Midterm Development of Ultrasound-unstable Hip Joints After Overhead Traction and Treatment With Tübingen Splint and Fettweis Plaster: A Radiologic Follow-up Analysis Over 5.5 Years

PURPOSE

The aim of this study was to determine the success rate for treatment of ultrasound unstable hips (type D, III and IV) with Fettweis plaster in terms of a midterm follow-up from the very beginning in the neonatal period until the age of 4 to 8 years.

METHODS

In total, 69 unstable hips, which were successfully treated with Fettweis plaster and after with a flexion-abduction splint, were included into the study. Hip delvelopment was followed by determining the acetabular index (ACI) on routine pelvic radiographs at the age of 12 to ≤24, 24 to ≤48 and 48 to ≤96 months and the center edge angle on the latter, and classifying both angles according to Tönnis.

RESULTS

After initially successful treatment, the first radiograph at the age of 12 to ≤24 months showed 39.1% (n=27) hips with normal findings, 33.2% (n=23) hips with slightly dysplastic findings, and 27.5% (n=19) hips with severe dysplastic findings. Comparison between first and second radiograph showed improvement of the ACI in 9/69 hips and between the second and third time point in 20/69 hips. Overall, 20 hip joints showed deteriorations. Hereby, 16 deteriorations took place after the first radiograph and 4 after the second radiograph. Deteriorations were observed independently of the initial hip type (D, III, and IV).

CONCLUSIONS

Midterm results indicate that radiologic controls should be provided to detect deteriorations after finishing treatment. ACI and center edge angle are helpful parameters in the assessment of hip joint development in the age range of 4 to 8 years.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level III.

Search for Gamma-Ray Spectral Lines from Dark Matter Annihilation up to 100 TeV toward the Galactic Center with MAGIC

Linelike features in TeV γ rays constitute a "smoking gun" for TeV-scale particle dark matter and new physics. Probing the Galactic Center region with ground-based Cherenkov telescopes enables the search for TeV spectral features in immediate association with a dense dark matter reservoir at a sensitivity out of reach for satellite γ-ray detectors, and direct detection and collider experiments. We report on 223 hours of observations of the Galactic Center region with the MAGIC stereoscopic telescope system reaching γ-ray energies up to 100 TeV. We improved the sensitivity to spectral lines at high energies using large-zenith-angle observations and a novel background modeling method within a maximum-likelihood analysis in the energy domain. No linelike spectral feature is found in our analysis. Therefore, we constrain the cross section for dark matter annihilation into two photons to ⟨σv⟩≲5×10^{-28}  cm^{3} s^{-1} at 1 TeV and ⟨σv⟩≲1×10^{-25}  cm^{3} s^{-1} at 100 TeV, achieving the best limits to date for a dark matter mass above 20 TeV and a cuspy dark matter profile at the Galactic Center. Finally, we use the derived limits for both cuspy and cored dark matter profiles to constrain supersymmetric wino models.

Rifampicin has - Compared to clindamycin - A dose and time dependent effect on hMSCs during osteogenic differentiation in vitro

Background

The effects of rifampicin and clindamycin on human mesenchymal stromal cell (hMSC) were examined.

Methods

hMSC were cultured with rifampicin and clindamycin (0.5 μg/ml, 5 μg/ml, 50 μg/ml) and examinations of proliferation (Bromodeoxyuridine), calcification (Alizarin red) and mineralization (alkaline phosphatase) were performed after 7th, 14th and 21st days.

Results

With rifampicin (50 μg/ml) cultured hMSC showed a significant negative effect during proliferation, mineralization (7, 14 and 21 days) and calcification (21 days). Clindamycin seems to have no effect.

Conclusions

Rifampicin in a dosage of 50 μg/ml showed a negative impact on proliferation, mineralization and calcification of hMSC after 21 days.

