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Thumbadoo KM, Dieriks BV, Murray HC, Swanson MEV, Yoo JH, Mehrabi NF, Turner C, Dragunow M, Faull RLM, Curtis MA, Siddique T, Shaw CE, Newell KL, Henden L, Williams KL, Nicholson GA, Scotter EL. Hippocampal aggregation signatures of pathogenic UBQLN2 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. Brain 2024:awae140. [PMID: 38703371 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awae140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic variants in the UBQLN2 gene cause X-linked dominant amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and/or frontotemporal dementia characterised by ubiquilin 2 aggregates in neurons of the motor cortex, hippocampus, and spinal cord. However, ubiquilin 2 neuropathology is also seen in sporadic and familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and/or frontotemporal dementia cases not caused by UBQLN2 pathogenic variants, particularly C9orf72-linked cases. This makes the mechanistic role of mutant ubiquilin 2 protein and the value of ubiquilin 2 pathology for predicting genotype unclear. Here we examine a cohort of 44 genotypically diverse amyotrophic lateral sclerosis cases with or without frontotemporal dementia, including eight cases with UBQLN2 variants (resulting in p.S222G, p.P497H, p.P506S, p.T487I (two cases), and p.P497L (three cases)). Using multiplexed (5-label) fluorescent immunohistochemistry, we mapped the co-localisation of ubiquilin 2 with phosphorylated TDP-43, dipeptide repeat aggregates, and p62, in the hippocampus of controls (n = 6), or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with or without frontotemporal dementia in sporadic (n = 20), unknown familial (n = 3), SOD1-linked (n = 1), FUS-linked (n = 1), C9orf72-linked (n = 5), and UBQLN2-linked (n = 8) cases. We differentiate between i) ubiquilin 2 aggregation together with phosphorylated TDP-43 or dipeptide repeat proteins, and ii) ubiquilin 2 self-aggregation promoted by UBQLN2 pathogenic variants that cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/and frontotemporal dementia. Overall, we describe a hippocampal protein aggregation signature that fully distinguishes mutant from wildtype ubiquilin 2 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with or without frontotemporal dementia, whereby mutant ubiquilin 2 is more prone than wildtype to aggregate independently of driving factors. This neuropathological signature can be used to assess the pathogenicity of UBQLN2 gene variants and to understand the mechanisms of UBQLN2-linked disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyrah M Thumbadoo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Birger V Dieriks
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Helen C Murray
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Molly E V Swanson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Ji Hun Yoo
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Nasim F Mehrabi
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Clinton Turner
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, LabPlus, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Michael Dragunow
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Richard L M Faull
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Maurice A Curtis
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Teepu Siddique
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Christopher E Shaw
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- UK Dementia Research Institute Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Kathy L Newell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Lyndal Henden
- Macquarie University Motor Neuron Disease Research Centre, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Kelly L Williams
- Macquarie University Motor Neuron Disease Research Centre, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Garth A Nicholson
- Macquarie University Motor Neuron Disease Research Centre, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) Research Institute, Concord, New South Wales 2139, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, New South Wales 2139, Australia
| | - Emma L Scotter
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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Nementzik LR, Thumbadoo KM, Murray HC, Gordon D, Yang S, Blair IP, Turner C, Faull RLM, Curtis MA, McLean C, Nicholson GA, Swanson MEV, Scotter EL. Distribution of ubiquilin 2 and TDP-43 aggregates throughout the CNS in UBQLN2 p.T487I-linked amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. Brain Pathol 2024; 34:e13230. [PMID: 38115557 PMCID: PMC11007053 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the UBQLN2 gene cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). The neuropathology of such UBQLN2-linked cases of ALS/FTD is characterised by aggregates of the ubiquilin 2 protein in addition to aggregates of the transactive response DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43). ALS and FTD without UBQLN2 mutations are also characterised by TDP-43 aggregates, that may or may not colocalise with wildtype ubiquilin 2. Despite this, the relative contributions of TDP-43 and ubiquilin 2 to disease pathogenesis remain largely under-characterised, as does their relative deposition as aggregates across the central nervous system (CNS). Here we conducted multiplex immunohistochemistry of three UBQLN2 p.T487I-linked ALS/FTD cases, three non-UBQLN2-linked (sporadic) ALS cases, and 8 non-neurodegenerative disease controls, covering 40 CNS regions. We then quantified ubiquilin 2 aggregates, TDP-43 aggregates and aggregates containing both proteins in regions of interest to determine how UBQLN2-linked and non-UBQLN2-linked proteinopathy differ. We find that ubiquilin 2 aggregates that are negative for TDP-43 are predominantly small and punctate and are abundant in the hippocampal formation, spinal cord, all tested regions of neocortex, medulla and substantia nigra in UBQLN2-linked ALS/FTD but not sporadic ALS. Curiously, the striatum harboured small punctate ubiquilin 2 aggregates in all cases examined, while large diffuse striatal ubiquilin 2 aggregates were specific to UBQLN2-linked ALS/FTD. Overall, ubiquilin 2 is mainly deposited in clinically unaffected regions throughout the CNS such that symptomology in UBQLN2-linked cases maps best to the aggregation of TDP-43.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R. Nementzik
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
- Centre for Brain ResearchUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Kyrah M. Thumbadoo
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
- Centre for Brain ResearchUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Helen C. Murray
- Centre for Brain ResearchUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
- Department of Anatomy and Medical ImagingUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - David Gordon
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
- Centre for Brain ResearchUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Shu Yang
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health, and Human SciencesMacquarie UniversityNorth RydeNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Ian P. Blair
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health, and Human SciencesMacquarie UniversityNorth RydeNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Clinton Turner
- Centre for Brain ResearchUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
- Department of Anatomy and Medical ImagingUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, LabPlusAuckland City HospitalAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Richard L. M. Faull
- Centre for Brain ResearchUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
- Department of Anatomy and Medical ImagingUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Maurice A. Curtis
- Centre for Brain ResearchUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
- Department of Anatomy and Medical ImagingUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Catriona McLean
- Department of Anatomical PathologyAlfred HealthMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Garth A. Nicholson
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health, and Human SciencesMacquarie UniversityNorth RydeNew South WalesAustralia
- Northcott Neuroscience LaboratoryANZAC Research InstituteSydneyAustralia
- Molecular Medicine LaboratoryConcord Repatriation General HospitalSydneyAustralia
| | - Molly E. V. Swanson
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
- Centre for Brain ResearchUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Emma L. Scotter
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
- Centre for Brain ResearchUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
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Wiseman JA, Murray HC, Faull RLMF, Dragunow M, Turner CP, Dieriks BV, Curtis MA. Aggregate-prone brain regions in Parkinson's disease are rich in unique N-terminus α-synuclein conformers with high proteolysis susceptibility. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2024; 10:1. [PMID: 38167744 PMCID: PMC10762179 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00614-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease (PD), and other α-synucleinopathies, α-synuclein (α-Syn) aggregates form a myriad of conformational and truncational variants. Most antibodies used to detect and quantify α-Syn in the human brain target epitopes within the C-terminus (residues 96-140) of the 140 amino acid protein and may fail to capture the diversity of α-Syn variants present in PD. We sought to investigate the heterogeneity of α-Syn conformations and aggregation states in the PD human brain by labelling with multiple antibodies that detect epitopes along the entire length of α-Syn. We used multiplex immunohistochemistry to simultaneously immunolabel tissue sections with antibodies mapping the three structural domains of α-Syn. Discrete epitope-specific immunoreactivities were visualised and quantified in the olfactory bulb, medulla, substantia nigra, hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, middle temporal gyrus, and middle frontal gyrus of ten PD cases, and the middle temporal gyrus of 23 PD, and 24 neurologically normal cases. Distinct Lewy neurite and Lewy body aggregate morphologies were detected across all interrogated regions/cases. Lewy neurites were the most prominent in the olfactory bulb and hippocampus, while the substantia nigra, medulla and cortical regions showed a mixture of Lewy neurites and Lewy bodies. Importantly, unique N-terminus immunoreactivity revealed previously uncharacterised populations of (1) perinuclear, (2) glial (microglial and astrocytic), and (3) neuronal lysosomal α-Syn aggregates. These epitope-specific N-terminus immunoreactive aggregate populations were susceptible to proteolysis via time-dependent proteinase K digestion, suggesting a less stable oligomeric aggregation state. Our identification of unique N-terminus immunoreactive α-Syn aggregates adds to the emerging paradigm that α-Syn pathology is more abundant and complex in human brains with PD than previously realised. Our findings highlight that labelling multiple regions of the α-Syn protein is necessary to investigate the full spectrum of α-Syn pathology and prompt further investigation into the functional role of these N-terminus polymorphs.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Wiseman
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.
| | - Helen C Murray
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Richard L M F Faull
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Michael Dragunow
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Clinton P Turner
- LabPlus, Department of Anatomical Pathology, Te Whatu Ora, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Birger Victor Dieriks
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Maurice A Curtis
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.
