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Malnou M, Aumentado J, Vissers M, Wheeler J, Hubmayr J, Ullom J, Gao J. Performance of a Kinetic Inductance Traveling-Wave Parametric Amplifier at 4 Kelvin: Toward an Alternative to Semiconductor Amplifiers. Phys Rev Appl 2022; 17:10.1103/physrevapplied.17.044009. [PMID: 37965129 PMCID: PMC10644704 DOI: 10.1103/physrevapplied.17.044009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Most microwave readout architectures in quantum computing or sensing rely on a semiconductor amplifier at 4 K, typically a high-electron mobility transistor (HEMT). Despite its remarkable noise performance, a conventional HEMT dissipates several milliwatts of power, posing a practical challenge to scale up the number of qubits or sensors addressed in these architectures. As an alternative, we present an amplification chain consisting of a kinetic inductance traveling-wave parametric amplifier (KITWPA) placed at 4 K, followed by a HEMT placed at 70 K, and demonstrate a chain-added noise T Σ = 6.3 ± 0.5 K between 3.5 and 5.5 GHz. While, in principle, any parametric amplifier can be quantum limited even at 4 K, in practice we find the performance of the KITWPA to be limited by the temperature of its inputs and by an excess of noise T ex = 1.9 K . The dissipation of the rf pump of the KITWPA constitutes the main power load at 4 K and is about 1% that of a HEMT. These combined noise and power dissipation values pave the way for the use of the KITWPA as a replacement for semiconductor amplifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Malnou
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - J. Aumentado
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - M.R. Vissers
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - J.D. Wheeler
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - J. Hubmayr
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - J.N. Ullom
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - J. Gao
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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2
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Ade PAR, Ahmed Z, Amiri M, Barkats D, Thakur RB, Bischoff CA, Beck D, Bock JJ, Boenish H, Bullock E, Buza V, Cheshire JR, Connors J, Cornelison J, Crumrine M, Cukierman A, Denison EV, Dierickx M, Duband L, Eiben M, Fatigoni S, Filippini JP, Fliescher S, Goeckner-Wald N, Goldfinger DC, Grayson J, Grimes P, Hall G, Halal G, Halpern M, Hand E, Harrison S, Henderson S, Hildebrandt SR, Hilton GC, Hubmayr J, Hui H, Irwin KD, Kang J, Karkare KS, Karpel E, Kefeli S, Kernasovskiy SA, Kovac JM, Kuo CL, Lau K, Leitch EM, Lennox A, Megerian KG, Minutolo L, Moncelsi L, Nakato Y, Namikawa T, Nguyen HT, O'Brient R, Ogburn RW, Palladino S, Prouve T, Pryke C, Racine B, Reintsema CD, Richter S, Schillaci A, Schwarz R, Schmitt BL, Sheehy CD, Soliman A, Germaine TS, Steinbach B, Sudiwala RV, Teply GP, Thompson KL, Tolan JE, Tucker C, Turner AD, Umiltà C, Vergès C, Vieregg AG, Wandui A, Weber AC, Wiebe DV, Willmert J, Wong CL, Wu WLK, Yang H, Yoon KW, Young E, Yu C, Zeng L, Zhang C, Zhang S. Improved Constraints on Primordial Gravitational Waves using Planck, WMAP, and BICEP/Keck Observations through the 2018 Observing Season. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 127:151301. [PMID: 34678017 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.151301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We present results from an analysis of all data taken by the BICEP2, Keck Array, and BICEP3 CMB polarization experiments up to and including the 2018 observing season. We add additional Keck Array observations at 220 GHz and BICEP3 observations at 95 GHz to the previous 95/150/220 GHz dataset. The Q/U maps now reach depths of 2.8, 2.8, and 8.8 μK_{CMB} arcmin at 95, 150, and 220 GHz, respectively, over an effective area of ≈600 square degrees at 95 GHz and ≈400 square degrees at 150 and 220 GHz. The 220 GHz maps now achieve a signal-to-noise ratio on polarized dust emission exceeding that of Planck at 353 GHz. We take auto- and cross-spectra between these maps and publicly available WMAP and Planck maps at frequencies from 23 to 353 GHz and evaluate the joint likelihood of the spectra versus a multicomponent model of lensed ΛCDM+r+dust+synchrotron+noise. The foreground model has seven parameters, and no longer requires a prior on the frequency spectral index of the dust emission taken from measurements on other regions of the sky. This model is an adequate description of the data at the current noise levels. The likelihood analysis yields the constraint r_{0.05}<0.036 at 95% confidence. Running maximum likelihood search on simulations we obtain unbiased results and find that σ(r)=0.009. These are the strongest constraints to date on primordial gravitational waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A R Ade
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
| | - Z Ahmed
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M Amiri
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - D Barkats
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - R Basu Thakur
- Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - C A Bischoff
- Department of Physics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
| | - D Beck
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - J J Bock
- Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - H Boenish
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - E Bullock
- Minnesota Institute for Astrophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - V Buza
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - J R Cheshire
- Minnesota Institute for Astrophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - J Connors
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - J Cornelison
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - M Crumrine
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - A Cukierman
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - E V Denison
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - M Dierickx
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - L Duband
- Service des Basses Températures, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - M Eiben
