[Effectiveness of diagnostics and treatment of complicated hypertensive disease taking into account results of 3 day arterial pressure monitoring]

Empirical choice of antihypertensive therapy (AGT) for patients with complicated hypertensive disease (HD) encounters difficulties due to high variability of arterial pressure (AP) and inadequate response to intake of medicines. The objective methods for the choice of AGT methods are absent.

AIM

To evaluate effectiveness ofthe choice of AGT taking account of AP profile calculated based on the analysis of results of 3 day AP monitoring in patients with complicated HDfor whom the empirical prescription of medicines does not give the desirable result.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study included 51 patients aged 56 +/- 19 yr with HD 18 +/- 13 yr in duration without adequate control of AP despite combined AGT AD was measured (BPLab, Nizhni Novgorod) every 30 min for 3 days, the AP profile was calculated by special FORM-based algorithm. Peak time and magnitude were calculated, the first and second derivatives of the process were determined, AGT was prescribed at the computed AD maximum points.

RESULTS

Systolic and diastolic AP decreased within 2 weeks after AGT The number of patients with enhancedAP in the daytime and at night and those with highly variable AP decreased from 33 to 11% (chi2 = 8.4, p < 0.005), from 61 to 33% (chi2 = 10.1, p < 0.005), from 51 to 26% (chi2 = 8.2, p<0.005) respectively. The number ofpatients with inadequate lowering of night-time AP and those with abnormally high fluctuations of AP decreased from 53 to 24% (chi2 = 9.3, p < 0.005) and from 31 to 15%, (p < 0.005) respectively. The frequency of intake of AGT drugs did not change.

CONCLUSION

Approximation of real AP circadian profile fluctuations based on results of 3 day monitoring is a sensitive diagnostic tool facilitating the choice of rational AGT for patients with markedly altered circadian rhythms when empirical prescription of AGT does not ensure desired control ofAP

COSMIC INHERITANCE RULES: IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE AND SCIENCE

Countering the trend in specialization, we advocate the trans-disciplinary monitoring of blood pressure and heart rate for signatures of environmental cyclic and other variabilities in space as well as terrestrial weather on the one hand, and for surveillance of personal and societal health on the other hand. New rules (if confirmed novel laws) emerge as we recognize our inheritance from the cosmos of cycles that constitute and characterize life and align them with inheritance from parents. In so doing, we happen to follow the endeavors of Gregor Mendel, who recognized the segregation and independent assortment of what became known as genes. Circadians, rhythms with periods, τ, between 20 and 28 hours, and cycles with frequencies that are higher (ultradian) or lower (infradian) than circadian, are genetically anchored. An accumulating long list of very important but aeolian (nonstationary) infradian cycles, characterizing the incidence patterns of sudden cardiac death, suicide and terrorism, with drastically different τs, constitutes the nonphotic (corpuscular emission from the sun, heliogeomagnetics, ultraviolet flux, gravitation) Cornélissen-series.

[Several-day arterial pressure and heart rate monitoring in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation]

Patient N presented with a well-apparent abnormality of chronological structure of heart beat biorhythms despite the absence of subjective complaints throughout the six-month long observation period. It was shown that AP peaks were associated with a significant decrease of circadian index (CI), i.e. the development of a rigid daily heart contraction rhythm. The reduction of CI as a specific indicator of stability of the daily cardiac contraction rhythm gave evidence of altered vegetative regulation of cardiac function during hypertension. Rigidity of the daily heart contraction rhythm increased with increasing severity of the disease. Smoothing of the circadian rhythm profile suggests depletion of adaptive reserve and the development of the "denervated" heart phenomenon. Cardioversion created a tendency towards normalization of circadian index.

Why continued surveillance? Intermittent blood pressure and heart rate abnormality under treatment

Several opinion leaders have monitored their blood pressure systematically a sufficient number of times a day for chronomic (time structural) analyses, from the time of encountering chronobiology until their death; they set an example for others who also may not wish to base treatment on single spotchecks in a health care office. Such self-measurements, while extremely helpful, were not readily feasible without a noteworthy interruption of activities during waking as well as of sleep. New, relatively unobtrusive instrumentation now makes monitoring possible and cost-effective and will save lives. Illustrative results and problems encountered in an as-one-goes self-survey by GSK, a physician-scientist, are presented herein. Both MESOR-hypertension and CHAT (circadian hyper-amplitude-tension) can be intermittent conditions even under treatment, and treatment is best adjusted based on monitoring, rather than "flying blind".

