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Battisti I, Zambonini D, Ebinezer LB, Trentin AR, Meggio F, Petit G, Masi A. Perfluoroalkyl substances exposure alters stomatal opening and xylem hydraulics in willow plants. Chemosphere 2023; 344:140380. [PMID: 37813249 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Climate change and pollution are increasingly important stress factors for life on Earth. Dispersal of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are causing worldwide contamination of soils and water tables. PFAS are partially hydrophobic and can easily bioaccumulate in living organisms, causing metabolic alterations. Different plant species can uptake large amounts of PFAS, but little is known about its consequences for the plant water relation and other physiological processes, especially in woody plants. In this study, we investigated the fractionation of PFAS bioaccumulation from roots to leaves and its effects on the conductive elements of willow plants. Additionally, we focused on the stomal opening and the phytohormonal content. For this purpose, willow cuttings were exposed to a mixture of 11 PFAS compounds and the uptake was evaluated by LC-MS/MS. Stomatal conductance was measured and the xylem vulnerability to air embolism was tested and further, the abscisic acid and salicylic acid contents were quantified using LC-MS/MS. PFAS accumulated from roots to leaves based on their chemical structure. PFAS-exposed plants showed reduced stomatal conductance, while no differences were observed in abscisic acid and salicylic acid contents. Interestingly, PFAS exposure caused a higher vulnerability to drought-induced xylem embolism in treated plants. Our study provides novel information about the PFAS effects on the xylem hydraulics, suggesting that the plant water balance may be affected by PFAS exposure. In this perspective, drought events may be more stressful for PFAS-exposed plants, thus reducing their potential for phytoremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Battisti
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - Dario Zambonini
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Leonard Barnabas Ebinezer
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Trentin
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Franco Meggio
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Giai Petit
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Antonio Masi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, PD, Italy
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2
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Petit G, Mencuccini M, Carrer M, Prendin AL, Hölttä T. Axial conduit widening, tree height, and height growth rate set the hydraulic transition of sapwood into heartwood. J Exp Bot 2023; 74:5072-5087. [PMID: 37352139 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
The size-related xylem adjustments required to maintain a constant leaf-specific sapwood conductance (KLEAF) with increasing height (H) are still under discussion. Alternative hypotheses are that: (i) the conduit hydraulic diameter (Dh) at any position in the stem and/or (ii) the number of sapwood rings at stem base (NSWr) increase with H. In addition, (iii) reduced stem elongation (ΔH) increases the tip-to-base conductance through inner xylem rings, thus possibly the NSWr contributing to KLEAF. A detailed stem analysis showed that Dh increased with the distance from the ring apex (DCA) in all rings of a Picea abies and a Fagus sylvatica tree. Net of DCA effect, Dh did not increase with H. Using sapwood traits from a global dataset, NSWr increased with H, decreased with ΔH, and the mean sapwood ring width (SWrw) increased with ΔH. A numerical model based on anatomical patterns predicted the effects of H and ΔH on the conductance of inner xylem rings. Our results suggest that the sapwood/heartwood transition depends on both H and ΔH, and is set when the carbon allocation to maintenance respiration of living cells in inner sapwood rings produces a lower gain in total conductance than investing the same carbon in new vascular conduits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giai Petit
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Dept. TeSAF, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- CREAF, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), E08193, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
| | - Marco Carrer
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Dept. TeSAF, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Angela Luisa Prendin
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Dept. TeSAF, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
- Department of Biology, Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114-116, building 1540, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark University of Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Teemu Hölttä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/ Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, FI 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Jori F, Petit G, Civil N, Decors A, Charrier F, Casabianca F, Grosbois V. A questionnaire survey for the assessment of wild-domestic pig interactions in a context oedema disease outbreaks among wild boars (Sus scrofa) in South-Eastern France. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:4009-4015. [PMID: 36083807 PMCID: PMC10087242 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pig outdoor farming is gaining popularity and commercial success in the European Union, and its expansion, together with an increasing wild boar population, facilitates interactions between domestic and wild suids. In the Southern French Department of Ardèche, several episodes of mass mortalities due to infection with an enteropathogenic strain of Escherichia coli causing oedema disease (OD) were reported in wild boar populations between 2013 and 2016. In order to investigate a potential link between those events and the frequency of interactions between wild boar and domestic pig, we analyzed regional vegetation and hunting bag data and implemented a semi-structured questionnaire survey among a total of 30 outdoor pig farmers and 30 hunters distributed inside and outside the identified area of OD emergence. One third of interviewed farmers (11/30) had experienced intrusions of wild boars in domestic pig premises during the previous year. Similarly, 23% of interviewed hunters reported interactions between wild boar and feral free-ranging pigs in recent years, and 60% reported the observation of free-ranging pigs with a phenotypic feature of Vietnamese pot-bellied pigs (55%). Our analysis identified that in the OD emergence area, several factors could facilitate the transmission of pathogens between wild and domestic suids including a predominance of forested vegetation, a higher estimated wild boar density, weaker levels of farm biosecurity, a higher level of reported wild boar intrusions in pig farms and several reports of feral pot-bellied pig presence. Although our sample was limited, our study suggested a widespread occurrence of situations facilitating the transmission of pathogens between wild and domestic suids. Similar studies in other rural regions in the European Union are recommended, in order to promote preparedness for the emergence and circulation of shared swine pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferran Jori
- UMR ASTRE (Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risque et Ecosystèmes), CIRAD-INRAE, Montpellier, France.,UMR ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - G Petit
- UMR ASTRE (Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risque et Ecosystèmes), CIRAD-INRAE, Montpellier, France.,UMR ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France.,INRAE, Center of Corsica, Corsica, France
| | - N Civil
- UMR ASTRE (Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risque et Ecosystèmes), CIRAD-INRAE, Montpellier, France.,UMR ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - A Decors
- OFB (Office Français de la Biodiversité), DRAS, Orléans, France
| | - F Charrier
- Tropical and Mediterranean Animal Production Systems, UMR SELMET, CIRAD-INRAE, Montpellier, France.,UMR LISIS, Gustave Eiffel University, INRAE, Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | | | - V Grosbois
- UMR ASTRE (Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risque et Ecosystèmes), CIRAD-INRAE, Montpellier, France.,UMR ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
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Petit G, Zambonini D, Hesse BD, Häberle K. No xylem phenotypic plasticity in mature Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica trees after 5 years of throughfall precipitation exclusion. Glob Chang Biol 2022; 28:4668-4683. [PMID: 35555836 PMCID: PMC9325500 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Forest trees are experiencing increasing frequency and intensity of drought events with climate change. We investigated xylem and phloem traits from mature Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies trees after 5 years of complete exclusion of throughfall precipitation during the growing season. Xylem and phloem anatomy, leaf and branch biomass were analysed along top branches of ~1.5 m lenght in 5 throughfall precipitation excluded (TE) and 5 control (CO) trees of both beech and spruce. Xylem traits were analysed on wood cores extracted from the stem at breast height. In the top branches of both species, the lumen diameter (or area) of xylem and phloem conduits did not differ between TE and CO trees. At breast height, TE trees of both species produced narrower xylem rings and conduits. While allocation to branch (BM) and needle biomass (LM) did not change between TE and CO in P. abies, TE F. sylvatica trees allocated proportionally more biomass to leaves (LM) than BM compared with CO. Despite artificial drought increased the mortality in the TE plots, our results revealed no changes in both xylem and phloem anatomies, undermining the hypothesis that successful acclimation to drought would primarily involve increased resistance against air embolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giai Petit
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro‐Forestali (TESAF)University of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Dario Zambonini
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro‐Forestali (TESAF)University of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Benjamin D. Hesse
- Land Surface‐Atmosphere InteractionsTechnical University of Munich, School of Life SciencesFreisingGermany
| | - Karl‐Heinz Häberle
- Chair of Restoration EcologyTechnical University of Munich, School of Life SciencesFreisingGermany