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - S Fatigoni
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - J P Filippini
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - S Fliescher
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - N Goeckner-Wald
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - D C Goldfinger
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - J Grayson
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - P Grimes
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - G Hall
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - G Halal
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - M Halpern
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - E Hand
- Department of Physics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
| | - S Harrison
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - S Henderson
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S R Hildebrandt
- Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - G C Hilton
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - J Hubmayr
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - H Hui
- Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - K D Irwin
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - J Kang
- Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - K S Karkare
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - E Karpel
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - S Kefeli
- Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - S A Kernasovskiy
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - J M Kovac
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - C L Kuo
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - K Lau
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - E M Leitch
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - A Lennox
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - K G Megerian
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - L Minutolo
- Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - L Moncelsi
- Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Y Nakato
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - T Namikawa
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
| | - H T Nguyen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - R O'Brient
- Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - R W Ogburn
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - S Palladino
- Department of Physics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
| | - T Prouve
- Service des Basses Températures, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - C Pryke
- Minnesota Institute for Astrophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - B Racine
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille 13288, France
| | - C D Reintsema
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - S Richter
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - A Schillaci
- Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - R Schwarz
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - B L Schmitt
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - C D Sheehy
- Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - A Soliman
- Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - T St Germaine
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - B Steinbach
- Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - R V Sudiwala
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
| | - G P Teply
- Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - K L Thompson
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - J E Tolan
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - C Tucker
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
| | - A D Turner
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - C Umiltà
- Department of Physics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - C Vergès
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - A G Vieregg
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - A Wandui
- Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - A C Weber
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - D V Wiebe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - J Willmert
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - C L Wong
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - W L K Wu
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - H Yang
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - K W Yoon
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - E Young
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - C Yu
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - L Zeng
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - C Zhang
- Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - S Zhang
- Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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Calafut V, Gallardo P, Vavagiakis E, Amodeo S, Aiola S, Austermann J, Battaglia N, Battistelli E, Beall J, Bean R, Bond J, Calabrese E, Choi S, Cothard N, Devlin M, Duell C, Duff S, Duivenvoorden A, Dunkley J, Dunner R, Ferraro S, Guan Y, Hill J, Hilton G, Hilton M, Hložek R, Huber Z, Hubmayr J, Huffenberger K, Hughes J, Koopman B, Kosowsky A, Li Y, Lokken M, Madhavacheril M, McMahon J, Moodley K, Naess S, Nati F, Newburgh L, Niemack M, Page L, Partridge B, Schaan E, Schillaci A, Sifón C, Spergel D, Staggs S, Ullom J, Vale L, Van Engelen A, Van Lanen J, Wollack E, Xu Z. The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Detection of the pairwise kinematic Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect with SDSS DR15 galaxies. Int J Clin Exp Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.104.043502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Bianchini F, Wu W, Ade P, Anderson A, Austermann J, Avva J, Balkenhol L, Baxter E, Beall J, Bender A, Benson B, Bleem L, Carlstrom J, Chang C, Chaubal P, Chiang H, Chou T, Citron R, Corbett Moran C, Crawford T, Crites A, de Haan T, Dobbs M, Everett W, Gallicchio J, George E, Gilbert A, Gupta N, Halverson N, Henning J, Hilton G, Holder G, Holzapfel W, Hrubes J, Huang N, Hubmayr J, Irwin K, Knox L, Lee A, Li D, Lowitz A, Manzotti A, McMahon J, Meyer S, Millea M, Mocanu L, Montgomery J, Nadolski A, Natoli T, Nibarger J, Noble G, Novosad