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Staines HM, Kirwan DE, Clark DJ, Adams ER, Augustin Y, Byrne RL, Cocozza M, Cubas-Atienzar AI, Cuevas LE, Cusinato M, Davies BM, Davis M, Davis P, Duvoix A, Eckersley NM, Forton D, Fraser AJ, Garrod G, Hadcocks L, Hu Q, Johnson M, Kay GA, Klekotko K, Lewis Z, Macallan DC, Mensah-Kane J, Menzies S, Monahan I, Moore CM, Nebe-von-Caron G, Owen SI, Sainter C, Sall AA, Schouten J, Williams CT, Wilkins J, Woolston K, Fitchett JR, Krishna S, Planche T. IgG Seroconversion and Pathophysiology in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:85-91. [PMID: 33256890 PMCID: PMC7774532 DOI: 10.3201/eid2701.203074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the dynamics of seroconversion in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. During March 29-May 22, 2020, we collected serum samples and associated clinical data from 177 persons in London, UK, who had SARS-CoV-2 infection. We measured IgG against SARS-CoV-2 and compared antibody levels with patient outcomes, demographic information, and laboratory characteristics. We found that 2.0%-8.5% of persons did not seroconvert 3-6 weeks after infection. Persons who seroconverted were older, were more likely to have concurrent conditions, and had higher levels of inflammatory markers. Non-White persons had higher antibody concentrations than those who identified as White; these concentrations did not decline during follow-up. Serologic assay results correlated with disease outcome, race, and other risk factors for severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Serologic assays can be used in surveillance to clarify the duration and protective nature of humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Emily R. Adams
- St. George’s, University of London, London, UK (H.M. Staines, D.E. Kirwan, D.J. Clark, Y. Augustin, M. Cuisinato, B.M.O. Davies, N.M. Eckersley, D. Forton, L. Hadcocks, Q. Hu, D.C. Macallan, I. Monahan, C.M. Moore, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK (E.R. Adams, R.L. Byrne, A.I. Cubas-Atienzar, L.E. Cuevas, A.J. Fraser, G. Garrod, G.A. Kay, S. Menzies, S.I. Owen, C.T. Williams)
- Mologic, Thurleigh, UK (M. Cocozza, M. Davis, P. Davis, A. Duvoix, M. Johnson, K. Klekotko, Z. Lewis, J. Mensah-Kane, G. Nebe-von-Caron, C. Sainter, J. Schouten, J. Wilkins, K. Woolston, J.R.A. Fitchett)
- St. George’s University Hospitals National Health Services Foundation Trust, London (D. Forton, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal (A.A. Sall)
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S. Krishna)
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S. Krishna)
| | - Yolanda Augustin
- St. George’s, University of London, London, UK (H.M. Staines, D.E. Kirwan, D.J. Clark, Y. Augustin, M. Cuisinato, B.M.O. Davies, N.M. Eckersley, D. Forton, L. Hadcocks, Q. Hu, D.C. Macallan, I. Monahan, C.M. Moore, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK (E.R. Adams, R.L. Byrne, A.I. Cubas-Atienzar, L.E. Cuevas, A.J. Fraser, G. Garrod, G.A. Kay, S. Menzies, S.I. Owen, C.T. Williams)
- Mologic, Thurleigh, UK (M. Cocozza, M. Davis, P. Davis, A. Duvoix, M. Johnson, K. Klekotko, Z. Lewis, J. Mensah-Kane, G. Nebe-von-Caron, C. Sainter, J. Schouten, J. Wilkins, K. Woolston, J.R.A. Fitchett)
- St. George’s University Hospitals National Health Services Foundation Trust, London (D. Forton, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal (A.A. Sall)
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S. Krishna)
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S. Krishna)
| | - Rachel L. Byrne
- St. George’s, University of London, London, UK (H.M. Staines, D.E. Kirwan, D.J. Clark, Y. Augustin, M. Cuisinato, B.M.O. Davies, N.M. Eckersley, D. Forton, L. Hadcocks, Q. Hu, D.C. Macallan, I. Monahan, C.M. Moore, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK (E.R. Adams, R.L. Byrne, A.I. Cubas-Atienzar, L.E. Cuevas, A.J. Fraser, G. Garrod, G.A. Kay, S. Menzies, S.I. Owen, C.T. Williams)
- Mologic, Thurleigh, UK (M. Cocozza, M. Davis, P. Davis, A. Duvoix, M. Johnson, K. Klekotko, Z. Lewis, J. Mensah-Kane, G. Nebe-von-Caron, C. Sainter, J. Schouten, J. Wilkins, K. Woolston, J.R.A. Fitchett)