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Petit G, Bleve G, Gallo A, Mita G, Montanaro G, Nuzzo V, Zambonini D, Pitacco A. Susceptibility to Xylella fastidiosa and functional xylem anatomy in Olea europaea: revisiting a tale of plant-pathogen interaction. AoB Plants 2021; 13:plab027. [PMID: 34316336 PMCID: PMC8300559 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plab027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa is a xylem-limited bacterium causing the Olive Quick Decline Syndrome, which is currently devastating the agricultural landscape of Southern Italy. The bacterium is injected into the xylem vessels of leaf petioles after the penetration of the insect vector's stylet. From here, it is supposed to colonize the xylem vasculature moving against water flow inside conductive vessels. Widespread vessel clogging following the bacterial infection and causing the failure of water transport seemed not to fully supported by the recent empirical xylem anatomical observations in infected olive trees. We tested the hypothesis that the higher susceptibility to the X. fastidiosa's infection in Cellina di Nardò compared with Leccino is associated to the higher vulnerability to air embolism of its larger vessels. Such hypothesis is motivated by the recognized ability of X. fastidiosa in degrading pit membranes and also because air embolism would possibly provide microenvironmental conditions more favourable to its more efficient aerobic metabolism. We revised the relevant literature on bacterium growth and xylem physiology, and carried out empirical field, mid-summer measurements of xylem anatomy and native embolism in olive cultivars with high (Cellina di Nardò) and low susceptibility (Leccino) to the infection by X. fastidiosa. Both cultivars had similar shoot mass traits and vessel length (~80 cm), but the highly susceptible one had larger vessels and a lower number of vessels supplying a given leaf mass. Native air embolism reduced mean xylem hydraulic conductance by ~58 % (Cellina di Nardò) and ~38 % (Leccino). The higher air-embolism vulnerability of the larger vessels in Cellina di Nardò possibly facilitates the X. fastidiosa's infection compared to Leccino. Some important characteristics of the vector-pathogen-plant interactions still require deep investigations acknowledging both the pathogen metabolic pathways and the biophysical principles of xylem hydraulics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giai Petit
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (LEAF/TESAF), University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Gianluca Bleve
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National research Council (ISPA-CNR), via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Antonia Gallo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National research Council (ISPA-CNR), via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Giovanni Mita
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National research Council (ISPA-CNR), via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Montanaro
- Department of European and Mediterranean Culture (DiCEM), University of Basilicata, Via Lanera, 20, 75100 Matera, Italy
| | - Vitale Nuzzo
- Department of European and Mediterranean Culture (DiCEM), University of Basilicata, Via Lanera, 20, 75100 Matera, Italy
| | - Dario Zambonini
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (LEAF/TESAF), University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Andrea Pitacco
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
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Kiorapostolou N, Da Sois L, Petruzzellis F, Savi T, Trifilò P, Nardini A, Petit G. Erratum to: Vulnerability to xylem embolism correlates to wood parenchyma fraction in angiosperms but not in gymnosperms. Tree Physiol 2021; 41:1321. [PMID: 34028519 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Kiorapostolou
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, PD 35020, Italy
| | - Luca Da Sois
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, PD 35020, Italy
| | - Francesco Petruzzellis
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Tadeja Savi
- Institute for Viticulture and Pomology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Straβe 24, Tulln, Vienna, 3430, Austria
| | - Patrizia Trifilò
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, Messina 98166, Italy
| | - Andrea Nardini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Giai Petit
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, PD 35020, Italy
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7
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Petit G, Deschietere G, Loas G, Luminet O, de Timary P. Link Between Anhedonia and Depression During Early Alcohol Abstinence: Gender Matters. Alcohol Alcohol 2020; 55:71-77. [PMID: 31825493 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agz090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relation between anhedonia and depression in alcohol use disorders (AUD) during detoxification: Is trait anhedonia measured at the beginning of detoxification predictive of depressive symptoms observed at the end? Does state anhedonia recover during detoxification as depression does? Gender differences that have been previously observed for depression in AUD were also explored. METHODS 81 AUD inpatients were tested at T1 (day 1) and T2 (day 14-18) of withdrawal with the trait Physical Anhedonia Scale, the state anhedonia Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale, the Beck depression inventory and the Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory and compared to 34 control participants, matched for age and gender. RESULTS AUD patients scored significantly higher than controls on depression, anxiety and state and trait anhedonia when they just entered the detoxification unit. Depression, anxiety and state anhedonia decreased between T1 and T2 in AUD patients. In women, state anhedonia at T1 was predictive of depressive symptoms at T2 over and above anxiety and depression at T1. CONCLUSION In AUD, state anhedonia recovers during detoxification, concurrently to other affective-related symptoms. However, in women, trait anhedonia predicts the level of depression at the end of detoxification, above and beyond anxiety. This finding stresses the importance of addressing anhedonia in the treatment of AUD and emphasizes the need for targeted interventions within clinical settings in this gender. Clinical consequences are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Petit
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate, 10, Brussels, Belgium.,Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 53, boîte B1.53.02, 1200, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - G Deschietere
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate, 10, Brussels, Belgium.,Institut of Health and Society (IRSS-UCLouvain), Clos Chapelle-aux-champs,30 bte 30.15 - 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - G Loas
- Department of Psychiatry & Laboratory of Psychiatric Research (ULB), Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - O Luminet
- Research Institute for Psychological Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Voie du Roman Pays 20, bte L1.04.01 B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - P de Timary
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate, 10, Brussels, Belgium.,Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 53, boîte B1.53.02, 1200, Bruxelles, Belgium.,Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology (LEP), Psychological Science Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Voie du Roman Pays 20, bte L1.04.01 B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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8
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Cardoso AA, Billon LM, Fanton Borges A, Fernández-de-Uña L, Gersony JT, Güney A, Johnson KM, Lemaire C, Mrad A, Wagner Y, Petit G. New developments in understanding plant water transport under drought stress. New Phytol 2020; 227:1025-1027. [PMID: 32662102 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A Cardoso
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Lise-Marie Billon
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ana Fanton Borges
- Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | | | - Jess T Gersony
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Aylin Güney
- Institute of Botany, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr 30, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Akdeniz University, 07058, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Kate M Johnson
- Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Cédric Lemaire
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Assaad Mrad
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Yael Wagner
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Giai Petit
- Department TeSAF, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
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Lechthaler S, Kiorapostolou N, Pitacco A, Anfodillo T, Petit G. The total path length hydraulic resistance according to known anatomical patterns: What is the shape of the root-to-leaf tension gradient along the plant longitudinal axis? J Theor Biol 2020; 502:110369. [PMID: 32526220 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2020.110369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Xylem conduit diameter widens from leaf tip to stem base and how this widening affects the total hydraulic resistance (RTOT) and the gradient of water potential (Ψxyl) has never been thoroughly investigated. Data of conduit diameter of Acer pseudoplatanus,Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies were used to model the axial variation of RTOT and Ψxyl. The majority of RTOT (from 79 to 98%) was predicted to be confined within the leaf/needle. This means that the xylem conduits of stem and roots, accounting for nearly the total length of the hydraulic path, theoretically provide a nearly negligible contribution to RTOT. Consequently, a steep gradient of water potentials was predicted to develop within the leaf/needle base, whereas lower in the stem water potentials approximate those of rootlets. Our results would suggest that the strong partitioning of RTOT between leaves/needles coupled with basal conduit widening is of key importance for both hydraulic safety against drought-induced embolism formation and efficiency, as it minimizes the exposure of stem xylem to high tensions and makes the total plant's conductance substantially independent of body size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Lechthaler
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Dept. TeSAF, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro PD, Italy
| | - Natasa Kiorapostolou
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Dept. TeSAF, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro PD, Italy.