V, Omori Y, Padin S, Patil S, Pryke C, Reichardt C, Ruhl J, Saliwanchik B, Schaffer K, Sievers C, Simard G, Smecher G, Stark A, Story K, Tucker C, Vanderlinde K, Veach T, Vieira J, Wang G, Whitehorn N, Yefremenko V. Searching for anisotropic cosmic birefringence with polarization data from SPTpol. Int J Clin Exp Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.102.083504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Walker S, Sierra CE, Austermann JE, Beall JA, Becker DT, Dober BJ, Duff SM, Hilton GC, Hubmayr J, Van Lanen JL, McMahon JJ, Simon SM, Ullom JN, Vissers MR. Demonstration of 220/280 GHz Multichroic Feedhorn-Coupled TES Polarimeter. J Low Temp Phys 2020; 199:10.1007/s10909-019-02316-1. [PMID: 33487736 PMCID: PMC7818388 DOI: 10.1007/s10909-019-02316-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We describe the design and measurement of feedhorn-coupled, transition-edge sensor (TES) polarimeters with two passbands centered at 220 GHz and 280 GHz, intended for observations of the cosmic microwave background. Each pixel couples polarized light in two linear polarizations by use of a planar orthomode transducer and senses power via four TES bolometers, one for each band in each linear polarization. Previous designs of this detector architecture incorporated passbands from 27 to 220 GHz; we now demonstrate this technology at frequencies up to 315 GHz. Observational passbands are defined with an on-chip diplexer, and Fourier-transform-spectrometer measurements are in excellent agreement with simulations. We find coupling from feedhorn to TES bolometer using a cryogenic, temperature-controlled thermal source. We determine the optical efficiency of our device is η = 77% ± 6% (75% ± 5%) for 220 (280) GHz, relative to the designed passband shapes. Lastly, we compare two power-termination schemes commonly used in wide-bandwidth millimeter-wave polarimeters and find equal performance in terms of optical efficiency and passband shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Walker
- University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - J. E. Austermann
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J. A. Beall
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - D. T. Becker
- University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - B. J. Dober
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - S. M. Duff
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - G. C. Hilton
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J. Hubmayr
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J. L. Van Lanen
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | | | - J. N. Ullom
- University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - M. R. Vissers
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
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6
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Raghunathan S, Patil S, Baxter E, Benson BA, Bleem LE, Crawford TM, Holder GP, McClintock T, Reichardt CL, Varga TN, Whitehorn N, Ade PAR, Allam S, Anderson AJ, Austermann JE, Avila S, Avva JS, Bacon D, Beall JA, Bender AN, Bianchini F, Bocquet S, Brooks D, Burke DL, Carlstrom JE, Carretero J, Castander FJ, Chang CL, Chiang HC, Citron R, Costanzi M, Crites AT, da Costa LN, Desai S, Diehl HT, Dietrich JP, Dobbs MA, Doel P, Everett S, Evrard AE, Feng C, Flaugher B, Fosalba P, Frieman J, Gallicchio J, García-Bellido J, Gaztanaga E, George EM, Giannantonio T, Gilbert A, Gruendl RA, Gschwend J, Gupta N, Gutierrez G, de Haan T, Halverson NW, Harrington N, Henning JW, Hilton GC, Hollowood DL, Holzapfel WL, Honscheid K, Hrubes JD, Huang N, Hubmayr J, Irwin KD, Jeltema T, Kind MC, Knox L, Kuropatkin N, Lahav O, Lee AT, Li D, Lima M, Lowitz A, Maia MAG, Marshall JL, McMahon JJ, Melchior P, Menanteau F, Meyer SS, Miquel R, Mocanu LM, Mohr JJ, Montgomery J, Moran CC, Nadolski A, Natoli T, Nibarger JP, Noble G, Novosad V, Ogando RLC, Padin S, Plazas AA, Pryke C, Rapetti D, Romer AK, Roodman A, Rosell AC, Rozo E, Ruhl JE, Rykoff ES, Saliwanchik BR, Sanchez E, Sayre JT, Scarpine V, Schaffer KK, Schubnell M, Serrano S, Sevilla-Noarbe I, Sievers C, Smecher G, Smith M, Soares-Santos M, Stark AA, Story KT, Suchyta E, Swanson MEC, Tarle G, Tucker C, Vanderlinde K, Veach T, De Vicente J, Vieira JD, Vikram V, Wang G, Wu WLK, Yefremenko V, Zhang Y. Detection of CMB-Cluster Lensing using Polarization Data from SPTpol. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 123:181301. [PMID: 31763885 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.181301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report the first detection of gravitational lensing due to galaxy clusters using only the polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). The lensing signal is obtained using a new estimator that extracts the lensing dipole signature from stacked images formed by rotating the cluster-centered Stokes QU map cutouts along the direction of the locally measured background CMB polarization gradient. Using data from the SPTpol 500 deg^{2} survey at the locations of roughly 18 000 clusters with richness λ≥10 from the Dark Energy Survey (DES) Year-3 full galaxy cluster catalog, we detect lensing at 4.8σ. The mean stacked mass of the selected sample is found to be (1.43±0.40)×10^{14}M_{⊙} which is in good agreement with optical weak lensing based estimates using DES data and CMB-lensing based estimates using SPTpol temperature data. This measurement is a key first step for cluster cosmology with future low-noise CMB surveys, like CMB-S4, for which CMB polarization will be the primary channel for cluster lensing measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Raghunathan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia
| | - S Patil
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia
| | - E Baxter
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - B A Benson
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, MS209, P.O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - L E Bleem
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - T M Crawford
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - G P Holder
- Astronomy Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1110 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, CIFAR Program in Gravity and the Extreme Universe, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1Z8, Canada
