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Perkins SC, Shaun Ho S, Evans GW, Liberzon I, Gopang M, Swain JE. Language processing following childhood poverty: Evidence for disrupted neural networks. Brain Lang 2024; 252:105414. [PMID: 38640643 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2024.105414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Childhood poverty is related to deficits in multiple cognitive domains including adult language function. It is unknown if the brain basis of language is disrupted in adults with childhood poverty backgrounds, controlling for current functioning. Fifty-one adults (age 24) from an existing longitudinal study of childhood poverty, beginning at age 9, were examined on behavioral phonological awareness (LP) and completed an event-related fMRI speech/print processing LP task. Adults from childhood poverty backgrounds exhibited lower LP in adulthood. The middle-income group exhibited greater activation of the bilateral IFG and hippocampus during language processing. In psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analyses, the childhood poverty group exhibited greater coupling between ventral Broca's and the middle temporal gyrus (MTG) as well as coupling between Wernicke's region and bilateralization. Childhood poverty disrupts language processing neural networks in adulthood, after controlling for LP, suggesting that poverty in childhood influences the neurophysiological basis for language processing into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne C Perkins
- Research Center for Group Dynamics, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, United States.
| | - S Shaun Ho
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8434, United States
| | - Gary W Evans
- Departments of Human Centered Design and Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-4401, United States
| | - Israel Liberzon
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX 77802, United States
| | - Meroona Gopang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8434, United States; Program in Public Health, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8434, United States
| | - James E Swain
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8434, United States; Psychology, Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Medicine, Program in Public Health, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8434, United States
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Brown A, Collado S, Evans GW, Loebach JE. Designing learning environments for promoting young people's constructive coping with climate change. Adv Child Dev Behav 2023; 65:169-198. [PMID: 37481297 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acdb.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
This chapter first summarizes how the consequences of global climate change (GCC) can harm young people's well-being through physical health impacts and awareness of GCC. We then outline how youth may cope with GCC by denying the problem, distancing themselves from it, or taking individual actions. However, the coping strategy shown to have the best mental well-being outcomes relates to collective actions and agency. Next, an examination of school-based GCC interventions reveals that engaging, participatory approaches may be more effective in promoting positive outcomes for youth and climate action. Our main contribution is a discussion of how the evidence-based design of learning environments presents an undeveloped but potentially effective way to enhance interventions for the development of constructive GCC coping strategies among youth. Utilizing environmental affordances and design as scaffolding can guide the design of learning environments that give youth opportunities for active cognitive, emotional, and physical engagement with climate change education. Natural environments may be particularly effective in supporting active engagement and pathways to constructive coping. More research is needed to understand what design features underly these pathways to improved well-being and GCC coping strategies that may have positive implications for youth climate action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Brown
- Department of Human Centered Design, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Silvia Collado
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, Universidad de Zaragoza, Teruel, Spain
| | - Gary W Evans
- Department of Human Centered Design, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA; Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Janet E Loebach
- Department of Human Centered Design, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Hao Y, Evans GW, Farah MJ. Pessimistic cognitive biases mediate socioeconomic status and children's mental health problems. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5191. [PMID: 36997593 PMCID: PMC10063619 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32482-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Low socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with higher rates of emotional disorders in childhood and beyond. Here we assessed one possible contributor to this disparity, a cognitive bias in the interpretation of negative events, in a group of 341 9-year-olds (49% female, 94% White) ranging widely in SES. This cognitive bias, known as pessimism in the attributional style literature, is the tendency to interpret negative events as persistent (Stable) and pervasive (Global). It was found to be more common among lower SES children (effect sizes = 0.18-0.24 depending on SES measures: income to needs ratio, proportion of poverty from birth to age 9, and parental educational attainment). Moreover, persistent, pervasive adversity in children's lives predicted this bias and mediated the SES-pessimism link. Pessimistic attributional style, in turn, was related to childhood emotional problems and mediated the relation between SES and these problems. Finally, evidence for serial mediation of the SES-mental health problems relationship was found via persistent, pervasive adversity and pessimism, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hao
- Center for Neuroscience and Society, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Gary W Evans
- Departments of Psychology and Human Centered Design, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Martha J Farah
- Center for Neuroscience and Society, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Evans GW, Seeman TE. Bruce McEwen: Colleagues' tribute. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2023; 150:106047. [PMID: 36739211 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary W Evans
- College of Human Ecology, Cornell University, United States.
| | - Teresa E Seeman
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, United States
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Hao Y, De France K, Evans GW. Persistence on challenging tasks mediates the relationship between childhood poverty and mental health problems. Int J Behav Dev 2022; 46:562-567. [PMID: 36793997 PMCID: PMC9928164 DOI: 10.1177/01650254221116870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Childhood disadvantage is associated with psychological distress throughout the lifespan. Poor children are alleged to give up more often than their more privileged peers when facing challenges. Yet little research has examined the role of task persistence in poverty and mental health. We test whether poverty-related deficits in persistence contribute to the well-documented link between childhood disadvantage and mental health. We used growth curve modeling to analyze three waves (age 9, 13, and 17) of data assessing the trajectories of persistence on challenging tasks and mental health. Childhood poverty is the proportion of time participants lived in poverty from birth to age 9. We found that individuals experiencing more poverty in early childhood demonstrate less persistence and deteriorated mental health from ages 9 to 17. As expected, task persistence accounts for a portion of the robust childhood poverty - worsening mental health association. Clinical research on childhood disadvantage is in the early stages of unpacking underlying reasons why childhood poverty is bad for psychological well-being throughout life, revealing potential points of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hao
- Center for Neuroscience & Society, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Gary W. Evans
- Department of Human Centered Design, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA,Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Doan SN, de France K, Brody G, Evans GW. Letter to the Editor in response to "The cost of resilience: How allostatic load may jeopardize health through repeated demands for (successful) adaptation" by Trudel-Fitzgerald and Ouellet-Morin. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2022; 144:105891. [PMID: 35963655 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stacey N Doan
- Department of Psychological Science, Claremont McKenna College and Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope National Medical Center, United States.