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Cao Y, Bolam SM, Boss AL, Murray HC, Munro JT, Poulsen RC, Dalbeth N, Brooks AES, Matthews BG. Characterization of adult human skeletal cells in different tissues reveals a CD90 +CD34 + periosteal stem/progenitor population. Bone 2024; 178:116926. [PMID: 37793499 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2023.116926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
The periosteum plays a crucial role in bone healing and is an important source of skeletal stem and progenitor cells. Recent studies in mice indicate that diverse populations of skeletal progenitors contribute to growth, homeostasis and healing. Information about the in vivo identity and diversity of skeletal stem and progenitor cells in different compartments of the adult human skeleton is limited. In this study, we compared non-hematopoietic populations in matched tissues from the femoral head and neck of 21 human participants using spectral flow cytometry of freshly isolated cells. High-dimensional clustering analysis indicated significant differences in marker distribution between periosteum, articular cartilage, endosteum and bone marrow populations, and identified populations that were highly enriched or unique to specific tissues. Periosteum-enriched markers included CD90 and CD34. Articular cartilage, which has very poor regenerative potential, showed enrichment of multiple markers, including the PDPN+CD73+CD164+CD146- population previously reported to represent human skeletal stem cells. We further characterized periosteal populations by combining CD90 with other strongly expressed markers. CD90+CD34+ cells sorted directly from periosteum showed significant colony-forming unit fibroblasts (CFU-F) enrichment, rapid expansion, and consistent multi-lineage differentiation of clonal populations in vitro. In situ, CD90+CD34+ cells include a perivascular population in the outer layer of the periosteum and non-perivascular cells closer to the bone surface. CD90+ cells are also highly enriched for CFU-F in bone marrow and endosteum, but not articular cartilage. In conclusion, our study indicates considerable diversity in the non-hematopoietic cell populations in different tissue compartments within the adult human skeleton, and suggests that periosteal progenitor cells reside within the CD90+CD34+ population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Cao
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Scott M Bolam
- Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anna L Boss
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Helen C Murray
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jacob T Munro
- Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Raewyn C Poulsen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicola Dalbeth
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anna E S Brooks
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Brya G Matthews
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Ramsden CE, Zamora D, Horowitz MS, Jahanipour J, Calzada E, Li X, Keyes GS, Murray HC, Curtis MA, Faull RM, Sedlock A, Maric D. ApoER2-Dab1 disruption as the origin of pTau-associated neurodegeneration in sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:197. [PMID: 38093390 PMCID: PMC10720169 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01693-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD) specific regions, layers and neurons accumulate hyperphosphorylated Tau (pTau) and degenerate early while others remain unaffected even in advanced disease. ApoER2-Dab1 signaling suppresses Tau phosphorylation as part of a four-arm pathway that regulates lipoprotein internalization and the integrity of actin, microtubules, and synapses; however, the role of this pathway in sAD pathogenesis is not fully understood. We previously showed that multiple ApoER2-Dab1 pathway components including ApoE, Reelin, ApoER2, Dab1, pP85αTyr607, pLIMK1Thr508, pTauSer202/Thr205 and pPSD95Thr19 accumulate together within entorhinal-hippocampal terminal zones in sAD, and proposed a unifying hypothesis wherein disruption of this pathway underlies multiple aspects of sAD pathogenesis. However, it is not yet known whether ApoER2-Dab1 disruption can help explain the origin(s) and early progression of pTau pathology in sAD. In the present study, we applied in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry (IHC) to characterize ApoER2 expression and accumulation of ApoER2-Dab1 pathway components in five regions known to develop early pTau pathology in 64 rapidly autopsied cases spanning the clinicopathological spectrum of sAD. We found that (1) these selectively vulnerable neuron populations strongly express ApoER2; and (2) multiple ApoER2-Dab1 components representing all four arms of this pathway accumulate in abnormal neurons and neuritic plaques in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and sAD cases and correlate with histological progression and cognitive deficits. Multiplex-IHC revealed that Dab1, pP85αTyr607, pLIMK1Thr508, pTauSer202/Thr205 and pPSD95Thr19 accumulate together within many of the same ApoER2-expressing neurons and in the immediate vicinity of ApoE/ApoJ-enriched extracellular plaques. Collective findings reveal that pTau is only one of many ApoER2-Dab1 pathway components that accumulate in multiple neuroanatomical sites in the earliest stages of sAD and provide support for the concept that ApoER2-Dab1 disruption drives pTau-associated neurodegeneration in human sAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Ramsden
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH (NIA/NIH), 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
- Intramural Program of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Daisy Zamora
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH (NIA/NIH), 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Mark S Horowitz
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH (NIA/NIH), 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Jahandar Jahanipour
- Flow and Imaging Cytometry Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Elizabeth Calzada
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH (NIA/NIH), 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Xiufeng Li
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH (NIA/NIH), 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Gregory S Keyes
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH (NIA/NIH), 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Helen C Murray
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, 92019, New Zealand
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Maurice A Curtis
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, 92019, New Zealand
| | - Richard M Faull
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, 92019, New Zealand
| | - Andrea Sedlock
- Flow and Imaging Cytometry Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Dragan Maric
- Flow and Imaging Cytometry Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Ramsden CE, Zamora D, Horowitz M, Jahanipour J, Keyes G, Li X, Murray HC, Curtis MA, Faull RM, Sedlock A, Maric D. ApoER2-Dab1 disruption as the origin of pTau-related neurodegeneration in sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Res Sq 2023:rs.3.rs-2968020. [PMID: 37461602 PMCID: PMC10350181 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2968020/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD) is not a global brain disease. Specific regions, layers and neurons degenerate early while others remain untouched even in advanced disease. The prevailing model used to explain this selective neurodegeneration-prion-like Tau spread-has key limitations and is not easily integrated with other defining sAD features. Instead, we propose that in humans Tau hyperphosphorylation occurs locally via disruption in ApoER2-Dab1 signaling and thus the presence of ApoER2 in neuronal membranes confers vulnerability to degeneration. Further, we propose that disruption of the Reelin/ApoE/ApoJ-ApoER2-Dab1-P85α-LIMK1-Tau-PSD95 (RAAAD-P-LTP) pathway induces deficits in memory and cognition by impeding neuronal lipoprotein internalization and destabilizing actin, microtubules, and synapses. This new model is based in part on our recent finding that ApoER2-Dab1 disruption is evident in entorhinal-hippocampal terminal zones in sAD. Here, we hypothesized that neurons that degenerate in the earliest stages of sAD (1) strongly express ApoER2 and (2) show evidence of ApoER2-Dab1 disruption through co-accumulation of multiple RAAAD-P-LTP components. METHODS We applied in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry to characterize ApoER2 expression and accumulation of RAAAD-P-LTP components in five regions that are prone to early pTau pathology in 64 rapidly autopsied cases spanning the clinicopathological spectrum of sAD. RESULTS We found that: (1) selectively vulnerable neuron populations strongly express ApoER2; (2) numerous RAAAD-P-LTP pathway components accumulate in neuritic plaques and abnormal neurons; and (3) RAAAD-P-LTP components were higher in MCI and sAD cases and correlated with histological progression and cognitive deficits. Multiplex-IHC revealed that Dab1, pP85αTyr607, pLIMK1Thr508, pTau and pPSD95Thr19 accumulated together within dystrophic dendrites and soma of ApoER2-expressing neurons in the vicinity of ApoE/ApoJ-enriched extracellular plaques. These observations provide evidence for molecular derangements that can be traced back to ApoER2-Dab1 disruption, in each of the sampled regions, layers, and neuron populations that are prone to early pTau pathology. CONCLUSION Findings support the RAAAD-P-LTP hypothesis, a unifying model that implicates dendritic ApoER2-Dab1 disruption as the major driver of both pTau accumulation and neurodegeneration in sAD. This model provides a new conceptual framework to explain why specific neurons degenerate and identifies RAAAD-P-LTP pathway components as potential mechanism-based biomarkers and therapeutic targets for sAD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daisy Zamora
- National Institute on Aging Laboratory of Clinical Investigation
| | - Mark Horowitz
- National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program
| | | | - Gregory Keyes
- National Institute on Aging Laboratory of Clinical Investigation
| | - Xiufeng Li
- National Institute on Aging Laboratory of Clinical Investigation
| | - Helen C Murray
- The University of Auckland Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences
| | - Maurice A Curtis
- The University of Auckland Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences
| | - Richard M Faull
- The University of Auckland Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences
| | - Andrea Sedlock
- NINDS: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
| | - Dragan Maric
- NINDS: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