Chronomics, neuroendocrine feedsidewards and the recording and consulting of nowcasts--forecasts of geomagnetics

A multi-center four-hourly sampling of many tissues for 7 days (00:00 on April 5-20:00 to April 11, 2004), on rats standardized for 1 month in two rooms on antiphasic lighting regimens happened to start on the day after the second extremum of a moderate double magnetic storm gauged by the planetary geomagnetic Kp index (which at each extremum reached 6.3 international [arbitrary] units) and by an equatorial index Dst falling to -112 and -81 nT, respectively, the latter on the first day of the sampling. Neuroendocrine chronomes (specifically circadian time structures) differed during magnetically affected and quiet days. The circadian melatonin rhythm had a lower MESOR and lower circadian amplitude and tended to advance in acrophase, while the MESOR and amplitude of the hypothalamic circadian melatonin rhythm were higher during the days with the storm. The circadian parameters of circulating corticosterone were more labile during the days including the storm than during the last three quiet days. Feedsidewards within the pineal-hypothalamic-adrenocortical network constitute a mechanism underlying physiological and probably also pathological associations of the brain and heart with magnetic storms. Investigators in many fields can gain from at least recording calendar dates in any publication so that freely available information on geomagnetic, solar and other physical environmental activity can be looked up. In planning studies and before starting, one may gain from consulting forecasts and the highly reliable nowcasts, respectively.

Time microscopy for all kinds of data including circadian clock biology

Data showing a rhythm to the naked eye prominently, barely or not at all were described as kinds A, B and C, respectively. Here, we document good agreement between estimates of maxima and minima with eyeballing and with the addition of point and interval estimates of parameters in kind A data. We also construct a chart that provides estimates of uncertainties that can be obtained objectively while they are more difficult to quantify subjectively; again there is agreement. Interval as point estimates of rhythm characteristics and parameter comparisons are useful in charting all kinds of data and become indispensable as we proceed from kind A to kind C data. Illustrations included herein from molecular biology apply equally to all aspects of transdisciplinary science.

Multiple resonances among time structures, chronomes, around and in US. Is an about 1.3-year periodicity in solar wind built into the human cardiovascular chronome?

AIMS

Velocity changes in the solar wind, recorded by satellite (IMP8 and Wind) are characterized by a solar cycle dependent approximately 1.3-year component. The presence of any approximately 1.3-year component in human blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) and in mortality from myocardial infarction (MI) is tested and its relative prominence compared to the 1.0-year variation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Around the clock manual or automatic BP and HR measurements from four subjects recorded over 5 to 35 years and a 29-year record of mortality from MI in Minnesota were analyzed by linear-nonlinear rhythmometry. Point and 95% confidence interval (CI) estimates were obtained for the approximately 1.3-year period and amplitude. The latter is compared with the 1.0-year amplitude for BP and HR records concurrent to the solar data provided by one of us (JDR).

RESULTS

An approximately 1.3-year component is resolved nonlinearly for MI, with a period of 1.23 (95% CI: 1.21; 1.26) year. This component was invariably validated with statistical significance for BP and HR by linear rhythmometry. Nonlinearly, the 95% CI for the 1.3-year amplitude did not overlap zero in 11 of the 12 BP and HR series. Given the usually strong synchronizing role of light and temperature, it is surprising that 5 of the 12 cardiovascular series had a numerically larger amplitude of the 1.3-year versus the precise 1.0-year component. The beating of the approximately 1.3-year and 1.0-year components was shown by gliding spectra on actual and simulated data.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

The shortest 5-year record (1998-2003) revealed an approximately 1.3-year component closer to the solar wind speed period characterizing the entire available record (1994-2003) than that for the concurrent 5-year span. Physiological variables may resonate with non-photic environmental cycles that may have entered the genetic code during evolution.