| | | | - Gene Brody
- Center for Family Research, University of Georgia, United States
| | - Gary W Evans
- Departments of Psychology and of Human Centered Design, Cornell University, United States
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Hao Y, Yao L, Evans GW. Neural Responses During Emotion Transitions and Emotion Regulation. Front Psychol 2021; 12:666284. [PMID: 34484029 PMCID: PMC8416461 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.666284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Why are some people more susceptible to interference from previous emotional stimuli? Neural mechanisms underlying emotion regulation are typically studied with one-off positive or negative stimuli. Less is known about how they operate during dynamic emotional experiences, which more closely resemble how emotions occur in real life. Therefore, we investigated the interaction among temporal context, stimulus content, and regulatory strategy. Image sequences included either neutral to negative emotion or negative to neutral emotion. Participants were instructed to either passively watch the emotional stimuli or apply cognitive reappraisal during the image sequences presentation. Participants also reported their habitual use of cognitive reappraisal in their daily lives on a standard scale. We measured functional connectivity (FC) with electroencephalography (EEG) source localization. A three-way interaction suggested that, in addition to momentary emotional content and regulatory effort, the temporal context of stimuli impacts the FC between the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and the ventral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in both alpha and beta frequency bands. In the reappraisal condition-but not the passive watch conditions-, individual differences in habitual reappraisal were manifested in the FC of vmPFC-ACC in alpha band. Emotion transitions may be more demanding because prefrontal-posterior FC in the beta band decreased during emotion transitions regardless of emotional content or regulation efforts. Flexible emotion regulation enables the recruiting of neural activities in response to the content of dynamic, ever-changing experiences encountered in daily life. Studying brain responses to dynamic emotional stimuli may shed light on individual differences in adaptation and psychological health. It also provides a more ecologically valid assessment of emotion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hao
- Department of Design and Environmental Anlaysis, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Lin Yao
- Frontiers Science Center for Brain & Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Computer Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gary W. Evans
- Department of Design and Environmental Anlaysis, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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Dufford AJ, Evans GW, Liberzon I, Swain JE, Kim P. Childhood socioeconomic status is prospectively associated with surface morphometry in adulthood. Dev Psychobiol 2021; 63:1589-1596. [PMID: 33432574 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Childhood socioeconomic status (SES) has been associated with brain cortex surface area in children. However, the extent to which childhood SES is prospectively associated with brain morphometry in adulthood is unclear. We tested whether childhood SES (income-to-needs ratio averaged across ages 9, 13, and 17) is prospectively associated with cortical surface morphometry in adulthood. Average childhood income-to-needs ratio had a positive, prospective association with cortical thickness in adulthood in the precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus, and caudal middle frontal gyrus (p < .05, FWE corrected). Childhood income-to-needs ratio also had a positive, prospective association with cortical surface area in adulthood in multiple regions, including the rostral and caudal middle frontal gyri and superior frontal gyrus (p < .05, FWE corrected). Concurrent income-to-needs ratio (measured at age 24) was not associated with cortical thickness or surface area in adulthood. The results underscore the importance of addressing poverty in childhood for brain morphological development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gary W Evans
- Departments of Design and Environmental Analysis and of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Israel Liberzon
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, TX, USA
| | - James E Swain
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Psychology and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Pilyoung Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
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McClain AC, Evans GW, Dickin KL. Maternal Stress Moderates the Relationship of Food Insufficiency with Body Mass Index Trajectories from Childhood to Early Adulthood among U.S. Rural Youth. Child Obes 2021; 17:263-271. [PMID: 33769835 PMCID: PMC8147486 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2020.0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Findings on the relationships between household food insufficiency (HFI), maternal stress, and youth body mass index (BMI) are mixed, possibly due to cross-sectional study designs and measurement issues. Furthermore, little is known about how childhood exposure to HFI and maternal stress influences BMI into young adulthood among rural youth. We aimed to determine the independent and moderating relationships of HFI and maternal perceived stress on youth BMI trajectories from age 9 to 24 years. Methods: We used longitudinal data from rural New York youth (n = 341). At youth age 9 years, parents reported HFI using a reliable one-item measure, and mothers responded to the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS; range: 0-40). BMI was calculated (kg/m2) from objective measures of height and weight at 9, 13, 17, and 24 years. Multivariate random-intercept trajectory models estimated the relationships of HFI and PSS on BMI trajectories (p < 0.05 for main effects, p < 0.10 for interactions). Results: At age 9 years, 16.4% experienced HFI and mean (standard deviation) BMI and PSS were 18.4 (3.6) kg/m2 and 7.7 (2.9), respectively. HFI and PSS were not associated with BMI trajectories (p = 0.18, p = 0.64, respectively), but their interaction was significant (p < 0.01). Each one-unit increase in PSS was associated with 0.6 (0.2) kg/m2 higher mean change in BMI trajectories for youth in food-insufficient, compared with food-sufficient, households. Conclusions: Higher levels of maternal stress in food-insufficient households may lead to greater increases in BMI from childhood to young adulthood. Public health interventions should simultaneously address parental stress and quality food access among low-income rural households.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C. McClain
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
- Address correspondence to: Amanda C. McClain, PhD, MS, School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, ENS 313, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Gary W. Evans
- Department of Design + Environmental Analysis, Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Evans GW, Farah MJ, Hackman DA. Early childhood poverty and adult executive functioning: Distinct, mediating pathways for different domains of executive functioning. Dev Sci 2021; 24:e13084. [PMID: 33475221 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Executive functioning in adulthood is associated with early-in-life disadvantage. Furthermore, distinct and independent underlying processes account for differences in specific domains of adult executive functioning. The duration of poverty from birth to age 9 is associated with reduced adult inhibitory control assessed by the Flanker task (n = 233, M = 23.52 years). This effect is largely explained by lower levels of maternal responsiveness in adolescence. Early poverty also related to worse working memory in adulthood, and this effect is partially explained by elevated allostatic load during adolescence, an index of chronic physiological stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary W Evans
- Departments of Design & Environmental Analysis and of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Martha J Farah
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel A Hackman
- USC Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Abstract
Child development reflects interactions between personal characteristics and the physical and social environment. Psychology, however, lacks analysis of physical features that influence child development. In this article, I describe a preliminary taxonomy of physical-setting characteristics that can influence child development, focusing on environmental stressors such as noise, crowding, and chaos along with structural quality of housing, day care, and schools. Adverse outcomes associated with suboptimal physical settings during childhood include cognitive and socioemotional difficulties along with chronic physiological stress. Both direct effects on the child as well as indirect effects occurring via significant persons surrounding the child are described. Methodological limitations, particularly reliance on observational studies, are a weakness in the current literature, but increasingly more rigorously obtained findings yield converging evidence of the effects of physical settings on child development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary W. Evans
- Department of Design & Environmental Analysis, Cornell University, and Department of Human Development, Cornell University
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Dufford AJ, Evans GW, Dmitrieva J, Swain JE, Liberzon I, Kim P. Prospective associations, longitudinal patterns of childhood socioeconomic status, and white matter organization in adulthood. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:3580-3593. [PMID: 32529772 PMCID: PMC7416042 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The association between childhood socioeconomic status (SES) and brain development is an emerging area of research. The primary focus to date has been on SES and variations in gray matter structure with much less known about the relation between childhood SES and white matter structure. Using a longitudinal study of SES, with measures of income-to-needs ratio (INR) at age 9, 13, 17, and 24, we examined the prospective relationship between childhood SES (age 9 INR) and white matter organization in adulthood using diffusion tensor imaging. We also examined how changes in INR from childhood through young adulthood are associated with white matter organization in adult using a latent growth mixture model. Using tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) we found that there is a significant prospective positive association between childhood INR and white matter organization in the bilateral uncinate fasciculus, bilateral cingulum bundle, bilateral superior longitudinal fasciculus, and corpus callosum (p < .05, FWE corrected). The probability that an individual was in the high-increasing INR profile across development compared with the low-increasing INR profile was positively associated with white matter organization in the bilateral uncinate fasciculus, left cingulum, and bilateral superior longitudinal fasciculus. The results of the current study have potential implications for interventions given that early childhood poverty may have long-lasting associations with white matter structure. Furthermore, trajectories of socioeconomic status during childhood are important-with individuals that belong to the latent profile that had high increases in INR having greater regional white matter organization in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gary W. Evans
