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Ahronian LG, Misale S, Godfrey JT, Nishimura K, Chen L, Engelman JA, Corcoran RB. Abstract 101: Adaptive feedback reactivates MAPK signaling in KRAS-mutant cancers with inhibition of MEK, but not ERK. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Activating mutations in the KRAS oncogene occur in about 40% of colorectal cancers (CRCs) and over 90% of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs). Since development of small molecules capable of inhibiting KRAS directly has proven difficult, alternative strategies have instead focused on inhibiting downstream effector pathways, such as the MAPK pathway. However, inhibition of the MAPK pathway alone with MEK inhibitors, such as selumetinib and trametinib, produces only cytostatic effects and is insufficient to kill KRAS-mutant cancer cells.
We hypothesized that inhibition of an additional kinase during MEK inhibitor treatment could improve response. We performed a kinase-targeting shRNA screen to find kinases whose knockdown would cooperate with trametinib in KRAS-mutant CRC and PDAC cell lines. The kinases found in this screen represent potential therapeutic targets to inhibit in combination with MEK.
Interestingly, despite using a very high concentration of trametinib in the screen to enrich for hits outside of the MAPK pathway, the most highly ranked kinases in the screen were members of the MAPK pathway, including ARAF, BRAF, CRAF, and MEK1. This suggests that even at high concentration, trametinib produces suboptimal MAPK inhibition. Indeed, we found that while MEK inhibitors produce robust inhibition of MAPK signaling initially, pathway reactivation was observed by 48-96 hours despite regular replenishment of drug. This feedback reactivation was accompanied by marked increases in active CRAF and phosphorylated MEK. In fact, experimental approaches that artificially increased upstream signaling flux through the MAPK pathway led to a >10-fold reduction in the ability of MEK inhibitors to inhibit the MAPK pathway.
Remarkably, despite triggering the same degree of adaptive upstream MAPK signaling as seen with MEK inhibitor, we found that ERK inhibitors were able to maintain MAPK pathway suppression. Importantly, these differences in MAPK pathway suppression amount to differences in cell viability. Over four weeks, ERK inhibitor treatment reduces the outgrowth of KRAS-mutant cell lines compared to those treated with MEK inhibitors. Additionally, as these inhibitors are not used as monotherapies, replacement of trametinib with an ERK inhibitor in therapeutically relevant combination treatments improved cell responses over four weeks.
Despite the feedback reactivation of the MAPK pathway, we find that ERK inhibitors are less sensitive to this signaling than MEK inhibitors, and can effectively maintain suppression of MAPK signaling. The findings of our screen demonstrate that MAPK pathway targeting is key to successful treatment of KRAS-mutant cancers, and that ERK inhibition provides greater opportunity for inactivating MAPK. Further exploration into the mechanisms of pathway feedback will be necessary to developing valuable clinical combinations for KRAS-mutant cancers.
Citation Format: Leanne G. Ahronian, Sandra Misale, Jason T. Godfrey, Koki Nishimura, Lifeng Chen, Jeffrey A. Engelman, Ryan B. Corcoran. Adaptive feedback reactivates MAPK signaling in KRAS-mutant cancers with inhibition of MEK, but not ERK [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 101. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-101
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra Misale
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA
| | | | - Koki Nishimura
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA
| | - Lifeng Chen
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA
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Oddo D, Sennott EM, Barault L, Valtorta E, Arena S, Cassingena A, Filiciotto G, Marzolla G, Elez E, van Geel RMJM, Bartolini A, Crisafulli G, Boscaro V, Godfrey JT, Buscarino M, Cancelliere C, Linnebacher M, Corti G, Truini M, Siravegna G, Grasselli J, Gallicchio M, Bernards R, Schellens JHM, Tabernero J, Engelman JA, Sartore-Bianchi A, Bardelli A, Siena S, Corcoran RB, Di Nicolantonio F. Molecular Landscape of Acquired Resistance to Targeted Therapy Combinations in BRAF-Mutant Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Res 2016; 76:4504-15. [PMID: 27312529 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although recent clinical trials of BRAF inhibitor combinations have demonstrated improved efficacy in BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer, emergence of acquired resistance limits clinical benefit. Here, we undertook a comprehensive effort to define mechanisms underlying drug resistance with the goal of guiding development of therapeutic strategies to overcome this limitation. We generated a broad panel of BRAF-mutant resistant cell line models across seven different clinically relevant drug combinations. Combinatorial drug treatments were able to abrogate ERK1/2 phosphorylation in parental-sensitive cells, but not in their resistant counterparts, indicating that resistant cells escaped drug treatments through one or more mechanisms leading to biochemical reactivation of the MAPK signaling pathway. Genotyping of resistant cells identified gene amplification of EGFR, KRAS, and mutant BRAF, as well as acquired mutations in KRAS, EGFR, and MAP2K1 These mechanisms were clinically relevant, as we identified emergence of a KRAS G12C mutation and increase of mutant BRAF V600E allele frequency in the circulating tumor DNA of a patient at relapse from combined treatment with BRAF and MEK inhibitors. To identify therapeutic combinations capable of overcoming drug resistance, we performed a systematic assessment of candidate therapies across the panel of resistant cell lines. Independent of the molecular alteration acquired upon drug pressure, most resistant cells retained sensitivity to vertical MAPK pathway suppression when combinations of ERK, BRAF, and EGFR inhibitors were applied. These therapeutic combinations represent promising strategies for future clinical trials in BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer. Cancer Res; 76(15); 4504-15. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Oddo
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Torino, Italy. Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Erin M Sennott