The acromiohumeral distance in the MRI should not be used as a decision criterion to assess subacromial space width in shoulders with an intact rotator cuff

PURPOSE

The acromiohumeral distance is in practice often evaluated on MRI by radiologists and a reduction diagnosed as subacromial impingement. However, the acromiohumeral distance as indicator for a decentered glenohumeral joint is defined on a true AP radiograph with the patient standing or sitting. The present study therefore evaluated the influence of the patient position by comparing the acromiohumeral distance in both modalities in shoulders with an intact rotator cuff.

METHODS

On MRI images and true AP radiographs of patients > 20 and < 80 years with an intact rotator cuff the acromiohumeral distance was measured. The maximum cranio-caudal size of the glenoid was measured as a reference to allow a direct comparison of both modalities.

RESULTS

Two-hundred and thirty-four shoulders (mean patients age 45.8 ± 14.3 years) were included. The mean acromiohumeral distance/glenoid size ratio of all shoulders was significantly larger (P < 0.0001) on the MRI with 4.6 ± 1.0 in comparison to 4.1 ± 0.9 in the radiographs indicating a smaller acromiohumeral distance on the MRI. In absolute values, a mean acromiohumeral distance of 9.2 mm ± 1.8 on MRI in comparison to 10.4 mm ± 2.4 on the radiographs was calculated. Herewith, the acromiohumeral distance in the MRI was in the average 1.2 mm ± 2.1 (13%) smaller than the in corresponding radiographs (P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSION

The acromiohumeral distance is significantly smaller in the MRI in comparison to AP radiographs in shoulders with an intact rotator cuff and should not be used as a decision criterion on MRI to assess glenohumeral centering or subacromial space width.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

IV.

Treatment of unstable hips with the Tübingen splint in early postnatal period: radiological mid-term results of 75 hips with mean follow-up of 5.5 years

PURPOSE

For treatment of unstable hips, the Tübingen splint is a treatment option. After the initial treatment, regular radiological follow-up examinations are recommended but there is a lack of long-term outcome studies. Therefore, the further development of unstable hips treated with the Tübingen splint were evaluated.

METHODS

From 2004 to 2015 116 patients with 161 unstable hips treated with the Tübingen splint were evaluated. Inclusion criteria were: 1) successfully treated unstable hip (type D, III and IV); 2) pelvic radiographs at the age of one to ≤ two, two to ≤ four and four to ≤ eight years. The acetabular index (ACI) of all and the centre-edge angle (CEA) of the third radiograph were measured and classified according to the Tönnis classification.

RESULTS

A total of 53 patients with 75 unstable hips (type D 34 (45.3%), III 33 (44.0%), IV 8 (10.7%)) were included. In comparison of the first, second and third radiograph, an increase of normal findings was seen in 31 (41.3%) to 53 (70.7%) and 60 (80.0%) hips, respectively. However, a decrease of slightly dysplastic hips from 31 (41.3%) to 19 (25.3%) and 14 (18.7%) respectively and severely dysplastic hips from 13 (17.3%) to three (4.0%) and one (1.3%) hip respectively was detected. In comparison of first to second radiograph, 32 hips improved and five hips deteriorated and of second to third radiograph 16 hips improved and six hips deteriorated. The Tönnis classification of ACI compared with CEA showed no significant differences (p = 0.442).

CONCLUSION

This study shows a good development of unstable hips treated with the Tübingen splint with mean follow-up 5.5 years. Nevertheless, unexpected deteriorations could be identified. The CEA is an alternative to the ACI.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

IV.

Bounds on Lorentz Invariance Violation from MAGIC Observation of GRB 190114C

On January 14, 2019, the Major Atmospheric Gamma Imaging Cherenkov telescopes detected GRB 190114C above 0.2 TeV, recording the most energetic photons ever observed from a gamma-ray burst. We use this unique observation to probe an energy dependence of the speed of light in vacuo for photons as predicted by several quantum gravity models. Based on a set of assumptions on the possible intrinsic spectral and temporal evolution, we obtain competitive lower limits on the quadratic leading order of speed of light modification.