- Department of Design and Environmental Analysis and Department of Human DevelopmentCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Julia Dmitrieva
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of DenverDenverColoradoUSA
| | - James E. Swain
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Psychology, and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive HealthRenaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
| | - Israel Liberzon
- Department of PsychiatryTexas A&M University Health Science CenterCollege StationTexasUSA
| | - Pilyoung Kim
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of DenverDenverColoradoUSA
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De France K, Evans GW. Expanding context in the role of emotion regulation in mental health: How socioeconomic status (SES) and developmental stage matter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 21:772-782. [PMID: 32191088 DOI: 10.1037/emo0000743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Reliance on disengagement strategies to manage emotional experiences is associated with higher levels of mental health symptomology. Nascent research suggests, however, that socioeconomic status (SES) may moderate the associations between emotion regulation (ER) strategy use and mental health problems. A handful of studies have been conducted assessing moderators of ER and mental health, but few have examined disengagement and all are cross-sectional. As such, little is known about whether SES influences the association between disengagement use and mental health or whether these associations vary across developmental period. The current study, therefore, examined whether the efficacy of ER during the transition from early adolescence to adulthood is moderated by SES. Participants (n = 341) who were part of a larger, longitudinal study were assessed during early adolescence (Mage = 13), late adolescence (Mage = 17), and adulthood (Mage = 24). SES moderated the association between disengagement use and internalizing symptoms during early adolescence and adulthood, but not late adolescence. SES also moderated the association between disengagement use and externalizing symptoms, but only during early adolescence. In each case the significant adverse association between disengagement and mental health was amplified among those from lower SES backgrounds. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gary W Evans
- Departments of Design and Environmental Analysis and Human Development
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Dufford AJ, Kim P, Evans GW. The impact of childhood poverty on brain health: Emerging evidence from neuroimaging across the lifespan. International Review of Neurobiology 2020; 150:77-105. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Doan SN, Dich N, Fuller-Rowell TE, Evans GW. Externalizing Behaviors Buffer the Effects of Early Life Adversity on Physiologic Dysregulation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13623. [PMID: 31541131 PMCID: PMC6754506 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49461-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the counterintuitive hypothesis that externalizing behaviors such as aggression, although in many respects detrimental, may be functional and protect against the detrimental health consequences of early life adversity. In particular, in line with evolutionary models of development, we argue that externalizing problems moderate the association between chronic stress exposure and allostatic load, a biological marker of chronic physiological dysregulation. Prospective interactive effects of externalizing behaviors and cumulative risk (a confluence of multiple risk factors) on children's allostatic load were assessed in 260 children (46% female, baseline age = 9). Exposure to early life adversity was assessed at baseline using a cumulative risk index. Externalizing behaviors were reported by parents at baseline. Allostatic load was measured at baseline and at ages 13 and 17, using endocrine, cardiovascular and metabolic parameters. Results of linear-mixed effects models indicated that the association between cumulative risk and allostatic load was attenuated for adolescents who scored high on externalizing behaviors. Further examination of sex differences indicated that the findings were more pronounced among males than females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey N Doan
- 850 Columbia Ave, Department of Psychological Science, Claremont McKenna College, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA.
| | - Nadya Dich
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Gary W Evans
- Design and Environmental Analysis, Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
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Abstract
The projected behavioral impacts of global climate change emanate from environmental changes including temperature elevation, extreme weather events, and rising air pollution. Negative affect, interpersonal and intergroup conflict, and possibly psychological distress increase with rising temperature. Droughts, floods, and severe storms diminish quality of life, elevate stress, produce psychological distress, and may elevate interpersonal and intergroup conflict. Recreational opportunities are compromised by extreme weather, and children may suffer delayed cognitive development. Elevated pollutants concern citizens and may accentuate psychological distress. Outdoor recreational activity is curtailed by ambient pollutants. Limitations and issues in need of further investigation include the following: lack of data on direct experience with climate change rather than indirect assessments related to projected changes; poor spatial resolution in environmental exposures and behavioral assessments; few rigorous quasi-experimental studies; overreliance on self-reports of behavioral outcomes; little consideration of moderator effects; and scant investigation of underlying psychosocial processes to explain projected behavioral impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary W Evans
- Department of Design and Environmental Analysis and Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA;
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Abstract
Prospective, longitudinal analyses revealed that over a 12-year period from ages 6 to 18, individuals who grew up with mothers with more proenvironmental attitudes engaged in more proenvironmental behavior as young adults. A similar marginal association was uncovered between mothers' proenvironmental behaviors and the proenvironmental behavior of their young adult offspring. Maternal educational attainment, but not political ideology, was also associated with more proenvironmental behavior as children matured. Moreover, childhood time spent outdoors was positively associated with increased environmentally responsible behavior in young adulthood. Interestingly, one's own childhood proenvironmental behavior and attitude, at least as assessed at age 6, bear little on one's eventual proenvironmental behavior as a young adult. Finally, among this set of childhood factors, maternal education and childhood time spent outdoors were independent predictors of positive changes in environmental behavior from early childhood to young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary W Evans
- 1 Department of Design & Environmental Analysis, Cornell University.,2 Department of Human Development, Cornell University
| | - Siegmar Otto
- 3 Department of Personality and Social Psychology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg
| | - Florian G Kaiser
- 3 Department of Personality and Social Psychology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg
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Hong F, Doan SN, Lopez A, Evans GW. Relations among Temperament, Self-regulatory Strategies and Gender in Predicting Delay of Gratification. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1925. [PMID: 29163300 PMCID: PMC5672626 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-regulation is associated with many positive outcomes, but there is limited information about individual difference regarding children's spontaneous use of strategies to self-regulate and the relative success of those strategies. In the current study, we examined whether temperament and gender are associated with self-regulation and explored the types of spontaneous strategies children use during Mischel's delay of gratification protocol. In addition, we investigated whether spontaneous strategy use during the task could moderate the effects of temperament on self-regulation and whether temperament would mediate the effect of gender on self-regulation. Participants were 349 9-year-olds (182 boys, Mage = 9.18, SD = 1.17). Mothers reported on children's temperament and the Delay of Gratification task was used to assess self-regulation. Both temperament and child's gender were significantly associated with children's delay time. Girls were able to delay longer than boys, and children scoring high on activity level were less able to delay. Activity level also mediated the relationship between gender and delay time. Finally, we found an interaction effect between activity level and certain strategies in relation to self-regulatory behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Hong
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Stacey N. Doan
- Applied Mind and Health Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Claremont McKenna College, Claremont, CA, United States
| | - Angelica Lopez
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Gary W. Evans
- Department of Design and Environmental Analysis and Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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Fuller-Rowell TE, Curtis DS, Klebanov PK, Brooks-Gunn J, Evans GW. Racial Disparities in Blood Pressure Trajectories of Preterm Children: The Role of Family and Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status. Am J Epidemiol 2017; 185:888-897. [PMID: 28449023 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kww198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Racial disparities in cardiovascular disease mortality in the United States remain substantial. However, the childhood roots of these disparities are not well understood. In the current study, we examined racial differences in blood pressure trajectories across early childhood in a sample of African-American and European-American low-birth-weight preterm infants. Family and neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES), measured at baseline, were also examined as explanations for subsequent group disparities. Analyses focused on 407 African-American and 264 European-American children who participated in the Infant Health and Development Program, a US longitudinal study of preterm children born in 1985. Blood pressure was assessed on 6 occasions between the ages of 24 and 78 months, in 1987-1992. Across this age range, the average rate of change in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure was greater among African-American children than among European-American children. Neighborhood SES explained 29% and 24% of the racial difference in the average rate of change in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, respectively, whereas family SES did not account for group differences. The findings show that racial differences in blood pressure among preterm children emerge in early childhood and that neighborhood SES accounts for a portion of racial disparities.