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Ramsden CE, Zamora D, Horowitz MS, Jahanipour J, Keyes GS, Li X, Murray HC, Curtis MA, Faull RM, Sedlock A, Maric D. ApoER2-Dab1 disruption as the origin of pTau-related neurodegeneration in sporadic Alzheimer's disease. medRxiv 2023:2023.05.19.23290250. [PMID: 37333406 PMCID: PMC10274982 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.19.23290250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD) is not a global brain disease. Specific regions, layers and neurons degenerate early while others remain untouched even in advanced disease. The prevailing model used to explain this selective neurodegeneration-prion-like Tau spread-has key limitations and is not easily integrated with other defining sAD features. Instead, we propose that in humans Tau hyperphosphorylation occurs locally via disruption in ApoER2-Dab1 signaling and thus the presence of ApoER2 in neuronal membranes confers vulnerability to degeneration. Further, we propose that disruption of the Reelin/ApoE/ApoJ-ApoER2-Dab1-P85α-LIMK1-Tau-PSD95 (RAAAD-P-LTP) pathway induces deficits in memory and cognition by impeding neuronal lipoprotein internalization and destabilizing actin, microtubules, and synapses. This new model is based in part on our recent finding that ApoER2-Dab1 disruption is evident in entorhinal-hippocampal terminal zones in sAD. Here, we hypothesized that neurons that degenerate in the earliest stages of sAD (1) strongly express ApoER2 and (2) show evidence of ApoER2-Dab1 disruption through co-accumulation of multiple RAAAD-P-LTP components. METHODS We applied in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry to characterize ApoER2 expression and accumulation of RAAAD-P-LTP components in five regions that are prone to early pTau pathology in 64 rapidly autopsied cases spanning the clinicopathological spectrum of sAD. RESULTS We found that: (1) selectively vulnerable neuron populations strongly express ApoER2; (2) numerous RAAAD-P-LTP pathway components accumulate in neuritic plaques and abnormal neurons; and (3) RAAAD-P-LTP components were higher in MCI and sAD cases and correlated with histological progression and cognitive deficits. Multiplex-IHC revealed that Dab1, pP85αTyr607, pLIMK1Thr508, pTau and pPSD95Thr19 accumulated together within dystrophic dendrites and soma of ApoER2-expressing neurons in the vicinity of ApoE/ApoJ-enriched extracellular plaques. These observations provide evidence for molecular derangements that can be traced back to ApoER2-Dab1 disruption, in each of the sampled regions, layers, and neuron populations that are prone to early pTau pathology. CONCLUSION Findings support the RAAAD-P-LTP hypothesis, a unifying model that implicates dendritic ApoER2-Dab1 disruption as the major driver of both pTau accumulation and neurodegeneration in sAD. This model provides a new conceptual framework to explain why specific neurons degenerate and identifies RAAAD-P-LTP pathway components as potential mechanism-based biomarkers and therapeutic targets for sAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E. Ramsden
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
- Intramural Program of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Daisy Zamora
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Mark S. Horowitz
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Jahandar Jahanipour
- Flow and Imaging Cytometry Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Gregory S. Keyes
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Xiufeng Li
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Helen C. Murray
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, 92019, New Zealand
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Maurice A. Curtis
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, 92019, New Zealand
| | - Richard M. Faull
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, 92019, New Zealand
| | - Andrea Sedlock
- Flow and Imaging Cytometry Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Dragan Maric
- Flow and Imaging Cytometry Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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8
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Swanson MEV, Mrkela M, Murray HC, Cao MC, Turner C, Curtis MA, Faull RLM, Walker AK, Scotter EL. Microglial CD68 and L-ferritin upregulation in response to phosphorylated-TDP-43 pathology in the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis brain. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:69. [PMID: 37118836 PMCID: PMC10142752 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01561-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the innate immune cells of the brain, are activated by damage or disease. In mouse models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), microglia shift from neurotrophic to neurotoxic states with disease progression. It remains unclear how human microglia change relative to the TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) aggregation that occurs in 97% of ALS cases. Here we examine spatial relationships between microglial activation and TDP-43 pathology in brain tissue from people with ALS and from a TDP-43-driven ALS mouse model. Post-mortem human brain tissue from the Neurological Foundation Human Brain Bank was obtained from 10 control and 10 ALS cases in parallel with brain tissue from a bigenic NEFH-tTA/tetO-hTDP-43∆NLS (rNLS) mouse model of ALS at disease onset, early disease, and late disease stages. The spatiotemporal relationship between microglial activation and ALS pathology was determined by investigating microglial functional marker expression in brain regions with low and high TDP-43 burden at end-stage human disease: hippocampus and motor cortex, respectively. Sections were immunohistochemically labelled with a two-round multiplexed antibody panel against; microglial functional markers (L-ferritin, HLA-DR, CD74, CD68, and Iba1), a neuronal marker, an astrocyte marker, and pathological phosphorylated TDP-43 (pTDP-43). Single-cell levels of microglial functional markers were quantified using custom analysis pipelines and mapped to anatomical regions and ALS pathology. We identified a significant increase in microglial Iba1 and CD68 expression in the human ALS motor cortex, with microglial CD68 being significantly correlated with pTDP-43 pathology load. We also identified two subpopulations of microglia enriched in the ALS motor cortex that were defined by high L-ferritin expression. A similar pattern of microglial changes was observed in the rNLS mouse, with an increase first in CD68 and then in L-ferritin expression, with both occurring only after pTDP-43 inclusions were detectable. Our data strongly suggest that microglia are phagocytic at early-stage ALS but transition to a dysfunctional state at end-stage disease, and that these functional states are driven by pTDP-43 aggregation. Overall, these findings enhance our understanding of microglial phenotypes and function in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly E V Swanson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Miran Mrkela
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Helen C Murray
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maize C Cao
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Clinton Turner
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maurice A Curtis
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard L M Faull
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Adam K Walker
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Emma L Scotter
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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9
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Murray HC, Saar G, Bai L, Bouraoud N, Dodd S, Highet B, Ryan B, Curtis MA, Koretsky A, Belluscio L. Progressive Spread of Beta-amyloid Pathology in an Olfactory-driven Amyloid Precursor Protein Mouse Model. Neuroscience 2023; 516:113-124. [PMID: 36716914 PMCID: PMC10065898 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Years before Alzheimer's disease (AD) is diagnosed, patients experience an impaired sense of smell, and β-amyloid plaques accumulate within the olfactory mucosa and olfactory bulb (OB). The olfactory vector hypothesis proposes that external agents cause β-amyloid to aggregate and spread from the OB to connected downstream brain regions. To reproduce the slow accumulation of β-amyloid that occurs in human AD, we investigated the progressive accumulation of β-amyloid across the brain using a conditional mouse model that overexpresses a humanized mutant form of the amyloid precursor protein (hAPP) in olfactory sensory neurons. Using design-based stereology, we show the progressive accumulation of β-amyloid plaques within the OB and cortical olfactory regions with age. We also observe reduced OB volumes in these mice when hAPP expression begins prior-to but not post-weaning which we tracked using manganese-enhanced MRI. We therefore conclude that the reduced OB volume does not represent progressive degeneration but rather disrupted OB development. Overall, our data demonstrate that hAPP expression in the olfactory epithelium can lead to the accumulation and spread of β-amyloid through the olfactory system into the hippocampus, consistent with an olfactory system role in the early stages of β-amyloid-related AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen C Murray
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Galit Saar
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Li Bai
- Circuits, Synapses and Molecular Signaling Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Nadia Bouraoud
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Stephen Dodd
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Blake Highet
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
| | - Brigid Ryan
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
| | - Maurice A Curtis
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
| | - Alan Koretsky
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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10