- St. George’s University Hospitals National Health Services Foundation Trust, London (D. Forton, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal (A.A. Sall)
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S. Krishna)
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S. Krishna)
| | - Michael Cocozza
- St. George’s, University of London, London, UK (H.M. Staines, D.E. Kirwan, D.J. Clark, Y. Augustin, M. Cuisinato, B.M.O. Davies, N.M. Eckersley, D. Forton, L. Hadcocks, Q. Hu, D.C. Macallan, I. Monahan, C.M. Moore, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK (E.R. Adams, R.L. Byrne, A.I. Cubas-Atienzar, L.E. Cuevas, A.J. Fraser, G. Garrod, G.A. Kay, S. Menzies, S.I. Owen, C.T. Williams)
- Mologic, Thurleigh, UK (M. Cocozza, M. Davis, P. Davis, A. Duvoix, M. Johnson, K. Klekotko, Z. Lewis, J. Mensah-Kane, G. Nebe-von-Caron, C. Sainter, J. Schouten, J. Wilkins, K. Woolston, J.R.A. Fitchett)
- St. George’s University Hospitals National Health Services Foundation Trust, London (D. Forton, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal (A.A. Sall)
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S. Krishna)
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S. Krishna)
| | - Ana I. Cubas-Atienzar
- St. George’s, University of London, London, UK (H.M. Staines, D.E. Kirwan, D.J. Clark, Y. Augustin, M. Cuisinato, B.M.O. Davies, N.M. Eckersley, D. Forton, L. Hadcocks, Q. Hu, D.C. Macallan, I. Monahan, C.M. Moore, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK (E.R. Adams, R.L. Byrne, A.I. Cubas-Atienzar, L.E. Cuevas, A.J. Fraser, G. Garrod, G.A. Kay, S. Menzies, S.I. Owen, C.T. Williams)
- Mologic, Thurleigh, UK (M. Cocozza, M. Davis, P. Davis, A. Duvoix, M. Johnson, K. Klekotko, Z. Lewis, J. Mensah-Kane, G. Nebe-von-Caron, C. Sainter, J. Schouten, J. Wilkins, K. Woolston, J.R.A. Fitchett)
- St. George’s University Hospitals National Health Services Foundation Trust, London (D. Forton, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal (A.A. Sall)
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S. Krishna)
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S. Krishna)
| | - Luis E. Cuevas
- St. George’s, University of London, London, UK (H.M. Staines, D.E. Kirwan, D.J. Clark, Y. Augustin, M. Cuisinato, B.M.O. Davies, N.M. Eckersley, D. Forton, L. Hadcocks, Q. Hu, D.C. Macallan, I. Monahan, C.M. Moore, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK (E.R. Adams, R.L. Byrne, A.I. Cubas-Atienzar, L.E. Cuevas, A.J. Fraser, G. Garrod, G.A. Kay, S. Menzies, S.I. Owen, C.T. Williams)
- Mologic, Thurleigh, UK (M. Cocozza, M. Davis, P. Davis, A. Duvoix, M. Johnson, K. Klekotko, Z. Lewis, J. Mensah-Kane, G. Nebe-von-Caron, C. Sainter, J. Schouten, J. Wilkins, K. Woolston, J.R.A. Fitchett)
- St. George’s University Hospitals National Health Services Foundation Trust, London (D. Forton, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal (A.A. Sall)
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S. Krishna)
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S. Krishna)
| | - Martina Cusinato
- St. George’s, University of London, London, UK (H.M. Staines, D.E. Kirwan, D.J. Clark, Y. Augustin, M. Cuisinato, B.M.O. Davies, N.M. Eckersley, D. Forton, L. Hadcocks, Q. Hu, D.C. Macallan, I. Monahan, C.M. Moore, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK (E.R. Adams, R.L. Byrne, A.I. Cubas-Atienzar, L.E. Cuevas, A.J. Fraser, G. Garrod, G.A. Kay, S. Menzies, S.I. Owen, C.T. Williams)
- Mologic, Thurleigh, UK (M. Cocozza, M. Davis, P. Davis, A. Duvoix, M. Johnson, K. Klekotko, Z. Lewis, J. Mensah-Kane, G. Nebe-von-Caron, C. Sainter, J. Schouten, J. Wilkins, K. Woolston, J.R.A. Fitchett)
- St. George’s University Hospitals National Health Services Foundation Trust, London (D. Forton, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal (A.A. Sall)
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S. Krishna)
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S. Krishna)
| | - Benedict M.O. Davies
- St. George’s, University of London, London, UK (H.M. Staines, D.E. Kirwan, D.J. Clark, Y. Augustin, M. Cuisinato, B.M.O. Davies, N.M. Eckersley, D. Forton, L. Hadcocks, Q. Hu, D.C. Macallan, I. Monahan, C.M. Moore, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK (E.R. Adams, R.L. Byrne, A.I. Cubas-Atienzar, L.E. Cuevas, A.J. Fraser, G. Garrod, G.A. Kay, S. Menzies, S.I. Owen, C.T. Williams)