| | - Andrea Pitacco
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Dept. DAFNAE, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro PD, Italy
| | - Tommaso Anfodillo
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Dept. TeSAF, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro PD, Italy
| | - Giai Petit
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Dept. TeSAF, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro PD, Italy
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Kiorapostolou N, Camarero JJ, Carrer M, Sterck F, Brigita B, Sangüesa-Barreda G, Petit G. Scots pine trees react to drought by increasing xylem and phloem conductivities. Tree Physiol 2020; 40:774-781. [PMID: 32186730 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Drought limits the long-distance transport of water in the xylem due to the reduced leaf-to-soil water potential difference and possible embolism-related losses of conductance and of sugars in the phloem due to the higher viscosity of the dehydrated sugary solution. This condition can have cascading effects in water and carbon (C) fluxes that may ultimately cause tree death. We hypothesize that the maintenance of xylem and phloem conductances is fundamental for survival also under reduced resource availability, when trees may produce effective and low C cost anatomical adjustments in the xylem and phloem close to the treetop where most of the hydraulic resistance is concentrated. We analyzed the treetop xylem and phloem anatomical characteristics in coexisting Scots pine trees, symptomatic and non-symptomatic of drought-induced dieback. We selected the topmost 55 cm of the main stem and selected several sampling positions at different distances from the stem apex to test for differences in the axial patterns between the two groups of trees. We measured the annual ring area, the tracheid hydraulic diameter (Dh) and cell wall thickness (CWT), the conductive phloem area and the average lumen diameter of the 20 largest phloem sieve cells (Dph). Declining trees grew less than the non-declining ones, and despite the similar axial scaling of anatomical traits, had larger Dh and lower CWT. Moreover, declining trees had wider Dph. Our results demonstrate that even under drought stress, maintenance of xylem and phloem efficiencies is of primary importance for survival, even if producing fewer larger tracheids may lead to a xylem more vulnerable to embolism formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Kiorapostolou
- Dip. Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, PD 35020, Italy
| | - J Julio Camarero
- Depto. Conservación de Ecosistemas, Instituto Pirenaico de Ecologia (IPE-CSIC), Avda Montanana 1005, Zaragoza 50059, Spain
| | - Marco Carrer
- Dip. Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, PD 35020, Italy
| | - Frank Sterck
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, NL 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Brigita Brigita
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, NL 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriel Sangüesa-Barreda
- Depto. Conservación de Ecosistemas, Instituto Pirenaico de Ecologia (IPE-CSIC), Avda Montanana 1005, Zaragoza 50059, Spain
- Depto Ciencias Agroforestales, iuFOR-EiFAB, University of Valladolid, Campus Duques de Soria s/n, Soria E-42004, Spain
| | - Giai Petit
- Dip. Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, PD 35020, Italy
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11
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Collalti A, Tjoelker MG, Hoch G, Mäkelä A, Guidolotti G, Heskel M, Petit G, Ryan MG, Battipaglia G, Matteucci G, Prentice IC. Plant respiration: Controlled by photosynthesis or biomass? Glob Chang Biol 2020; 26:1739-1753. [PMID: 31578796 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Two simplifying hypotheses have been proposed for whole-plant respiration. One links respiration to photosynthesis; the other to biomass. Using a first-principles carbon balance model with a prescribed live woody biomass turnover, applied at a forest research site where multidecadal measurements are available for comparison, we show that if turnover is fast the accumulation of respiring biomass is low and respiration depends primarily on photosynthesis; while if turnover is slow the accumulation of respiring biomass is high and respiration depends primarily on biomass. But the first scenario is inconsistent with evidence for substantial carry-over of fixed carbon between years, while the second implies far too great an increase in respiration during stand development-leading to depleted carbohydrate reserves and an unrealistically high mortality risk. These two mutually incompatible hypotheses are thus both incorrect. Respiration is not linearly related either to photosynthesis or to biomass, but it is more strongly controlled by recent photosynthates (and reserve availability) than by total biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Collalti
- Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISAFOM), Rende (CS), Italy
- Department of Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Mark G Tjoelker
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Günter Hoch
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Annikki Mäkelä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Faculty of Science and Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gabriele Guidolotti
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystem, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IRET), Rome, Italy
| | - Mary Heskel
- Department of Biology, Macalester College, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Giai Petit
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Michael G Ryan
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Giovanna Battipaglia
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Giorgio Matteucci
- Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISAFOM), Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Iain Colin Prentice
- AXA Chair of Biosphere and Climate Impacts, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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12
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Kiorapostolou N, Da Sois L, Petruzzellis F, Savi T, Trifilò P, Nardini A, Petit G. Vulnerability to xylem embolism correlates to wood parenchyma fraction in angiosperms but not in gymnosperms. Tree Physiol 2019; 39:1675-1684. [PMID: 31211372 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Understanding which structural and functional traits are linked to species' vulnerability to embolism formation (P50) may provide fundamental knowledge on plant strategies to maintain an efficient water transport. We measured P50, wood density (WD), mean conduit area, conduit density, percentage areas occupied by vessels, parenchyma cells (PATOT) and fibers (FA) on branches of angiosperm and gymnosperm species. Moreover, we compiled a dataset of published hydraulic and anatomical data to be compared with our results. Species more vulnerable to embolism had lower WD. In angiosperms, the variability in WD was better explained by PATOT and FA, which were highly correlated. Angiosperms with a higher P50 (less negative) had a higher amount of PATOT and total amount of nonstructural carbohydrates. Instead, in gymnosperms, P50 vs PATOT was not significant. The correlation between PATOT and P50 might have a biological meaning and also suggests that the causality of the commonly observed relationship of WD vs P50 is indirect and dependent on the parenchyma fraction. Our study suggests that angiosperms have a potential active embolism reversal capacity in which parenchyma has an important role, while in gymnosperms this might not be the case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Kiorapostolou
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, PD 35020, Italy
| | - Luca Da Sois
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, PD 35020, Italy
| | - Francesco Petruzzellis
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Tadeja Savi
- Institute for Viticulture and Pomology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Straße 24, Tulln, Vienna, 3430, Austria
| | - Patrizia Trifilò
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, Messina 98166, Italy
| | - Andrea Nardini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Giai Petit
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, PD 35020, Italy
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13
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Trifilò P, Kiorapostolou N, Petruzzellis F, Vitti S, Petit G, Lo Gullo MA, Nardini A, Casolo V. Hydraulic recovery from xylem embolism in excised branches of twelve woody species: Relationships with parenchyma cells and non-structural carbohydrates. Plant Physiol Biochem 2019; 139:513-520. [PMID: 31015090 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Embolism repair ability has been documented in numerous species. Although the actual mechanism driving this phenomenon is still debated, experimental findings suggest that non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) stored in wood parenchyma would provide the osmotic forces to drive the refilling of embolized conduits. We selected 12 broadleaved species differing in vulnerability to xylem embolism (P50) and amount of wood parenchyma in order to check direct evidence about the possible link(s) between parenchyma cells abundance, NSC availability and species-specific capacity to reverse xylem embolism. Branches were dehydrated until ∼50% loss of hydraulic conductivity was recorded (PLC ∼50%). Hydraulic recovery (ΔPLC) and NSC content was, then, assessed after 1h of rehydration. Species showed a different ability to recover their hydraulic conductivity from PLC∼50%. Removing the bark in the species showing hydraulic recovery inhibited the embolism reversal. Strong correlations between the ΔPLC and: a) the amount of parenchyma cells (mainly driven by the pith area), b) the consumption of soluble NSC have been recorded. Our results support the hypothesis that refilling of embolized vessels is mediated by the mobilization of soluble NSC and it is mainly recorded in species with a higher percentage of parenchyma cells that may be important in the hydraulic recovery mechanism as a source of carbohydrates and/or as a source of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Trifilò
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy.
