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Rao SBN, Elangovan AV, Madiajagan B, Rajendran D, Franklin MEE, Gopi M, Pal D, Parthipan S, Nalina M, Dey DK, Manjunatha Reddy GB, Awachat VB. Production and Evaluation of Encapsulated Zinc Oxide on Performance, Ileal Digestibility and Zinc Transporter Gene Expression in Broiler Chicken. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:5774-5785. [PMID: 36907933 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03614-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken for the production of encapsulated zinc and its evaluation in broiler chicken diet. The process of microencapsulation involved the use of polymers, gum arabic and maltodextrin with a maximum encapsulation of efficiency of 66%. Encapsulated material contained about 20% zinc oxide (ZnO) as core material following the freeze-drying process. One hundred and ninety-two-day-old broiler chicks were distributed in four groups in six replications having eight birds in each. The four groups comprised control (inorganic source of zinc), En-Zn-100 (encapsulated zinc at 100% of control), En-Zn-50 (encapsulated zinc at 50% of control), and Org-Zn-50 (Zn-methionine at 50% of control). The experiment was carried out for 35 days following standard management practices. The live weight gain, feed intake and FCR were comparable among groups. Plasma and muscle zinc (ppm) content was unaffected by the level or source of zinc supplementation. The zinc apparent ileal digestibility coefficient was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in En-Zn-50 fed groups, while crude protein digestibility was not affected by the level or form of Zn supplementation. Bone weight, length, and zinc content were comparable, and bone ash content was significantly different among the groups. Relative expression of ZnT2 was significantly upregulated in encapsulated zinc-fed groups. From the study, it could be concluded that supplementation of zinc either as encapsulated or organic form at 50% of inorganic source (ZnO) could be sufficient to maintain the growth performance, serum, tissue and bone mineral content in broiler chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bagath Madiajagan
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bengaluru, India
| | - Duraisamy Rajendran
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Marappan Gopi
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bengaluru, India
| | - Dintaran Pal
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - M Nalina
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bengaluru, India
| | - Debpriyo Kumar Dey
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bengaluru, India
| | - G B Manjunatha Reddy
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, India
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Chethan Kumar HB, Hiremath J, Yogisharadhya R, Balamurugan V, Jacob SS, Manjunatha Reddy GB, Suresh KP, Shome R, Nagalingam M, Sridevi R, Patil SS, Prajapati A, Govindaraj G, Sengupta PP, Hemadri D, Krishnamoorthy P, Misri J, Kumar A, Tripathi BN, Shome BR. Animal disease surveillance: Its importance & present status in India. Indian J Med Res 2021; 153:299-310. [PMID: 33906992 PMCID: PMC8204830 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_740_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal disease surveillance encompasses systematic collection of long-term data on disease events, risk factors and other relevant parameters followed by analyzing the same with reference to temporal and spatial characteristics to arrive at a conclusion so that necessary preventive measures can be taken. In India, the animal disease surveillance is done through National Animal Disease Reporting System, which is a web-based information technology system for disease reporting from States and Union Territories with the aim to record, monitor livestock disease situation and to initiate the preventive and curative action in a swift manner during disease emergencies. National Animal Disease Referral Expert System is a dynamic geographic information system and remote sensing-enabled expert system that captures an incidence of 13 economically important livestock diseases from all over the country and also provides livestock disease forecasting. The laboratories under State and Central governments, several research institutes under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research and veterinary colleges are involved in livestock disease diagnosis including zoonotic diseases. An integrated surveillance system is necessary for early detection of emerging/zoonotic diseases in humans. This review provides information on disease reporting and surveillance systems in animal health sector and the need for One Health approach to improve and strengthen the zoonotic disease surveillance system in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Chethan Kumar
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology & Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Jagadish Hiremath
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology & Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - R Yogisharadhya
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology & Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - V Balamurugan
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology & Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Siju Susan Jacob
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology & Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - G B Manjunatha Reddy
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology & Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - K P Suresh
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology & Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajeswari Shome