- Mologic, Thurleigh, UK (M. Cocozza, M. Davis, P. Davis, A. Duvoix, M. Johnson, K. Klekotko, Z. Lewis, J. Mensah-Kane, G. Nebe-von-Caron, C. Sainter, J. Schouten, J. Wilkins, K. Woolston, J.R.A. Fitchett)
- St. George’s University Hospitals National Health Services Foundation Trust, London (D. Forton, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal (A.A. Sall)
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S. Krishna)
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S. Krishna)
| | - Mark Davis
- St. George’s, University of London, London, UK (H.M. Staines, D.E. Kirwan, D.J. Clark, Y. Augustin, M. Cuisinato, B.M.O. Davies, N.M. Eckersley, D. Forton, L. Hadcocks, Q. Hu, D.C. Macallan, I. Monahan, C.M. Moore, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK (E.R. Adams, R.L. Byrne, A.I. Cubas-Atienzar, L.E. Cuevas, A.J. Fraser, G. Garrod, G.A. Kay, S. Menzies, S.I. Owen, C.T. Williams)
- Mologic, Thurleigh, UK (M. Cocozza, M. Davis, P. Davis, A. Duvoix, M. Johnson, K. Klekotko, Z. Lewis, J. Mensah-Kane, G. Nebe-von-Caron, C. Sainter, J. Schouten, J. Wilkins, K. Woolston, J.R.A. Fitchett)
- St. George’s University Hospitals National Health Services Foundation Trust, London (D. Forton, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal (A.A. Sall)
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S. Krishna)
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S. Krishna)
| | - Paul Davis
- St. George’s, University of London, London, UK (H.M. Staines, D.E. Kirwan, D.J. Clark, Y. Augustin, M. Cuisinato, B.M.O. Davies, N.M. Eckersley, D. Forton, L. Hadcocks, Q. Hu, D.C. Macallan, I. Monahan, C.M. Moore, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK (E.R. Adams, R.L. Byrne, A.I. Cubas-Atienzar, L.E. Cuevas, A.J. Fraser, G. Garrod, G.A. Kay, S. Menzies, S.I. Owen, C.T. Williams)
- Mologic, Thurleigh, UK (M. Cocozza, M. Davis, P. Davis, A. Duvoix, M. Johnson, K. Klekotko, Z. Lewis, J. Mensah-Kane, G. Nebe-von-Caron, C. Sainter, J. Schouten, J. Wilkins, K. Woolston, J.R.A. Fitchett)
- St. George’s University Hospitals National Health Services Foundation Trust, London (D. Forton, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal (A.A. Sall)
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S. Krishna)
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S. Krishna)
| | - Annelyse Duvoix
- St. George’s, University of London, London, UK (H.M. Staines, D.E. Kirwan, D.J. Clark, Y. Augustin, M. Cuisinato, B.M.O. Davies, N.M. Eckersley, D. Forton, L. Hadcocks, Q. Hu, D.C. Macallan, I. Monahan, C.M. Moore, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK (E.R. Adams, R.L. Byrne, A.I. Cubas-Atienzar, L.E. Cuevas, A.J. Fraser, G. Garrod, G.A. Kay, S. Menzies, S.I. Owen, C.T. Williams)
- Mologic, Thurleigh, UK (M. Cocozza, M. Davis, P. Davis, A. Duvoix, M. Johnson, K. Klekotko, Z. Lewis, J. Mensah-Kane, G. Nebe-von-Caron, C. Sainter, J. Schouten, J. Wilkins, K. Woolston, J.R.A. Fitchett)
- St. George’s University Hospitals National Health Services Foundation Trust, London (D. Forton, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal (A.A. Sall)
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S. Krishna)
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S. Krishna)
| | - Nicholas M. Eckersley
- St. George’s, University of London, London, UK (H.M. Staines, D.E. Kirwan, D.J. Clark, Y. Augustin, M. Cuisinato, B.M.O. Davies, N.M. Eckersley, D. Forton, L. Hadcocks, Q. Hu, D.C. Macallan, I. Monahan, C.M. Moore, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK (E.R. Adams, R.L. Byrne, A.I. Cubas-Atienzar, L.E. Cuevas, A.J. Fraser, G. Garrod, G.A. Kay, S. Menzies, S.I. Owen, C.T. Williams)
- Mologic, Thurleigh, UK (M. Cocozza, M. Davis, P. Davis, A. Duvoix, M. Johnson, K. Klekotko, Z. Lewis, J. Mensah-Kane, G. Nebe-von-Caron, C. Sainter, J. Schouten, J. Wilkins, K. Woolston, J.R.A. Fitchett)
- St. George’s University Hospitals National Health Services Foundation Trust, London (D. Forton, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal (A.A. Sall)
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S. Krishna)
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S. Krishna)