| | - T McClintock
- Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - C L Reichardt
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia
| | - T N Varga
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrasse, Garching 85748, Germany
- Universitäts-Sternwarte, Fakultät für Physik, LudwigMaximilians Universität München, Scheinerstr. 1, München 81679, Germany
| | - N Whitehorn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - P A R Ade
- Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3XQ, United Kingdom
| | - S Allam
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - A J Anderson
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, MS209, P.O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - J E Austermann
- NIST Quantum Devices Group, 325 Broadway Mailcode 817.03, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - S Avila
- Instituto de Fisica Teorica UAM/CSIC, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - J S Avva
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D Bacon
- Institute of Cosmology & Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Dennis Sciama Building, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, United Kingdom
| | - J A Beall
- NIST Quantum Devices Group, 325 Broadway Mailcode 817.03, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - A N Bender
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - F Bianchini
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia
| | - S Bocquet
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
- Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Scheinerstr. 1, Munich 81679, Germany
| | - D Brooks
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| | - D L Burke
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology, P. O. Box 2450, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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| | - J E Carlstrom
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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| | - J Carretero
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Barcelona) 08193, Spain
| | - F J Castander
- Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
- Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - C L Chang
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - H C Chiang
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - R Citron
- University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - M Costanzi
- Universitäts-Sternwarte, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Scheinerstr. 1, München 81679, Germany
| | - A T Crites
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- California Institute of Technology, MS 249-17, 1216 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - L N da Costa
- Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia-LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
- Observatório Nacional, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
| | - S Desai
- Department of Physics, IIT Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana 502285, India
| | - H T Diehl
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - J P Dietrich
- Excellence Cluster Origins, Boltzmannstr. 2, Garching 85748, Germany
- Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Scheinerstr. 1, Munich 81679, Germany
| | - M A Dobbs
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, CIFAR Program in Gravity and the Extreme Universe, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1Z8, Canada
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 Rue University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - P Doel
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - S Everett
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - A E Evrard
- Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - C Feng
- Astronomy Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1110 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - B Flaugher
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - P Fosalba
- Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
- Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - J Frieman
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
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| | - J Gallicchio
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Harvey Mudd College, 301 Platt Blvd., Claremont, California 91711, USA
| | - J García-Bellido
- Instituto de Fisica Teorica UAM/CSIC, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - E Gaztanaga
- Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
- Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - E M George
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2, Garching bei München 85748, Germany
| | - T Giannantonio
- Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, United Kingdom
- Kavli Institute for Cosmology, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, United Kingdom
| | - A Gilbert
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 Rue University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - R A Gruendl
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, 1205 West Clark St., Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - J Gschwend
- Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia-LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
- Observatório Nacional, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
| | - N Gupta
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia
| | - G Gutierrez
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - T de Haan
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - N W Halverson
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - N Harrington
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J W Henning
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - G C Hilton
- NIST Quantum Devices Group, 325 Broadway Mailcode 817.03, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - D L Hollowood
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - W L Holzapfel
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - K Honscheid
- Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - J D Hrubes
- University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - N Huang
