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Cai X, Fan Q, Kang GS, Grolig K, Shen X, Billings EM, Pacheco-Rodriguez G, Darling TN, Moss J. Long-Term Effects of Sirolimus on Human Skin TSC2-Null Fibroblast‒Like Cells. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:2291-2299.e2. [PMID: 33773987 PMCID: PMC9942268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.02.754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal-dominant disorder characterized by hamartomatous tumors of the skin, kidneys, brain, and lungs. TSC is caused by mutations in the TSC1 and TSC2 genes, which result in hyperactivation of the mTOR, leading to dysregulated cell growth and autophagy. Rapamycin (sirolimus) shrinks TSC tumors, but the clinical benefits of sirolimus are not sustained after its withdrawal. In this study, we studied the cellular processes critical for tumor formation and growth, including cell proliferation and cell size. TSC2-/- and TSC2+/- cells were isolated from TSC skin tumors and normal-appearing skin, respectively. Cells were incubated with sirolimus for 72 hours. Withdrawal of sirolimus from TSC2-/- cells resulted in a highly proliferative phenotype and caused cells to enter the S phase of the cell cycle, with persistent phosphorylation of mTOR, p70 S6 kinase, ribosomal protein S6, and 4EB-P1; decreased cyclin D kinase inhibitors; and transient hyperactivation of protein kinase B. Sirolimus modulated the estrogen- and autophagy-dependent volume of TSC2-/- cells. These results suggest that sirolimus may decrease the size of TSC tumors by reducing TSC2-/- cell volume, altering the cell cycle, and reprogramming TSC2-null cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Cai
- Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA,Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Qingyuan Fan
- Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA,Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Gi Soo Kang
- Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA,BNH Investment, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kelsey Grolig
- Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Shen
- Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA,School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Eric M. Billings
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gustavo Pacheco-Rodriguez
- Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas N. Darling
- Department of Dermatology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joel Moss
- Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Kang GS, Kim SH, Bunin V, Shin MS, Lee N, Parke A, Kang I. Altered Th17 and Th1 cells responses in patients with primary Sjogren syndrome (59.10). The Journal of Immunology 2012. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.188.supp.59.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Primary Sjogren syndrome (pSS) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by dry eyes, dry mouth and extraglandular abnormalities, of unknown etiology. IL-17 produced largely by CD4+ Th17 cell is a major proinflammatory cytokine involved in host defense and development of inflammatory disease. We analyzed CD4+ Th17 and Th1 cells in peripheral blood from patients with pSS (n=16) and healthy subjects (n=14). We also measured cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, IL-12 and IL-23, in supernatants of lipopolysaccharide- and zymosan- stimulated PBMCs. The frequency of CD4+ T cells producing IL-17 (Th17) and IFN-γ (Th1) was significantly higher in patients with pSS than in healthy subjects. In measuring Th17-polarizing cytokines, levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-23 were not different between the two groups. However, patients with pSS had higher production levels of IL-7, which could also promote Th17 response, compared to healthy subjects. In addition, the Th1-polarizing cytokine IL-12 was produced at higher levels in patients with pSS. Of interest, production levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 were lower in patients with pSS than in healthy subjects. In conclusion patients with pSS had an increased frequency of Th17 and Th1 cells in peripheral blood, which could be related to increased IL-7 and IL-12 production as well as to decreased IL-10 production from innate immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Soo Kang
- 1Department of Internal medicine, Yale University School of Medicne, New Haven, CT
- 2Department of Pediatrics, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Kim
- 3Department of Microbiology, Kangwon National University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Viviane Bunin
- 1Department of Internal medicine, Yale University School of Medicne, New Haven, CT
| | - Min Sun Shin
- 1Department of Internal medicine, Yale University School of Medicne, New Haven, CT
| | - Naeun Lee
- 1Department of Internal medicine, Yale University School of Medicne, New Haven, CT
| | - Ann Parke
- 4Division of Rheumatology, Saint Francis Hospital and University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT
| | - Insoo Kang
- 1Department of Internal medicine, Yale University School of Medicne, New Haven, CT
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Kang GS, Cates K, Pacheco-Rodriguez G, Meza-Carmen V, Daniels M, Connelly P, Moss J, Vaughan M. Role of ADP‐ribosylation factor domain protein 1 (ARD1/TRIM23) on lysosome biogenesis and function. FASEB J 2012. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.26.1_supplement.548.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Joel Moss
- National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD
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Kang GS, Gillespie PA, Chen LC. Inhalation exposure to nickel hydroxide nanoparticles induces systemic acute phase response in mice. Toxicol Res 2011; 27:19-23. [PMID: 24278546 PMCID: PMC3834512 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2011.27.1.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that acute phase response can be a mechanism by which inhaled particles exert adverse effects on the cardiovascular system. Although some of the human acute phase proteins have been widely studied as biomarkers of systemic inflammation or cardiovascular diseases, there are only a few studies that investigated the role of serum amyloid P (SAP) , a major acute phase protein in mice. In this study, we investigated the changes in SAP, following inhalation exposure to nickel hydroxide nanoparticles (nano-NH) . We conducted 1) acute (4 h) exposure to nano-NH at 100, 500, and 1000 μg/m3 and 2) sub-acute (4h/d for 3d) exposure at 1000 μg/m3, then measured serum SAP protein levels along with hepatic Sap mRNA levels. The results show that inhaled nano-NH can induce systemic acute phase response indicated by increased serum SAP levels and hepatic Sap mRNA levels. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study showing induction of SAP in response to repeated particle exposure, and the results suggest that SAP can be used as a biomarker for systemic inflammation induced by inhaled particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Soo Kang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA
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Kang GS, Gillespie PA, Gunnison A, Moreira AL, Tchou-Wong KM, Chen LC. Long-term inhalation exposure to nickel nanoparticles exacerbated atherosclerosis in a susceptible mouse model. Environ Health Perspect 2011; 119:176-81. [PMID: 20864429 PMCID: PMC3040603 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1002508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because associations have been reported between inhaled ambient ultrafine particles and increased risk of cardiopulmonary disease, it has been suggested that inhaled engineered nanoparticles (NPs) may also induce adverse effects on the cardiovascular system. OBJECTIVE We examined the long-term cardiovascular effects of inhaled nickel hydroxide NPs (nano-NH) using a sensitive mouse model. METHODS Hyperlipidemic, apoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice were exposed to nano-NH at either 0 or 79 μg Ni/m3, via a whole-body inhalation system, for 5 hr/day, 5 days/week, for either 1 week or 5 months. We measured various indicators of oxidative stress and inflammation in the lung and cardiovascular tissue, and we determined plaque formation on the ascending aorta. RESULTS Inhaled nano-NH induced significant oxidative stress and inflammation in the pulmonary and extrapulmonary organs, indicated by up-regulated mRNA levels of certain antioxidant enzyme and inflammatory cytokine genes; increased mitochondrial DNA damage in the aorta; significant signs of inflammation in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; changes in lung histopathology; and induction of acute-phase response. In addition, after 5-month exposures, nano-NH exacerbated the progression of atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to report long-term cardiovascular toxicity of an inhaled nanomaterial. Our results clearly demonstrate that long-term exposure to inhaled nano-NH can induce oxidative stress and inflammation, not only in the lung but also in the cardiovascular system, and that this stress and inflammation can ultimately contribute to progression of atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Soo Kang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York, USA
| | - Patricia Anne Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York, USA
| | - Albert Gunnison
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York, USA
| | - Andre Luis Moreira
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kam-Meng Tchou-Wong
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York, USA
| | - Lung-Chi Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York, USA
- Address correspondence to L.-C. Chen, 57 Old Forge Rd., Tuxedo, NY 10987 USA. Telephone: (845) 731-3560. Fax: (845) 351-5472. E-mail:
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Kang GS, Gillespie PA, Gunnison A, Rengifo H, Koberstein J, Chen LC. Comparative pulmonary toxicity of inhaled nickel nanoparticles; role of deposited dose and solubility. Inhal Toxicol 2011; 23:95-103. [PMID: 21261442 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2010.543440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In this pilot study, we investigated which physicochemical properties of nickel hydroxide nanoparticles (nano-NH) were mainly responsible in inducing pulmonary toxicity. First, we studied the role of nickel ions solubilized from nano-NH by comparing the toxic effects of nano-NH to those of readily soluble nickel sulfate nanoparticles (nano-NS). Additionally, to test whether there was a non-specific stress response due to particle morphology, we compared the toxicity of nano-NH with that of carbon nanoparticles (nano-C) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-Ti), both of which had similar physical properties such as particle size and shape, to nano-NH. We exposed mice to each type of nanoparticles for 4?h via a whole-body inhalation system and examined oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in the lung. We also determined the lung burden and clearance of Ni following nano-NH and nano-NS exposures. The results showed that lung deposition of nano-NH was significantly greater than that of nano-NS and nano-NH appeared to have stronger inflammogenic potential than nano-NS even when lung Ni burden taken into consideration. This suggests that the toxicity of nano-NH is not driven solely by released Ni ions from deposited nano-NH particles. However, it is unlikely that the greater toxic potential of nano-NH is attributable to a generic stress response from any nanoparticle exposure, since nano-C and nano-Ti did not elicit toxic responses similar to those of nano-NH. These results indicate that the observed pulmonary toxicity by inhaled nano-NH were chemical-specific and deposited dose and solubility are key factors to understand toxicity induced by nano-NH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Soo Kang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York 10987, USA