| | - Daniel Forton
- St. George’s, University of London, London, UK (H.M. Staines, D.E. Kirwan, D.J. Clark, Y. Augustin, M. Cuisinato, B.M.O. Davies, N.M. Eckersley, D. Forton, L. Hadcocks, Q. Hu, D.C. Macallan, I. Monahan, C.M. Moore, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK (E.R. Adams, R.L. Byrne, A.I. Cubas-Atienzar, L.E. Cuevas, A.J. Fraser, G. Garrod, G.A. Kay, S. Menzies, S.I. Owen, C.T. Williams)
- Mologic, Thurleigh, UK (M. Cocozza, M. Davis, P. Davis, A. Duvoix, M. Johnson, K. Klekotko, Z. Lewis, J. Mensah-Kane, G. Nebe-von-Caron, C. Sainter, J. Schouten, J. Wilkins, K. Woolston, J.R.A. Fitchett)
- St. George’s University Hospitals National Health Services Foundation Trust, London (D. Forton, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal (A.A. Sall)
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S. Krishna)
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S. Krishna)
| | - Alice J. Fraser
- St. George’s, University of London, London, UK (H.M. Staines, D.E. Kirwan, D.J. Clark, Y. Augustin, M. Cuisinato, B.M.O. Davies, N.M. Eckersley, D. Forton, L. Hadcocks, Q. Hu, D.C. Macallan, I. Monahan, C.M. Moore, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK (E.R. Adams, R.L. Byrne, A.I. Cubas-Atienzar, L.E. Cuevas, A.J. Fraser, G. Garrod, G.A. Kay, S. Menzies, S.I. Owen, C.T. Williams)
- Mologic, Thurleigh, UK (M. Cocozza, M. Davis, P. Davis, A. Duvoix, M. Johnson, K. Klekotko, Z. Lewis, J. Mensah-Kane, G. Nebe-von-Caron, C. Sainter, J. Schouten, J. Wilkins, K. Woolston, J.R.A. Fitchett)
- St. George’s University Hospitals National Health Services Foundation Trust, London (D. Forton, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal (A.A. Sall)
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S. Krishna)
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S. Krishna)
| | - Gala Garrod
- St. George’s, University of London, London, UK (H.M. Staines, D.E. Kirwan, D.J. Clark, Y. Augustin, M. Cuisinato, B.M.O. Davies, N.M. Eckersley, D. Forton, L. Hadcocks, Q. Hu, D.C. Macallan, I. Monahan, C.M. Moore, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK (E.R. Adams, R.L. Byrne, A.I. Cubas-Atienzar, L.E. Cuevas, A.J. Fraser, G. Garrod, G.A. Kay, S. Menzies, S.I. Owen, C.T. Williams)
- Mologic, Thurleigh, UK (M. Cocozza, M. Davis, P. Davis, A. Duvoix, M. Johnson, K. Klekotko, Z. Lewis, J. Mensah-Kane, G. Nebe-von-Caron, C. Sainter, J. Schouten, J. Wilkins, K. Woolston, J.R.A. Fitchett)
- St. George’s University Hospitals National Health Services Foundation Trust, London (D. Forton, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal (A.A. Sall)
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S. Krishna)
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S. Krishna)
| | - Linda Hadcocks
- St. George’s, University of London, London, UK (H.M. Staines, D.E. Kirwan, D.J. Clark, Y. Augustin, M. Cuisinato, B.M.O. Davies, N.M. Eckersley, D. Forton, L. Hadcocks, Q. Hu, D.C. Macallan, I. Monahan, C.M. Moore, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK (E.R. Adams, R.L. Byrne, A.I. Cubas-Atienzar, L.E. Cuevas, A.J. Fraser, G. Garrod, G.A. Kay, S. Menzies, S.I. Owen, C.T. Williams)
- Mologic, Thurleigh, UK (M. Cocozza, M. Davis, P. Davis, A. Duvoix, M. Johnson, K. Klekotko, Z. Lewis, J. Mensah-Kane, G. Nebe-von-Caron, C. Sainter, J. Schouten, J. Wilkins, K. Woolston, J.R.A. Fitchett)
- St. George’s University Hospitals National Health Services Foundation Trust, London (D. Forton, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal (A.A. Sall)
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S. Krishna)
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S. Krishna)
| | - Qinxue Hu
- St. George’s, University of London, London, UK (H.M. Staines, D.E. Kirwan, D.J. Clark, Y. Augustin, M. Cuisinato, B.M.O. Davies, N.M. Eckersley, D. Forton, L. Hadcocks, Q. Hu, D.C. Macallan, I. Monahan, C.M. Moore, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK (E.R. Adams, R.L. Byrne, A.I. Cubas-Atienzar, L.E. Cuevas, A.J. Fraser, G. Garrod, G.A. Kay, S. Menzies, S.I. Owen, C.T. Williams)
- Mologic, Thurleigh, UK (M. Cocozza, M. Davis, P. Davis, A. Duvoix, M. Johnson, K. Klekotko, Z. Lewis, J. Mensah-Kane, G. Nebe-von-Caron, C. Sainter, J. Schouten, J. Wilkins, K. Woolston, J.R.A. Fitchett)