[Study of circadian (diurnal) rhythm of intraocular pressure in healthy persons and patients with glaucoma]

35 patients (65 eyes) were examined; 10 patients (18 eyes) were without glaucoma or ophthalmic hypertension, and 25 patients (47 eyes) had an open-angle glaucoma of stages I-III. Glaucomatous patients were divided into 2 groups: patients of one group were examined in hospital (26 clinical studies), and those of another group were examined in policlinics (21 clinical studies). The studies resulted in elaborating a nearly daily rhythm correlating with the modern chronological-and-biological recommendations, i.e. 9 measurements during 4 days were made in hospital and 11 measurements during 5 days were made in policlinics. Such tonometry method was proven to have advantages before Maslennikov's daily tonometry. It was established that the cyclic nature of fluctuations of intraocular pressure (IOP) is individual not only for each person but also for each eye. The obtained data support the advisability of measuring the IOP by using the chronological-and-biological method in diagnostically complicated situations, at so-called glaucoma with pseudo-normal IOP, and in choosing the treatment schemes for patients with glaucoma.

Near 10-year and longer periods modulate circadians: intersecting anti-aging and chronoastrobiological research

Biological cycles with relatively long and some unusual periods in the range of the half-week, the half-year, years, or decades are being discovered. Their prior neglect constituted a confounder in aging and much other research, which then"flew blind" concerning the uncertainties associated with these cycles when they are not assessed. The resolution of more about 10-year and other cycles, some reported herein, replaces the admission of complete unpredictability, implied by using the label "secularity." Heretofore unaccounted-for variability becomes predictable insofar as it proves to be rhythmic and is mapped systematically to serve as a battery of useful reference values. About 10-year cycles in urinary 17-ketosteroid excretion and in heart rate and its variability, among others, are aligned with cycles of similar length in mortality from myocardial infarction. Associations accumulate between cycles of natural physical time structures, chronomes such as the 10.5-year (circadecennian) Schwabe and the 21-year (circavigintunennian) Hale cycles of solar activity, and chronomes in biota. There are about 50-year (circasemicentennian) cycles in mortality from stroke in Minnesota and in the Czech Republic and also in human morphology at birth, the latter result reducing the likelihood that these cycles are purely human made. Associations among large populations warrant long-term systematic coordinated sampling of natural physical and biological variables of interest for the design of countermeasures against already documented elevated risks of stroke, myocardial infarction, and other catastrophic diseases, notably in elderly adults. New findings will be introduced against the background of the documented value of mapping rhythms in medicine and gerontology. In both these fields, rhythms promise the seeming paradox of better care for less.

About 8- and approximately 84-h rhythms in endotheliocytes as in endothelin-1 and effect of trauma

Population densities (PD) of capillaries (C) and endotheliocytes (E) were determined in pinnal dermis of C57BL mice before and after trauma. Moving (and overall) least-squares spectra before trauma detected in EPD (versus CPD) pronounced 3.5-day (circasemiseptan) and 8-h oscillations corresponding to components of the endothelin-1 chronome in human blood plasma reported earlier. Circadians were more pronounced in CPD. After trauma, circasemiseptan oscillations appeared also in CPD; their period gradually shortened and in two weeks split into about 2.5- and about 4.5-day oscillations; and circadian components became very pronounced. The pre-traumatic chronome was not restored within three weeks following trauma.

[Left and right brain hemispheres in the regulation of pain sensitivity biorhythms in mice during stress]

The foot-shock effects on ultradian and circadian rhythms of pain sensitivity in the SHR mice were studied after unilateral brain cortex hemisphere inactivation by means of the Leao spreading depression. Under acute painful stress, the left hemisphere partially loses its synchronizing effect on circadian rhythm and supports the 12-hour and particularly 6-hour periodicities. The left hemisphere effect dominates in intact animals under stress. The right hemisphere under the same conditions mainly loses its activating effect on circadian rhythm and supports the 8- and 16-hour periodicities. The right hemisphere effect dominates in animals under stress operated 2-3 days prior to the experiment.

[An analysis of the biological rhythms of pain sensitivity in mice during thermal stimulation]

Circadian oscillations of the 8-hr rhythmic components in nociceptive sensitivity were found in mice. A 12-hr rhythm was close to a sinusoidal one. Circadian waves of the pain threshold were asymmetric and the highest in the middle of the light phase, about 16 hrs. The group rhythms of nociceptive sensitivity appeared to be a result of synchronised separate rhythms.