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Dich N, Doan SN, Evans GW. In risky environments, emotional children have more behavioral problems but lower allostatic load. Health Psychol 2017; 36:468-476. [DOI: 10.1037/hea0000459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Martinovic M, Belojevic G, Evans GW, Kavaric N, Asanin B, Pantovic S, Jaksic M, Boljevic J. Hypertension and correlates among Montenegrin schoolchildren-a cross-sectional study. Public Health 2017; 147:15-19. [PMID: 28404491 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In one of the few national studies of children in a former Eastern bloc country emerging as a Western democracy and the first such study ever in Montenegro, this study establishes the prevalence and correlates of childhood hypertension (CH). STUDY DESIGN A cross-sectional national study. METHODS The study was conducted with 3254 children aged 7-13 years (50.3% male) from 39 elementary schools. We used a structured questionnaire to gather sociodemographic information as well as data on factors potentially related to CH. Children's nutritional status was assessed using the criteria of the International Obesity Task Force. Waist circumference was also measured. Blood pressure was measured in schools using an oscillometric monitor. CH was defined as an average systolic blood pressure and/or diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to the 95th percentile for sex, age, and height. RESULTS The prevalence of CH was 10.4% with no differences between boys and girls. Multiple regression revealed that the odds for child hypertension were lowered by 10% for each year of age. On the other hand, rural environment and child obesity raised the odds of hypertension by 38% and 68%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We found hypertension in one out of ten Montenegrin schoolchildren, with no gender differences. Obesity and rural areas may be unfriendly to children's blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Martinovic
- Medical Faculty, Department for Pathophysiology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro.
| | - G Belojevic
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Hygiene and Medical Ecology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - G W Evans
- Department of Design and Environmental Analysis, Bronfenbrenner Center for Translational Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA; Department of Human Development, Bronfenbrenner Center for Translational Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - N Kavaric
- Public Health Center, Podgorica, Montenegro.
| | - B Asanin
- Medical Faculty, Neurosurgery Clinic, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro.
| | - S Pantovic
- Medical Faculty, Department of Biochemistry, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro.
| | - M Jaksic
- Clinical Centre of Montenegro, Centre for Laboratory Diagnostics, Podgorica, Montenegro.
| | - J Boljevic
- Clinical Centre of Montenegro, Centre for Laboratory Diagnostics, Podgorica, Montenegro.
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Duval ER, Garfinkel SN, Swain JE, Evans GW, Blackburn EK, Angstadt M, Sripada CS, Liberzon I. Childhood poverty is associated with altered hippocampal function and visuospatial memory in adulthood. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2017; 23:39-44. [PMID: 28011437 PMCID: PMC5253253 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood poverty is a risk factor for poorer cognitive performance during childhood and adulthood. While evidence linking childhood poverty and memory deficits in adulthood has been accumulating, underlying neural mechanisms are unknown. To investigate neurobiological links between childhood poverty and adult memory performance, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during a visuospatial memory task in healthy young adults with varying income levels during childhood. Participants were assessed at age 9 and followed through young adulthood to assess income and related factors. During adulthood, participants completed a visuospatial memory task while undergoing MRI scanning. Patterns of neural activation, as well as memory recognition for items, were assessed to examine links between brain function and memory performance as it relates to childhood income. Our findings revealed associations between item recognition, childhood income level, and hippocampal activation. Specifically, the association between hippocampal activation and recognition accuracy varied as a function of childhood poverty, with positive associations at higher income levels, and negative associations at lower income levels. These prospective findings confirm previous retrospective results detailing deleterious effects of childhood poverty on adult memory performance. In addition, for the first time, we identify novel neurophysiological correlates of these deficits localized to hippocampus activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Duval
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | | | - James E Swain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Gary W Evans
- College of Human Ecology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Mike Angstadt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Chandra S Sripada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Israel Liberzon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Children's pro-ecological behaviors are usually registered using scales based on the idea of a simple connection between attitudes and behaviors. However, this relationship seems to be more complicated. The Children's Ecological Behavior (CEB) Scale has been proposed as an alternative. Based on the Rasch model, it considers the different efforts needed to conduct a series of behaviors. This paper presents an improved adaptation of the CEB to Spanish population. METHOD We back-translated the CEB into Spanish, increased the number of behaviors and collected data from 6- to 12-year-olds, using a game format procedure. RESULTS The scale can detect differences in the effort needed to perform various behaviors. Children's pro-ecological attitudes and behaviors are positively related. No relationship was found between parents' and children's pro-ecological attitudes and behaviors. CONCLUSIONS The Spanish version of the CEB scale emerges as a reliable tool to measure children's pro-ecological behaviors.