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology & Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - M Nagalingam
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology & Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - R Sridevi
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology & Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - S S Patil
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology & Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Awadesh Prajapati
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology & Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - G Govindaraj
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology & Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - P P Sengupta
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology & Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Divakar Hemadri
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology & Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - P Krishnamoorthy
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology & Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Jyoti Misri
- Division of Animal Science, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Division of Animal Science, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi, India
| | - B N Tripathi
- Division of Animal Science, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi, India
| | - Bibek Ranjan Shome
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology & Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Nagalingam M, Basheer TJ, Balamurugan V, Shome R, Kumari SS, Reddy GBM, Shome BR, Rahman H, Roy P, Kingston JJ, Gandham RK. Comparative evaluation of the immunodominant proteins of Brucella abortus for the diagnosis of cattle brucellosis. Vet World 2021; 14:803-812. [PMID: 33935431 PMCID: PMC8076471 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.803-812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: The present serodiagnosis of brucellosis in livestock is based on the whole cell or smooth lipopolysaccharide of the Brucella organism in which specificity is hampered by the cross-reactivity, especially with the antibodies against Yersinia enterocolitica O:9 organism. The problem can be addressed by screening for better immunodominant antigens. Hence, the present study was undertaken to screen protein antigens of Brucella abortus for their diagnostic potential in cattle brucellosis. Materials and Methods: Protein antigens of B. abortus (n=10) non-reactive to antibodies against Y. enterocolitica O:9 were selected, expressed in Escherichia coli, assessed the reactivity of expressed recombinant proteins by Western blot, standardized indirect-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting Brucella antibodies in cattle serum, and comparative evaluation was done. Results: All the selected protein antigens were expressed and in the Western blot with Brucella antibodies positive cattle serum, six recombinant (Brucella protein 26 [BP26], Cu-Zn Superoxide dismutase [SodC], B. abortus I-1885, Serine protease, Bacterioferritin, and Brucella Lumazine Synthase [BLS]) proteins showed reaction whereas none of the proteins showed reactivity with Brucella negative cattle serum. ELISA has been done using known Brucella positive and negative cattle sera samples (n=113 each) in which the performance of recombinant proteins in diagnosing brucellosis was in the order of BP26 > BLS > SodC followed by rest of the proteins. BP26 based ELISA was found to be better with area under the curve as 0.953, and diagnostic sensitivity, diagnostic specificity, and Youden’s index of 90.27%, 95.58%, and 0.8584, respectively, with the excellent agreement (k=0.85). Conclusion: BP26 could be a potential diagnostic antigen among the immunodominant proteins of B. abortus in ruling out Y. enterocolitica O:9 infection while diagnosing brucellosis in cattle herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohandoss Nagalingam
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Thaslim J Basheer
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Rajeswari Shome
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - S Sowjanya Kumari
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - G B Manjunatha Reddy
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Bibek Ranjan Shome
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Habibur Rahman
- International Livestock Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Parimal Roy
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - R K Gandham
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Kushwaha A, Behera S, Saminathan M, Sreedharan K, Basagoudanavar S, Manjunatha Reddy GB, Hosamani M. Monoclonal antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus RNA polymerase for detection of virus infection. Microbiol Immunol 2021; 65:95-98. [PMID: 33200459 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a major viral disease in farm animals. In the present study, seven monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were produced against the FMD virus (FMDV)-encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (3D protein) and characterized. Screening of mAb reactivity against three overlapping fragments of the 3D protein expressed in Escherichia coli revealed that the binding sites of all the mAbs were confined to the N-terminal one-third of the 3D protein. A selected mAb was utilized for detecting FMDV in the infected cell culture and tissues obtained from FMDV-infected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Kushwaha
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Subhasmita Behera
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Mani Saminathan
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Krishnan Sreedharan