[The dynamics of the reparative regeneration of the rat epidermis exposed to lysylproline]

Under study was the spatial distribution of mitotic activity (MA) of the rat epidermis in the process of reparative regeneration of the skin for a distance of 6 mm aside from the wound margin, as well as the action of lysyl-proline (LP) on the process which is a product of natural decay of collagen. The wound was made by cutting a skin flap (0.5 x 3 cm) from the area of the back. A teflon ring was introduced through the incision in the cranial direction at a distance of 3 cm. Control animals were given 1 ml of the isotonic solution of sodium chloride injected in the hole of the ring, for experimental animals the solution additionally contained 20 mkg of LP. Healing of the wound in control and experimental animals had the features generally corresponding to the regularities established earlier. It was also found that mitotic activity was growing irregularly forming waves. During 11 days of observations these waves sometimes came nearer to the center of the wound, sometimes moved away. The influence of LP manifested itself in the waves of MA reaching the wound center 1 day earlier, and the approximation and divergence of the waves were smoother, MA was higher and epithelialization of the wound surface also came 1 day earlier. Since the contraction of the wound in experimental animals was also more rapid (activization from the 3rd day), a conclusion can be made of the stimulating influence of LP on the course of the reparative regeneration of the epidermis observed as long as 1.5 weeks after a single injection of LP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

[Succinate dehydrogenase activity of brachial muscle antagonists after decrease in the force load at various times of the day in rats]

In 140 male rats of Wistar strain the distal part of one thoracic extremity has been amputated in such a way that places of the brachial muscle fixation remained intact. This resulted in decrease of the force component of muscle contractions (more intensive in the musculus triceps brachii) without essential swing and speed of movements. The operation was performed during one day at three series: at 7 a. m. 3 p. m. and 11 p. m. During following 45 days the muscles developing various contraction force were studied: the medial head of the musculus triceps brachii and brachial muscle. Succinate dehydrogenase (SDG) activity in muscle fibers (MF) was estimated photometrically. In MF initially characterized with various SDG activity, attention was payed to its dynamics and also relation of the fibers number, possessing various level of the enzymatic activity was taken into consideration. SDG activity in MF and relation of various MF change wavy-like, fluctuating from the control meaning and returning to them again. MF with different SDG activity do not similarly react to a sharp decrease of the force loading. Fibers with high enzymatic activity react to changes of the force loading immediately, intensity of the reaction at this stage slightly depends on degree of biomechanical changes; at later stages the response is differentiated: if the loading is decreased considerably (musculus triceps brachii), the process continues developing and increasing uninterruptedly, if it decreases moderately (brachial muscle)--it stabilizes and even has tendency to adaptation and returning towards the control state.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Pathogenesis of experimental thyrotoxic myopathy

Focal degenerative changes of skeletal muscle fibers (decrease in mean diameter, excessive axonal branching and a decrease in the mean diameter of motor end-plates together with a reduction of their acetylcholinesterase levels) were found by means of the experimental model thyrotoxic myopathy in mice compared to controls. A decrease in protein kinase affinity to cAMP and an increase in the number of nucleotide binding sites were revealed with a simultaneous decrease in cAMP level. The weakening of hormonal control of cAMP-dependent processes is probably the basic cause of muscular weakness and structural changes in skeletal muscles in thyrotoxic myopathy.

[Size of cardiomyocytes in different regions of the rat heart]

In rats after alcaline dissociation of the heart at the state of systol and diastol, length and width of cardiomyocytes have been measured, their volume has been calculated. Statistical characteristics of distribution connected with the first four moments have been taken into consideration. Certain size differences of cardiomyocytes in five cardiac parts have been revealed, as well as peculiarites of their variability that is connected with an individual and internal changeability. In the atria predominates the first, in the ventricles--the second. If the internal changeability of the cardiomyocytes in all the cardiac parts is mainly the same, the individual one--is different (in the atrii it is 2 times as great, in the interventricular septum it is the same as in the atrii). The individual changeability of the cardiomyocytes volume is also greater than that of their size. This also proves the variability of their proportions. The degree of their contractility makes 11--20%, differences between the cardiac parts are not significant. The data obtained could be used as normatives for various experiments.