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Highet B, Wiseman JA, Mein H, Parker R, Ryan B, Turner CP, Jing Y, Singh-Bains MK, Liu P, Dragunow M, Faull RLM, Murray HC, Curtis MA. PSA-NCAM Regulatory Gene Expression Changes in the Alzheimer's Disease Entorhinal Cortex Revealed with Multiplexed in situ Hybridization. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 92:371-390. [PMID: 36744342 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and is characterized by a substantial reduction of neuroplasticity. Our previous work demonstrated that neurons involved in memory function may lose plasticity because of decreased protein levels of polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) in the entorhinal cortex (EC) of the human AD brain, but the cause of this decrease is unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate genes involved in PSA-NCAM regulation which may underlie its decrease in the AD EC. METHODS We subjected neurologically normal and AD human EC sections to multiplexed fluorescent in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry to investigate genes involved in PSA-NCAM regulation. Gene expression changes were sought to be validated in both human tissue and a mouse model of AD. RESULTS In the AD EC, a cell population expressing a high level of CALB2 mRNA and a cell population expressing a high level of PST mRNA were both decreased. CALB2 mRNA and protein were not decreased globally, indicating that the decrease in CALB2 was specific to a sub-population of cells. A significant decrease in PST mRNA expression was observed with single-plex in situ hybridization in middle temporal gyrus tissue microarray cores from AD patients, which negatively correlated with tau pathology, hinting at global loss in PST expression across the AD brain. No significant differences in PSA-NCAM or PST protein expression were observed in the MAPT P301S mouse brain at 9 months of age. CONCLUSION We conclude that PSA-NCAM dysregulation may cause subsequent loss of structural plasticity in AD, and this may result from a loss of PST mRNA expression. Due PSTs involvement in structural plasticity, intervention for AD may be possible by targeting this disrupted plasticity pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake Highet
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - James A Wiseman
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hannah Mein
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Remai Parker
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Brigid Ryan
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Clinton P Turner
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Anatomical Pathology, LabPlus, Auckland City Hospital, New Zealand
| | - Yu Jing
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Malvindar K Singh-Bains
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Mike Dragunow
- Department of Pharmacology and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard L M Faull
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Helen C Murray
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maurice A Curtis
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand
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11
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Stevenson TJ, Johnson RH, Savistchenko J, Rustenhoven J, Woolf Z, Smyth LCD, Murray HC, Faull RLM, Correia J, Schweder P, Heppner P, Turner C, Melki R, Dieriks BV, Curtis MA, Dragunow M. Pericytes take up and degrade α-synuclein but succumb to apoptosis under cellular stress. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17314. [PMID: 36243723 PMCID: PMC9569325 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20261-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterised by the progressive loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons and the presence of aggregated α-synuclein (α-syn). Pericytes and microglia, two non-neuronal cells contain α-syn in the human brain, however, their role in disease processes is poorly understood. Pericytes, found surrounding the capillaries in the brain are important for maintaining the blood-brain barrier, controlling blood flow and mediating inflammation. In this study, primary human brain pericytes and microglia were exposed to two different α-synuclein aggregates. Inflammatory responses were assessed using immunocytochemistry, cytometric bead arrays and proteome profiler cytokine array kits. Fixed flow cytometry was used to investigate the uptake and subsequent degradation of α-syn in pericytes. We found that the two α-syn aggregates are devoid of inflammatory and cytotoxic actions on human brain derived pericytes and microglia. Although α-syn did not induce an inflammatory response, pericytes efficiently take up and degrade α-syn through the lysosomal pathway but not the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Furthermore, when pericytes were exposed the ubiquitin proteasome inhibitor-MG132 and α-syn aggregates, there was profound cytotoxicity through the production of reactive oxygen species resulting in apoptosis. These results suggest that the observed accumulation of α-syn in pericytes in human PD brains likely plays a role in PD pathogenesis, perhaps by causing cerebrovascular instability, under conditions of cellular stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor J. Stevenson
- grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand ,grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Private Bag 920139, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Rebecca H. Johnson
- grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand ,grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Private Bag 920139, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Jimmy Savistchenko
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission and Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Molecular Imaging Research Center, Francois Jacob Institute, National Center for Scientific Research, Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
| | - Justin Rustenhoven
- grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand ,grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Private Bag 920139, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Zoe Woolf
- grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand ,grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Private Bag 920139, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Leon C. D. Smyth
- grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand ,grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Private Bag 920139, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Helen C. Murray
- grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Private Bag 920139, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand ,grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Richard L. M. Faull
- grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Private Bag 920139, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand ,grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Jason Correia
- grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Private Bag 920139, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand ,grid.414055.10000 0000 9027 2851Auckland City Hospital, 2 Park Road, Auckland, 1010 New Zealand
| | - Patrick Schweder
- grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Private Bag 920139, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand ,grid.414055.10000 0000 9027 2851Auckland City Hospital, 2 Park Road, Auckland, 1010 New Zealand
| | - Peter Heppner
- grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Private Bag 920139, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand ,grid.414054.00000 0000 9567 6206Starship Children’s Hospital, 2 Park Road, Auckland, 1010 New Zealand
| | - Clinton Turner
- grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Private Bag 920139, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand ,grid.414055.10000 0000 9027 2851Department of Anatomical Pathology, Lab Plus, Auckland City Hospital, 2 Park Road, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ronald Melki
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission and Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Molecular Imaging Research Center, Francois Jacob Institute, National Center for Scientific Research, Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
| | - Birger V. Dieriks
- grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Private Bag 920139, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand ,grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Maurice A. Curtis
- grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Private Bag 920139, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand ,grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Michael Dragunow
- grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand ,grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Private Bag 920139, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
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12
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Murray HC, Osterman C, Bell P, Vinnell L, Curtis MA. Neuropathology in chronic traumatic encephalopathy: a systematic review of comparative post-mortem histology literature. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:108. [PMID: 35933388 PMCID: PMC9356428 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01413-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative disease associated with repetitive head trauma and is characterised by the perivascular accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) in the depths of cortical sulci. CTE can only be diagnosed postmortem and the cellular mechanisms of disease causation remain to be elucidated. Understanding the full scope of the pathological changes currently identified in CTE is necessary to identify areas requiring further research. This systematic review summarises the current literature on CTE pathology from postmortem human tissue histology studies published until 31 December 2021. Publications were included if they quantitively or qualitatively compared postmortem human tissue pathology in CTE to neuropathologically normal cases or other neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Pathological entities investigated included p-tau, beta-amyloid, TDP-43, Lewy bodies, astrogliosis, microgliosis, axonopathy, vascular dysfunction, and cell stress. Of these pathologies, p-tau was the most frequently investigated, with limited reports on other pathological features such as vascular dysfunction, astrogliosis, and microgliosis. Consistent increases in p-tau, TDP-43, microgliosis, axonopathy, and cell stress were reported in CTE cases compared to neuropathologically normal cases. However, there was no clear consensus on how these pathologies compared to AD. The CTE cases used for these studies were predominantly from the VA-BU-CLF brain bank, with American football and boxing as the most frequent sources of repetitive head injury exposure. Overall, this systematic review highlights gaps in the literature and proposes three priorities for future research including: 1. The need for studies of CTE cases with more diverse head injury exposure profiles to understand the consistency of pathology changes between different populations. 2. The need for more studies that compare CTE with normal ageing and AD to further clarify the pathological signature of CTE for diagnostic purposes and to understand the disease process. 3. Further research on non-aggregate pathologies in CTE, such as vascular dysfunction and neuroinflammation. These are some of the least investigated features of CTE pathology despite being implicated in the acute phase response following traumatic head injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen C Murray
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.