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Kim P, Neuendorf C, Bianco H, Evans GW. Exposure to Childhood Poverty and Mental Health Symptomatology in Adolescence: A Role of Coping Strategies. Stress Health 2016; 32:494-502. [PMID: 26234956 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Childhood poverty is associated with stress dysregulation which contributes to psychological illness in later ages. The adverse effects of childhood poverty on stress regulation may be mediated in part by the use of disengaging strategies to cope with stress. However, the relations among childhood poverty, coping strategies and psychopathology throughout childhood to adolescence have not been explored. This prospective, longitudinal study included 185 low- and middle-income adolescents at age 17. Chronic exposure to poverty from birth to early adolescence (age 13) was prospectively associated with increases in the use of disengagement versus engagement coping four years later. Increased use of disengagement coping between the ages of 13 and 17 explained the indirect link between poverty exposure since birth and both externalizing and internalizing symptoms at age 17. The findings provide evidence for a coping pathway underlying the link between prolonged exposure to childhood poverty and mental health sequelae. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilyoung Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Cynthia Neuendorf
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hannah Bianco
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Gary W Evans
- Department of Design and Environmental Analysis and Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Abstract
This article illustrates the value of incorporating psychological principles into the environmental sciences Psychophysiological, cognitive, motivational, and affective indices of stress were monitored among elementary school children chronically exposed to aircraft noise We demonstrate for the first time that chronic noise exposure is associated with elevated neuroendocrine and cardiovascular measures, muted cardiovascular reactivity to a task presented under acute noise, deficits in a standardized reading test administered under quiet conditions, poorer long-term memory, and diminished quality of life on a standardized index Children in high-noise areas also showed evidence of poor persistence on challenging tasks and habituation to auditory distraction on a signal-to-noise task They reported considerable annoyance with community noise levels, as measured utilizing a calibration procedure that adjusts for individual differences in rating criteria for annoyance judgments
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26
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Evans GW, Bullinger M, Hygge S. Chronic Noise Exposure and Physiological Response: A Prospective Study of Children Living Under Environmental Stress. Psychol Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1467-9280.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to aircraft noise elevated psychophysiological stress (resting blood pressure and overnight epinephrine and norepinephrine) and depressed quality-of-life indicators over a 2-year period among 9- to 11-year-old children. Data collected before and after the inauguration of a major new international airport in noise-impacted and comparison communities show that noise significantly elevates stress among children at ambient levels far below those necessary to produce hearing damage.
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27
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Doan SN, Dich N, Evans GW. Stress of stoicism: Low emotionality and high control lead to increases in allostatic load. Applied Developmental Science 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10888691.2016.1171716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Evans GW, Swain JE, King AP, Wang X, Javanbakht A, Ho SS, Angstadt M, Phan KL, Xie H, Liberzon I. Childhood Cumulative Risk Exposure and Adult Amygdala Volume and Function. J Neurosci Res 2015; 94:535-43. [PMID: 26469872 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Considerable work indicates that early cumulative risk exposure is aversive to human development, but very little research has examined the neurological underpinnings of these robust findings. This study investigates amygdala volume and reactivity to facial stimuli among adults (mean 23.7 years of age, n = 54) as a function of cumulative risk exposure during childhood (9 and 13 years of age). In addition, we test to determine whether expected cumulative risk elevations in amygdala volume would mediate functional reactivity of the amygdala during socioemotional processing. Risks included substandard housing quality, noise, crowding, family turmoil, child separation from family, and violence. Total and left hemisphere adult amygdala volumes were positively related to cumulative risk exposure during childhood. The links between childhood cumulative risk exposure and elevated amygdala responses to emotionally neutral facial stimuli in adulthood were mediated by the corresponding amygdala volumes. Cumulative risk exposure in later adolescence (17 years of age), however, was unrelated to subsequent adult amygdala volume or function. Physical and socioemotional risk exposures early in life appear to alter amygdala development, rendering adults more reactive to ambiguous stimuli such as neutral faces. These stress-related differences in childhood amygdala development might contribute to the well-documented psychological distress as a function of early risk exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary W Evans
- Departments of Design and Environmental Analysis and of Human Development, Bronfenbrenner Center for Translational Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - James E Swain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Yale Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Anthony P King
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Arash Javanbakht
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - S Shaun Ho
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Michael Angstadt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - K Luan Phan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Hong Xie
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Israel Liberzon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Javanbakht A, King AP, Evans GW, Swain JE, Angstadt M, Phan KL, Liberzon I. Childhood Poverty Predicts Adult Amygdala and Frontal Activity and Connectivity in Response to Emotional Faces. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:154. [PMID: 26124712 PMCID: PMC4464202 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood poverty negatively impacts physical and mental health in adulthood. Altered brain development in response to social and environmental factors associated with poverty likely contributes to this effect, engendering maladaptive patterns of social attribution and/or elevated physiological stress. In this fMRI study, we examined the association between childhood poverty and neural processing of social signals (i.e., emotional faces) in adulthood. Fifty-two subjects from a longitudinal prospective study recruited as children, participated in a brain imaging study at 23–25 years of age using the Emotional Faces Assessment Task. Childhood poverty, independent of concurrent adult income, was associated with higher amygdala and medial prefrontal cortical (mPFC) responses to threat vs. happy faces. Also, childhood poverty was associated with decreased functional connectivity between left amygdala and mPFC. This study is unique, because it prospectively links childhood poverty to emotional processing during adulthood, suggesting a candidate neural mechanism for negative social-emotional bias. Adults who grew up poor appear to be more sensitive to social threat cues and less sensitive to positive social cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Javanbakht
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| | - Anthony P King
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI , USA ; Research and Mental Health Services, VA Ann Arbor Health System , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| | - Gary W Evans
- Department of Design and Environmental Analysis, Bronfenbrenner Center for Translational Research, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY , USA ; Department of Human Development, Bronfenbrenner Center for Translational Research, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY , USA
| | - James E Swain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| | - Michael Angstadt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| | - K Luan Phan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL , USA ; Mental Health Service Line, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Chicago, IL , USA
| | - Israel Liberzon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI , USA ; Research and Mental Health Services, VA Ann Arbor Health System , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
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Kim P, Ho SS, Evans GW, Liberzon I, Swain JE. Childhood social inequalities influences neural processes in young adult caregiving. Dev Psychobiol 2015; 57:948-60. [PMID: 25981334 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Childhood poverty is associated with harsh parenting with a risk of transmission to the next generation. This prospective study examined the relations between childhood poverty and non-parent adults' neural responses to infant cry sounds. While no main effects of poverty were revealed in contrasts of infant cry versus acoustically matched white noise, a gender by childhood poverty interaction emerged. In females, childhood poverty was associated with increased neural activations in the posterior insula, striatum, calcarine sulcus, hippocampus, and fusiform gyrus, while, in males, childhood poverty was associated with reduced levels of neural responses to infant cry in the same regions. Irrespective of gender, neural activation in these regions was associated with higher levels of annoyance with the cry sound and reduced desire to approach the crying infant. The findings suggest gender differences in neural and emotional responses to infant cry sounds among young adults growing up in poverty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilyoung Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO.