[Changes in the activity of succinate dehydrogenase in muscle fibers of functionally different muscles in the rat after a reduction in exertion--hypodynamia]

In 105 male rats of Wistar strain distal parts of one of the thoracic extremities are amputated with keeping intact the places where the brachial muscle is fixed. This does not restrict the volume of the brachium movements but essentially decreases their dynamic component (power loading). For 45 days dynamics of succinate-dehydrogenase (SDG) activity is being revealed in muscle fibers (MF) of functionally different muscles: m. brachialis, m. serratus ventralis and m. triceps brachii (the medial head). Average tendency of the process, changes in the distribution margins, asymmetry and kurtosis are taken into account. Under hypodynamia reconstruction of the MF has a wavy character with a gradually longer period of fluctuations. In all the muscles appear MF with a greater than in the control SDG activity. In the medial head of the m. triceps brachii the fibers with the lowest SDG activity disappear. The amount of MF with the lowest activity decreases, while those with the higher--increases, the process being more pronounced in the m. triceps brachii. The amount of MF with middle activity of the enzyme remains nearly unchanged. MF with different initial enzymatic activity do not change simultaneously. The degree of the changes in the fibers and the power leading are connected with each other, the fibers with the low initial SDG activity including into the reaction at a sharper decrease of the latter. The changes in quantitative ratio of MF with different SDG activity are not the same in every muscle studied.

[Role of factors affecting the diameter of capillaries in postmortem examinations]

In 20 mongrel dogs by means of four methods (injection of Indian ink and gelatin, impregnation after Bielschowsky--Gros, injection of 1% colloid silver solution and erythrocytes staining with benzidine) capillaries in the musculus sternomastoideus have been revealed. The capillary diameters are measured with a screw ocular micrometer and treated by means of variational statistics methods, three-factor dispersion analysis including. The role of the factors affecting the capillary diameters in the process of their revealing is defined. The controlled factors determine 81% of total variation, out of them the investigation methods--70%, individual variability of the animals--1.2%, conditions for making preparations--0.1% and 2.9% are connected with the interrelations of the factors mentioned. Each method makes certain distortions in the measurements, but, at the same time, is specific for revealing various structural details. Therefore, in order to study the capillaries, it is necessary to apply their combinations.

[Effect of thyroxine and methylthiouracil on the development of intramural ganglia in the chick embryo digestive tube]

The development of the vegetative muscular-gastric plexus ganglia has been studied in 17-day-old chick embryos at administration of thyroxin and the inhibitor of its production - methylthiouracil. The substances in question are injected into the air chamber of the egg on the 3d days of incubation. In histological preparations, stained after Nissl, with hematoxylin - eosin and silver impregnated, the total number of cells of the neuroblastic line and that of differentiated neurons are calculated in 50 ganglia. Under thyroxin effect the number of the differentiated neurons in the ganglia increases, while the total number of the neuroblastic cells (comparing to the control) remains constant. Under methylthiouracil effect the number of the differentiated neurons decreases and so does the total number of the neuroblastic cells. Thyroxin and methylthiouracil differently affect the differentiation rate of the neurons at various stages of this process. The effect of the drugs applied is poorly manifested in the duodenum, where (in the control) the total portion of the differentiated cells is higher than in other segments of the digestive tube, and the number of the ganglia without such cells is lower, while the portion of the ganglia with numerous differentiated neurons is more significant.

[Dynamics of tissue reactions following allotransplantation of a complete thickness skin flap in mice. 1. Epidermis and its derivatives]

A complete skin graft (1.5 x 2.5 cm) from mice C3H was transplanted to mice C57Bl. Destructive changes in epidermis and its cells were accompanied by its infiltration with lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leucocytes. After these phenomena intensified, signs of epithelial regeneration appeared at the expense of cambial elements in the area of hairy follicles an sebaceous glands. In response to the epithelial regeneration, lymphocytic infiltration increased, that was followed by destruction of a greater part (but not all) cells of the regenerate. Then another, though a weak, wave of regeneration occurred with a corresponding increase in number of viable epithelial cells was noted on the 66th, 164th and 226th h, and increase -- on the 94--104th and 194th h after the operation. That demonstrated certain rhythmicity in the rejection with the period of about 4 days.

[Nucleoli of mesothelial cells during regeneration after injuries inflicted at different times of the day]

Quantitative changes in nucleoli of the mesothelial cells of the rabbit parietal peritoneum have been studied under regeneration when trauma is performed at 8--10 or at 20--22 o'clock. The animals are killed every 3 h after the operation, for 5 days. The nucleoli are studied continuously along 12.8 mm from the edge of the defect in film preparations. Under conditions of posttraumatic regeneration in the mesothelium the number of cells containing 2--3 nucleoli increases. It is connected with the process of synthesis activation which has a wave-like character in time and space. Dynamics of changes in the number of the nucleoli depends on the time when the operation is performed. The operation performed in the morning provokes more intensive and rhythmical reaction. It corresponds to the dynamics of mitotic activity which is also subjected to greater effects of the circadian mechanisms after morning performance of the operation.