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (ICAR-CIFE), Rohtak Centre, Lahli, Haryana, India
| | | | - G B Manjunatha Reddy
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Sumana K, Revanaiah Y, Shivachandra SB, Mothay D, Apsana R, Saminathan M, Basavaraj S, Reddy GBM. Molecular phylogeny of Capripoxviruses based on major immunodominant protein (P32) reveals circulation of host specific sheeppox and goatpox viruses in small ruminants of India. Infect Genet Evol 2020; 85:104472. [PMID: 32711078 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sheeppox and goatpox are highly contagious viral diseases of small ruminants causing severe economic losses to the livestock farmers. The disease is enzootic in Asia including India, Middle East and African countries. In the present study, a total of 28 isolates from twenty five sheeppox and goatpox disease outbreaks were phylogenetically analyzed based on P32 gene/protein along with homology modeling and docking using heparan sulfate and UDP-glucose. Three distinct lineage-specific clusters as per their host origin were recorded. Multiple sequence analysis of P32 gene revealed that genetically similar sheeppox virus (SPPV) and goatpox virus (GTPV) strains are circulating in India. Phylogenetically, Lumpy skin disease (LSDV) and SPPV had a closer genetic relationship than GTPV. Comparative sequence alignment indicated conservation of various motifs such as glycosaminoglycan (GAG), chemokine like motif (CX3C) and Asp-Glu-any other residue-Asp (D/ExD), as well as viral specific signature residues in SPPV and GTPV isolates. Structurally, P32 protein of SPPV and GTPV with mixed α helices and β sheets resembled with crystal structure of homologue vaccinia virus H3L protein. Docking studies in P32 protein of SPPV and GTPV revealed conserved binding pattern with heparan sulfate which is involved in the virus attachment and varied glycosyltransferase fold with UDP-glucose. These findings may help in development of suitable vaccines/diagnostics and therapeutics against capripoxviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sumana
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India; Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, JAIN (Deemed to be University), School of Sciences, Jayanagar 3rd Block, Bengaluru 560011, Karnataka, India
| | - Yogisharadhya Revanaiah
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Dipti Mothay
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, JAIN (Deemed to be University), School of Sciences, Jayanagar 3rd Block, Bengaluru 560011, Karnataka, India
| | - R Apsana
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - M Saminathan
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, U.P, India
| | - S Basavaraj
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, U.P, India
| | - G B Manjunatha Reddy
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India.
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Sumana K, Revanaiah Y, Apsana R, Roy P, Manjunatha Reddy GB. Molecular characterization of sheeppox virus from outbreaks in Karnataka, India. Vet World 2020; 13:386-391. [PMID: 32255983 PMCID: PMC7096296 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.386-391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to characterize sheeppox virus (SPPV) using the P32 gene of the Capripoxvirus (CaPVs). MATERIALS AND METHODS Clinical samples of skin, scabs, and nasal swab from suspected outbreaks Horalagallu (n=13) and Gerahalli (n=11) at Ramanagara district in Karnataka were collected. All the samples were initially subjected to genus-specific diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The pooled clinical samples from each outbreak were also subjected to virus isolation. The isolates were confirmed by CaPVs genotyping PCR targeting the full-length P32 gene, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS The clinical signs and lesions varied from mild to severe degree with no specificity between age and sex. Specific cytopathic changes in cell morphology were observed in infected Vero cells from both outbreaks, which were confirmed by PCR. The complete P32 gene from two outbreaks was successfully amplified with the expected amplicon size of 1006bp. The sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed that both the outbreaks were due to SPPV and shared high similarity with published SPPVs from Karnataka and other parts of India. CONCLUSION The current study showed that complete P32 gene-based genotypic PCR assay can be used for genetic characterization and molecular epidemiology of both sheeppox and goatpox diseases and also to differentiate the causative agents. The sequence analysis revealed 100% similarity among the two outbreak isolates suggesting the same strain of the virus and common source of infection for the outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Sumana
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research Institute-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Karnataka, India
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Jain University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Yogisharadhya Revanaiah
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research Institute-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Karnataka, India
| | - R. Apsana
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research Institute-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Karnataka, India
| | - Parimal Roy
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research Institute-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Karnataka, India
| | - G. B. Manjunatha Reddy
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research Institute-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Karnataka, India