Histologic examination of the shoulder capsule shows new layer of elastic fibres between synovial and fibrous membrane

Purpose

In the present study, a systematic histological analysis of the glenohumeral joint capsule was conducted.

Materials and methods

12 cadaveric shoulders were examined. Inclusion criteria were: 1) intact joint capsule and 2) fixation in neutral position. The tissue samples were Elastica Hematoxylin-van-Gieson-(ElHvG) stained and diameter, quantity, and distribution patterns were analyzed.

Results

We detected a new layer (elastic boundary layer, EBL) between the synovial and fibrous membrane. The elastic fibres of the EBL differ considerably in diameter, quantity, and distribution pattern.

Conclusions

A previously undescribed layer was noticed, which we named elastic boundary layer for now.

Lumbar lordosis as tool to assess the level of pain in patients with low back pain after lumbar disc herniation

Background

It is presently unknown if lumbar lordosis (LL) might be applied to monitor low back pain (LBP) in patients with lumbar disc herniation (LDH). There is presently only conflicting data that does not show a correlation of LL with LBP: Previous studies do either include chronic LBP or do not consider that each patient has an individual value of LL that cannot be compared to other patients.

Methods

Power analysis: At least 32 patients had to be enrolled in the study. Out of 84 consecutive patients with acute onset of pain (<6 weeks) that were treated operatively from 11/2015 to 04/2017 by microscopic laminotomy for LDH, 35 were enrolled in this retrospective within - subject analysis after exclusion of patients with chronic LBP or severe disc degeneration of the lumbar spine. We recorded self - reported assessment of pain (VAS) and LL before the operation, 1 week and 6 weeks after the operation. We performed a paired - samples t - test (within - subject) to compare means of LL at admission to our institution with LL 6 weeks after surgery. Pearson's correlation was determined for LL and VAS. Significance level was set at p < 0.05.

Results

VAS at admission to our institution was 7.1 (0.4), VAS 6 weeks after surgery was 1.0 (0.3).LL at admission to our institution was 40.0 (2.1), LL 6 weeks after surgery was 48.0 (1.8). The difference was significant (p < 0.0005) with a high statistical power (1-β = 0.99).Correlation of LL and VAS was significant (p < 0.01, r = -0.32).

Conclusions

The increase of lumbar lordosis following surgery is significantly correlated to the decrease in the level of perceived pain in patients with a LDH and may be used as an additional tool to monitor the success of treatment in the investigated group of patients.

Outcome after subtalar screw arthroereisis in children with flexible flatfoot depends on time of treatment: Midterm results of 95 cases

OBJECTIVES

The subtalar screw arthroereisis (SSA) is a treatment option for painful pediatric flexible flatfeet (PFF). Hence, the optimal time point for a SSA is discussed controversially. Therefore the present study evaluates the influence of the patient's age at surgery on the radiological outcome to provide further evidence in this matter.

METHODS

From 08/2007 to 12/2015 50 patients with 95 PFF were included. Inclusion criteria were: 1) Patients with PFF under or equal 15 years of age, 2) treatment with SSA and 3) presence of pre-op, post-op and follow up (FU) routine biplane radiographs. A subdivision was made into group A: 5-8 years, group B: 9-12 years and group C: 13-15 years. The radiographs were analyzed for: 1) calcaneal-pitch (CP), 2) lateral talocalcaneal angle (lat. TCA), 3) a.p. talocalcaneal angle (a.p. TCA, kite angle) and 4) navicular-cuboidal-index (NCI) and meary angle.

RESULTS

Our study showed the best deformity correction when surgery was conducted between 9 and 12 years of age (group B), with significant improvement in all measured parameters without secondary deterioration during FU. In group A, the SSA show inferior results with poorer long-term success with only an improvement in the a.p. TCA. Group C showed mixed results. While CP and NCI improved, the lat. TCA deteriorated in FU. In conclusion, the ideal age for surgical intervention by SSA is between 9 and 12 years. Surgery before the age of 8 years did not show long-term success and delayed treatment at the age of 13-15 was only partially successful with deterioration during FU period.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

IV.