| | - Chelsie Osterman
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Paige Bell
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Luca Vinnell
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Maurice A Curtis
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
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13
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Nowinski CJ, Bureau SC, Buckland ME, Curtis MA, Daneshvar DH, Faull RLM, Grinberg LT, Hill-Yardin EL, Murray HC, Pearce AJ, Suter CM, White AJ, Finkel AM, Cantu RC. Applying the Bradford Hill Criteria for Causation to Repetitive Head Impacts and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy. Front Neurol 2022; 13:938163. [PMID: 35937061 PMCID: PMC9355594 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.938163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative disease associated with a history of repetitive head impacts (RHI). CTE was described in boxers as early as the 1920s and by the 1950s it was widely accepted that hits to the head caused some boxers to become "punch drunk." However, the recent discovery of CTE in American and Australian-rules football, soccer, rugby, ice hockey, and other sports has resulted in renewed debate on whether the relationship between RHI and CTE is causal. Identifying the strength of the evidential relationship between CTE and RHI has implications for public health and medico-legal issues. From a public health perspective, environmentally caused diseases can be mitigated or prevented. Medico-legally, millions of children are exposed to RHI through sports participation; this demographic is too young to legally consent to any potential long-term risks associated with this exposure. To better understand the strength of evidence underlying the possible causal relationship between RHI and CTE, we examined the medical literature through the Bradford Hill criteria for causation. The Bradford Hill criteria, first proposed in 1965 by Sir Austin Bradford Hill, provide a framework to determine if one can justifiably move from an observed association to a verdict of causation. The Bradford Hill criteria include nine viewpoints by which to evaluate human epidemiologic evidence to determine if causation can be deduced: strength, consistency, specificity, temporality, biological gradient, plausibility, coherence, experiment, and analogy. We explored the question of causation by evaluating studies on CTE as it relates to RHI exposure. Through this lens, we found convincing evidence of a causal relationship between RHI and CTE, as well as an absence of evidence-based alternative explanations. By organizing the CTE literature through this framework, we hope to advance the global conversation on CTE mitigation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Nowinski
- Concussion Legacy Foundation, Boston, MA, United States,*Correspondence: Christopher J. Nowinski
| | | | - Michael E. Buckland
- Department of Neuropathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia,School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Maurice A. Curtis
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Daniel H. Daneshvar
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Richard L. M. Faull
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lea T. Grinberg
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States,Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States,Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Elisa L. Hill-Yardin
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia,Department of Anatomy & Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Helen C. Murray
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alan J. Pearce
- College of Science, Health, and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Catherine M. Suter
- Department of Neuropathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia,School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Adam J. White
- Department of Sport, Health Science, and Social Work, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom,Concussion Legacy Foundation UK, Cheltenham, United Kingdom
| | - Adam M. Finkel
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Robert C. Cantu
- Concussion Legacy Foundation, Boston, MA, United States,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States,Department of Neurosurgery, Emerson Hospital, Concord, MA, United States
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14
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Smyth LCD, Murray HC, Hill M, van Leeuwen E, Highet B, Magon NJ, Osanlouy M, Mathiesen SN, Mockett B, Singh-Bains MK, Morris VK, Clarkson AN, Curtis MA, Abraham WC, Hughes SM, Faull RLM, Kettle AJ, Dragunow M, Hampton MB. Neutrophil-vascular interactions drive myeloperoxidase accumulation in the brain in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:38. [PMID: 35331340 PMCID: PMC8944147 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01347-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neutrophil accumulation is a well-established feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and has been linked to cognitive impairment by modulating disease-relevant neuroinflammatory and vascular pathways. Neutrophils express high levels of the oxidant-generating enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO), however there has been controversy regarding the cellular source and localisation of MPO in the AD brain. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used immunostaining and immunoassays to quantify the accumulation of neutrophils in human AD tissue microarrays and in the brains of APP/PS1 mice. We also used multiplexed immunolabelling to define the presence of NETs in AD. RESULTS There was an increase in neutrophils in AD brains as well as in the murine APP/PS1 model of AD. Indeed, MPO expression was almost exclusively confined to S100A8-positive neutrophils in both human AD and murine APP/PS1 brains. The vascular localisation of neutrophils in both human AD and mouse models of AD was striking and driven by enhanced neutrophil adhesion to small vessels. We also observed rare infiltrating neutrophils and deposits of MPO around plaques. Citrullinated histone H3, a marker of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), was also detected in human AD cases at these sites, indicating the presence of extracellular MPO in the vasculature. Finally, there was a reduction in the endothelial glycocalyx in AD that may be responsible for non-productive neutrophil adhesion to the vasculature. CONCLUSION Our report indicates that vascular changes may drive neutrophil adhesion and NETosis, and that neutrophil-derived MPO may lead to vascular oxidative stress and be a relevant therapeutic target in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon C. D. Smyth
- Centre for Free Radical Research, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, 8140 New Zealand
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus, Box 8118, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Helen C. Murray
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy With Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Madison Hill
- Centre for Free Radical Research, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, 8140 New Zealand
| | - Eve van Leeuwen
- Centre for Free Radical Research, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, 8140 New Zealand
| | - Blake Highet
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy With Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicholas J. Magon
- Centre for Free Radical Research, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, 8140 New Zealand
| | - Mahyar Osanlouy
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sophie N. Mathiesen
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Bruce Mockett
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Malvindar K. Singh-Bains
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy With Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Vanessa K. Morris
- School of Biological Science, University of Canterbury, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | | | - Maurice A. Curtis
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy With Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Richard L. M. Faull
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy With Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anthony J. Kettle
- Centre for Free Radical Research, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, 8140 New Zealand
| | - Mike Dragunow
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mark B. Hampton
- Centre for Free Radical Research, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, 8140 New Zealand
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15
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Murray HC, Johnson K, Sedlock A, Highet B, Dieriks BV, Anekal PV, Faull RLM, Curtis MA, Koretsky A, Maric D. Lamina-specific immunohistochemical signatures in the olfactory bulb of healthy, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease patients. Commun Biol 2022; 5:88. [PMID: 35075270 PMCID: PMC8786934 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03032-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional neuroanatomy immunohistology studies involve low-content analyses of a few antibodies of interest, typically applied and compared across sequential tissue sections. The efficiency, consistency, and ultimate insights of these studies can be substantially improved using high-plex immunofluorescence labelling on a single tissue section to allow direct comparison of many markers. Here we present an expanded and efficient multiplexed fluorescence-based immunohistochemistry (MP-IHC) approach that improves throughput with sequential labelling of up to 10 antibodies per cycle, with no limitation on the number of cycles, and maintains versatility and accessibility by using readily available commercial reagents and standard epifluorescence microscopy imaging. We demonstrate this approach by cumulatively screening up to 100 markers on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections of human olfactory bulb sourced from neurologically normal (no significant pathology), Alzheimer's (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. This brain region is involved early in the symptomology and pathophysiology of AD and PD. We also developed a spatial pixel bin analysis approach for unsupervised analysis of the high-content anatomical information from large tissue sections. Here, we present a comprehensive immunohistological characterisation of human olfactory bulb anatomy and a summary of differentially expressed biomarkers in AD and PD using the MP-IHC labelling and spatial protein analysis pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen C Murray
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, 92019, New Zealand.