| | - Natasa Kiorapostolou
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Francesco Petruzzellis
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefano Vitti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127, Trieste, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze AgroAlimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università di Udine, Via delle Scienze 91, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Giai Petit
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Maria A Lo Gullo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Andrea Nardini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Valentino Casolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze AgroAlimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università di Udine, Via delle Scienze 91, 33100, Udine, Italy
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14
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Lechthaler S, Turnbull TL, Gelmini Y, Pirotti F, Anfodillo T, Adams MA, Petit G. A standardization method to disentangle environmental information from axial trends of xylem anatomical traits. Tree Physiol 2019; 39:495-502. [PMID: 30299505 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Anatomical traits such as xylem conduit diameter and vessel connectivity are fundamental characteristics of the hydraulic architecture of vascular plants. Stem xylem conduits are narrow at the stem apex, and this confers resistance to embolisms that might otherwise be induced by large, negative water potentials at the top of tall trees. Below the apex, conduits progressively widen and this characteristic minimizes effects of path length on total hydraulic resistance. While interconnections among xylem vessels have been noted for decades, their role(s) are not fully clarified. For example, we do not know if they allow water to bypass embolized vessels, or increase the risk of spread of embolisms, or how their arrangement varies within a tree. Here we demonstrate the benefit of removing the independent effect of stem length on assessment of effects of external (e.g., climatic) factors on such xylem traits. We measured the hydraulic diameter (Dh) and vessel conductivity index (VCI) along the stem of 21 shrubs/trees of similar height (1.19 < H < 5.45 m) belonging to seven Acacia species, across a wide aridity gradient in Australia. All trees showed similar scaling exponents of Dh (b = 0.33) and VCI (b = 0.53) vs axial distance from the apex (L), thus conforming with general patterns in woody plants. After de-trending for L, neither Dh (P = 0.21) nor VCI (P = 0.109) differed across the aridity gradient. We found that across a wide gradient of aridity, climate had no effect on xylem anatomy of Acacia spp, which was instead dictated by axial distances from stem apices. We argue that the use of standardization procedures to filter out intrinsic patterns of vascular traits is an essential step in assessing climate-driven modifications of xylem architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Lechthaler
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Dept Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Forest Ecology Research Unit, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Tarryn L Turnbull
- Centre for Carbon Water and Food, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, 380 Werombi Road, Brownlow Hill, NSW, Australia
| | - Ylenia Gelmini
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Dept Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Forest Ecology Research Unit, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Francesco Pirotti
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Dept Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Forest Ecology Research Unit, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Tommaso Anfodillo
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Dept Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Forest Ecology Research Unit, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Mark A Adams
- Centre for Carbon Water and Food, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, 380 Werombi Road, Brownlow Hill, NSW, Australia
| | - Giai Petit
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Dept Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Forest Ecology Research Unit, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro (PD), Italy
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15
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Savi T, Tintner J, Da Sois L, Grabner M, Petit G, Rosner S. The potential of Mid-Infrared spectroscopy for prediction of wood density and vulnerability to embolism in woody angiosperms. Tree Physiol 2019; 39:503-510. [PMID: 30307571 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Xylem resistance to embolism formation determines the species-specific drought tolerance and the survival prospects of plants under extreme climatic conditions. Fourier Transform-Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a cost-effective and rapid analytical tool with potential beyond its current use in plant physiology. We tested the use of FTIR spectroscopy as a method for estimating wood density (WD) and xylem resistance to embolism formation (P50) in 24 angiosperm species. Higher WD was associated with more negative P50 (r2 = 0.41). Partial least squares regression was applied to establish models of FTIR spectra and the reference data. They showed a high predictive quality for WD (r2 = 0.73), whereas the prediction of P50 was weaker (r2 = 0.49). By including WD in the model as an additional factor influencing P50, its predictive power significantly increased (r2 = 0.59). The spectral range in the model elaboration has been also narrowed (bands of lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose), but this did not influence the model descriptors, suggesting that for P50 prediction broad spectral range is more informative than narrow band regions reflecting main wood constituents. In conclusion, FTIR spectroscopy associated with WD measurements has proven to be a promising alternative to traditional methods for screening of individual- or species-specific resistance to embolism in angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeja Savi
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Division of Viticulture and Pomology, Department of Crop Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Straße 24, Tulln, Austria
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Institute of Botany, Gregor Mendel Straße 33, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Tintner
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Institute of Physics and Materials Science, Peter-Jordan Straße 82, Vienna, Austria
| | - Luca Da Sois
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Dip. Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Michael Grabner
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Resources, Konrad Lorenz Straße 24, Tulln, Austria
| | - Giai Petit
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Dip. Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Sabine Rosner
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Institute of Botany, Gregor Mendel Straße 33, Vienna, Austria
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16
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Kiorapostolou N, Petit G. Similarities and differences in the balances between leaf, xylem and phloem structures in Fraxinus ornus along an environmental gradient. Tree Physiol 2019; 39:234-242. [PMID: 30189046 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The plant carbon balance depends on the coordination between photosynthesis and the long-distance transport of water and sugars. How plants modify the allocation to the different structures affecting this coordination under different environmental conditions has been poorly investigated. In this study, we evaluated the effect of soil water availability on the allocation to leaf, xylem and phloem structures in Fraxinus ornus L. We selected small individuals of F. ornus (height ~2 m) from sites contrasting in soil water availability (wet vs dry). We measured how the leaf (LM) and stem + branch biomass (SBM) are cumulated along the stem. Moreover, we assessed the axial variation in xylem (XA) and phloem tissue area (PA), and in lumen area of xylem vessels (CAxy) and phloem sieve elements (CAph). We found a higher ratio of LM:SBM in the trees growing under drier conditions. The long-distance transport tissues of xylem and phloem followed axial patterns with scaling exponents (b) independent of site conditions. PA scaled isometrically with XA (b ~ 1). While CAxy was only marginally higher at the wet sites, CAph was significantly higher at the drier sites. Our results showed that under reduced soil water availability, F. ornus trees allocate relatively more to the leaf biomass and produce more conductive phloem, which is likely to compensate for the drought-related hydraulic limitations to the leaf gas exchanges and the phloem sap viscosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Kiorapostolou
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università degli studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Giai Petit
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università degli studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro (PD), Italy
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17
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Dolidon S, Melloni B, Chabot J, Foret D, Dupuis J, Tesnier E, Petit G, Muir J, Cuvelier A, Patout M. Analyse d’une base de données nationale de dysfonctionnements de ventilateurs de domicile. Rev Mal Respir 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2018.10.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Prendin AL, Mayr S, Beikircher B, von Arx G, Petit G. Xylem anatomical adjustments prioritize hydraulic efficiency over safety as Norway spruce trees grow taller. Tree Physiol 2018; 38:1088-1097. [PMID: 29920598 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
As a tree grows taller, the increase in gravitational pressure and path length resistance results in lower water potentials at a given flow rate and higher carbon construction costs to transport a given amount of water to the leaves. We investigated how hydraulic safety and efficiency are coordinated under the constraints of higher cavitation risks and higher carbon construction costs with increasing tree height. We combined measurements of xylem tracheid anatomical traits with the vulnerability to drought-induced embolism and hydraulic conductivity of the apical shoots of 2- to 37-m tall Picea abies trees growing at two sites in the Dolomites (Italian Eastern Alps). We found that the theoretical hydraulic conductivity of the apical shoots increased with tree height at both sites (P < 0.001) as a result of an increase in either total tracheid number or mean hydraulic diameter. The xylem water potential inducing 50% loss of apical conductance significantly increased from small (-4.45 ± 0.20 MPa) to tall trees (-3.65 ± 0.03 MPa) (P = 0.007). The more conductive xylem at the treetop of taller trees allows the full compensation for the height-related hydraulic constraints and minimizes the additional carbon costs of transporting water over a longer path length. The corresponding increase in vulnerability to cavitation shows that hydraulic efficiency is prioritized over safety during height growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Luisa Prendin