- St. George’s University Hospitals National Health Services Foundation Trust, London (D. Forton, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal (A.A. Sall)
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S. Krishna)
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S. Krishna)
| | - Michael Johnson
- St. George’s, University of London, London, UK (H.M. Staines, D.E. Kirwan, D.J. Clark, Y. Augustin, M. Cuisinato, B.M.O. Davies, N.M. Eckersley, D. Forton, L. Hadcocks, Q. Hu, D.C. Macallan, I. Monahan, C.M. Moore, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK (E.R. Adams, R.L. Byrne, A.I. Cubas-Atienzar, L.E. Cuevas, A.J. Fraser, G. Garrod, G.A. Kay, S. Menzies, S.I. Owen, C.T. Williams)
- Mologic, Thurleigh, UK (M. Cocozza, M. Davis, P. Davis, A. Duvoix, M. Johnson, K. Klekotko, Z. Lewis, J. Mensah-Kane, G. Nebe-von-Caron, C. Sainter, J. Schouten, J. Wilkins, K. Woolston, J.R.A. Fitchett)
- St. George’s University Hospitals National Health Services Foundation Trust, London (D. Forton, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal (A.A. Sall)
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S. Krishna)
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S. Krishna)
| | - Grant A. Kay
- St. George’s, University of London, London, UK (H.M. Staines, D.E. Kirwan, D.J. Clark, Y. Augustin, M. Cuisinato, B.M.O. Davies, N.M. Eckersley, D. Forton, L. Hadcocks, Q. Hu, D.C. Macallan, I. Monahan, C.M. Moore, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK (E.R. Adams, R.L. Byrne, A.I. Cubas-Atienzar, L.E. Cuevas, A.J. Fraser, G. Garrod, G.A. Kay, S. Menzies, S.I. Owen, C.T. Williams)
- Mologic, Thurleigh, UK (M. Cocozza, M. Davis, P. Davis, A. Duvoix, M. Johnson, K. Klekotko, Z. Lewis, J. Mensah-Kane, G. Nebe-von-Caron, C. Sainter, J. Schouten, J. Wilkins, K. Woolston, J.R.A. Fitchett)
- St. George’s University Hospitals National Health Services Foundation Trust, London (D. Forton, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal (A.A. Sall)
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S. Krishna)
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S. Krishna)
| | - Kesja Klekotko
- St. George’s, University of London, London, UK (H.M. Staines, D.E. Kirwan, D.J. Clark, Y. Augustin, M. Cuisinato, B.M.O. Davies, N.M. Eckersley, D. Forton, L. Hadcocks, Q. Hu, D.C. Macallan, I. Monahan, C.M. Moore, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK (E.R. Adams, R.L. Byrne, A.I. Cubas-Atienzar, L.E. Cuevas, A.J. Fraser, G. Garrod, G.A. Kay, S. Menzies, S.I. Owen, C.T. Williams)
- Mologic, Thurleigh, UK (M. Cocozza, M. Davis, P. Davis, A. Duvoix, M. Johnson, K. Klekotko, Z. Lewis, J. Mensah-Kane, G. Nebe-von-Caron, C. Sainter, J. Schouten, J. Wilkins, K. Woolston, J.R.A. Fitchett)
- St. George’s University Hospitals National Health Services Foundation Trust, London (D. Forton, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal (A.A. Sall)
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S. Krishna)
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S. Krishna)
| | - Zawditu Lewis
- St. George’s, University of London, London, UK (H.M. Staines, D.E. Kirwan, D.J. Clark, Y. Augustin, M. Cuisinato, B.M.O. Davies, N.M. Eckersley, D. Forton, L. Hadcocks, Q. Hu, D.C. Macallan, I. Monahan, C.M. Moore, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK (E.R. Adams, R.L. Byrne, A.I. Cubas-Atienzar, L.E. Cuevas, A.J. Fraser, G. Garrod, G.A. Kay, S. Menzies, S.I. Owen, C.T. Williams)
- Mologic, Thurleigh, UK (M. Cocozza, M. Davis, P. Davis, A. Duvoix, M. Johnson, K. Klekotko, Z. Lewis, J. Mensah-Kane, G. Nebe-von-Caron, C. Sainter, J. Schouten, J. Wilkins, K. Woolston, J.R.A. Fitchett)
- St. George’s University Hospitals National Health Services Foundation Trust, London (D. Forton, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal (A.A. Sall)
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S. Krishna)
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S. Krishna)
| | - Derek C. Macallan