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ludovic Barault
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Torino, Italy. Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Emanuele Valtorta
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Sabrina Arena
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Torino, Italy. Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Cassingena
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Genny Filiciotto
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Torino, Italy. Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Giulia Marzolla
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Torino, Italy. Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Elena Elez
- Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Alice Bartolini
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Boscaro
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Jason T Godfrey
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Michael Linnebacher
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Giorgio Corti
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Mauro Truini
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Siravegna
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Torino, Italy. Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy. FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), Milan, Italy
| | - Julieta Grasselli
- Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - René Bernards
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Josep Tabernero
- Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jeffrey A Engelman
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Alberto Bardelli
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Torino, Italy. Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Salvatore Siena
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy. Department of Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ryan B Corcoran
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Federica Di Nicolantonio
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Torino, Italy. Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy.
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Kwak EL, Ahronian LG, Siravegna G, Mussolin B, Borger DR, Godfrey JT, Jessop NA, Clark JW, Blaszkowsky LS, Ryan DP, Lennerz JK, Iafrate AJ, Bardelli A, Hong TS, Corcoran RB. Molecular Heterogeneity and Receptor Coamplification Drive Resistance to Targeted Therapy in MET-Amplified Esophagogastric Cancer. Cancer Discov 2015; 5:1271-81. [PMID: 26432108 PMCID: PMC4670804 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-15-0748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED MET inhibition is effective in some patients with MET-amplified esophagogastric cancer (EGC), but understanding acquired and de novo resistance mechanisms will be critical to improving therapy. We identified KRAS mutation as a novel cause of acquired resistance in a patient after a 2-year response to a MET inhibitor. We also observed that 40% to 50% of patients with MET-amplified EGC harbor coamplification of HER2 and/or EGFR concurrently in the same tumor cells, which can drive de novo resistance. One patient with concurrent MET and HER2 amplification was refractory to HER2 blockade, but responded to combined MET/HER2 inhibition. We also found striking heterogeneity in MET amplification between distinct metastatic lesions and primary tumors in individual patients with EGC. In these patients, MET inhibition led to mixed responses and disease progression through outgrowth of non-MET-amplified clones, which could be monitored in circulating tumor DNA. Thus, receptor coamplification and molecular heterogeneity may be key drivers of clinical resistance in MET-amplified EGC. SIGNIFICANCE Coamplification of driver oncogenes occurs frequently in EGC and can drive therapeutic resistance, supporting a role for comprehensive molecular analysis prior to targeted therapy. EGCs can also exhibit extensive heterogeneity in gene amplification between distinct tumor lesions within the same patient, suggesting that molecular profiling of a single-lesion biopsy may be insufficient to guide targeted therapy selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice L Kwak
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Leanne G Ahronian
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Giulia Siravegna
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy. Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Benedetta Mussolin
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy. Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Jason T Godfrey
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Jeffrey W Clark
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lawrence S Blaszkowsky
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David P Ryan
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jochen K Lennerz
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - A John Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alberto Bardelli
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy. Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Theodore S Hong
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ryan B Corcoran
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Ahronian LG, Sennott EM, Van Allen EM, Wagle N, Kwak EL, Faris JE, Godfrey JT, Nishimura K, Lynch KD, Mermel CH, Lockerman EL, Kalsy A, Gurski JM, Bahl S, Anderka K, Green LM, Lennon NJ, Huynh TG, Mino-Kenudson M, Getz G, Dias-Santagata D, Iafrate AJ, Engelman JA, Garraway LA, Corcoran RB. Abstract LB-055: Clinical acquired resistance to RAF inhibitor combinations in BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer through MAPK pathway alterations. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-lb-055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
BRAF V600E mutations occur in ∼10% of colorectal cancer (CRC), and are associated with poor prognosis. RAF inhibition alone has not been an effective treatment in BRAF-mutant (BRAFm) CRC patients, with response rates of only 5%, due to persistence of MAPK signaling. Combined RAF/EGFR, RAF/MEK, or RAF/MEK/EGFR inhibitors have produced improved efficacy in BRAFm CRC patients, yet ultimately resistance develops after an initial treatment response. Understanding the mechanisms of clinical acquired resistance that arise to RAF inhibitor combinations in BRAFm CRC patients may lead to valuable opportunities to overcome resistance and prolong clinical response.