- Department TeSAF-Department of Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università degli Studi di Padova, viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Stefan Mayr
- Institut für Botanik, Universität Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Barbara Beikircher
- Institut für Botanik, Universität Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Georg von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Climatic Change and Climate Impacts, Institute for Environmental Sciences, 66 Boulevard Carl-Vogt, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Giai Petit
- Department TeSAF-Department of Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università degli Studi di Padova, viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro (PD), Italy
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19
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Petit G, von Arx G, Kiorapostolou N, Lechthaler S, Prendin AL, Anfodillo T, Caldeira MC, Cochard H, Copini P, Crivellaro A, Delzon S, Gebauer R, Gričar J, Grönholm L, Hölttä T, Jyske T, Lavrič M, Lintunen A, Lobo-do-Vale R, Peltoniemi M, Peters RL, Robert EMR, Roig Juan S, Senfeldr M, Steppe K, Urban J, Van Camp J, Sterck F. Tree differences in primary and secondary growth drive convergent scaling in leaf area to sapwood area across Europe. New Phytol 2018; 218:1383-1392. [PMID: 29655212 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Trees scale leaf (AL ) and xylem (AX ) areas to couple leaf transpiration and carbon gain with xylem water transport. Some species are known to acclimate in AL : AX balance in response to climate conditions, but whether trees of different species acclimate in AL : AX in similar ways over their entire (continental) distributions is unknown. We analyzed the species and climate effects on the scaling of AL vs AX in branches of conifers (Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies) and broadleaved (Betula pendula, Populus tremula) sampled across a continental wide transect in Europe. Along the branch axis, AL and AX change in equal proportion (isometric scaling: b ˜ 1) as for trees. Branches of similar length converged in the scaling of AL vs AX with an exponent of b = 0.58 across European climates irrespective of species. Branches of slow-growing trees from Northern and Southern regions preferentially allocated into new leaf rather than xylem area, with older xylem rings contributing to maintaining total xylem conductivity. In conclusion, trees in contrasting climates adjust their functional balance between water transport and leaf transpiration by maintaining biomass allocation to leaves, and adjusting their growth rate and xylem production to maintain xylem conductance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giai Petit
- Departamento TeSAF, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Georg von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, 24 rue du Général-Dufour, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Natasa Kiorapostolou
- Departamento TeSAF, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, NL, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Silvia Lechthaler
- Departamento TeSAF, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Angela Luisa Prendin
- Departamento TeSAF, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Tommaso Anfodillo
- Departamento TeSAF, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Maria C Caldeira
- Forest Research Centre (CEF), School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Hervé Cochard
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRA, PIAF, Site de Crouël 5, chemin de Beaulieu, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Paul Copini
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, NL, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Wageningen Environmental Research (Alterra), Wageningen University & Research Wageningen, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, NL 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alan Crivellaro
- Departamento TeSAF, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- INRA, University of Bordeaux, UMR BIOGECO, Avenue des Facultés, Talence, FR 33405, France
| | - Roman Gebauer
- Dept. of Forest, Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocenology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 3, 61300, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jožica Gričar
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vecna pot 2, SI - 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Leila Grönholm
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, FI 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu Hölttä
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, FI 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuula Jyske
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790, Vantaa, Finland
| | - Martina Lavrič
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vecna pot 2, SI - 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anna Lintunen
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, FI 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Raquel Lobo-do-Vale
- Forest Research Centre (CEF), School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mikko Peltoniemi
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790, Vantaa, Finland
| | - Richard L Peters
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Sílvia Roig Juan
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790, Vantaa, Finland
| | - Martin Senfeldr
- Dept. of Forest, Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocenology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 3, 61300, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, BE-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Josef Urban
- Dept. of Forest, Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocenology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 3, 61300, Brno, Czech Republic
- Siberian Federal University, Svobodnyy Ave 79, 660041, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Janne Van Camp
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, BE-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank Sterck
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, NL, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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González-Muñoz N, Sterck F, Torres-Ruiz JM, Petit G, Cochard H, von Arx G, Lintunen A, Caldeira MC, Capdeville G, Copini P, Gebauer R, Grönlund L, Hölttä T, Lobo-do-Vale R, Peltoniemi M, Stritih A, Urban J, Delzon S. Quantifying in situ phenotypic variability in the hydraulic properties of four tree species across their distribution range in Europe. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196075. [PMID: 29715289 PMCID: PMC5929519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies have reported that hydraulic properties vary considerably between tree species, but little is known about their intraspecific variation and, therefore, their capacity to adapt to a warmer and drier climate. Here, we quantify phenotypic divergence and clinal variation for embolism resistance, hydraulic conductivity and branch growth, in four tree species, two angiosperms (Betula pendula, Populus tremula) and two conifers (Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris), across their latitudinal distribution in Europe. Growth and hydraulic efficiency varied widely within species and between populations. The variability of embolism resistance was in general weaker than that of growth and hydraulic efficiency, and very low for all species but Populus tremula. In addition, no and weak support for a safety vs. efficiency trade-off was observed for the angiosperm and conifer species, respectively. The limited variability of embolism resistance observed here for all species except Populus tremula, suggests that forest populations will unlikely be able to adapt hydraulically to drier conditions through the evolution of embolism resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F. Sterck
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - G. Petit
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Dep. TeSAF, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - H. Cochard
- PIAF, INRA, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - G. von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Climatic Change and Climate Impacts, Institute for Environmental Sciences, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A. Lintunen
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M. C. Caldeira
- Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - G. Capdeville
- BIOGECO, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - P. Copini
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Wageningen Environmental Research (Alterra), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - R. Gebauer
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology, Mendel University, Zemědělská 3, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - L. Grönlund
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - T. Hölttä
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - R. Lobo-do-Vale
- Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M. Peltoniemi
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A. Stritih
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH, Planning of Landscape and Urban Systems, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J. Urban
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology, Mendel University, Zemědělská 3, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - S. Delzon
- BIOGECO, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
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21
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Leroy A, Petit G, Zarka D, Cebolla A, Palmero-Soler E, Strul J, Dan B, Verbanck P, Cheron G. EEG Dynamics and Neural Generators in Implicit Navigational Image Processing in Adults with ADHD. Neuroscience 2018; 373:92-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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22
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Petit G, Maillet G, Nault-Horvath E, Stewart C, O'Sullivan T. The Lac-Mégantic Photovoice Initiative. Eur J Public Health 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckx186.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G Petit
- University of Sherbrooke/Department of Public Health Estrie, Lac-Méantic, Canada
| | - G Maillet
- University of Sherbrooke/Department of Public Health Estrie, Lac-Méantic, Canada
| | | | - C Stewart
- Department of Public Health Estrie, Lac-Mégantic, Canada
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23