Search for Electron Antineutrino Appearance in a Long-Baseline Muon Antineutrino Beam

Electron antineutrino appearance is measured by the T2K experiment in an accelerator-produced antineutrino beam, using additional neutrino beam operation to constrain parameters of the Pontecorvo-Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata (PMNS) mixing matrix. T2K observes 15 candidate electron antineutrino events with a background expectation of 9.3 events. Including information from the kinematic distribution of observed events, the hypothesis of no electron antineutrino appearance is disfavored with a significance of 2.40σ and no discrepancy between data and PMNS predictions is found. A complementary analysis that introduces an additional free parameter which allows non-PMNS values of electron neutrino and antineutrino appearance also finds no discrepancy between data and PMNS predictions.

Radiological outcome after treatment of juvenile flatfeet with subtalar arthroereisis: a matched pair analysis of 38 cases comparing neurogenic and non-neurogenic patients

PURPOSE

Therapy of juvenile neurogenic flatfoot (JNF) with subtalar arthroereisis (SA) is currently under critical clinical investigation. In this retrospective matched pair analysis, the radiological outcome after arthroereisis in paediatric patients with infantile cerebral palsy and JNF was compared with children with juvenile flatfeet (JF) without neurological diseases.

METHODS

From October 2007 to April 2018 80 patients with 149 flatfeet underwent surgery with SA. Inclusion criteria were: 1) JNF or JF with age at surgery ≤ 13 years; 2) treatment with SA; 3) presence of three sets of biplane radiographs (preoperative, postoperative and follow-up (FU)). The radiographs were analyzed for: 1) navicular-cuboidal-index (NCI); 2) talocalcaneal angle anteroposterior; 3) talocalcaneal angle lateral; 4) calcaneal-pitch (CP); and 5) talometatarsal-index (TMTI). Following this, 25 patients with 38 flatfeet could be included.

RESULTS

The mean age at SA of the JNF group was 9.2 years (JF group: 9.3 years) and the mean time of FU was 35.2 months (JF group: 39.4 months). In comparison with preoperatively, a significant decrease of the NCI was seen in both groups (p = ≤ 0.05 and p = ≤ 0.001) in the FU radiographs. The analysis of CP and TMTI in the JF group also resulted in a significant improvement (p = ≤ 0.001 and p = ≤ 0.05). Overall, the comparison between the JNF and JF group showed no significant differences in regard to the analyzed postoperative parameters.

CONCLUSION

Based on this data, treatment of flatfeet by SA in patient with neurological disorders shows an improvement of radiological parameters comparable with neurologically unimpaired patients and might be considered as additional treatment option.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

IV.

A Polymorphism rs6726395 in Nrf2 Contributes to the Development of Emphysema-Associated Age in Smokers Without COPD

INTRODUCTION

Several studies have reported that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the gene encoding NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) contribute to airflow limitations in smokers without COPD. Although small airway lesions and emphysema contribute cooperatively to airflow limitation, the relationship between Nrf2 SNPs and the development of emphysema in smokers without COPD is not well understood.

METHODS

Healthy subjects who underwent an annual health checkup with computed tomography (CT) of the chest at Osaka City University Hospital were prospectively recruited. The percentage of low-attenuation area (%LAA) on chest CT was quantified, and correlations between %LAA, Nrf2 SNP [rs6726395 (G/A)] genotypes, and clinical characteristics were examined.