| | - Shaun S Ho
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Rachel Upjohn Building, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
| | - Gary W Evans
- Departments of Design and Environmental Analysis and of Human Development, Bronfenbrenner Center for Translational Research, Cornell University, E104 Martha Van Rensselaer Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853
| | - Israel Liberzon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Rachel Upjohn Building, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
| | - James E Swain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Rachel Upjohn Building, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109.,Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520
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Liberzon I, Ma ST, Okada G, Ho SS, Swain JE, Evans GW. Childhood poverty and recruitment of adult emotion regulatory neurocircuitry. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2015; 10:1596-606. [PMID: 25939653 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsv045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
One in five American children grows up in poverty. Childhood poverty has far-reaching adverse impacts on cognitive, social and emotional development. Altered development of neurocircuits, subserving emotion regulation, is one possible pathway for childhood poverty's ill effects. Children exposed to poverty were followed into young adulthood and then studied using functional brain imaging with an implicit emotion regulation task focused. Implicit emotion regulation involved attention shifting and appraisal components. Early poverty reduced left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex recruitment in the context of emotional regulation. Furthermore, this emotion regulation associated brain activation mediated the effects of poverty on adult task performance. Moreover, childhood poverty also predicted enhanced insula and reduced hippocampal activation, following exposure to acute stress. These results demonstrate that childhood poverty can alter adult emotion regulation neurocircuitry, revealing specific brain mechanisms that may underlie long-term effects of social inequalities on health. The role of poverty-related emotion regulatory neurocircuitry appears to be particularly salient during stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Liberzon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, Ann Arbor Veterans Administration Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,
| | - Sean T Ma
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Go Okada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, Department of Psychiatry, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - S Shaun Ho
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - James E Swain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA and
| | - Gary W Evans
- Department of Design and Environmental Analysis, and Departmentof Human Development, Bronfenbrenner Center for Translational Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Martinovic M, Belojevic G, Evans GW, Lausevic D, Asanin B, Samardzic M, Terzic N, Pantovic S, Jaksic M, Boljevic J. Prevalence of and contributing factors for overweight and obesity among Montenegrin schoolchildren. Eur J Public Health 2015; 25:833-9. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckv071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Hackman DA, Gallop R, Evans GW, Farah MJ. Socioeconomic status and executive function: developmental trajectories and mediation. Dev Sci 2015; 18:686-702. [PMID: 25659838 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Childhood socioeconomic status (SES) predicts executive function (EF), but fundamental aspects of this relation remain unknown: the developmental course of the SES disparity, its continued sensitivity to SES changes during that course, and the features of childhood experience responsible for the SES-EF relation. Regarding course, early disparities would be expected to grow during development if caused by accumulating stressors at a given constant level of SES. Alternatively, they would narrow if schooling partly compensates for the effects of earlier deprivation, allowing lower-SES children to 'catch up'. The potential for later childhood SES change to affect EF is also unknown. Regarding mediating factors, previous analyses produced mixed answers, possibly due to correlation amongst candidate mediators. We address these issues with measures of SES, working memory and planning, along with multiple candidate mediators, from the NICHD Study of Early Childcare (n = 1009). Early family income-to-needs and maternal education predicted planning by first grade, and income-to-needs predicted working memory performance at 54 months. Effects of early SES remained consistent through middle childhood, indicating that the relation between early indicators of SES and EF emerges in childhood and persists without narrowing or widening across early and middle childhood. Changes in family income-to-needs were associated with significant changes in planning and trend-level changes in working memory. Mediation analyses supported the role of early childhood home characteristics in explaining the association between SES and EF, while early childhood maternal sensitivity was specifically implicated in the association between maternal education and planning. Early emerging and persistent SES-related differences in EF, partially explained by characteristics of the home and family environment, are thus a potential source of socioeconomic disparities in achievement and health across development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Hackman
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience and Society, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert Gallop
- Department of Mathematics and Applied Statistics, West Chester University, USA
| | - Gary W Evans
- Departments of Design and Environmental Analysis and Human Development, Bronfenbrenner Center for Translational Research, Cornell University, USA
| | - Martha J Farah
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience and Society, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, USA
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35
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Dich N, Doan SN, Evans GW. Children's Emotionality Moderates the Association Between Maternal Responsiveness and Allostatic Load: Investigation Into Differential Susceptibility. Child Dev 2015; 86:936-44. [DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadya Dich
- Boston University
- University of Copenhagen
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36
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Abstract
One out of four American children are born into poverty, but little is known about the long-term, mental health implications of early deprivation. The more time in poverty from birth-age-9, the worse mental health as emerging adults (n = 196, M = 17.30 years, 53% male). These results maintain independently of concurrent, adult income levels for self-reported externalizing symptoms and a standard learned helplessness behavioral protocol, but internalizing symptoms were unaffected by childhood poverty. We then demonstrate that part of the reason why early poverty exposure is harmful to mental health among emerging adults is because of elevated cumulative risk exposure assessed at age 13. The significant, prospective, longitudinal relations between early childhood poverty and externalizing symptoms plus learned helplessness behavior are mediated, in part, by exposure to a confluence of psychosocial (violence, family turmoil, child separation from family) and physical (noise, crowding, substandard housing) risk factors during adolescence.
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Sripada C, Angstadt M, Kessler D, Phan KL, Liberzon I, Evans GW, Welsh RC, Kim P, Swain JE. Volitional regulation of emotions produces distributed alterations in connectivity between visual, attention control, and default networks. Neuroimage 2014; 89:110-21. [PMID: 24246489 PMCID: PMC3955705 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to volitionally regulate emotions is critical to health and well-being. While patterns of neural activation during emotion regulation have been well characterized, patterns of connectivity between regions remain less explored. It is increasingly recognized that the human brain is organized into large-scale intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs) whose interrelationships are altered in characteristic ways during psychological tasks. In this fMRI study of 54 healthy individuals, we investigated alterations in connectivity within and between ICNs produced by the emotion regulation strategy of reappraisal. In order to gain a comprehensive picture of connectivity changes, we utilized connectomic psychophysiological interactions (PPI), a whole-brain generalization of standard single-seed PPI methods. In particular, we quantified PPI connectivity pair-wise across 837 ROIs placed throughout the cortex. We found that compared to maintaining one's emotional responses, engaging in reappraisal produced robust and distributed alterations in functional connections involving visual, dorsal attention, frontoparietal, and default networks. Visual network in particular increased connectivity with multiple ICNs including dorsal attention and default networks. We interpret these findings in terms of the role of these networks in mediating critical constituent processes in emotion regulation, including visual processing, stimulus salience, attention control, and interpretation and contextualization of stimuli. Our results add a new network perspective to our understanding of the neural underpinnings of emotion regulation, and highlight that connectomic methods can play a valuable role in comprehensively investigating modulation of connectivity across task conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Sripada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Michael Angstadt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel Kessler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - K Luan Phan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