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Kory Johnson
- Bioinformatics Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Andrea Sedlock
- Flow and Imaging Cytometry Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Blake Highet
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, 92019, New Zealand
| | - Birger Victor Dieriks
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, 92019, New Zealand
| | - Praju Vikas Anekal
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, 92019, New Zealand
- Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Richard L M Faull
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, 92019, New Zealand
| | - Maurice A Curtis
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, 92019, New Zealand
| | - Alan Koretsky
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Dragan Maric
- Flow and Imaging Cytometry Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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16
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Swanson MEV, Scotter EL, Smyth LCD, Murray HC, Ryan B, Turner C, Faull RLM, Dragunow M, Curtis MA. Identification of a dysfunctional microglial population in human Alzheimer's disease cortex using novel single-cell histology image analysis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:170. [PMID: 33081847 PMCID: PMC7576851 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-01047-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), microglia are affected by disease processes, but may also drive pathogenesis. AD pathology-associated microglial populations have been identified with single-cell RNA-Seq, but have not been validated in human brain tissue with anatomical context. Here, we quantified myeloid cell markers to identify changes in AD pathology-associated microglial populations. We performed fluorescent immunohistochemistry on normal (n = 8) and AD (n = 8) middle temporal gyri, co-labelling the pan-myeloid cell marker, Iba1, with one of 11 markers of interest (MOIs): CD45, HLA-DR, CD14, CD74, CD33, CD206, CD32, CD163, P2RY12, TMEM119, L-Ferritin. Novel image analyses quantified the single-cell abundance of Iba1 and each MOI. Each cell was gated into one Iba1-MOI population (Iba1low MOIhigh, Iba1high MOIhigh, or Iba1high MOIlow) and the abundance of each population was compared between AD and control. Triple-labelling of L-Ferritin and Iba1 with a subset of MOIs was performed to investigate L-Ferritin-MOI co-expression on Iba1low cells. Iba1low MOIhigh myeloid cell populations delineated by MOIs CD45, HLA-DR, CD14, CD74, CD33, CD32, and L-Ferritin were increased in AD. Further investigation of the Iba1low MOIhigh populations revealed that their abundances correlated with tau, but not amyloid beta, load in AD. The Iba1low microglial population highly expressed L-Ferritin, reflecting microglial dysfunction. The L-Ferritinhigh CD74high HLA-DRhigh phenotype of the Iba1low population mirrors that of a human AD pathology-associated microglial subpopulation previously identified using single-cell RNA-Seq. Our high-throughput immunohistochemical data with anatomical context support the microglial dysfunction hypothesis of AD.
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17
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Highet B, Dieriks BV, Murray HC, Faull RLM, Curtis MA. Huntingtin Aggregates in the Olfactory Bulb in Huntington's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:261. [PMID: 33013352 PMCID: PMC7461834 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory deficits are an early and prevalent non-motor symptom of Huntington's disease (HD). In other neurodegenerative diseases where olfactory deficits occur, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, pathological protein aggregates (tau, β-amyloid, α-synuclein) accumulate in the anterior olfactory nucleus (AON) of the olfactory bulb (OFB). Therefore, in this study we determined whether aggregates are also present in HD OFBs; 13 HD and five normal human OFBs were stained for mutant huntingtin (mHtt), tau, β-amyloid, TDP-43, and α-synuclein. Our results show that mHtt aggregates detected with 1F8 antibody are present within all HD OFBs, and mHtt aggregate load in the OFB does not correlate with Vonsattel grading scores. The majority of the aggregates were located in the AON and in similar abundance in each anatomical segment of the AON. No mHtt aggregates were found in controls; 31% of HD cases also contained tau neurofibrillary tangles within the AON. This work demonstrates HD pathology in the OFB and indicates that disease-specific protein aggregation in the AON is a common feature of neurodegenerative diseases that show olfactory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake Highet
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Birger Victor Dieriks
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Helen C. Murray
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard L. M. Faull
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maurice A. Curtis
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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18
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Murray HC, Dieriks BV, Swanson MEV, Anekal PV, Turner C, Faull RLM, Belluscio L, Koretsky A, Curtis MA. The unfolded protein response is activated in the olfactory system in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:109. [PMID: 32665027 PMCID: PMC7362534 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-00986-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is an early and prevalent symptom of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and the olfactory bulb is a nexus of beta-amyloid plaque and tau neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) pathology during early AD progression. To mitigate the accumulation of misfolded proteins, an endoplasmic reticulum stress response called the unfolded protein response (UPR) occurs in the AD hippocampus. However, chronic UPR activation can lead to apoptosis and the upregulation of beta-amyloid and tau production. Therefore, UPR activation in the olfactory system could be one of the first changes in AD. In this study, we investigated whether two proteins that signal UPR activation are expressed in the olfactory system of AD cases with low or high amounts of aggregate pathology. We used immunohistochemistry to label two markers of UPR activation (p-PERK and p-eIF2α) concomitantly with neuronal markers (NeuN and PGP9.5) and pathology markers (beta-amyloid and tau) in the olfactory bulb, piriform cortex, entorhinal cortex and the CA1 region of the hippocampus in AD and normal cases. We show that UPR activation, as indicated by p-PERK and p-eIF2α expression, is significantly increased throughout the olfactory system in AD cases with low (Braak stage III-IV) and high-level (Braak stage V-VI) pathology. We further show that UPR activation occurs in the mitral cells and in the anterior olfactory nucleus of the olfactory bulb where tau and amyloid pathology is abundant. However, UPR activation is not present in neurons when they contain NFTs and only rarely occurs in neurons containing diffuse tau aggregates. We conclude that UPR activation is prevalent in all regions of the olfactory system and support previous findings suggesting that UPR activation likely precedes NFT formation. Our data indicate that chronic UPR activation in the olfactory system might contribute to the olfactory dysfunction that occurs early in the pathogenesis of AD.
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19
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Stevenson TJ, Murray HC, Turner C, Faull RLM, Dieriks BV, Curtis MA. α-synuclein inclusions are abundant in non-neuronal cells in the anterior olfactory nucleus of the Parkinson's disease olfactory bulb. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6682. [PMID: 32317654 PMCID: PMC7174302 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63412-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced olfactory function (hyposmia) is one of the most common non-motor symptoms experienced by those living with Parkinson's disease (PD), however, the underlying pathology of the dysfunction is unclear. Recent evidence indicates that α-synuclein (α-syn) pathology accumulates in the anterior olfactory nucleus of the olfactory bulb years before the motor symptoms are present. It is well established that neuronal cells in the olfactory bulb are affected by α-syn, but the involvement of other non-neuronal cell types is unknown. The occurrence of intracellular α-syn inclusions were quantified in four non-neuronal cell types - microglia, pericytes, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes as well as neurons in the anterior olfactory nucleus of post-mortem human PD olfactory bulbs (n = 11) and normal olfactory bulbs (n = 11). In the anterior olfactory nucleus, α-syn inclusions were confirmed to be intracellular in three of the four non-neuronal cell types, where 7.78% of microglia, 3.14% of pericytes and 1.97% of astrocytes were affected. Neurons containing α-syn inclusions comprised 8.60% of the total neuron population. Oligodendrocytes did not contain α-syn. The data provides evidence that non-neuronal cells in the PD olfactory bulb contain α-syn inclusions, suggesting that they may play an important role in the progression of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor J Stevenson
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Helen C Murray
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Clinton Turner
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Deparment of Anatomical Pathology, LabPlus, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard L M Faull
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Birger V Dieriks
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maurice A Curtis
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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20
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Degryse S, de Bock CE, Demeyer S, Govaerts I, Bornschein S, Verbeke D, Jacobs K, Binos S, Skerrett-Byrne DA, Murray HC, Verrills NM, Van Vlierberghe P, Cools J, Dun MD. Correction: Mutant JAK3 phosphoproteomic profiling predicts synergism between JAK3 inhibitors and MEK/BCL2 inhibitors for the treatment of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 2018; 32:2731. [PMID: 30232463 PMCID: PMC7609275 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-018-0241-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Degryse
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven Center for Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - C E de Bock
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven Center for Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - S Demeyer
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven Center for Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - I Govaerts
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven Center for Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - S Bornschein
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven Center for Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - D Verbeke
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven Center for Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - K Jacobs
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven Center for Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - S Binos
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Scoresby, VIC, Australia
| | - D A Skerrett-Byrne
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Cancer Research Program, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - H C Murray
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Cancer Research Program, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - N M Verrills
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Cancer Research Program, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - P Van Vlierberghe
- Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - J Cools
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium. .,KU Leuven Center for Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - M D Dun
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia. .,Cancer Research Program, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.