RESULTS

A total of 245 subjects without COPD [non-/light-smoker: 153 (62.4%) and smoker: 92 (37.6%)] were enrolled. The %LAA in the upper lung field was higher than that in the lower lung field (p < 0.001). The %LAA in smokers was significantly higher than that in non-/light-smokers (p = 0.021). The %LAA showed significant but weak correlation with age in all subjects (r = 0.141, p = 0.028). Divided by genotype, the %LAA of the upper lung field was significantly correlated with age in smokers with genotype GG (wild type) (r = 0.333, p = 0.022), but was not significantly correlated with age in smokers with genotype AG/AA. These correlations were not observed in non-/light smokers.

CONCLUSION

A polymorphism rs6726395 in Nrf2 can contribute to the development of emphysema-associated aging in smokers. The Nrf2 SNP may be a predictive factor for smoking-induced emphysema, and genotyping of Nrf2 SNP may serve as biomarker for emphysema prevention.

Blood supply in the bicipital groove: A histological analysis

The vascular anatomy in the closed bicipital groove with the long head of the biceps brachii muscle tendon (LHBT), its mesotenon and the transverse ligament intact has not been analyzed on a histological level yet. An anatomic dissection and histologic study was conducted by using 24 cadaveric formaldehyde fixated shoulders. The bicipital groove including the LHBT and its intact sheath was cut en-bloc, fixated, sliced in 7 μm sections, Azan stained and the vascular anatomy analyzed under light microscopy. Each sideward branch deriving from the main ascending branches of the anterior humeral circumflex artery (ACHA) in the mesotenon of the LHBT was identified and followed through multiple sections to identify its direction and area of supply. Per specimen, a mean of 2.71±1.85 branches could be identified running through the soft tissue of the mesotenon towards the osseous walls of the groove. Of the total 65 arterial branches in all specimens, 22 (33.8%) were running into the medial wall of the groove and 40 (61.5%) into the lateral wall (P<0.01). The results indicate that branches of the ACHA in the mesotenon of the LHBT provide blood supply not only to the tendon but to the osseous bicipital groove as well and here significantly more to the lateral than to the medial osseous wall. In addition, Pacini-like mechanoreceptors could be identified in the mesotenon in 9 (37.5%) of the specimens which has not been described up to now.

Poorer radiological outcome after delayed diagnosis and treatment in human position in Fettweis plaster cast in 93 unstable hip joints type D, III and IV according to Graf

PURPOSE

In this study the course of unstable hips after successful treatment with Fettweis plaster of Paris (POP) is examined. Special focus will be given to age at beginning of treatment and initial hip type.

METHODS

The development of 93 unstable hips treated between November 2001 and April 2015 was examined. Inclusion criteria were: 1) unstable hips with successful treatment with Fettweis POP; 2) presence of two pelvic radiographs (12 to 24 months and 24 to 48 months). We analyzed: 1) the initial ultrasound hip type according to Graf; 2) the average age at first and second radiograph; 3) the Tönnis classification: normal findings (< 1 SD), slightly (1 SD to 2 SD) and severely dysplastic hips (> 2 SD).

RESULTS

In all, there were 14 hips type D, 41 hips type III and 38 hips type IV. Mean age of the first radiograph was 13.9 months and of the second 28.5 months. The first radiograph showed: (< 1 SD): 36, (1 SD to 2 SD): 34, (> 2 SD): 23 hips, the second radiograph: (< 1 SD): 33, (1 SD to 2 SD): 19, (> 2 SD): 30 hips. With subdivision at the start of treatment at age eight or fewer weeks 2/16 hips (12.5%) and with initiation of the treatment more than eight weeks 22/77 (26.0%) deteriorated. During the course between first and second radiograph a total of 35.7% of initial hip type D, 19.5% of type III and 23.7% of type IV deteriorated.

CONCLUSION

Radiograph controls after treatment with Fettweis POP show poorer outcome after delaying the start of treatment more than 8 weeks. These findings were independent of the initial ultrasound hip type. Regular radiograph controls of all hip types treated for unstable hips are justified to detect residual dysplasia.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

IV.