[Use of the dynamics of central moments of statistical distributions to analyze muscle fiber differentiation]

The aim of the work is to demonstrate how it is possible to get informations of differentiation in muscle fibres by means of evaluating the dynamics of statistical distribution moments. Combinations of various directions of time changes of the standard deviations, asymmetry and excess give the possibility to construct tables in order to get immediate informations on changes occurring in different parts of the distribution (and, hence, on the course of the muscle fibres development) during the whole time of observation (age dynamics of NAD-H-D activity in fibres of musculus serratus ventralis in Wistar rats is studied as an example). Analysing dynamics, as well as real distribution features of the muscle fibres, we got doubtful on the presence of muscle fibre types that could be considered as independent (though possibly as over-lapping) populations. Various differentiation rates of the muscle fibres with different optic density do not mean development of a certain population, but rather reflect an increasing process of development of a part of a single muscle fibres complex, where separate members have various properties and in the course of development they smoothly change them in such a way that uninterruption and continuation of possible intermediate conditions is kept along the whole variational curve. This method could be applied to analyse any other objects after any quantitative sign.

[Endothelial cell nucleoli during regeneration after injuries inflicted at different times of the day]

Quantitative changes in the state of the nucleolar apparatus of endothelial cells in the rabbit jugular veins were studied at regeneration after trauma produced either at 8-10 a.m. or at 8-10 p.m. The animals were killed every 3 h after the operation during 5 days. The nucleolar apparatus was studied continuously at the distance of 12.8 mm along the edge of the defect in flat film preparations. The data obtained were treated by methods of variational statistics. In endothelium, the number of cells with greater than normal amount of nucleoli increases under the conditions of post-traumatic regeneration. It is connected with activation of synthesis which has a wavy character in time and space. All quantitative estimations presented demonstrate a dependent character of the changes in the number of nucleoli on the time of the operation. The p. m. operation results in intensified endothelial synthetic activity with a shorter time for reaching its maximum.

Temporal organization of the thyroid gland in A/He mice (morphometric investigation)

Biological rhythms of structural elements of the thyroid gland of A/He mice were studied by morphometric methods followed by spectral amplitude and phase analysis on the Minsk-32 computer. The morphological data show that the activity of the organ is maximal at night. The biorhythms have a complex frequency spectrum, including intradian, circadian, and ultradian components.

[Effect of the time of the day when the lesion was produced on the course of mesothelial proliferation]

The course of mitotic activity in the rabbit mesothelium of parietal peritoneum was studied depending upon the daytime when the lesion was produced. In the first series of experiments (I) the operation was performed from 8 to 10 a. m., and in the second series (II) - from 8 to 10 P. M. After the operation the animals were sacrifieced: one animal every 3 h during 5 days. Mitotic activity was investigated along 13 mm from the edge of the wound in flat film preparations. The data obtained were statistically treated applying approximation of the process course by the method of weighed sliding averages. The first mesothelial mitoses appeared: in the first series (I) of experiments - in 24 h, in the second series (II) of experiments - 21 h. Further, proliferation of the mesothelium appeared in different parts of the tissue with various intencity and was of wavy character. Regardless of the time when the lesion was produced, mitotic activity was the greatest in the first zone, 4.8 mm wide its maximum 33 h after the operation. The character of the regenerative process in the mesothelium depends on the circadian phase of the organism at the time of the operation, that influences the time when mitotic activity begins, its quantitative indices, the area of the tissue involving into the reaction, expressiveness of the rhythmicity of the process. During 5 days, in the II series of experiments three waves were noted, and in the I series - five waves were noted and their periods were near the diurnal.

[Age and biorhythms of the histophysiologic indices of the thyroid gland]

Rhythmic changes of several histophysiological parameters of the thyroid gland was studied in 144 A/He mice of three age groups: young immature, mature adults and ageing animals. The multicomponent nature of the rhythmic changes was found for each index; it included the circadian component, as well as infradian oscillations. The leading role of the circadian component in the establishment of the biorhythms of the organ functioning was shown, whereas ontogenetic changes were chiefly associated with the ultradian components' attenuation.