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J Hubmayr
- NIST Quantum Devices Group, 325 Broadway Mailcode 817.03, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - K D Irwin
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Deptartment of Physics, Stanford University, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - T Jeltema
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - M Carrasco Kind
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, 1205 West Clark St., Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - L Knox
- Department of Physics, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - N Kuropatkin
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - O Lahav
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - A T Lee
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D Li
- NIST Quantum Devices Group, 325 Broadway Mailcode 817.03, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M Lima
- Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia-LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
- Departamento de Física Matemática, Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 66318, São Paulo, SP 05314-970, Brazil
| | - A Lowitz
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - M A G Maia
- Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia-LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
- Observatório Nacional, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
| | - J L Marshall
- George P. and Cynthia Woods Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - J J McMahon
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, 450 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - P Melchior
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Peyton Hall, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - F Menanteau
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, 1205 West Clark St., Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - S S Meyer
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - R Miquel
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Barcelona) 08193, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona E-08010, Spain
| | - L M Mocanu
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - J J Mohr
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrasse, Garching 85748, Germany
- Excellence Cluster Origins, Boltzmannstr. 2, Garching 85748, Germany
- Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Scheinerstr. 1, Munich 81679, Germany
| | - J Montgomery
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 Rue University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - C Corbett Moran
- TAPIR, Walter Burke Institute for Theoretical Physics, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - A Nadolski
- Astronomy Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1110 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - T Natoli
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Dunlap Institute for Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 St George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H4, Canada
| | - J P Nibarger
- NIST Quantum Devices Group, 325 Broadway Mailcode 817.03, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - G Noble
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 Rue University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - V Novosad
- Materials Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - R L C Ogando
- Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia-LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
- Observatório Nacional, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
| | - S Padin
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- California Institute of Technology, MS 249-17, 1216 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - A A Plazas
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Peyton Hall, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - C Pryke
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, 116 Church Street S.E. Minneapolis, Minneapolis 55455, USA
| | - D Rapetti
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- NASA Postdoctoral Program Senior Fellow, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, USA
| | - A K Romer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Pevensey Building, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - A Roodman
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology, P. O. Box 2450, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - A Carnero Rosell
- Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia-LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - E Rozo
- Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - J E Ruhl
- Physics Department, Center for Education and Research in Cosmology and Astrophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - E S Rykoff
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology, P. O. Box 2450, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - B R Saliwanchik
- Physics Department, Center for Education and Research in Cosmology and Astrophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
- Department of Physics, Yale University, P.O. Box 208120, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8120, USA
| | - E Sanchez
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - J T Sayre
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - V Scarpine
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - K K Schaffer
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Liberal Arts Department, School of the Art Institute of Chicago, 112 S Michigan Ave, Chicago, Illinois 60603, USA
| | - M Schubnell
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - S Serrano
- Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
- Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - I Sevilla-Noarbe
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - C Sievers
- University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - G Smecher
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 Rue University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
- Three-Speed Logic, Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia V6A 2J8, Canada
| | - M Smith
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - M Soares-Santos