Search for CP Violation in Neutrino and Antineutrino Oscillations by the T2K Experiment with 2.2×10^{21} Protons on Target

The T2K experiment measures muon neutrino disappearance and electron neutrino appearance in accelerator-produced neutrino and antineutrino beams. With an exposure of 14.7(7.6)×10^{20} protons on target in the neutrino (antineutrino) mode, 89 ν_{e} candidates and seven anti-ν_{e} candidates are observed, while 67.5 and 9.0 are expected for δ_{CP}=0 and normal mass ordering. The obtained 2σ confidence interval for the CP-violating phase, δ_{CP}, does not include the CP-conserving cases (δ_{CP}=0, π). The best-fit values of other parameters are sin^{2}θ_{23}=0.526_{-0.036}^{+0.032} and Δm_{32}^{2}=2.463_{-0.070}^{+0.071}×10^{-3}  eV^{2}/c^{4}.

Use of the Tübingen splint for the initial management of severely dysplastic and unstable hips in newborns with DDH: an alternative to Fettweis plaster and Pavlik harness

AIM

Hip dysplasia is one of the most common skeletal disorders. As a late consequence 20-25% of the patients are at risk to develop secondary osteoarthritis and may require total hip replacement early in life. The treatment principles of hip dislocation are (1) concentric reposition, (2) retention, i.e., plaster in human post or Pavlik harness and (3) maturation in abduction flexion orthesis. The Tübingen splint was introduced as a further development of abduction devices for the treatment of (residual) hip dysplasia with stable hips. The advantages are easy handling, adjustment according to growth and safe limitation of abduction. The aim of this study was to determine the success of treatment of unstable hips with use of the Tübingen splint from early diagnosis until final end of therapy hence normal ultrasound findings.

METHODS

From January 2003 to August 2016 79 children with 109 sonographic unstable hips were treated with the Tübingen splint initially consequently 24 h/day. Inclusion criteria were diagnosis of type D, type III a/b or type IV hips according to Graf and beginning of treatment at an age of less or equal 6 weeks, without limitation of abduction on clinical examination.

RESULTS

At the time of diagnosis 51 type D (46.8%), 46 type III (42.2%) and 12 type IV (11.0%) hips were noticed. In 30 patients (38.0%) bilateral hip dysplasia (type D-IV) was diagnosed. 104 of 109 hips (95.4%) treated with the Tübingen splint could be transferred in a type I hip after a mean treatment period of 88.9 days (SD ± 26.0). In 5 cases (4.6%, 1 type III and 4 type IV hips) the treatment failed.

CONCLUSION

Our data show, that successful treatment of unstable hips in neonates with the Tübingen splint is a comparably successful treatment modality relative to the Pavlik harness and Fettweis plaster.

Development of the micro pixel chamber based on MEMS technology

Micro pixel chambers (μ-PIC) are gaseous two-dimensional imaging detectors originally manufactured using printed circuit board (PCB) technology. They are used in MeV gamma-ray astronomy, medicalimaging, neutron imaging, the search for dark matter, and dose monitoring. The position resolution of the present μ-PIC is approximately 120 μm (RMS), however some applications require a fine position resolution of less than 100 μm. To this end, we have started to develop a μ-PIC based on micro electro mechanical system (MEMS) technology, which provides better manufacturing accuracy than PCB technology. Our simulation predicted the gains of MEMS μ-PICs to be twice those of PCB μ-PICs at the same anode voltage. We manufactured two MEMS μ-PICs and tested them to study their behavior. In these experiments, we successfully operated the fabricatedMEMS μ-PICs and we achieved a maximum gain of approximately 7×103 and collected their energy spectra under irradiation of X-rays from 55Fe. However, the measured gains of the MEMS μ-PICs were less than half of the values predicted in the simulations. We postulated that the gains of the MEMS μ-PICs are diminished by the effect of the silicon used as a semiconducting substrate.