We sought to identify clinically relevant mechanisms of acquired resistance to RAF inhibitor combinations by obtaining tumor biopsies from BRAFm CRC patients upon disease progression, after initial response to RAF/EGFR or RAF/MEK inhibitor combinations. Matched pre-treatment, post-progression, and normal DNA were analyzed by whole exome sequencing (WES) and RNA-seq.
In one BRAFm CRC patient with prolonged stable disease on a RAF/EGFR combination, WES identified KRAS amplification in a progressing lesion. FISH confirmed the presence of KRAS amplification in the post-progression biopsy, and RNA-seq revealed KRAS transcript overexpression. Interestingly, in resistant clones generated from BRAFm CRC cell lines selected with either RAF/EGFR or RAF/MEK inhibitors, KRAS exon 2 mutations were identified. Either KRAS amplification or KRAS mutation led to sustained MAPK pathway activity and cross-resistance to either RAF/EGFR or RAF/MEK inhibitor combinations.
In a second patient with a minor response to a RAF/EGFR inhibitor combination, BRAF amplification was identified in a progressing lesion, which was confirmed by FISH and was not present in a pre-treatment biopsy of the same lesion. BRAF amplification led to cross-resistance to the BRAF/MEK inhibitor combination.
In a third patient with a minor response to a RAF/MEK inhibitor combination, WES identified the presence of an ARAF Q489L mutation and a MEK1 F53L mutation in a single progressing lesion, suggesting possible intra-lesional heterogeneity of acquired resistance mechanisms. However, utilizing a cell line derived from the patient's post-progression biopsy, we found that 30 out of 30 single-cell clones harbored both the ARAF and MEK1 mutations, and that MEK1 F53L seemed to function as the primary driver of acquired resistance in these resistant cells. MEK1 F53L expression markedly abrogated the ability of RAF/MEK and RAF/EGFR inhibitor combinations to suppress MAPK signaling.
Despite developing resistance to upstream MAPK pathway inhibitors, we found that each of the acquired resistance mechanisms we detected remained sensitive to ERK inhibition, which could effectively suppress MAPK signaling. Our findings demonstrate the central importance of MAPK pathway activity in BRAFm CRC, and highlight the critical need for MAPK pathway inhibition in the prevention of disease progression. Additionally, our work indicates ERK inhibitors may be valuable additions to future therapeutic combinations for BRAFm CRC patients. Further efforts to understand acquired resistance mechanisms will be vital to developing novel therapeutic strategies to overcome resistance and extend clinical benefit in this lethal CRC subtype.
Citation Format: Leanne G. Ahronian, Erin M. Sennott, Eliezer M. Van Allen, Nikhil Wagle, Eunice L. Kwak, Jason E. Faris, Jason T. Godfrey, Koki Nishimura, Kerry D. Lynch, Craig H. Mermel, Elizabeth L. Lockerman, Anuj Kalsy, Joseph M. Gurski, Samira Bahl, Kristin Anderka, Lisa M. Green, Niall J. Lennon, Tiffany G. Huynh, Mari Mino-Kenudson, Gad Getz, Dora Dias-Santagata, A. John Iafrate, Jeffrey A. Engelman, Levi A. Garraway, Ryan B. Corcoran. Clinical acquired resistance to RAF inhibitor combinations in BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer through MAPK pathway alterations. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-055. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-LB-055
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Eunice L. Kwak
- 1Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA
| | - Jason E. Faris
- 1Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA
| | | | - Koki Nishimura
- 1Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA
| | - Kerry D. Lynch
- 3Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Pathology, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - Anuj Kalsy
- 1Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA
| | | | - Samira Bahl
- 4Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Kristin Anderka
- 4Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Lisa M. Green
- 4Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Niall J. Lennon
- 4Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Tiffany G. Huynh
- 3Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Pathology, Boston, MA
| | | | - Gad Getz
- 1Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA
| | | | - A. John Iafrate
- 3Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Pathology, Boston, MA
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Ahronian LG, Sennott EM, Van Allen EM, Wagle N, Kwak EL, Faris JE, Godfrey JT, Nishimura K, Lynch KD, Mermel CH, Lockerman EL, Kalsy A, Gurski JM, Bahl S, Anderka K, Green LM, Lennon NJ, Huynh TG, Mino-Kenudson M, Getz G, Dias-Santagata D, Iafrate AJ, Engelman JA, Garraway LA, Corcoran RB. Clinical Acquired Resistance to RAF Inhibitor Combinations in BRAF-Mutant Colorectal Cancer through MAPK Pathway Alterations. Cancer Discov 2015; 5:358-67. [PMID: 25673644 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-14-1518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED BRAF mutations occur in approximately 10% of colorectal cancers. Although RAF inhibitor monotherapy is highly effective in BRAF-mutant melanoma, response rates in BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer are poor. Recent clinical trials of combined RAF/EGFR or RAF/MEK inhibition have produced improved efficacy, but patients ultimately develop resistance. To identify molecular alterations driving clinical acquired resistance, we performed whole-exome sequencing on paired pretreatment and postprogression tumor biopsies from patients with BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer treated with RAF inhibitor