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Kumar BK, Kumar KM, Reddy GBM, Abraham S, Yogisharadhya R, Prashantha CN. Molecular Modelling and Insilico Engineering of PapMV-CP Towards Display and Development of Capripox Viral Like Particles Based on Immunogenic P32 Envelop Protein is the Homologous of the Vaccinia-Viral H3L Gene: An Insilico Approach. Int J Pept Res Ther 2020; 26:2155-2167. [PMID: 32421016 PMCID: PMC7222904 DOI: 10.1007/s10989-019-10007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Viral-like particles are assembled from capsid protein structural subunits of different viruses and have ability to establish research in biomedicals, like construction of novel safety vaccines, gene therapy vectors by delivering systems for nucleic acids, small biomolecules and diagnostics. Papaya Mosaic Viral nanoparticals can provide as a vaccine candidate helps to increase the immunity by fusing the epitope based peptide antigen. Capripox viruses are the genus comprises Lymphy skin-disease, Sheep and Goat pox Viruses are notified by The World Animal Health Organization (OIE) based on their economic impotence act as a transboundary animal diseases viruses of sheep, goat, and cattle’s respectively. Plant viral based innovative vaccines have been emerged ineffective vaccine development. This research describes the engineering and development of a new vaccine candidate by display immunogenic peptide using the carrier capsid protein of Papaya Mosaic Virus. The Capripox virus P32 immunogenic protein is homologous of the vaccinia virus H3L gene displayed PapMV CP. The antigenicity of P32 protein epitope lowest score among epitopes C-terminally docked epitopes are EP6 > EP3 > EP8 as well the lowest score among epitopes N-terminally docked epitopes are EP8 > EP3 > EP6 presented on the N-terminus of PMV CP region which are found to be suitable for epitope display. And these modelled immunogenic peptide could be used to develop a viral like particles. Epitope based Antibody developed against immunogenic epitopic regions can contribute to a novel and robust protection from infection. As well might be used for developing cost effective detection kits for Transboundary animal disease viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - K M Kumar
- 1Department of Biotechnology, REVA University, Bengaluru, 560064 India.,3Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Bengaluru, India
| | - G B Manjunatha Reddy
- 2National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sunil Abraham
- 4Department of Animal Behavior and Physiology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 625021 India
| | - R Yogisharadhya
- 2National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, India
| | - C N Prashantha
- 1Department of Biotechnology, REVA University, Bengaluru, 560064 India
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Oso AO, Suganthi RU, Reddy GBM, Malik PK, Thirumalaisamy G, Awachat VB, Selvaraju S, Arangasamy A, Bhatta R. Effect of dietary supplementation with phytogenic blend on growth performance, apparent ileal digestibility of nutrients, intestinal morphology, and cecal microflora of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2019; 98:4755-4766. [PMID: 30951593 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of dietary supplementation with phytogenic blend (PB) of Aerva lanata, Piper betle, Cynodon dactylon, and Piper nigrum on growth performance, ileal nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, and cecal microflora were determined in a 42-day broiler feeding trial. A total of 192 broilers were assigned to 4 dietary treatments (6 replicates and 8 birds/replicate): basal diet, basal diet supplemented with antibiotic (chlortetracycline), 1% and 2% PB, respectively. The body weight gain (BWG) of starter chicks increased linearly (P = 0.023) as dietary supplementation levels of PB increased. At grower phase, broilers fed diet supplemented with 1% PB had similar BWG with the antibiotic group, but other treatments had reduced (P = 0.0001) BWG. Dietary supplementation with 1% PB resulted in the highest (P < 0.0001) BWG during the study. Feed intake was not affected by the treatments during the starter, finisher, and overall rearing periods. Broilers fed diet supplemented with 1% PB had the best (P < 0.0001) feed conversion ratio during the study. Overall, broilers fed only basal diet had the highest (P = 0.0450) mortality. Ileal organic matter (OM) digestibility increased linearly (P = 0.044) with broilers fed diet supplemented with PB, but reduced with antibiotic group. Dietary supplementation with 1% PB had the highest (P = 0.0402) ileal digestibility of tryptophan. In the duodenum, broilers fed diet supplemented with PB had longer (P = 0.0006) villi heights than the birds fed only basal diet, but similar with antibiotic group. Broilers fed diet supplemented with PB had longer (P = 0.0064) villi height in the jejunum than the antibiotic group. Bifidobacterium concentration of the cecum content showed a slight increase (P = 0.053) with increasing supplementation levels of PB. In conclusion, the current study shows that dietary supplementation with PB improves growth performance, intestinal morphology, and apparent ileal digestibility of OM and tryptophan in a dose-dependent manner with the best response at 1% inclusion level.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Oso
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore 560030, Karnataka, India.,Department of Animal Nutrition, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta 10001, P.M.B. 2240, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - R U Suganthi
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore 560030, Karnataka, India
| | - G B Manjunatha Reddy
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bangalore 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - P K Malik