Note: Optimization of magnifying a polarization angle with Littrow layout blazed gratings

Magnification of a polarization angle with Littrow layout gratings has been developed. High magnification with a factor of 7.7 using two gratings in Littrow layout was experimentally proved. The magnification range was investigated by calculation at a wavelength of 10.6 μm. The method can be applied for a high magnification factor >30. Larger groove numbers and smaller blaze angles are suitable for the large magnification. Statistical fluctuation of the diffracted polarization angle is compared with that of the incident polarization angle.

Design of tangential viewing phase contrast imaging for turbulence measurements in JT-60SA

A tangential viewing phase contrast imaging system is being designed for the JT-60SA tokamak to investigate microturbulence. In order to obtain localized information on the turbulence, a spatial-filtering technique is applied, based on magnetic shearing. The tangential viewing geometry enhances the radial localization. The probing laser beam is injected tangentially and traverses the entire plasma region including both low and high field sides. The spatial resolution for an Internal Transport Barrier discharge is estimated at 30%-70% of the minor radius at k = 5 cm^-1, which is the typical expected wave number of ion scale turbulence such as ion temperature gradient/trapped electron mode.

Development of automated 3-dimensional tissue fabrication system Tissue Factory - Automated cell isolation from tissue for regenerative medicine

We have developed a new automated cell isolation system as one of the modules of automated cell sheet production system named Tissue-Factory (T-Factory). This system enables isolation of the target cells from tissue. Using this new system, we successfully isolated skeletal myoblast from skeletal muscle tissue. The cell isolation system makes us stably prepare cell suspension from each tissue automatically and safely. Isolation of skeletal myoblasts will contribute to labor-saving cell cultivation and operational stability, and lead further process in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

Measurement of the inclusive electron neutrino charged current cross section on carbon with the T2K near detector

The T2K off-axis near detector ND280 is used to make the first differential cross-section measurements of electron neutrino charged current interactions at energies ∼1  GeV as a function of electron momentum, electron scattering angle, and four-momentum transfer of the interaction. The total flux-averaged ν(e) charged current cross section on carbon is measured to be ⟨σ⟩(ϕ)=1.11±0.10(stat)±0.18(syst)×10⁻³⁸ cm²/nucleon. The differential and total cross-section measurements agree with the predictions of two leading neutrino interaction generators, NEUT and GENIE. The NEUT prediction is 1.23×10⁻³⁸ cm²/nucleon and the GENIE prediction is 1.08×10⁻³⁸ cm²/nucleon. The total ν(e) charged current cross-section result is also in agreement with data from the Gargamelle experiment.

Note: Magnification of a polarization angle with a Littrow layout brazed grating

A new method to magnify a small polarization angle with brazed gratings has been developed. In the method, difference in diffraction efficiency for S and P polarization components is used. The magnification dependence on the incident angle can be small by arranging the grating in Littrow layout. A magnification with a factor ~2.7 has been demonstrated for a 10.6 μm CO2 laser beam as expected from a calculation. The method is applicable in many polarimetry fields.

Precise measurement of the neutrino mixing parameter θ23 from muon neutrino disappearance in an off-axis beam

New data from the T2K neutrino oscillation experiment produce the most precise measurement of the neutrino mixing parameter θ23. Using an off-axis neutrino beam with a peak energy of 0.6 GeV and a data set corresponding to 6.57×10(20) protons on target, T2K has fit the energy-dependent νμ oscillation probability to determine oscillation parameters. The 68% confidence limit on sin(2)(θ23) is 0.514(-0.056)(+0.055) (0.511±0.055), assuming normal (inverted) mass hierarchy. The best-fit mass-squared splitting for normal hierarchy is Δm32(2)=(2.51±0.10)×10(-3)  eV(2)/c(4) (inverted hierarchy: Δm13(2)=(2.48±0.10)×10(-3)  eV(2)/c(4)). Adding a model of multinucleon interactions that affect neutrino energy reconstruction is found to produce only small biases in neutrino oscillation parameter extraction at current levels of statistical uncertainty.