| | - Israel Liberzon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Mental Health Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gary W Evans
- Department of Design and Environmental Analysis, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA; Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Robert C Welsh
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Pilyoung Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - James E Swain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Yale Child Study Center, New Haven, CT, USA
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Martinovic M, Belojevic G, Evans GW, Asanin B, Lausevic D, Kovacevic ND, Samardzic M, Jaksic M, Pantovic S. Blood pressure among rural Montenegrin children in relation to poverty and gender. Eur J Public Health 2013; 24:385-9. [PMID: 24287032 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckt181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health inequalities may begin during childhood. The aim of this study was to investigate the main effect of poverty and its interactive effect with gender on children's blood pressure. METHODS The study was performed in two elementary schools from a rural region near Podgorica, the capital of Montenegro. A questionnaire including questions on family monthly income, children's physical activity and the consumption of junk food was self-administered by parents of 434 children (223 boys and 211 girls) aged 6-13 years. Children's poverty level was assessed using the recommendations from the National Study on Poverty in Montenegro. Children's body weight and height were measured and body mass index-for-gender-and-age percentile was calculated. An oscillometric monitor was used for measurement of children's resting blood pressure in school. RESULTS A two-factorial analysis of variance with body mass index percentile, physical activity and junk food as covariates showed an interaction of gender and poverty on children's blood pressure, pointing to synergy between poverty and female gender, with statistical significance for raised diastolic pressure (F = 5.462; P = 0.021). Neither physical activity nor the consumption of junk food explained the interactive effect of poverty and gender on blood pressure. CONCLUSION We show that poverty is linked to elevated blood pressure for girls but not boys, and this effect is statistically significant for diastolic pressure. The results are discussed in the light of gender differences in stress and coping that are endemic to poverty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Martinovic
- 1 Medical Faculty, Department for Pathophysiology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Goran Belojevic
- 2 Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Hygiene and Medical Ecology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gary W Evans
- 3 Department of Design and Environmental Analysis, Bronfenbrenner Center for Translational Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA4 Department of Human Development, Bronfenbrenner Center for Translational Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Bogdan Asanin
- 5 Medical Faculty, Neurosurgery Clinic, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Dragan Lausevic
- 6 Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Public Health of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | | | - Mira Samardzic
- 8 Clinical Centre of Montenegro, Institute for Children's Diseases, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Marina Jaksic
- 9 Clinical Centre of Montenegro, Centre for Laboratory Diagnostics, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Snezana Pantovic
- 10 Medical Faculty, Department of Biochemistry, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study investigated the long-term impact of exposure to poverty-related stressors during childhood on allostatic load, an index of physiological dysregulation, and the potential mediating role of substance use. METHOD Participants (n = 162) were rural children from New York State, followed for 8 years (between the ages 9 and 17). Poverty- related stress was computed using the cumulative risk approach, assessing stressors across 9 domains, including environmental, psychosocial, and demographic factors. Allostatic load captured a range of physiological responses, including cardiovascular, hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis, sympathetic adrenal medullary system, and metabolic activity. Smoking and alcohol/drug use were tested as mediators of the hypothesized childhood risk-adolescent allostatic load relationship. RESULTS Cumulative risk exposure at age 9 predicted increases in allostatic load 8 years later. Smoking, but not alcohol and drug use, was a significant mediator of the prospective, longitudinal relationship between childhood cumulative risk and adolescent allostatic load. CONCLUSIONS The present paper contributes to the understanding of the role of early life stress in health across the life span and of the mechanisms by which adverse childhood environments impact health as children emerge into early adulthood. This knowledge will have implications for early intervention efforts.
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Jones-Rounds ML, Evans GW, Braubach M. The interactive effects of housing and neighbourhood quality on psychological well-being. J Epidemiol Community Health 2013; 68:171-5. [DOI: 10.1136/jech-2013-202431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Evans GW, Fuller-Rowell TE. Childhood poverty, chronic stress, and young adult working memory: the protective role of self-regulatory capacity. Dev Sci 2013; 16:688-96. [PMID: 24033574 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Prior research shows that childhood poverty as well as chronic stress can damage children's executive functioning (EF) capacities, including working memory. However, it is also clear that not all children suffer the same degree of adverse consequences from risk exposure. We show that chronic stress early in life (ages 9-13) links childhood poverty from birth to age 13 to young adult working memory. However, 9-year-olds high in self-regulatory capacity, assessed by a standard delay of gratification protocol, are protected from such insults. Self-regulatory skills may afford the developing prefrontal cortex some protection from childhood poverty.
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Lercher P, Evans GW, Widmann U. The ecological context of soundscapes for children's blood pressure. J Acoust Soc Am 2013; 134:773-781. [PMID: 23862883 PMCID: PMC4109089 DOI: 10.1121/1.4807808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Although the majority of studies on community noise levels and children's physiological stress responses are positive, effect sizes vary considerably, and some studies do not confirm these effects. Employing a contextual perspective congruent with soundscapes, a carefully constructed sample of children (N = 115, M = 10.1 yr) living in households in relatively high (>60 dBA) or low (<50 dBA) noise areas created by proximity to major traffic arterials in Austria was reanalyzed. Several personal and environmental factors known to affect resting cardiovascular parameters measured under well-controlled, clinical conditions were incorporated into the analyses. Children with premature births and elevated chronic stress (i.e., overnight cortisol) were more susceptible to adverse blood pressure responses to road traffic noise. Residence in a multi-dwelling unit as well as standardized assessments of perceived quietness of the area did not modify the traffic noise impacts but each had its own, independent effect on resting blood pressure. A primary air pollutant associated with traffic volume (NO2) had no influence on any of these results. The scope of environmental noise assessment and management would benefit from incorporation of a more contextualized approach as suggested by the soundscape perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lercher
- Division of Social Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Sonnenburgstrasse 16, A-6020 Innsbruck. Austria.
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Abstract
The pervasive income-achievement gap has been attributed in part to deficiencies in executive functioning (EF). The development of EF is related to children's planning ability, an aspect of development that has received little attention. Longitudinal data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development study of early child care show that early childhood poverty (1 and 24 months) is significantly related to fifth grade, math, and reading achievement (n = 1,009). The ability to plan in Grade 3, indexed by the Tower of Hanoi task, mediates the income-achievement gap in math and to a lesser extent in reading. IQ was incorporated as a statistical control throughout.