- St. George’s, University of London, London, UK (H.M. Staines, D.E. Kirwan, D.J. Clark, Y. Augustin, M. Cuisinato, B.M.O. Davies, N.M. Eckersley, D. Forton, L. Hadcocks, Q. Hu, D.C. Macallan, I. Monahan, C.M. Moore, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK (E.R. Adams, R.L. Byrne, A.I. Cubas-Atienzar, L.E. Cuevas, A.J. Fraser, G. Garrod, G.A. Kay, S. Menzies, S.I. Owen, C.T. Williams)
- Mologic, Thurleigh, UK (M. Cocozza, M. Davis, P. Davis, A. Duvoix, M. Johnson, K. Klekotko, Z. Lewis, J. Mensah-Kane, G. Nebe-von-Caron, C. Sainter, J. Schouten, J. Wilkins, K. Woolston, J.R.A. Fitchett)
- St. George’s University Hospitals National Health Services Foundation Trust, London (D. Forton, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal (A.A. Sall)
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S. Krishna)
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S. Krishna)
| | - Josephine Mensah-Kane
- St. George’s, University of London, London, UK (H.M. Staines, D.E. Kirwan, D.J. Clark, Y. Augustin, M. Cuisinato, B.M.O. Davies, N.M. Eckersley, D. Forton, L. Hadcocks, Q. Hu, D.C. Macallan, I. Monahan, C.M. Moore, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK (E.R. Adams, R.L. Byrne, A.I. Cubas-Atienzar, L.E. Cuevas, A.J. Fraser, G. Garrod, G.A. Kay, S. Menzies, S.I. Owen, C.T. Williams)
- Mologic, Thurleigh, UK (M. Cocozza, M. Davis, P. Davis, A. Duvoix, M. Johnson, K. Klekotko, Z. Lewis, J. Mensah-Kane, G. Nebe-von-Caron, C. Sainter, J. Schouten, J. Wilkins, K. Woolston, J.R.A. Fitchett)
- St. George’s University Hospitals National Health Services Foundation Trust, London (D. Forton, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal (A.A. Sall)
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S. Krishna)
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S. Krishna)
| | - Stefanie Menzies
- St. George’s, University of London, London, UK (H.M. Staines, D.E. Kirwan, D.J. Clark, Y. Augustin, M. Cuisinato, B.M.O. Davies, N.M. Eckersley, D. Forton, L. Hadcocks, Q. Hu, D.C. Macallan, I. Monahan, C.M. Moore, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK (E.R. Adams, R.L. Byrne, A.I. Cubas-Atienzar, L.E. Cuevas, A.J. Fraser, G. Garrod, G.A. Kay, S. Menzies, S.I. Owen, C.T. Williams)
- Mologic, Thurleigh, UK (M. Cocozza, M. Davis, P. Davis, A. Duvoix, M. Johnson, K. Klekotko, Z. Lewis, J. Mensah-Kane, G. Nebe-von-Caron, C. Sainter, J. Schouten, J. Wilkins, K. Woolston, J.R.A. Fitchett)
- St. George’s University Hospitals National Health Services Foundation Trust, London (D. Forton, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal (A.A. Sall)
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S. Krishna)
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S. Krishna)
| | - Irene Monahan
- St. George’s, University of London, London, UK (H.M. Staines, D.E. Kirwan, D.J. Clark, Y. Augustin, M. Cuisinato, B.M.O. Davies, N.M. Eckersley, D. Forton, L. Hadcocks, Q. Hu, D.C. Macallan, I. Monahan, C.M. Moore, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK (E.R. Adams, R.L. Byrne, A.I. Cubas-Atienzar, L.E. Cuevas, A.J. Fraser, G. Garrod, G.A. Kay, S. Menzies, S.I. Owen, C.T. Williams)
- Mologic, Thurleigh, UK (M. Cocozza, M. Davis, P. Davis, A. Duvoix, M. Johnson, K. Klekotko, Z. Lewis, J. Mensah-Kane, G. Nebe-von-Caron, C. Sainter, J. Schouten, J. Wilkins, K. Woolston, J.R.A. Fitchett)
- St. George’s University Hospitals National Health Services Foundation Trust, London (D. Forton, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal (A.A. Sall)
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S. Krishna)
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S. Krishna)
| | - Catherine M. Moore
- St. George’s, University of London, London, UK (H.M. Staines, D.E. Kirwan, D.J. Clark, Y. Augustin, M. Cuisinato, B.M.O. Davies, N.M. Eckersley, D. Forton, L. Hadcocks, Q. Hu, D.C. Macallan, I. Monahan, C.M. Moore, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK (E.R. Adams, R.L. Byrne, A.I. Cubas-Atienzar, L.E. Cuevas, A.J. Fraser, G. Garrod, G.A. Kay, S. Menzies, S.I. Owen, C.T. Williams)
- Mologic, Thurleigh, UK (M. Cocozza, M. Davis, P. Davis, A. Duvoix, M. Johnson, K. Klekotko, Z. Lewis, J. Mensah-Kane, G. Nebe-von-Caron, C. Sainter, J. Schouten, J. Wilkins, K. Woolston, J.R.A. Fitchett)
- St. George’s University Hospitals National Health Services Foundation Trust, London (D. Forton, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal (A.A. Sall)