- Brandeis University, Physics Department, 415 South Street, Waltham Massachusetts 02453, USA
| | - A A Stark
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - K T Story
- Deptartment of Physics, Stanford University, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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| | - E Suchyta
- Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - M E C Swanson
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, 1205 West Clark St., Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - G Tarle
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - C Tucker
- Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3XQ, United Kingdom
| | - K Vanderlinde
- Dunlap Institute for Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 St George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H4, Canada
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 St George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H4, Canada
| | - T Veach
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - J De Vicente
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - J D Vieira
- Astronomy Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1110 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - V Vikram
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - G Wang
- High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - W L K Wu
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - V Yefremenko
- High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Y Zhang
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
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Wessels AL, Becker DT, Bennett DA, Gard JD, Hubmayr J, Jarosik N, Kotsubo VY, Mates JAB, Ullom JN. A 300-mK Test Bed for Rapid Characterization of Microwave SQUID Multiplexing Circuits. J Low Temp Phys 2018; 193:886-892. [PMID: 38515616 PMCID: PMC10956486 DOI: 10.1007/s10909-018-2048-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Microwave SQUID multiplexing is a promising technique for multiplexing large arrays of transition edge sensors. A major bottleneck in the development and distribution of microwave SQUID multiplexer chips occurs in the time-intensive design testing and quality assurance stages. To obtain useful RF measurements, these devices must be cooled to temperatures below 500 mK. The need for a more efficient system to screen microwave multiplexer chips has grown as the number of chips requested by collaborators per year reaches into the hundreds. We have therefore assembled a test bed for microwave SQUID circuits, which decreases screening time for four 32-channel chips from 24 h in an adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator to approximately 5 h in a helium dip probe containing a closed cycle 3He sorption refrigerator. We discuss defining characteristics of these microwave circuits and the challenges of establishing an efficient testing setup for them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - D. A. Bennett
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - J. D. Gard
- University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - J. Hubmayr
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - N. Jarosik
- Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - V. Y. Kotsubo
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | | | - J. N. Ullom
- University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
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8
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Austermann JE, Beall JA, Bryan SA, Dober B, Gao J, Hilton G, Hubmayr J, Mauskopf P, McKenney CM, Simon SM, Ullom JN, Vissers MR, Wilson GW. Millimeter-Wave Polarimeters Using Kinetic Inductance Detectors for TolTEC and Beyond. J Low Temp Phys 2018; 193:10.1007/s10909-018-1949-5. [PMID: 34815585 PMCID: PMC8607460 DOI: 10.1007/s10909-018-1949-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs) provide a compelling path forward to the large-format polarimeter, imaging, and spectrometer arrays needed for next-generation experiments in millimeter-wave cosmology and astronomy. We describe the development of feedhorn-coupled MKID detectors for the TolTEC millimeter-wave imaging polarimeter being constructed for the 50-meter Large Millimeter Telescope (LMT). Observations with TolTEC are planned to begin in early 2019. TolTEC will comprise ∼7,000 polarization sensitive MKIDs and will represent the first MKID arrays fabricated and deployed on monolithic 150 mm diameter silicon wafers - a critical step towards future large-scale experiments with over 105 detectors. TolTEC will operate in observational bands at 1.1, 1.4, and 2.0 mm and will use dichroic filters to define a physically independent focal plane for each passband, thus allowing the polarimeters to use simple, direct-absorption inductive structures that are impedance matched to incident radiation. This work is part of a larger program at NIST-Boulder to develop MKID-based detector technologies for use over a wide range of photon energies spanning millimeter-waves to X-rays. We present the detailed pixel layout and describe the methods, tools, and flexible design parameters that allow this solution to be optimized for use anywhere in the millimeter and sub-millimeter bands. We also present measurements of prototype devices operating in the 1.1 mm band and compare the observed optical performance to that predicted from models and simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Austermann
- Quantum Sensors Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology; Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - J A Beall
- Quantum Sensors Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology; Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | | | - B Dober
- Quantum Sensors Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology; Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - J Gao
- Quantum Sensors Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology; Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - G Hilton
- Quantum Sensors Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology; Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - J Hubmayr