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21
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Degryse S, de Bock CE, Demeyer S, Govaerts I, Bornschein S, Verbeke D, Jacobs K, Binos S, Skerrett-Byrne DA, Murray HC, Verrills NM, Van Vlierberghe P, Cools J, Dun MD. Mutant JAK3 phosphoproteomic profiling predicts synergism between JAK3 inhibitors and MEK/BCL2 inhibitors for the treatment of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 2017; 32:788-800. [PMID: 28852199 PMCID: PMC5843905 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the interleukin-7 receptor (IL7R) or the Janus kinase 3 (JAK3) kinase occur frequently in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and both are able to drive cellular transformation and the development of T-ALL in mouse models. However, the signal transduction pathways downstream of JAK3 mutations remain poorly characterized. Here we describe the phosphoproteome downstream of the JAK3(L857Q)/(M511I) activating mutations in transformed Ba/F3 lymphocyte cells. Signaling pathways regulated by JAK3 mutants were assessed following acute inhibition of JAK1/JAK3 using the JAK kinase inhibitors ruxolitinib or tofacitinib. Comprehensive network interrogation using the phosphoproteomic signatures identified significant changes in pathways regulating cell cycle, translation initiation, mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling, RNA metabolism, as well as epigenetic and apoptotic processes. Key regulatory proteins within pathways that showed altered phosphorylation following JAK inhibition were targeted using selumetinib and trametinib (MEK), buparlisib (PI3K) and ABT-199 (BCL2), and found to be synergistic in combination with JAK kinase inhibitors in primary T-ALL samples harboring JAK3 mutations. These data provide the first detailed molecular characterization of the downstream signaling pathways regulated by JAK3 mutations and provide further understanding into the oncogenic processes regulated by constitutive kinase activation aiding in the development of improved combinatorial treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Degryse
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven Center for Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - C E de Bock
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven Center for Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - S Demeyer
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven Center for Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - I Govaerts
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven Center for Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - S Bornschein
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven Center for Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - D Verbeke
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven Center for Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - K Jacobs
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven Center for Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - S Binos
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Scoresby, Victoria, Australia
| | - D A Skerrett-Byrne
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Cancer Research Program, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - H C Murray
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Cancer Research Program, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - N M Verrills
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Cancer Research Program, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - P Van Vlierberghe
- Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - J Cools
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven Center for Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - M D Dun
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Cancer Research Program, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
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22
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Murray HC, Low VF, Swanson ME, Dieriks BV, Turner C, Faull RL, Curtis MA. Distribution of PSA-NCAM in normal, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease human brain. Neuroscience 2016; 330:359-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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23
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Liu X, Walton SF, Murray HC, King M, Kelly A, Holt DC, Currie BJ, McCarthy JS, Mounsey KE. Crusted scabies is associated with increased IL-17 secretion by skin T cells. Parasite Immunol 2015; 36:594-604. [PMID: 25040151 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Scabies is an ectoparasitic infestation by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. Although commonly self-limiting, a fraction of patients develop severely debilitating crusted scabies. The immune mechanisms underlying the development of crusted scabies are unclear, and undertaking longitudinal infection studies in humans is difficult. We utilized a porcine model to compare cellular immune responses in peripheral blood and skin of pigs with different clinical manifestations of scabies (n = 12), and in uninfected controls (n = 6). Although clinical symptoms were not evident until at least 4 weeks post-infestation, the numbers of peripheral IFNγ-secreting CD4(+) T cells and γδ T cells increased in infected pigs from week 1 post-infestation. γδ T cells remained increased in the blood at week 15 post-infestation. At week 15, skin cell infiltrates from pigs with crusted scabies had significantly higher CD8(+) T cell, γδ T cell and IL-17(+) cell numbers than those with ordinary scabies. Peripheral IL-17 levels were not increased, suggesting that localized skin IL-17-secreting T cells may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of crusted scabies development. Given the potential of anti-IL-17 immunotherapy demonstrated for other inflammatory skin diseases, this study may provide a novel therapeutic avenue for patients with recurrent crusted scabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Liu
- Inflammation & Healing Research Cluster, School of Health & Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Qld, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Murray
- Department of Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether patients with ankylosing spondylitis have poorer balance than normal subjects, and to study the relationship between balance and posture. METHODS Balance was studied in 30 ankylosing spondylitis subjects using sway magnetometry, making quantitative measurements of movement at the hips with eyes open and eyes closed. The results were compared with data from 58 normal subjects. Balance was also compared with quantitative measurements of posture. RESULTS The numbers of patients with poor balance, above the 95th percentile for normal, were significantly greater than expected; 18% for eyes open (P = 0. 03) and 23% for eyes closed (P = 0.004). No significant relationships between balance and any of the quantitative descriptions of posture were demonstrated. CONCLUSION A significant proportion of ankylosing spondylitis patients have poorer balance than normal subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Murray
- Regional Medical Physics Department, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Hill EF, Murray HC. Seasonal variation in diagnostic enzymes and biochemical constituents of captive northern bobwhites and passerines. Comp Biochem Physiol B 1987; 87:933-40. [PMID: 3665439 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(87)90415-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
1. A variety of biochemical measurements were taken periodically in captive northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus L.), European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris L.), red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus L.) and common grackles (Quiscalus quiscula L.) to determine whether baseline values remain sufficiently stable throughout the year for general clinical use in the absence of concurrent control specimens. 2. Variables included whole blood hematocrit and hemoglobin, plasma lactate dehydrogenase, alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatine kinase, butyrylcholinesterase, alkaline phosphatase, glucose, albumin, total protein, creatinine, urea nitrogen, uric acid, cholesterol, and triglycerides, and brain acetylcholinesterase. Butyryl- and acetylcholinesterase were included because of their specific uses in toxicology. 3. Significant seasonal differences were detected for each of the variables except brain acetylcholinesterase in at least one of the species. Significant species differences were detected during at least one season for all of the variables measured. 4. All species were maintained outdoors, but only northern bobwhites came into reproductive condition and showed sex-differences in the clinical variables during their normal breeding season. 5. It was concluded that reference values for the 18 clinical variables measured could be calculated from our data for adult specimens of the species studied, and that results for one species cannot be extrapolated with certainty to any other species. 6. Estimated normal bounds for each of the 18 variables measured by commonly used clinical procedures are presented for reproductively quiescent northern bobwhites, European starlings, red-winged blackbirds, and common grackles.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F Hill
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD 20708
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Hoffman DJ, Franson JC, Pattee OH, Bunck CM, Murray HC. Biochemical and hematological effects of lead ingestion in nestling American kestrels (Falco sparverius). Comp Biochem Physiol C Comp Pharmacol Toxicol 1985; 80:431-9. [PMID: 2861031 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(85)90080-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
One-day old American kestrel (Falco sparverius) nestlings were orally dosed daily with 5 microliters/g of corn oil (controls), 25, 125 or 625 mg/kg of metallic lead in corn oil for 10 days. Forty per cent of the nestlings receiving 625 mg/kg of lead died after 6 days and growth rates were significantly depressed in the two highest lead dosed groups. At 10 days hematocrit values were significantly lower in the two highest lead treated groups, and hemoglobin content and red blood cell delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity was depressed in all lead treated groups. Plasma creatine phosphokinase decreased in the two highest treatment groups. Brain, liver and kidney ALAD activities, brain RNA to protein ratio and liver protein concentration decreased after lead exposure whereas liver DNA, DNA to RNA ratio and DNA to protein ratio increased. Brain monoamine oxidase and ATPase were not significantly altered. Measurements of the ontogeny of hematological variants and enzymes in normal development, using additional untreated nestlings, revealed decreases in red blood cell ALAD, plasma aspartate amino transferase, lactate dehydrogenase, brain DNA and RNA and liver DNA, whereas hematocrit, hemoglobin, plasma alkaline phosphatase, brain monoamine oxidase, brain ALAD and liver ALAD increased during the first 10 days of posthatching development. Biochemical and hematological alterations were more severe than those reported in adult kestrels or precocial young birds exposed to lead. Alterations may be due in part to delayed development.