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Kang GS, Soh YF, Kofidis T, Lee CN. Five-year experience with congenital cardiac surgery at National University Heart Centre, Singapore. Singapore Med J 2010; 51:570-575. [PMID: 20730397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Surgical procedures performed for congenital heart disease are usually complex and variable. The aims of this paper were to analyse patient demographics in a centre that caters to congenital cardiac surgery, compare departmental standards to international centres, and investigate the relationship between patient volume and clinical outcome. METHODS A total of 163 patients who presented to the Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Department of the National University Hospital , Singapore between 2002 and 2006 were identified and studied retrospectively. Patient demographics were analysed. The mortality rates and patient volume were compared with those observed at international centres. RESULTS The mean annual patient volume was 32.6 cases. The mean age of the patients was 15.7 years, with the oldest patient being 73 years old. 57.1 percent of the patients were Chinese, 23.3 percent were Malay and 19.6 percent were Indian and other races. Foreigners made up nearly half of the patient cohort (45.4 percent). Atrial septal defect was found to be the most common diagnosis (n is 64), with the secundum being most commonly involved (76.9 percent). The commonest postoperative morbidities encountered were arrhythmias and pleural effusions. Patient volume was not found to be a significant factor affecting clinical outcomes. CONCLUSION With a growing population of adults with congenital heart disease and a significant number of foreign patients, improvements to our resources and infrastructure need to be considered in order to cope with the increasing demands. Despite having a low patient volume, the centre is still able to provide congenital heart surgery with good clinical outcomes that are comparable to those of international centres with similar or higher patient volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Kang
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, National University Heart Centre, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074.
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Gillespie PA, Kang GS, Elder A, Gelein R, Chen L, Moreira AL, Koberstein J, Tchou-Wong KM, Gordon T, Chen LC. Pulmonary response after exposure to inhaled nickel hydroxide nanoparticles: short and long-term studies in mice. Nanotoxicology 2010; 4:106-119. [PMID: 20730025 PMCID: PMC2922767 DOI: 10.3109/17435390903470101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Short and long-term pulmonary response to inhaled nickel hydroxide nanoparticles (nano-Ni(OH)(2), CMD = 40 nm) in C57BL/6 mice was assessed using a whole body exposure system. For short-term studies mice were exposed for 4 h to nominal concentrations of 100, 500, and 1000 mg/m(3). For long-term studies mice were exposed for 5 h/d, 5 d/w, for up to 5 months (m) to a nominal concentration of 100 mg/m(3). Particle morphology, size distribution, chemical composition, solubility, and intrinsic oxidative capacity were determined. Markers of lung injury and inflammation in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF); histopathology; and lung tissue elemental nickel content and mRNA changes in macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (Mip-2), chemokine ligand 2 (Ccl2), interleukin 1-alpha (Il-1α), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (Tnf-α) were assessed. Dose-related changes in BALF analyses were observed 24 h after short-term studies while significant changes were noted after 3 m and/or 5 m of exposure (24 h). Nickel content was detected in lung tissue, Ccl2 was most pronouncedly expressed, and histological changes were noted after 5 m of exposure. Collectively, data illustrates nano-Ni(OH)(2) can induce inflammatory responses in C57BL/6 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A. Gillespie
- New York University, Department of Environmental Medicine, 57 Old Forge Rd. Tuxedo, NY, 10987, USA. Voice: (845)-731-3599, Fax: (845)-351-5472,
| | - Gi Soo Kang
- New York University, Department of Environmental Medicine, 57 Old Forge Rd. Tuxedo, NY, 10987, USA. Voice: (845)-731-3599, Fax: (845)-351-5472,
| | - Alison Elder
- University of Rochester, Department of Environmental Medicine, 575 Elmwood Ave. Rochester, NY, 14642,USA. Voice: (585)-275-2324, Fax: (585)-256-2631,
| | - Robert Gelein
- University of Rochester, Department of Environmental Medicine, 575 Elmwood Ave. Rochester, NY, 14642, USA. Voice: (585)-275-2324, Fax: (585)-256-2631,
| | - Lu Chen
- Columbia University, Department of Chemical Engineering, 500 West 120 St. New York, NY, 10027, USA. Voice: (212)-854-4453, Fax: (212)-854-3054,
| | - Andre L. Moreira
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, 1275 York Ave. New York, NY, 10065, USA. Voice: (212)-639-5905, Fax: (212)-639-6318,
| | - Jeffrey Koberstein
- Columbia University, Department of Chemical Engineering, 500 West 120 St. New York, NY, 10027, USA. Voice: (212)-854-3120, Fax: (212)-854-3054,