[Relationship between the time of day of trauma infliction and the dynamics of endothelial mitotic activity]

Endothelial mitotic activity of the rabbit jugular veins depending on the daytime of trauma infliction was studied. In the first series of experiments (I), the operations were performed from 8 to 10 a. m., and in the second (II)-- from 8 to 10 P. M. After the operation one animal was killed every 3 hour, for 5 days. Mitotic activity (MK %) was studied continuously 8 mm from the wound edge in flat film preparations. The data obtained were statistically treated using approximation of the process course by the method of weighed sliding averages. Independently of the time of trauma infliction, the first mitoses in the endothelium appear after 21 h. Further, mitotic proliferation has a wavy character of different intensity in different tissue areas. Lack of similarity in the organism circadiam phase at the time of operation, produces distinct differences in the course of the process which are seen in asynchronity of the daytimes when the rise and recession of mitotic activity occur and in different length of these waves. In I series the length of these waves equals to 36, and in II series-- to 48 h. After the evening operation, 24-hour rhythm superimposed on its aliquat 48-hour activity is slearly seen. After the morning operation, daily rhythm is not observed. After the evening operation the process is more intense and has a greater length along the endothelial layer.

[Use of methods of spectral-correlation analysis for studying the temporal and spatial organization of tissues]

Tissues within the organism represent multidimensional systems organized in time and space and having statistical dispersion in each parameter. Changes in its state may have a character of a monotonous trend and be periodical (the matter of chronobiology). The methods for detection of latent periodicities, developed in chronobiology, are applied for estimation of not only temporary but also spacial characteristics of the object. One of such methods is the calculation of the power spectrum of the autocorrelative function. Examples of its application are given.

[Tissue organization of mesothelium under normal conditions and during reparative regeneration]

The investigation of tissue organization of the mesothelium by non-parametric statistic methods has shown that under conditions of reparative regeneration the principle of organization of the mesothelium as a tissue is preserved. Heteromorphism characteristic of the normal mesothelium is increased at all steps of regeneration, and the degree of the layer organization is decreased. The mitotic activity leading to the reparation of defect develops undulatorily, the periodicity of time does not coincide with the periodicity in space.

[Osteoplasty of the lower jaw with composite grafts]

Experimentally on 32 white rats of Wistar line and on 15 outbred dogs the authors studied plastic properties and healing processes of composite transplants, employed for replacement of mandibular defects. It was found that the composite transplant consisting of an allogenic lower jaw, treated according to "os purum" type, and an autobone was more resistant to infection, showed no rejection response and possessed adequate plastic properties. This enable the authors to apply the mentioned combination clinically in 7 patients with mandibular defects from 3.5 to 15 cm. Favourable results were obtained in every patient: the anatomical shape of the jaw and its functioning was restored, a good cosmetic effect was gained.

[Recovery of muscle functions in rats following prolonged movement restraint]

Experiments were carried out to measure time and force parameters of isometric contractions and structural parameters of muscles of hind limbs of rats which were exposed to hypokinesia for 130 days and then were kept under surveillance for 3 months. During recovery certain functions of the contractile system returned to the normal. At the same time M. soleus displayed persistent changes that were indicative of atrophic developments. Unlike M. soleus where delayed contraction (due to an increase in the time of relaxation) was followed by losses in force, fast muscles (M. ext. digit. longus and M. plantaris) showed recovery of force parameters. They also exhibited delayed contraction due to an increase in the time of tension development and half-relaxation. These differences are associated with dissimilar function and structure of muscular fibers. On the whole, the pattern of recovery of the motor functions reflects responses to an increased load of the neuromuscular system of animals which are kept in large cages after prolonged hypokinesia.

[The rhythm of mucus formation in the small intestinal epithelium of rats and mice]

The diurnal rhythm of mucose formation was studied in the epithelium of villi of the small intestine in rats and mice. The total amount of goblet enterocytes on a villus as well as their amount in the basal, medial and apical areas underwent changes during the day. The period of the greatest mucose formation was noted in the night time. The process of secretion of goblet enterocytes was found to be rhythmical and to alternate with predominant accumulation and producing secretion. The mutual shift of similar processes in the phase was noted at different levels of the villi. In the medial third of the villus the corresponding state is observed later than in the basal third and earlier than in the apical one. The agreement of these processes in time permits considering the villus as a system with circadian organization. The rhythmics of mucose formation in rats and mice has certain species peculiarities: in rats there is no difference in the distribution of goblet enterocytes along the length of the villi, but the diurnal rhythm of the changes of their total amount is more pronounced.