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S. Krishna)
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S. Krishna)
| | - Gerhard Nebe-von-Caron
- St. George’s, University of London, London, UK (H.M. Staines, D.E. Kirwan, D.J. Clark, Y. Augustin, M. Cuisinato, B.M.O. Davies, N.M. Eckersley, D. Forton, L. Hadcocks, Q. Hu, D.C. Macallan, I. Monahan, C.M. Moore, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK (E.R. Adams, R.L. Byrne, A.I. Cubas-Atienzar, L.E. Cuevas, A.J. Fraser, G. Garrod, G.A. Kay, S. Menzies, S.I. Owen, C.T. Williams)
- Mologic, Thurleigh, UK (M. Cocozza, M. Davis, P. Davis, A. Duvoix, M. Johnson, K. Klekotko, Z. Lewis, J. Mensah-Kane, G. Nebe-von-Caron, C. Sainter, J. Schouten, J. Wilkins, K. Woolston, J.R.A. Fitchett)
- St. George’s University Hospitals National Health Services Foundation Trust, London (D. Forton, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal (A.A. Sall)
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S. Krishna)
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S. Krishna)
| | - Sophie I. Owen
- St. George’s, University of London, London, UK (H.M. Staines, D.E. Kirwan, D.J. Clark, Y. Augustin, M. Cuisinato, B.M.O. Davies, N.M. Eckersley, D. Forton, L. Hadcocks, Q. Hu, D.C. Macallan, I. Monahan, C.M. Moore, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK (E.R. Adams, R.L. Byrne, A.I. Cubas-Atienzar, L.E. Cuevas, A.J. Fraser, G. Garrod, G.A. Kay, S. Menzies, S.I. Owen, C.T. Williams)
- Mologic, Thurleigh, UK (M. Cocozza, M. Davis, P. Davis, A. Duvoix, M. Johnson, K. Klekotko, Z. Lewis, J. Mensah-Kane, G. Nebe-von-Caron, C. Sainter, J. Schouten, J. Wilkins, K. Woolston, J.R.A. Fitchett)
- St. George’s University Hospitals National Health Services Foundation Trust, London (D. Forton, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal (A.A. Sall)
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S. Krishna)
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S. Krishna)
| | - Chris Sainter
- St. George’s, University of London, London, UK (H.M. Staines, D.E. Kirwan, D.J. Clark, Y. Augustin, M. Cuisinato, B.M.O. Davies, N.M. Eckersley, D. Forton, L. Hadcocks, Q. Hu, D.C. Macallan, I. Monahan, C.M. Moore, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK (E.R. Adams, R.L. Byrne, A.I. Cubas-Atienzar, L.E. Cuevas, A.J. Fraser, G. Garrod, G.A. Kay, S. Menzies, S.I. Owen, C.T. Williams)
- Mologic, Thurleigh, UK (M. Cocozza, M. Davis, P. Davis, A. Duvoix, M. Johnson, K. Klekotko, Z. Lewis, J. Mensah-Kane, G. Nebe-von-Caron, C. Sainter, J. Schouten, J. Wilkins, K. Woolston, J.R.A. Fitchett)
- St. George’s University Hospitals National Health Services Foundation Trust, London (D. Forton, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal (A.A. Sall)
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S. Krishna)
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S. Krishna)
| | - Amadou A. Sall
- St. George’s, University of London, London, UK (H.M. Staines, D.E. Kirwan, D.J. Clark, Y. Augustin, M. Cuisinato, B.M.O. Davies, N.M. Eckersley, D. Forton, L. Hadcocks, Q. Hu, D.C. Macallan, I. Monahan, C.M. Moore, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK (E.R. Adams, R.L. Byrne, A.I. Cubas-Atienzar, L.E. Cuevas, A.J. Fraser, G. Garrod, G.A. Kay, S. Menzies, S.I. Owen, C.T. Williams)
- Mologic, Thurleigh, UK (M. Cocozza, M. Davis, P. Davis, A. Duvoix, M. Johnson, K. Klekotko, Z. Lewis, J. Mensah-Kane, G. Nebe-von-Caron, C. Sainter, J. Schouten, J. Wilkins, K. Woolston, J.R.A. Fitchett)
- St. George’s University Hospitals National Health Services Foundation Trust, London (D. Forton, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal (A.A. Sall)
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S. Krishna)
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S. Krishna)
| | - James Schouten
- St. George’s, University of London, London, UK (H.M. Staines, D.E. Kirwan, D.J. Clark, Y. Augustin, M. Cuisinato, B.M.O. Davies, N.M. Eckersley, D. Forton, L. Hadcocks, Q. Hu, D.C. Macallan, I. Monahan, C.M. Moore, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK (E.R. Adams, R.L. Byrne, A.I. Cubas-Atienzar, L.E. Cuevas, A.J. Fraser, G. Garrod, G.A. Kay, S. Menzies, S.I. Owen, C.T. Williams)