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore 560030, Karnataka, India
| | - G Thirumalaisamy
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore 560030, Karnataka, India
| | - V B Awachat
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore 560030, Karnataka, India
| | - S Selvaraju
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore 560030, Karnataka, India
| | - A Arangasamy
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore 560030, Karnataka, India
| | - R Bhatta
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore 560030, Karnataka, India
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Nagarajan G, Pourouchottamane R, Reddy GBM, Yogisharadhya R, Sumana K, Rajapandi S, Murali G, Thirumaran SMK, Mallick PK, Rajendiran AS. Molecular characterization of Orf virus isolates from Kodai hills, Tamil Nadu, India. Vet World 2019; 12:1022-1027. [PMID: 31528027 PMCID: PMC6702573 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1022-1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The present study was carried out to find out the causative agent of exanthematous skin lesions in sheep maintained by Southern Regional Research Centre, Mannavanur, Kodai hills, Tamil Nadu. Materials and Methods: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with Orf virus (ORFV) B2L gene-specific primers was carried out by employing the total genomic DNA isolated from the scabs as the template. The ORFV isolates from Kodai hills were characterized by the use of bioinformatics tools. Results: The amino acid identity of ORFV isolate 1 from Kodai hills is having 98.14%, 96.29%, and 83.59% identity with reference strains of ORFV, Pseudocowpox virus, and bovine papular stomatitis virus, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that ORFV isolates from Kodai hills clustered with the other ORFV isolates from different geographical areas of India. Conclusion: The etiological agent of exanthematous skin lesion among sheep of Kodai hills is ORFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Nagarajan
- Southern Regional Research Centre, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Pourouchottamane
- ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - G B Manjunatha Reddy
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, India
| | - R Yogisharadhya
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, India
| | - K Sumana
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, India
| | - S Rajapandi
- ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Rajasthan, India
| | - G Murali
- Southern Regional Research Centre, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S M K Thirumaran
- Southern Regional Research Centre, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P K Mallick
- ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Rajasthan, India
| | - A S Rajendiran
- Southern Regional Research Centre, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, India
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Singh R, Singh KP, Cherian S, Saminathan M, Kapoor S, Manjunatha Reddy GB, Panda S, Dhama K. Rabies - epidemiology, pathogenesis, public health concerns and advances in diagnosis and control: a comprehensive review. Vet Q 2017. [PMID: 28643547 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2017.1343516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a zoonotic, fatal and progressive neurological infection caused by rabies virus of the genus Lyssavirus and family Rhabdoviridae. It affects all warm-blooded animals and the disease is prevalent throughout the world and endemic in many countries except in Islands like Australia and Antarctica. Over 60,000 peoples die every year due to rabies, while approximately 15 million people receive rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) annually. Bite of rabid animals and saliva of infected host are mainly responsible for transmission and wildlife like raccoons, skunks, bats and foxes are main reservoirs for rabies. The incubation period is highly variable from 2 weeks to 6 years (avg. 2-3 months). Though severe neurologic signs and fatal outcome, neuropathological lesions are relatively mild. Rabies virus exploits various mechanisms to evade the host immune responses. Being a major zoonosis, precise and rapid diagnosis is important for early treatment and effective prevention and control measures. Traditional rapid Seller's staining and histopathological methods are still in use for diagnosis of rabies. Direct immunofluoroscent test (dFAT) is gold standard test and most commonly recommended for diagnosis of rabies in fresh brain tissues of dogs by both OIE and WHO. Mouse inoculation test (MIT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are superior and used for routine diagnosis. Vaccination with live attenuated or inactivated viruses, DNA and recombinant vaccines can be done in endemic areas. This review describes in detail about epidemiology, transmission, pathogenesis, advances in diagnosis, vaccination and therapeutic approaches along with appropriate prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Singh
- a Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- b Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis (CADRAD) , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Susan Cherian
- a Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Mani Saminathan
- a Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Sanjay Kapoor
- c Department of Veterinary Microbiology , LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences , Hisar , Haryana , India
| | - G B Manjunatha Reddy
- d ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics , Bengaluru , Karnataka , India
| | - Shibani Panda
- a Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- a Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