- Quantum Sensors Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology; Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | | | - C M McKenney
- Quantum Sensors Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology; Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - S M Simon
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - J N Ullom
- Quantum Sensors Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology; Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - M R Vissers
- Quantum Sensors Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology; Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - G W Wilson
- University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA
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9
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Dober B, Becker D, Bennett D, Bryan S, Duff S, Gard J, Hays-Wehle J, Hilton G, Hubmayr J, Mates J, Reintsema C, Vale L, Ullom J. Microwave SQUID Multiplexer Demonstration for Cosmic Microwave Background Imagers. Appl Phys Lett 2017; 111:243510. [PMID: 29335654 PMCID: PMC5766014 DOI: 10.1063/1.5008527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Key performance characteristics are demonstrated for the microwave SQUID multiplexer (µmux) coupled to transition edge sensor (TES) bolometers that have been optimized for cosmic microwave background (CMB) observations. In a 64-channel demonstration, we show that the µmux produces a white, input referred current noise level of [Formula: see text] at -77 dB microwave probe tone power, which is well below expected fundamental detector and photon noise sources for a ground-based CMB-optimized bolometer. Operated with negligible photon loading, we measure [Formula: see text] in the TES-coupled channels biased at 65% of the sensor normal resistance. This noise level is consistent with that predicted from bolometer thermal fluctuation (i.e. phonon) noise. Furthermore, the power spectral density is white over a range of frequencies down to ~ 100 mHz, which enables CMB mapping on large angular scales that constrain the physics of inflation. Additionally, we report cross-talk measurements that indicate a level below 0.3%, which is less than the level of cross-talk from multiplexed readout systems in deployed CMB imagers. These measurements demonstrate the µmux as a viable readout technique for future CMB imaging instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Dober
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - D.T. Becker
- University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - D.A. Bennett
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - S.A. Bryan
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - S.M. Duff
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - J.D. Gard
- University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - J.P. Hays-Wehle
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - G.C. Hilton
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - J. Hubmayr
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - J.A.B. Mates
- University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - C.D Reintsema
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - L.R. Vale
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - J.N. Ullom
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
- University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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10
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Bockstiegel C, Wang Y, Vissers MR, Wei LF, Chaudhuri S, Hubmayr J, Gao J. A tunable coupler for superconducting microwave resonators using a nonlinear kinetic inductance transmission line. Appl Phys Lett 2016; 108:222604. [PMID: 29332947 PMCID: PMC5761681 DOI: 10.1063/1.4953209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present a tunable coupler scheme that allows us to tune the coupling strength between a feedline and a superconducting resonator in situ over a wide range. In this scheme, we shunt the feedline with a 50-Ω lumped-element nonlinear transmission line made from a 20 nm NbTiN film. By injecting a DC current, the nonlinear kinetic inductance changes and the effective impedance shunting the resonator periodically varies from a short to an open, which tunes the coupling strength and coupling quality factor Qc . We have demonstrated Qc tuning over a factor of 40, between Qc ~ 5.5 × 104 and Qc ~ 2.3 × 106, for a 4.5 GHz resonator by applying a DC current less than 3.3 mA. Our tunable coupler scheme is easy to implement and may find broad applications in superconducting detector and quantum computing/information experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Bockstiegel
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Y. Wang
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Quantum Optoelectronics Laboratory, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - M. R. Vissers
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - L. F. Wei
- Quantum Optoelectronics Laboratory, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - S. Chaudhuri
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - J. Hubmayr
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - J. Gao
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
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11
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Story KT, Hanson D, Ade PAR, Aird KA, Austermann JE, J. A. Beall, Bender AN, Benson BA, Bleem LE, Carlstrom JE, Chang CL, Chiang HC, Cho HM, Citron R, Crawford TM, Crites AT, Haan TD, Dobbs MA, Everett W, Gallicchio J, Gao J, George EM, Gilbert A, Halverson NW, Harrington N, Henning JW, Hilton GC, Holder GP, Holzapfel WL, Hoover S, Hou Z, Hrubes JD, Huang N, Hubmayr J, Irwin KD, Keisler R, Knox L, Lee AT, Leitch EM, Li D, Liang C, Luong-Van D, McMahon JJ, Mehl J, Meyer SS, Mocanu L, Montroy TE, Natoli T, Nibarger JP, Novosad V, Padin S, Pryke C, Reichardt CL, Ruhl JE, Saliwanchik BR, Sayre JT, Schaffer KK, Smecher G, Stark AA, Tucker C, Vanderlinde K, Vieira JD, Wang G, Whitehorn N, Yefremenko V, Zahn O. A MEASUREMENT OF THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND GRAVITATIONAL LENSING POTENTIAL FROM 100 SQUARE DEGREES OF SPTPOL DATA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/810/1/50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Keisler