- Mologic, Thurleigh, UK (M. Cocozza, M. Davis, P. Davis, A. Duvoix, M. Johnson, K. Klekotko, Z. Lewis, J. Mensah-Kane, G. Nebe-von-Caron, C. Sainter, J. Schouten, J. Wilkins, K. Woolston, J.R.A. Fitchett)
- St. George’s University Hospitals National Health Services Foundation Trust, London (D. Forton, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal (A.A. Sall)
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S. Krishna)
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S. Krishna)
| | - Christopher T. Williams
- St. George’s, University of London, London, UK (H.M. Staines, D.E. Kirwan, D.J. Clark, Y. Augustin, M. Cuisinato, B.M.O. Davies, N.M. Eckersley, D. Forton, L. Hadcocks, Q. Hu, D.C. Macallan, I. Monahan, C.M. Moore, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK (E.R. Adams, R.L. Byrne, A.I. Cubas-Atienzar, L.E. Cuevas, A.J. Fraser, G. Garrod, G.A. Kay, S. Menzies, S.I. Owen, C.T. Williams)
- Mologic, Thurleigh, UK (M. Cocozza, M. Davis, P. Davis, A. Duvoix, M. Johnson, K. Klekotko, Z. Lewis, J. Mensah-Kane, G. Nebe-von-Caron, C. Sainter, J. Schouten, J. Wilkins, K. Woolston, J.R.A. Fitchett)
- St. George’s University Hospitals National Health Services Foundation Trust, London (D. Forton, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal (A.A. Sall)
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S. Krishna)
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S. Krishna)
| | - John Wilkins
- St. George’s, University of London, London, UK (H.M. Staines, D.E. Kirwan, D.J. Clark, Y. Augustin, M. Cuisinato, B.M.O. Davies, N.M. Eckersley, D. Forton, L. Hadcocks, Q. Hu, D.C. Macallan, I. Monahan, C.M. Moore, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK (E.R. Adams, R.L. Byrne, A.I. Cubas-Atienzar, L.E. Cuevas, A.J. Fraser, G. Garrod, G.A. Kay, S. Menzies, S.I. Owen, C.T. Williams)
- Mologic, Thurleigh, UK (M. Cocozza, M. Davis, P. Davis, A. Duvoix, M. Johnson, K. Klekotko, Z. Lewis, J. Mensah-Kane, G. Nebe-von-Caron, C. Sainter, J. Schouten, J. Wilkins, K. Woolston, J.R.A. Fitchett)
- St. George’s University Hospitals National Health Services Foundation Trust, London (D. Forton, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal (A.A. Sall)
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S. Krishna)
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S. Krishna)
| | - Kevin Woolston
- St. George’s, University of London, London, UK (H.M. Staines, D.E. Kirwan, D.J. Clark, Y. Augustin, M. Cuisinato, B.M.O. Davies, N.M. Eckersley, D. Forton, L. Hadcocks, Q. Hu, D.C. Macallan, I. Monahan, C.M. Moore, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK (E.R. Adams, R.L. Byrne, A.I. Cubas-Atienzar, L.E. Cuevas, A.J. Fraser, G. Garrod, G.A. Kay, S. Menzies, S.I. Owen, C.T. Williams)
- Mologic, Thurleigh, UK (M. Cocozza, M. Davis, P. Davis, A. Duvoix, M. Johnson, K. Klekotko, Z. Lewis, J. Mensah-Kane, G. Nebe-von-Caron, C. Sainter, J. Schouten, J. Wilkins, K. Woolston, J.R.A. Fitchett)
- St. George’s University Hospitals National Health Services Foundation Trust, London (D. Forton, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal (A.A. Sall)
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S. Krishna)
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S. Krishna)
| | - Joseph R.A. Fitchett
- St. George’s, University of London, London, UK (H.M. Staines, D.E. Kirwan, D.J. Clark, Y. Augustin, M. Cuisinato, B.M.O. Davies, N.M. Eckersley, D. Forton, L. Hadcocks, Q. Hu, D.C. Macallan, I. Monahan, C.M. Moore, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK (E.R. Adams, R.L. Byrne, A.I. Cubas-Atienzar, L.E. Cuevas, A.J. Fraser, G. Garrod, G.A. Kay, S. Menzies, S.I. Owen, C.T. Williams)
- Mologic, Thurleigh, UK (M. Cocozza, M. Davis, P. Davis, A. Duvoix, M. Johnson, K. Klekotko, Z. Lewis, J. Mensah-Kane, G. Nebe-von-Caron, C. Sainter, J. Schouten, J. Wilkins, K. Woolston, J.R.A. Fitchett)
- St. George’s University Hospitals National Health Services Foundation Trust, London (D. Forton, S. Krishna, T. Planche)
- Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal (A.A. Sall)
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S. Krishna)
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S. Krishna)
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