the sequence of which generally follows one of two distinct temporal response patterns. The ultrasound pulses were focused, 2-7 MHz, of 500-microseconds duration, and of peak intensities of 100-800 W/cm2. Total absorbed pulse energies were generally less than 100 mJ/g, corresponding to local temperature rises of the nerve trunk of no more than 0.025 degrees C per pulse, thereby precluding bulk heating as a basis of this effect. The observed effects cannot be elicited using either a subthreshold square wave or RF electrical prestimulus, suggesting a unique form of receptivity of the nerve trunk to mechanical perturbation. We present evidence that the low-frequency radiation pressure transient accompanying the envelope of the acoustic pulse is the active parameter in this phenomenon, and postulate that it may act by the gating of stretch-sensitive channels, which have been recently reported in a variety of cell membranes. These results may demonstrate that stretch-sensitive channels in neural membrane can serve to functionally modulate neuro-electric signals normally mediated by voltage-dependent channels, a finding which could suggest new clinical applications of high peak-power, low-total-energy pulsed ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Mihran
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309-0425
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Shain RE, Barnes FS. Interdisciplinary MS program in telecommunications at the university of Colorado. Telematics and Informatics 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0736-5853(88)80070-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lee KS, Barnes FS. Simple side coupler for coupling between laser diode and single-mode optical fiber. Appl Opt 1987; 26:2294-2296. [PMID: 20489863 DOI: 10.1364/ao.26.002294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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Barnes FS, Lee KS, Smith AW. Use of optical fiber heads for optical disks. Appl Opt 1986; 25:4010. [PMID: 18235735 DOI: 10.1364/ao.25.004010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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Abstract
A hyperpolarized current is predicted from the Nernst equation for conditions of positive temperature derivatives with respect to time. This ion current, coupled with changes in membrane channel conductivities, is expected to contribute to a transient potential shift across the cell membrane for silent cells and to a change in firing rate for pacemaker cells.
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Webber MM, Barnes FS, Seltzer LA, Bouldin TR, Prasad KN. Short microwave pulses cause ultrastructural membrane damage in neuroblastoma cells. J Ultrastruct Res 1980; 71:321-30. [PMID: 7401224 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(80)90083-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Abstract
We considered that phonocardiographic recording could be improved 1) by minimizing the acoustic impedance mismatch between the precordial tissue and transducer, 2) by optimizing the configuration of the impedance-matching medium and transducer design, and 3) by storing signals in digital form through analog-to-digital conversion of analog recordings made at the bedside. The use of an aqueous coupling medium to improve energy transmission increased signal voltage approximately 100-fold over presently used commercial devices. Further match to the crystal was achieved by a concentrating horn configuration for the aqueous medium. Measured frequency response of the device in the range 1 Hz to 1 kHz was better than two other commercially tested microphones. Inspection of comparative phonocardiograms showed more information from the new device than from the two other commercial devices. Unfiltered digitized signals, using our microphone in normal subjects, demonstrated good beat-to-beat repeatability, but analog filtering to obtain the conventional phonocardiogram showed significant loss of information. The new instrument appears to be superior to those commercial devices tested in recording heart sounds.
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Barnes FS, Gamow E, Burns A, de Boisfleury A. Directional effects of cyclic AMP on platelets. Clin Sci Mol Med 1974; 46:307-9. [PMID: 4361903 DOI: 10.1042/cs0460307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
1. Platelets undergo a spreading reaction in a microscope slide—coverslip preparation.
2. If a gradient of cyclic AMP is generated in such a preparation a large fraction of the spread platelets are oriented with their veils into the gradient.
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Korpel A, Whitman RL, Ahmed M, Davies H, Steele P, Barnes FS. An ultrasonic image of arteriosclerotic deposits. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1974; 21:171. [PMID: 4818803 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.1974.324305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Abstract
We wish to report the development of an assay system for the study of white blood cells in vitro. With this system we have demonstrated that a yet unidentified substance found in red blood cell membranes and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) cause the chemotactic response in white blood cells. We have not yet determined whether the substance released from the membrane is cAMP.
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Abstract
A mathematical theory for the motion of polynuclear leukocytes after the laser irradiation of a red blood cell is derived and compared with the measured movement of a number of cells. An estimate is made on the diffusion constant and the molecular size for the unknown material which communicates the information on the irradiation of the red blood cell to the leukocyte.
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Salet C, Lutz M, Barnes FS. [Physical parameters characterizing the selective thermal damage of mitochondria in micro-irradiation by laser]. Photochem Photobiol 1970; 11:193-205. [PMID: 5467252 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1970.tb05987.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank S. Barnes
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder
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Barnes FS. The Poor Are Getting Richer. Science 1965; 147:823. [PMID: 17793549 DOI: 10.1126/science.147.3660.823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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