R, Hoover S, Harrington N, Henning JW, Ade PAR, Aird KA, Austermann JE, Beall JA, Bender AN, Benson BA, Bleem LE, Carlstrom JE, Chang CL, Chiang HC, Cho HM, Citron R, Crawford TM, Crites AT, de Haan T, Dobbs MA, Everett W, Gallicchio J, Gao J, George EM, Gilbert A, Halverson NW, Hanson D, Hilton GC, Holder GP, Holzapfel WL, Hou Z, Hrubes JD, Huang N, Hubmayr J, Irwin KD, Knox L, Lee AT, Leitch EM, Li D, Luong-Van D, Marrone DP, McMahon JJ, Mehl J, Meyer SS, Mocanu L, Natoli T, Nibarger JP, Novosad V, Padin S, Pryke C, Reichardt CL, Ruhl JE, Saliwanchik BR, Sayre JT, Schaffer KK, Shirokoff E, Smecher G, Stark AA, Story KT, Tucker C, Vanderlinde K, Vieira JD, Wang G, Whitehorn N, Yefremenko V, Zahn O. MEASUREMENTS OF SUB-DEGREEB-MODE POLARIZATION IN THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND FROM 100 SQUARE DEGREES OF SPTPOL DATA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/807/2/151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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13
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Crites AT, Henning JW, Ade PAR, Aird KA, Austermann JE, Beall JA, Bender AN, Benson BA, Bleem LE, Carlstrom JE, Chang CL, Chiang HC, Cho HM, Citron R, Crawford TM, Haan TD, Dobbs MA, Everett W, Gallicchio J, Gao J, George EM, Gilbert A, Halverson NW, Hanson D, Harrington N, Hilton GC, Holder GP, Holzapfel WL, Hoover S, Hou Z, Hrubes JD, Huang N, Hubmayr J, Irwin KD, Keisler R, Knox L, Lee AT, Leitch EM, Li D, Liang C, Luong-Van D, McMahon JJ, Mehl J, Meyer SS, Mocanu L, Montroy TE, Natoli T, Nibarger JP, Novosad V, Padin S, Pryke C, Reichardt CL, Ruhl JE, Saliwanchik BR, Sayre JT, Schaffer KK, Smecher G, Stark AA, Story KT, Tucker C, Vanderlinde K, Vieira JD, Wang G, Whitehorn N, Yefremenko V, Zahn O. MEASUREMENTS OF E-MODE POLARIZATION AND TEMPERATURE-E-MODE CORRELATION IN THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND FROM 100 SQUARE DEGREES OF SPTPOL DATA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/805/1/36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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14
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Datta R, Munson CD, Niemack MD, McMahon JJ, Britton J, Wollack EJ, Beall J, Devlin MJ, Fowler J, Gallardo P, Hubmayr J, Irwin K, Newburgh L, Nibarger JP, Page L, Quijada MA, Schmitt BL, Staggs ST, Thornton R, Zhang L. Large-aperture wide-bandwidth antireflection-coated silicon lenses for millimeter wavelengths. Appl Opt 2013; 52:8747-8758. [PMID: 24513939 DOI: 10.1364/ao.52.008747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The increasing scale of cryogenic detector arrays for submillimeter and millimeter wavelength astrophysics has led to the need for large aperture, high index of refraction, low loss, cryogenic refracting optics. Silicon with n=3.4, low loss, and high thermal conductivity is a nearly optimal material for these purposes but requires an antireflection (AR) coating with broad bandwidth, low loss, low reflectance, and a matched coefficient of thermal expansion. We present an AR coating for curved silicon optics comprised of subwavelength features cut into the lens surface with a custom three-axis silicon dicing saw. These features constitute a metamaterial that behaves as a simple dielectric coating. We have fabricated silicon lenses as large as 33.4 cm in diameter with micromachined layers optimized for use between 125 and 165 GHz. Our design reduces average reflections to a few tenths of a percent for angles of incidence up to 30° with low cross polarization. We describe the design, tolerance, manufacture, and measurements of these coatings and present measurements of the optical properties of silicon at millimeter wavelengths at cryogenic and room temperatures. This coating and lens fabrication approach is applicable from centimeter to submillimeter wavelengths and can be used to fabricate coatings with greater than octave bandwidth.
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15
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Hanson D, Hoover S, Crites A, Ade PAR, Aird KA, Austermann JE, Beall JA, Bender AN, Benson BA, Bleem LE, Bock JJ, Carlstrom JE, Chang CL, Chiang HC, Cho HM, Conley A, Crawford TM, de Haan T, Dobbs MA, Everett W, Gallicchio J, Gao J, George EM, Halverson NW, Harrington N, Henning JW, Hilton GC, Holder GP, Holzapfel WL, Hrubes JD, Huang N, Hubmayr J, Irwin KD, Keisler R, Knox L, Lee AT, Leitch E, Li D, Liang C, Luong-Van D, Marsden G, McMahon JJ, Mehl J, Meyer SS, Mocanu L, Montroy TE, Natoli T, Nibarger JP, Novosad V, Padin S, Pryke C, Reichardt CL, Ruhl JE, Saliwanchik BR, Sayre JT, Schaffer KK, Schulz B, Smecher G, Stark AA, Story KT, Tucker C, Vanderlinde K, Vieira JD, Viero MP, Wang G, Yefremenko V, Zahn O, Zemcov M. Detection of B-mode polarization in the cosmic microwave background with data from the South Pole Telescope. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 111:141301. [PMID: 24138230 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.141301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Gravitational lensing of the cosmic microwave background generates a curl pattern in the observed polarization. This "B-mode" signal provides a measure of the projected mass distribution over the entire observable Universe and also acts as a contaminant for the measurement of primordial gravity-wave signals. In this Letter we present the first detection of gravitational lensing B modes, using first-season data from the polarization-sensitive receiver on the South Pole Telescope (SPTpol). We construct a template for the lensing B-mode signal by combining E-mode polarization measured by SPTpol with estimates of the lensing potential from a Herschel-SPIRE map of the cosmic infrared background. We compare this template to the B modes measured directly by SPTpol, finding a nonzero correlation at 7.7σ significance. The correlation has an amplitude and scale dependence consistent with theoretical expectations, is robust with respect to analysis choices, and constitutes the first measurement of a powerful cosmological observable.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hanson
- Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
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