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Patil SS, Prajapati A, Hemadri D, Suresh KP, Desai GS, Reddy GBM, Chandranaik BM, Ranganatha S, Rahman H. Phylogenetic analysis of glycoprotein B gene sequences of bovine herpesvirus 1 isolates from India reveals the predominance of subtype 1.1. Vet World 2016; 9:1364-1369. [PMID: 28096606 PMCID: PMC5234048 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.1364-1369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study was conducted for the isolation and molecular characterization of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) isolated from the nasal and vaginal swabs collected from naturally infected cattle showing clinical symptoms of the respiratory disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Isolation of BoHV-1 virus performed on clinical samples collected from 65 cattle from five states of India. The BoHV-1 isolates were further confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers specific for glycoprotein B (gB) genomic region. PCR amplification was performed using previously published gB gene-specific primer pairs. gB PCR amplicons obtained from all isolates were sequenced, and phylogenetic analysis was performed using software. RESULTS A total of 12 samples were found positive in cell culture isolation. 11 isolates showed the visible cytopathic effect on Madin-Darby bovine kidney after 72 h. Partial sequence analysis of gB gene of all isolates revealed 99.0-100% homology between them. All isolates showed 99.2-99.8% homology with Cooper stain. CONCLUSION BoHV-1.1 is the predominant circulating subtype of BoHV in India, and all isolates have homology with Cooper stain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. S. Patil
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru - 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - A. Prajapati
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru - 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - D. Hemadri
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru - 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - K. P. Suresh
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru - 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - G. S. Desai
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru - 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - G. B. Manjunatha Reddy
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru - 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - B. M. Chandranaik
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Bengaluru - 560 024, Karnataka, India
| | - S. Ranganatha
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Bengaluru - 560 024, Karnataka, India
| | - H. Rahman
- Division of Animal Sciences, Indian Council of Agriculture Research, Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi - 110 001, India
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Sajjanar B, Saxena S, Bisht D, Singh AK, Manjunatha Reddy GB, Singh R, Singh RP, Kumar S. Effect of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha 1 (nAChRα1) peptides on rabies virus infection in neuronal cells. Neuropeptides 2016; 57:59-64. [PMID: 26656837 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2015.11.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Rabies virus (RABV) is neurotropic and causes acute progressive encephalitis. Herein, we report the interaction of nAChRα1-subunit peptides with RABV and the effect of these peptides on RABV infection in cultured neuronal cells. Peptide sequences derived from torpedo, bovine, human and rats were synthesized and studied for their interactions with RABV using virus capture ELISA and peptide immunofluorescence. The results showed specific binding of the nAChRα1-subunit peptides to the RABV. In the virus adsorption assay, these peptides were found to inhibit the attachment of the RABV to the neuronal cells. The nAChRα1-subunit peptides inhibited the RABV infection and reduced viral gene expression in the cultured neuroblastoma (N2A) cells. Torpedo peptide sequence (T-32) had highest antiviral effect (IC50=14±3.01μM) compared to the other peptides studied. The results of the study indicated that nAChRα1-subunit peptides may act as receptor decoy molecules and inhibit the binding of virus to the native host cell receptors and hence may reduce viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basavaraj Sajjanar
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shikha Saxena
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deepika Bisht
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Arvind Kumar Singh
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - G B Manjunatha Reddy
- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Division of Veterinary Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - R P Singh
- Division of Biological Products, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Satish Kumar
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Reddy GBM, Singh R, Singh RP, Singh KP, Gupta PK, Mahadevan A, Shankar SK, Ramakrishnan MA, Verma R. Erratum to: Molecular characterization of Indian rabies virus isolates by partial sequencing of nucleoprotein (N) and phosphoprotein (P) genes. Virus Genes 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-011-0671-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Reddy GBM, Singh R, Singh RP, Singh KP, Gupta PK, Desai A, Shankar SK, Ramakrishnan MA, Verma R. Molecular characterization of Indian rabies virus isolates by partial sequencing of nucleoprotein (N) and phosphoprotein (P) genes. Virus Genes 2011; 43:13-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-011-0601-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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