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Prendin AL, Petit G, Fonti P, Rixen C, Dawes MA, Arx G. Axial xylem architecture of
Larix decidua
exposed to CO
2
enrichment and soil warming at the tree line. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Luisa Prendin
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro‐ForestaliUniversità degli Studi di Padova Legnaro PD Italy
| | - Giai Petit
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro‐ForestaliUniversità degli Studi di Padova Legnaro PD Italy
| | - Patrick Fonti
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Christian Rixen
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF Davos Switzerland
| | - Melissa Autumn Dawes
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF Davos Switzerland
| | - Georg Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland
- Climatic Change and Climate ImpactsInstitute for Environmental Sciences Geneva Switzerland
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Bain O, Petit G, Ratanaworabhan N, Yenbutra S, Chabaud AG. Une nouvelle Filaire d’Ecureuil en Thaïlande, Breinlia (B.) manningi n. sp., et son développement chez Aedes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1051/parasite/1981562193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Petit G, Camus D, Dei-Cas E, Landau I. Inhibition immédiate de l’infectivité des gamétocytes de Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis par le sérum de rongeurs infectés depuis 5 jours. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1051/parasite/1982575507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Prendin AL, Petit G, Carrer M, Fonti P, Björklund J, von Arx G. New research perspectives from a novel approach to quantify tracheid wall thickness. Tree Physiol 2017; 37:976-983. [PMID: 28379577 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of xylem cell anatomical features in dated tree rings provides insights into xylem functional responses and past growth conditions at intra-annual resolution. So far, special focus has been given to the lumen of the water-conducting cells, whereas the equally relevant cell wall thickness (CWT) has been less investigated due to methodological limitations. Here we present a novel approach to measure tracheid CWT in high-resolution images of wood cross-sections that is implemented within the specialized image-analysis tool 'ROXAS'. Compared with the traditional manual line measurements along a selection of few radial files, this novel image-analysis tool can: (i) measure CWT of all tracheids in a tree-ring cross-section, thus increasing the number of individual tracheid measurements by a factor of ~10-20; (ii) measure the tangential and radial walls separately; and (iii) laterally integrate the measurements in a customizable way from only the thinnest central part of the cell walls up to the thickest part of the tracheids at the corners. Cell wall thickness measurements performed with our novel approach and the traditional manual approach showed comparable accuracy for several image resolutions, with an optimal accuracy-efficiency balance at 100× magnification. The configurable settings intended to underscore different cell wall properties indeed changed the absolute levels and intra- and inter-annual patterns of CWT. This versatility, together with the high data production capacity, allows to tailor the measurements of CWT to the specific goal of each study, which opens new research perspectives, e.g., for investigating structure-function relationships, tree stress responses and carbon allocation patterns, and for reconstructing climate based on intra- and inter-annual variability of anatomical wood density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Luisa Prendin
- Department TeSAF - Department of Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Giai Petit
- Department TeSAF - Department of Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Marco Carrer
- Department TeSAF - Department of Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Patrick Fonti
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Jesper Björklund
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Georg von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Climatic Change and Climate Impacts, Institute for Environmental Sciences, 66 Bvd Carl Vogt, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
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Carrer M, Castagneri D, Prendin AL, Petit G, von Arx G. Retrospective Analysis of Wood Anatomical Traits Reveals a Recent Extension in Tree Cambial Activity in Two High-Elevation Conifers. Front Plant Sci 2017; 8:737. [PMID: 28533792 PMCID: PMC5420594 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The study of xylogenesis or wood formation is a powerful, yet labor intensive monitoring approach to investigate intra-annual tree growth responses to environmental factors. However, it seldom covers more than a few growing seasons, so is in contrast to the much longer lifespan of woody plants and the time scale of many environmental processes. Here we applied a novel retrospective approach to test the long-term (1926-2012) consistency in the timing of onset and ending of cambial activity, and in the maximum cambial cell division rate in two conifer species, European larch and Norway spruce at high-elevation in the Alps. We correlated daily temperature with time series of cell number and lumen area partitioned into intra-annual sectors. For both species, we found a good correspondence (1-10 days offset) between the periods when anatomical traits had significant correlations with temperature in recent decades (1969-2012) and available xylogenesis data (1996-2005), previously collected at the same site. Yet, results for the 1926-1968 period indicate a later onset and earlier ending of the cambial activity by 6-30 days. Conversely, the peak in the correlation between annual cell number and temperature, which should correspond to the peak in secondary growth rate, was quite stable over time, with just a minor advance of 4-5 days in the recent decades. Our analyses on time series of wood anatomical traits proved useful to infer on past long-term changes in xylogenetic phases. Combined with intensive continuous monitoring, our approach will improve the understanding of tree responses to climate variability in both the short- and long-term context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Carrer
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Universitá degli Studi di PadovaLegnaro, Italy
| | - Daniele Castagneri
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Universitá degli Studi di PadovaLegnaro, Italy
| | - Angela L. Prendin
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Universitá degli Studi di PadovaLegnaro, Italy
| | - Giai Petit
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Universitá degli Studi di PadovaLegnaro, Italy
| | - Georg von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorf, Switzerland
- Climatic Change and Climate Impacts, Institute for Environmental SciencesGeneva, Switzerland
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Marchon M, Delaunay N, Petit G. 0625 OSAS SCREENING TEST IN PERIODICAL MEDICAL EXAMINATION: A PRELIMINARY STUDY. Sleep 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/sleepj/zsx050.624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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31
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Nardini A, Savi T, Losso A, Petit G, Pacilè S, Tromba G, Mayr S, Trifilò P, Lo Gullo MA, Salleo S. X-ray microtomography observations of xylem embolism in stems of Laurus nobilis are consistent with hydraulic measurements of percentage loss of conductance. New Phytol 2017; 213:1068-1075. [PMID: 27735069 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Drought-induced xylem embolism is a serious threat to plant survival under future climate scenarios. Hence, accurate quantification of species-specific vulnerability to xylem embolism is a key to predict the impact of climate change on vegetation. Low-cost hydraulic measurements of embolism rate have been suggested to be prone to artefacts, thus requiring validation by direct visualization of the functional status of xylem conduits using nondestructive imaging techniques, such as X-ray microtomography (microCT). We measured the percentage loss of conductance (PLC) of excised stems of Laurus nobilis (laurel) dehydrated to different xylem pressures, and compared results with direct observation of gas-filled vs water-filled conduits at a synchrotron-based microCT facility using a phase contrast imaging modality. Theoretical PLC calculated on the basis of microCT observations in stems of laurel dehydrated to different xylem pressures overall were in agreement with hydraulic measurements, revealing that this species suffers a 50% loss of xylem hydraulic conductance at xylem pressures averaging -3.5 MPa. Our data support the validity of estimates of xylem vulnerability to embolism based on classical hydraulic techniques. We discuss possible causes of discrepancies between data gathered in this study and those of recent independent reports on laurel hydraulics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Nardini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Tadeja Savi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Adriano Losso
- Institut für Botanik, Universität Innsbruck, Sternwarterstrasse 15, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Giai Petit
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-forestali, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Serena Pacilè
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria e Architettura, Università di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Area Science Park, 34149, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuliana Tromba
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Area Science Park, 34149, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefan Mayr
- Institut für Botanik, Universität Innsbruck, Sternwarterstrasse 15, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Patrizia Trifilò
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali, Università di Messina, Salita F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria A Lo Gullo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali, Università di Messina, Salita F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Salleo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127, Trieste, Italy
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Généreux M, Petit G, Maltais D, Roy M. The public health response during and after the Lac-Mégantic train derailment disaster. Eur J Public Health 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckw164.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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33
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Genereux M, Maltais D, Roy M, Petit G. Two years after the train derailment: Lac-Megantic (Quebec, Canada) residents are still suffering. Eur J Public Health 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckw170.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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34