| | - Kam-Meng Tchou-Wong
- New York University, Department of Environmental Medicine, 57 Old Forge Rd. Tuxedo, NY, 10987, USA. Voice: (845)-731-3504, Fax: (845)-351-5472,
| | - Terry Gordon
- New York University, Department of Environmental Medicine, 57 Old Forge Rd. Tuxedo, NY, 10987, USA. Voice: (845)-731-3536, Fax: (845)-351-5472,
| | - Lung Chi Chen
- New York University, Department of Environmental Medicine, 57 Old Forge Rd. Tuxedo, NY, 10987, USA. Voice: (845)-731-3560, Fax: (845)-351-5472,
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Yeom DH, Lee SA, Kang GS, Seo J, Lee SK. Stressor identification and health assessment of fish exposed to wastewater effluents in Miho Stream, South Korea. Chemosphere 2007; 67:2282-92. [PMID: 17258278 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2006] [Revised: 08/29/2006] [Accepted: 09/28/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of an industrial wastewater treatment plant (IWTP) and a municipal wastewater treatment plant (MWTP) effluents on a variety of bioindicators ranging from biochemical, organism, and population-level responses in pale chub (Zacco platypus) and fish community structure. The Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) indicated that the site upstream of these wastewater treatment plant discharges is in fair-good condition and downstream of the plant is in poor condition. The EROD (ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase) activity, condition factor, and liver somatic index were significantly increased at the downstream site compared to those of the upstream site. The most significant change observed in pale chub population in the downstream site of the Miho Stream, relative to the upstream population, was the total absence of an younger age group. Stressors impacting the downstream site were identified as mostly organic or nutrient enrichment and habitat degradation associated with wastewater treatment plants. The results of causal analysis suggest that the primary causes affecting fish population in the downstream site are through both size-selective mortality caused by ammonia toxicity and recruitment failure caused by habitat degradation and reproduction problem due to an IWTP and MWTP effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hyuk Yeom
- Ecotoxicology Team, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 305-343, Republic of Korea.
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Kang GS, Li Q, Chen H, Costa M. Effect of metal ions on HIF-1α and Fe homeostasis in human A549 cells. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 2006; 610:48-55. [PMID: 16877034 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Several metals are carcinogenic but little is known about the mechanisms by which they cause cancer. A pathway that may contribute to metal ion induced carcinogenesis is by hypoxia signaling, which involves a disruption of cellular iron homeostasis by competition with iron transporters or iron-regulated enzymes. To examine the involvement of iron in the hypoxia signaling activity of these metal ions we investigated HIF-1alpha protein stabilization, IRP-1 activity, and ferritin protein levels in human lung carcinoma A459 cells exposed to various agents in serum- and iron-free salt-glucose medium (SGM) or in normal complete medium. We also studied the effects of excess exogenous iron on these responses induced by nickel ion exposure. Our results show the following: (1) SGM enhanced metals-induced HIF-1alpha stabilization and IRP-1 activation (e.g., nickel and cobalt ions). (2) If SGM was reconstituted with a slight excess level (25 microM of FeSO(4)) of iron, this enhancing ability was significantly decreased. (3) The effect of a high level of exogenous iron (500 microM of FeSO(4)) on metal-induced hypoxia and iron metabolism was highly dependent on the order of addition. If treatment with the Fe and metal ions was simultaneous (co-treatment), the effects of nickel ion exposure were overwhelmed, since the added Fe reversed HIF-1alpha stabilization, decreased IRP-1 activity, and increased ferritin level. Pre-treatment with iron was not able to reverse the responses caused by nickel ion exposure. These results imply that it is important to consider the available iron concentration and suitable exposure design when studying metal-induced hypoxia or metal-induced disruption of Fe homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Soo Kang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Mehra D, Sharma PK, Tur NS, Singh H, Kang GS. Assessment, management and spatial distribution of ground water for irrigation in Rupnagar district of Punjab (India). J Environ Sci Eng 2006; 48:91-6. [PMID: 17913183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Ground water samples for geo-referenced sites were collected and analyzed for various chemical constituents for assessing their quality for irrigation. These waters were categorized as good and marginal sodic based upon the values of EC and RSC. The ground water quality map of the area was prepared and digitized using GIS software and blockwise area under different categories was commuted, which indicates that Kharar block (46.7 percent of the TGA) has maximum area under marginally sodic water as compared to the Anandpur Sahib block with 8.5 percent of its TGA under marginally sodic waters.
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Kang GS. [Korean nurses in West Berlin]. Taehan Kanho 1978; 17:25-9. [PMID: 249822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Kang GS, DiGiulio W. Potential value of toluidine blue analogs as parathyroid scanning agents. J Nucl Med 1968; 9:643-4. [PMID: 5729214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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