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den Ruijter HM, Peters SAE, Groenewegen KA, Anderson TJ, Britton AR, Dekker JM, Engström G, Eijkemans MJ, Evans GW, de Graaf J, Grobbee DE, Hedblad B, Hofman A, Holewijn S, Ikeda A, Kavousi M, Kitagawa K, Kitamura A, Koffijberg H, Ikram MA, Lonn EM, Lorenz MW, Mathiesen EB, Nijpels G, Okazaki S, O'Leary DH, Polak JF, Price JF, Robertson C, Rembold CM, Rosvall M, Rundek T, Salonen JT, Sitzer M, Stehouwer CDA, Witteman JC, Moons KG, Bots ML. Common carotid intima-media thickness does not add to Framingham risk score in individuals with diabetes mellitus: the USE-IMT initiative. Diabetologia 2013; 56:1494-502. [PMID: 23568273 PMCID: PMC4523149 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-2898-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The aim of this work was to investigate whether measurement of the mean common carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) improves cardiovascular risk prediction in individuals with diabetes. METHODS We performed a subanalysis among 4,220 individuals with diabetes in a large ongoing individual participant data meta-analysis involving 56,194 subjects from 17 population-based cohorts worldwide. We first refitted the risk factors of the Framingham heart risk score on the individuals without previous cardiovascular disease (baseline model) and then expanded this model with the mean common CIMT (CIMT model). The absolute 10 year risk for developing a myocardial infarction or stroke was estimated from both models. In individuals with diabetes we compared discrimination and calibration of the two models. Reclassification of individuals with diabetes was based on allocation to another cardiovascular risk category when mean common CIMT was added. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 8.7 years, 684 first-time cardiovascular events occurred among the population with diabetes. The C statistic was 0.67 for the Framingham model and 0.68 for the CIMT model. The absolute 10 year risk for developing a myocardial infarction or stroke was 16% in both models. There was no net reclassification improvement with the addition of mean common CIMT (1.7%; 95% CI -1.8, 3.8). There were no differences in the results between men and women. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION There is no improvement in risk prediction in individuals with diabetes when measurement of the mean common CIMT is added to the Framingham risk score. Therefore, this measurement is not recommended for improving individual cardiovascular risk stratification in individuals with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M den Ruijter
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Ferguson KT, Cassells RC, MacAllister JW, Evans GW. The physical environment and child development: an international review. Int J Psychol 2013; 48:437-68. [PMID: 23808797 PMCID: PMC4489931 DOI: 10.1080/00207594.2013.804190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of research in the United States and Western Europe documents significant effects of the physical environment (toxins, pollutants, noise, crowding, chaos, and housing, school and neighborhood quality) on children and adolescents' cognitive and socioemotional development. Much less is known about these relations in other contexts, particularly the global South. We thus briefly review the evidence for relations between child development and the physical environment in Western contexts, and discuss some of the known mechanisms behind these relations. We then provide a more extensive review of the research to date outside of Western contexts, with a specific emphasis on research in the global South. Where the research is limited, we highlight relevant data documenting the physical environment conditions experienced by children, and make recommendations for future work. In these recommendations, we highlight the limitations of employing research methodologies developed in Western contexts (Ferguson & Lee, 2013). Finally, we propose a holistic, multidisciplinary, and multilevel approach based on Bronfenbrenner's (1979) bioecological model to better understand and reduce the aversive effects of multiple environmental risk factors on the cognitive and socioemotional development of children across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim T Ferguson
- Psychology Faculty Group, Sarah Lawrence College, Bronxville, NY, USA.
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Brody GH, Yu T, Chen YF, Kogan SM, Evans GW, Beach SRH, Windle M, Simons RL, Gerrard M, Gibbons FX, Philibert RA. Cumulative socioeconomic status risk, allostatic load, and adjustment: a prospective latent profile analysis with contextual and genetic protective factors. Dev Psychol 2013; 49:913-27. [PMID: 22709130 PMCID: PMC3492547 DOI: 10.1037/a0028847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The health disparities literature has identified a common pattern among middle-aged African Americans that includes high rates of chronic disease along with low rates of psychiatric disorders despite exposure to high levels of cumulative socioeconomic status (SES) risk. The current study was designed to test hypotheses about the developmental precursors to this pattern. Hypotheses were tested with a representative sample of 443 African American youths living in the rural South. Cumulative SES risk and protective processes were assessed at ages 11-13 years; psychological adjustment was assessed at ages 14-18 years; genotyping at the 5-HTTLPR was conducted at age 16 years; and allostatic load (AL) was assessed at age 19 years. A latent profile analysis identified 5 profiles that evinced distinct patterns of SES risk, AL, and psychological adjustment, with 2 relatively large profiles designated as focal profiles: a physical health vulnerability profile characterized by high SES risk/high AL/low adjustment problems, and a resilient profile characterized by high SES risk/low AL/low adjustment problems. The physical health vulnerability profile mirrored the pattern found in the adult health disparities literature. Multinomial logistic regression analyses indicated that carrying an s allele at the 5-HTTLPR and receiving less peer support distinguished the physical health vulnerability profile from the resilient profile. Protective parenting and planful self-regulation distinguished both focal profiles from the other 3 profiles. The results suggest the public health importance of preventive interventions that enhance coping and reduce the effects of stress across childhood and adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene H Brody
- Institute for Behavioral Research, Center for Family Research, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-4527, USA.
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Brody GH, Yu T, Chen YF, Kogan SM, Evans GW, Windle M, Gerrard M, Gibbons FX, Simons RL, Philibert RA. Supportive family environments, genes that confer sensitivity, and allostatic load among rural African American emerging adults: a prospective analysis. J Fam Psychol 2013; 27:22-9. [PMID: 22468688 PMCID: PMC3390435 DOI: 10.1037/a0027829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate interactions between exposure to supportive family environments and genetic characteristics, which were hypothesized to forecast variations in allostatic load (AL) in a representative sample of 315 rural African American youths. Data on family environments were gathered when youths were 11-13, and genetic data were collected when they were 16, years of age. Data on AL were obtained at the beginning of emerging adulthood, age 19 years. The data analyses revealed that, as predicted, emerging adults exposed to less supportive family environments across preadolescence manifested higher levels of AL when they carried the short (s) allele at the 5-HTTLPR and an allele of DRD4 with seven or more repeats. This is an E(family environment) × G(5-HTTLPR status) × G(DRD4 status) interaction. These data suggest that African American youths carrying genes that confer sensitivity who are exposed to less supportive family environments may be at greater risk for adverse physical health consequences that AL presages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene H Brody
- Center for Family Research, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-4527, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary W Evans
- Departments of Design and Environmental Analysis and of Human Development, Bronfenbrenner Center for Translational Research, Cornell University
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Peters SAE, Lind L, Palmer MK, Grobbee DE, Crouse JR, O'Leary DH, Evans GW, Raichlen J, Bots ML, den Ruijter HM. Increased age, high body mass index and low HDL-C levels are related to an echolucent carotid intima-media: the METEOR study. J Intern Med 2012; 272:257-66. [PMID: 22172243 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02505.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Echolucent plaques are related to a higher cardiovascular risk. Studies to investigate the relationship between echolucency and cardiovascular risk in the early stages of atherosclerosis are limited. We studied the relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and echolucency of the carotid intima-media in low-risk individuals. METHODS Data were analysed from the Measuring Effects on Intima-Media Thickness: an Evaluation of Rosuvastatin (METEOR) study, a randomized placebo-controlled trial including 984 individuals which showed that rosuvastatin attenuated the rate of change of carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT). In this post hoc analysis, duplicate baseline ultrasound images from the far wall of the left and right common carotid arteries were used for the evaluation of the echolucency of the carotid intima-media, measured by grey-scale median (GSM) on a scale of 0-256. Low GSM values reflect echolucent, whereas high values reflect echogenic structures. The relationship between baseline GSM and cardiovascular risk factors was evaluated using linear regression models. RESULTS Mean baseline GSM (± SD) was 84 ± 29. Lower GSM of the carotid intima-media was associated with older age, high body mass index (BMI) and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) [beta -4.49, 95% confidence interval (CI) -6.50 to -2.49; beta -4.51, 95% CI -6.43 to -2.60; beta 2.45, 95% CI 0.47 to 4.42, respectively]. Common CIMT was inversely related to GSM of the carotid intima-media (beta -3.94, 95% CI -1.98 to -5.89). CONCLUSION Older age, high BMI and low levels of HDL-C are related to echolucency of the carotid intima-media. Hence, echolucency of the carotid intima-media may be used as a marker of cardiovascular risk profile to provide more information than thickness alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A E Peters
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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