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Petit G, Savi T, Consolini M, Anfodillo T, Nardini A. Interplay of growth rate and xylem plasticity for optimal coordination of carbon and hydraulic economies in Fraxinus ornus trees. Tree Physiol 2016; 36:1310-1319. [PMID: 27587483 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Efficient leaf water supply is fundamental for assimilation processes and tree growth. Renovating the architecture of the xylem transport system requires an increasing carbon investment while growing taller, and any deficiency of carbon availability may result in increasing hydraulic constraints to water flow. Therefore, plants need to coordinate carbon assimilation and biomass allocation to guarantee an efficient and safe long-distance transport system. We tested the hypothesis that reduced branch elongation rates together with carbon-saving adjustments of xylem anatomy hydraulically compensate for the reduction in biomass allocation to xylem. We measured leaf biomass, hydraulic and anatomical properties of wood segments along the main axis of branches in 10 slow growing (SG) and 10 fast growing (FG) Fraxinus ornus L. trees. Branches of SG trees had five times slower branch elongation rate (7 vs 35 cm year-1), and produced a higher leaf biomass (P < 0.0001) and thinner xylem rings with fewer but larger vessels (P < 0.0001). On the contrary, we found no differences between SG and FG trees in terms of leaf-specific conductivity (P > 0.05) and xylem safety (Ψ50 ≈ -3.2 MPa). Slower elongation rate coupled with thinner annual rings and larger vessels allows the reduction of carbon costs associated with growth, while maintaining similar leaf-specific conductivity and xylem safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giai Petit
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, I-35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Tadeja Savi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Martina Consolini
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, I-35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Tommaso Anfodillo
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, I-35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Andrea Nardini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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Hachemi M, Petit G, Arnould H, Cattenoz M. Abstract PR370. Anesth Analg 2016. [DOI: 10.1213/01.ane.0000492764.83741.4a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Bain O, Petit G, Chabaud AG. Une nouvelle Filaire,Cercopithifilaria roussilhonin. sp., parasite de l’Athérure au Gabon, transmise par tiques ; hypothèse sur l’évolution du genre. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1051/parasite/198661181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Bain O, Vuong Ngoc P, Petit G, Prod’Hon J, Ranque P, Chabaud AG. Different localization of microfilariae ofO. volvulusin the savanna and in the forest ; potential clinical implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1051/parasite/1986611125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Petit G, Landau I, Baccam D, Lainson R. Description et cycle biologique d'Hemolivia stellatan. g., n. sp., hémogrégarine de crapauds brésiliens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1051/parasite/1990651003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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41
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Maréchal P, Cabaret J, Petit G, Diagne M, Gasnier N, Bain O. Isoenzymatic diagnosis ofLitomosoides galizaiandLitomosoides sigmodontis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1051/parasite/199368161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Anfodillo T, Petit G, Sterck F, Lechthaler S, Olson ME. Allometric Trajectories and "Stress": A Quantitative Approach. Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:1681. [PMID: 27881990 PMCID: PMC5101416 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The term "stress" is an important but vague term in plant biology. We show situations in which thinking in terms of "stress" is profitably replaced by quantifying distance from functionally optimal scaling relationships between plant parts. These relationships include, for example, the often-cited one between leaf area and sapwood area, which presumably reflects mutual dependence between sources and sink tissues and which scales positively within individuals and across species. These relationships seem to be so basic to plant functioning that they are favored by selection across nearly all plant lineages. Within a species or population, individuals that are far from the common scaling patterns are thus expected to perform negatively. For instance, "too little" leaf area (e.g., due to herbivory or disease) per unit of active stem mass would be expected to incur to low carbon income per respiratory cost and thus lead to lower growth. We present a framework that allows quantitative study of phenomena traditionally assigned to "stress," without need for recourse to this term. Our approach contrasts with traditional approaches for studying "stress," e.g., revealing that small "stressed" plants likely are in fact well suited to local conditions. We thus offer a quantitative perspective to the study of phenomena often referred to under such terms as "stress," plasticity, adaptation, and acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Anfodillo
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università degli Studi di PadovaLegnaro, Italy
| | - Giai Petit
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università degli Studi di PadovaLegnaro, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giai Petit,
| | - Frank Sterck
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Silvia Lechthaler
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università degli Studi di PadovaLegnaro, Italy
| | - Mark E. Olson
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de MexicoMéxico, México
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Lintunen A, Paljakka T, Jyske T, Peltoniemi M, Sterck F, von Arx G, Cochard H, Copini P, Caldeira MC, Delzon S, Gebauer R, Grönlund L, Kiorapostolou N, Lechthaler S, Lobo-do-Vale R, Peters RL, Petit G, Prendin AL, Salmon Y, Steppe K, Urban J, Roig Juan S, Robert EMR, Hölttä T. Osmolality and Non-Structural Carbohydrate Composition in the Secondary Phloem of Trees across a Latitudinal Gradient in Europe. Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:726. [PMID: 27313582 PMCID: PMC4887491 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phloem osmolality and its components are involved in basic cell metabolism, cell growth, and in various physiological processes including the ability of living cells to withstand drought and frost. Osmolality and sugar composition responses to environmental stresses have been extensively studied for leaves, but less for the secondary phloem of plant stems and branches. Leaf osmotic concentration and the share of pinitol and raffinose among soluble sugars increase with increasing drought or cold stress, and osmotic concentration is adjusted with osmoregulation. We hypothesize that similar responses occur in the secondary phloem of branches. We collected living bark samples from branches of adult Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies, Betula pendula and Populus tremula trees across Europe, from boreal Northern Finland to Mediterranean Portugal. In all studied species, the observed variation in phloem osmolality was mainly driven by variation in phloem water content, while tissue solute content was rather constant across regions. Osmoregulation, in which osmolality is controlled by variable tissue solute content, was stronger for Betula and Populus in comparison to the evergreen conifers. Osmolality was lowest in mid-latitude region, and from there increased by 37% toward northern Europe and 38% toward southern Europe due to low phloem water content in these regions. The ratio of raffinose to all soluble sugars was negligible at mid-latitudes and increased toward north and south, reflecting its role in cold and drought tolerance. For pinitol, another sugar known for contributing to stress tolerance, no such latitudinal pattern was observed. The proportion of sucrose was remarkably low and that of hexoses (i.e., glucose and fructose) high at mid-latitudes. The ratio of starch to all non-structural carbohydrates increased toward the northern latitudes in agreement with the build-up of osmotically inactive C reservoir that can be converted into soluble sugars during winter acclimation in these cold regions. Present results for the secondary phloem of trees suggest that adjustment with tissue water content plays an important role in osmolality dynamics. Furthermore, trees acclimated to dry and cold climate showed high phloem osmolality and raffinose proportion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lintunen
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
- *Correspondence: Anna Lintunen
| | - Teemu Paljakka
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
| | - Tuula Jyske
- Natural Resources Institute FinlandVantaa, Finland
| | | | - Frank Sterck
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Georg von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Hervé Cochard
- INRA, UMR 547 PIAF, Université Clermont AuvergneClermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Paul Copini
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
- Alterra, Wageningen University and Research CentreWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Maria C. Caldeira
- Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of LisbonLisbon, Portugal
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- INRA, University of Bordeaux, UMR BIOGECOTalence, France
| | - Roman Gebauer
- Department of Forest, Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocenology, Mendel University in BrnoBrno, Czech Republic
| | - Leila Grönlund
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
| | - Natasa Kiorapostolou
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Silvia Lechthaler
- Department Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Legnaro (PD), Università degli Studi di PadovaPadova, Italy
| | - Raquel Lobo-do-Vale
- Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of LisbonLisbon, Portugal
| | - Richard L. Peters
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Giai Petit
- Department Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Legnaro (PD), Università degli Studi di PadovaPadova, Italy
| | - Angela L. Prendin
- Department Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Legnaro (PD), Università degli Studi di PadovaPadova, Italy
| | - Yann Salmon
- Department of Physics, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Ghent UniversityGent, Belgium
| | - Josef Urban
- Department of Forest, Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocenology, Mendel University in BrnoBrno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Elisabeth M. R. Robert
- Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF)Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Laboratory of Plant Biology and Nature Management (APNA), Vrije Universiteit BrusselBrussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Wood Biology and Xylarium, Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA)Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Teemu Hölttä
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
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Castagneri D, Petit G, Carrer M. Divergent climate response on hydraulic-related xylem anatomical traits of Picea abies along a 900-m altitudinal gradient. Tree Physiol 2015; 35:1378-87. [PMID: 26377871 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Climate change can induce substantial modifications in xylem structure and water transport capacity of trees exposed to environmental constraints. To elucidate mechanisms of xylem plasticity in response to climate, we retrospectively analysed different cell anatomical parameters over tree-ring series in Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.). We sampled 24 trees along an altitudinal gradient (1200, 1600 and 2100 m above sea level, a.s.l.) and processed 2335 ± 1809 cells per ring. Time series for median cell lumen area (MCA), cell number (CN), tree-ring width (RW) and tree-ring-specific hydraulic conductivity (Kr) were crossed with daily temperature and precipitation records (1926-2011) to identify climate influence on xylem anatomical traits. Higher Kr at the low elevation site was due to higher MCA and CN. These variables were related to different aspects of intra-seasonal climatic variability under different environmental conditions, with MCA being more sensitive to summer precipitation. Winter precipitation (snow) benefited most parameters in all the sites. Descending the gradient, sensitivity of xylem features to summer climate shifted mostly from temperature to precipitation. In the context of climate change, our results indicate that higher summer temperatures at high elevations will benefit cell production and xylem hydraulic efficiency, whereas reduced water availability at lower elevations could negatively affect tracheids enlargement and thus stem capacity to transport water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Castagneri
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Dept Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Viale dell'Università 16, I-35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Giai Petit
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Dept Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Viale dell'Università 16, I-35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Marco Carrer
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Dept Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Viale dell'Università 16, I-35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
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Schröder E, Petit G, Kornreich C, Verbanck P, Campanella S. SY19-3THE USE OF P300 AND NOGO-P300 EVENT-RELATED POTENTIALS AS BIOLOGICAL MARKERS OF RELAPSE IN ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE. Alcohol Alcohol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agv076.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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46
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Carrer M, von Arx G, Castagneri D, Petit G. Distilling allometric and environmental information from time series of conduit size: the standardization issue and its relationship to tree hydraulic architecture. Tree Physiol 2015; 35:27-33. [PMID: 25576756 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpu108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Trees are among the best natural archives of past environmental information. Xylem anatomy preserves information related to tree allometry and ecophysiological performance, which is not available from the more customary ring-width or wood-density proxy parameters. Recent technological advances make tree-ring anatomy very attractive because time frames of many centuries can now be covered. This calls for the proper treatment of time series of xylem anatomical attributes. In this article, we synthesize current knowledge on the biophysical and physiological mechanisms influencing the short- to long-term variation in the most widely used wood-anatomical feature, namely conduit size. We also clarify the strong mechanistic link between conduit-lumen size, tree hydraulic architecture and height growth. Among the key consequences of these biophysical constraints is the pervasive, increasing trend of conduit size during ontogeny. Such knowledge is required to process time series of anatomical parameters correctly in order to obtain the information of interest. An appropriate standardization procedure is fundamental when analysing long tree-ring-related chronologies. When dealing with wood-anatomical parameters, this is even more critical. Only an interdisciplinary approach involving ecophysiology, wood anatomy and dendrochronology will help to distill the valuable information about tree height growth and past environmental variability correctly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Carrer
- Università degli Studi di Padova-Dip. TeSAF, Agripolis, I-35020 Legnaro (PD), Padova, Italy
| | - Georg von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Daniele Castagneri
- Università degli Studi di Padova-Dip. TeSAF, Agripolis, I-35020 Legnaro (PD), Padova, Italy
| | - Giai Petit
- Università degli Studi di Padova-Dip. TeSAF, Agripolis, I-35020 Legnaro (PD), Padova, Italy
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Maréchal P, Petit G, Diagne M, Taylor D, Bain O. Use of theLitomosoides sigmodontis- Mouse model in development of anOnchocercavaccine. II -L. sigmodontisin the balb/c mouse: vaccination experiments; preliminary immunological studies. Parasite 2014. [DOI: 10.1051/parasite/199401s1031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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48
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Olson ME, Anfodillo T, Rosell JA, Petit G, Crivellaro A, Isnard S, León-Gómez C, Alvarado-Cárdenas LO, Castorena M. Universal hydraulics of the flowering plants: vessel diameter scales with stem length across angiosperm lineages, habits and climates. Ecol Lett 2014; 17:988-97. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark E. Olson
- Instituto de Biología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Tercer Circuito s/n de CU México DF 04510 Mexico
| | - Tommaso Anfodillo
- Department Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali; University of Padova; Viale dell'Università 16 35020 Legnaro (PD) Italy
| | - Julieta A. Rosell
- Instituto de Ecología; Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico; Tercer Circuito s/n de CU; Mexico, DF 04510 Mexico
| | - Giai Petit
- Department Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali; University of Padova; Viale dell'Università 16 35020 Legnaro (PD) Italy
| | - Alan Crivellaro
- Department Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali; University of Padova; Viale dell'Università 16 35020 Legnaro (PD) Italy
| | - Sandrine Isnard
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) - UMR AMAP; Laboratoire de botanique et d'écologie végétale appliquées; Centre IRD de Nouméa; B.P. A5 98800 Nouméa Nouvelle-Calédonie
| | - Calixto León-Gómez
- Instituto de Biología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Tercer Circuito s/n de CU México DF 04510 Mexico
| | | | - Matiss Castorena
- Instituto de Biología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Tercer Circuito s/n de CU México DF 04510 Mexico
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Abstract
Dicotyledons have evolved a strategy to compensate for the increase in hydraulic resistance to water transport with height growth by widening xylem conduits downwards. In monocots, the accumulation of hydraulic resistance with height should be similar, but the absence of secondary growth represents a strong limitation for the maintenance of xylem hydraulic efficiency during ontogeny. The hydraulic architecture of monocots has been studied but it is unclear how monocots arrange their axial vascular structure during ontogeny to compensate for increases in height. We measured the vessel lumina and estimated the hydraulic diameter (Dh) at different heights along the stem of two arborescent monocots, Bactris gasipaes (Kunth) and Guadua angustifolia (Kunth). For the former, we also estimated the variation in Dh along the leaf rachis. Hydraulic diameter increased basally from the stem apex to the base with a scaling exponent (b) in the range of those reported for dicot trees (b = 0.22 in B. gasipaes; b = 0.31 and 0.23 in G. angustifolia). In B. gasipaes, vessels decrease in Dh from the stem's centre towards the periphery, an opposite pattern compared with dicot trees. Along the leaf rachis, a pattern of increasing Dh basally was also found (b = 0.13). The hydraulic design of the monocots studied revealed an axial pattern of xylem conduits similar to those evolved by dicots to compensate and minimize the negative effect of root-to-leaf length on hydrodynamic resistance to water flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giai Petit
- Department TeSAF, Forest Ecology Research Unit, University of Padova, Viale dell'Universita, 16-35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
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50
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Petit G, Kornreich C, Noel X, Verbanck P, Campanella S, Choi J, Park SM, Park CB, Gwak AR, Hwang JY, Lee JY, Jung HY, Maurage P, Noel X, Joassin F, Philippot P, Hanak C, Verbank P, Luminet O, de Timary P, Campanella S, Grynberg D, Maurage P, Noel X, Joassin F, Hanak C, Verbank P, Luminet O, de Timary P, Campanella S, Philippot P, Grynberg D, Nyssen L, Quertemont E, Noel X, Doallo S, Gomez-Suarez A, Malkowska A, Topolewska-Wochowska A, Bamburowicz-Klimkowska M, Matsumoto H, Szutowski M, Wojnar M, Corral M, Mateos P, Porras C, Garcia-Moreno LM, Cadaveira F, Rubio G, Libman-Sokolowska M, Matsumoto H, Sygitowicz G, Filipek A, Piwowarska J, Dziklinska A, Radziwon-Zaleska M, Ryszewska-Pokrasniewicz B, Skalski M, Naruszewicz M, Biecek P, Tyce M, Zwierzchowska K, Nasierowski T, Sitkiewicz D, Wojnar M, Kalk N, Cherian R, Naveed M, Newson M, Cavanagh J, Rabiner E, Dar K, McInnes I, Lingford-Hughes A, Neumann A, Vande Weghe N, Philippot P, Luminet O, de Timary P, Vilenne A, Kreusch F, Quertemont E, Brkic S, Soderpalm B, Soderpalm-Gordh A, Oswald L, Wand G, Kuwabara H, Wong D, Brown C, Hutchison KE, Karoly H, Bryan AD, Thayer R, Weiland B, Harlaar N, Bryan AD, Thayer R, Weiland B, Montanaro E, Hutchison K, Lason W, Walecki P, Gorzelanczyk EJ, Walecki P, Gorzelanczyk EJ, Feit J, Pasgreta K, Lason W, Ziolkowski M. PSYCHOLOGY AND MARKERS. Alcohol Alcohol 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agt117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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