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Abstract
Activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were determined in plasma, kidney, liver, and muscle from five species of captive birds. Few differences occurred in plasma activities between sexes but considerable differences occurred between species. All five enzymes were detected in each of the tissues sampled. Relative enzyme activities in liver, kidney, and muscle were similar for each species. CPK activity was much higher in muscle than in liver or kidney and, of the five enzymes studied, may be the best indicator of muscle damage. Most of the other enzymes were more evenly distributed among the three tissues, and no organ-specific enzyme could be identified for liver or kidney. Because of interspecific variations in plasma enzyme activities, it is important to establish baseline values for each species to ensure accurate interpretation of results.
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Abstract
Eighteen-week-old mallard hens received 0, 10, 30, 90, or 270 ppm technical grade EPN (phenylphosphonothioic acid O-ethyl-O-4-nitrophenyl ester) in the diet for 90 days. Ataxia was first observed in the 270-ppm group after 16 days, in the 90-ppm group after 20 days, in the 30-ppm group after 38 days; 10 ppm failed to produce ataxia. By the end of 90 days all 6 birds in the 270-ppm group exhibited ataxia or paralysis whereas 5 of 6 birds in the 90-ppm group and 2 of 6 birds in the 30-ppm group were visibly affected. Treatment with 30 ppm or more resulted in a significant reduction in body weight. Brain neurotoxic esterase activity was inhibited by averages of 16, 69, 73, and 74% in the 10-, 30-, 90-, and 270-ppm groups, respectively. Brain acetylcholinesterase, plasma cholinesterase, and plasma alkaline phosphatase were significantly inhibited as well. Distinct histopathological effects were seen in the 30-, 90-, and 270-ppm groups which included demyelination and degeneration of axons of the spinal cord. Additional ducks were exposed in a similar manner to 60-, 270-, or 540-ppm leptophos (phosphonothioic acid O-4-bromo-2,5-dichlorophenyl-O-methylphenyl ester) which resulted in similar behavioral, biochemical, and histopathological alterations. These findings indicate that adult mallards are probably somewhat less sensitive than chickens to subchronic dietary exposure to organophosphorus insecticides that induce delayed neurotoxicity.
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Eastin WC, Fleming WJ, Murray HC. Organophosphate inhibition of avian salt gland Na, K-ATPase activity. Comp Biochem Physiol C Comp Pharmacol 1982; 73:101-7. [PMID: 6128165 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4492(82)90175-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
1. Adult black ducks (Anas rubripes) were given freshwater or saltwater (1.5% NaCl) for 11 days and half of each group was also given an organophosphate (17 p.p.m. fenthion) in the diet on days 6-11. 2. After 11 days, ducks drinking saltwater had lost more weight and had higher plasma Na and uric acid concentrations and osmolalities than birds drinking freshwater. 3. Saltwater treatment stimulated the salt gland to increased weight and Na, K-ATPase activity. 4. Fenthion generally reduced plasma and brain cholinesterase activity and depressed cholinesterase and Na, K-ATPase activities in salt glands of birds drinking saltwater.
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Abstract
Intestinal function in mallard ducklings (Anas platyrhynchos) on a freshwater regime was studied after a 7-day dietary ingestion of 0.25% and 2.5% Prudhoe Bay crude oil (PBCO) or a 2.5% paraffin mixture with an in vivo luminal perfusion technique. Dietary ingestion of 2.5% PBCO may have an effect on the integrity of the duckling intestine. There were no significant effects of PBCO on the absorption of Na, Cl, K, or H2O compared with control animals. The ducklings fed 2.5% paraffin had a significant depression in Na and H2O absorption compared with controls. However, this depression dose not seem to be related to an effect on intestinal mucosa Na-K-ATPase activity.
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Abstract
An in vivo intestinal perfusion technique was used to measure the absorption rates of five Cr compounds in black ducks. Cr was absorbed from saline solutions of KCr(SO4)2 and CrO3 at a rate about 1.5 to 2.0 times greater than from solutions of Cr, Cr(NO3)3, and Cr(C5H7O2)3. These results suggest the ionic form of Cr in solution may be an important factor in determining absorption of Cr compounds from the small intestine.
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Murray HC. Psychoanalytic theory and the dilemma of precision. Am J Psychiatry 1979; 136:865. [PMID: 443494 DOI: 10.1176/ajp.136.6.865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Royer ME, Ko H, Campbell JA, Murray HC, Evans JS, Kaiser DG. Radioimmunoassay for medroxyprogesterone acetate (Provera) using the 11alpha-hydroxy succinyl conjugate. Steroids 1974; 23:713-30. [PMID: 4365969 DOI: 10.1016/0039-128x(74)90160-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Schneider WP, Murray HC. Microbiological reduction and resolution of prostaglandins. Synthesis of natural PGF 2 and ent-PGF 2 methyl esters. J Org Chem 1973; 38:397-8. [PMID: 4569196 DOI: 10.1021/jo00942a043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Herr ME, Murray HC, Fonken GS. Microbiological and chemical modification of N-benzoyl-N,2,3,3-tetramethyl-exo-2-norbornanamine (N-benzoylmecamylamine). J Med Chem 1971; 14:842-5. [PMID: 4400866 DOI: 10.1021/jm00291a016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Johnson RA, Murray HC, Reineke LM. Stereochemistry of microbiological hydroxylation. 3. Hydroxylation of 3-benzoyl-3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane with Rhizopus arrhizus. Novel chromic acid oxidations of substrate and product. J Org Chem 1969; 34:3834-7. [PMID: 5357524 DOI: 10.1021/jo01264a021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Johnson RA, Herr ME, Murray HC, Fonken GS. The microbiological oxygenation of azacycloalkanes. Structural determinations and some chemical modifications leading to transannular reactions. J Org Chem 1968; 33:3187-95. [PMID: 5742867 DOI: 10.1021/jo01272a035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Herr ME, Johnson RA, Murray HC, Reineke LM, Fonken GS. The microbiological oxygenation of acylated 1-adamantanamines. Stereochemistry and structural determinations. J Org Chem 1968; 33:3201-7. [PMID: 4193637 DOI: 10.1021/jo01272a037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Johnson RA, Murray HC, Reineke LM, Fonken GS. The microbiological hydroxylation of 1-benzoyl-trans-decahydroquinoline. Determination of structure, stereochemistry, and absolute configuration of the products. J Org Chem 1968; 33:3207-17. [PMID: 5742869 DOI: 10.1021/jo01272a038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Zscheile FP, Murray HC. A Chromatographic-Spectrophotometric Method for Determining Nucleotide Composition of RNA in Plants. Plant Physiol 1963; 38:133-8. [PMID: 16655762 PMCID: PMC549893 DOI: 10.1104/pp.38.2.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F P Zscheile
- Department of Agronomy, University of California, Davis, California
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