combinations. We identified alterations in MAPK pathway genes in resistant tumors not present in matched pretreatment tumors, including KRAS amplification, BRAF amplification, and a MEK1 mutation. These alterations conferred resistance to RAF/EGFR or RAF/MEK combinations through sustained MAPK pathway activity, but an ERK inhibitor could suppress MAPK activity and overcome resistance. Identification of MAPK pathway reactivating alterations upon clinical acquired resistance underscores the MAPK pathway as a critical target in BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer and suggests therapeutic options to overcome resistance. SIGNIFICANCE RAF inhibitor combinations represent promising approaches in clinical development for BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer. Initial characterization of clinical acquired resistance mechanisms to these regimens identified several MAPK pathway alterations driving resistance by reactivating MAPK signaling, highlighting the critical dependence of BRAF-mutant colorectal cancers on MAPK signaling and offering potential strategies to overcome resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne G Ahronian
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Erin M Sennott
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eliezer M Van Allen
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Nikhil Wagle
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Eunice L Kwak
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jason E Faris
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jason T Godfrey
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Koki Nishimura
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kerry D Lynch
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Craig H Mermel
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Anuj Kalsy
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joseph M Gurski
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Samira Bahl
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Kristin Anderka
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Lisa M Green
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Niall J Lennon
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Tiffany G Huynh
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mari Mino-Kenudson
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gad Getz
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Dora Dias-Santagata
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - A John Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey A Engelman
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Levi A Garraway
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ryan B Corcoran
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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6
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Corcoran RB, Rothenberg SM, Hata AN, Faber AC, Piris A, Nazarian RM, Brown RD, Godfrey JT, Winokur D, Walsh J, Mino-Kenudson M, Maheswaran S, Settleman J, Wargo JA, Flaherty KT, Haber DA, Engelman JA. TORC1 suppression predicts responsiveness to RAF and MEK inhibition in BRAF-mutant melanoma. Sci Transl Med 2014; 5:196ra98. [PMID: 23903755 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3005753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
RAF and MEK (mitogen-activated or extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase kinase) inhibitors are effective in treating patients with BRAF-mutant melanoma. However, most responses are partial and short-lived, and many patients fail to respond at all. We found that suppression of TORC1 activity in response to RAF or MEK inhibitors, as measured by decreased phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 (P-S6), effectively predicted induction of cell death by the inhibitor in BRAF-mutant melanoma cell lines. In resistant melanomas, TORC1 activity was maintained after treatment with RAF or MEK inhibitors, in some cases despite robust suppression of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. In in vivo mouse models, suppression of TORC1 after MAPK inhibition was necessary for induction of apoptosis and tumor response. Finally, in paired biopsies obtained from patients with BRAF-mutant melanoma before treatment and after initiation of RAF inhibitor therapy, P-S6 suppression predicted significantly improved progression-free survival. Such a change in P-S6 could be readily monitored in real time by serial fine-needle aspiration biopsies, making quantitation of P-S6 a valuable biomarker to guide treatment in BRAF-mutant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan B Corcoran
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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7
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Zhu Z, Aref AR, Cohoon TJ, Barbie TU, Imamura Y, Yang S, Moody SE, Shen RR, Schinzel AC, Thai TC, Reibel JB, Tamayo P, Godfrey JT, Qian ZR, Page AN, Maciag K, Chan EM, Silkworth W, Labowsky MT, Rozhansky L, Mesirov JP, Gillanders WE, Ogino S, Hacohen N, Gaudet S, Eck MJ, Engelman JA, Corcoran RB, Wong KK, Hahn WC, Barbie DA. Inhibition of KRAS-driven tumorigenicity by interruption of an autocrine cytokine circuit. Cancer Discov 2014; 4:452-65. [PMID: 24444711 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-13-0646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although the roles of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling in KRAS-driven tumorigenesis are well established, KRAS activates additional pathways required for tumor maintenance, the inhibition of which are likely to be necessary for effective KRAS-directed therapy. Here, we show that the IκB kinase (IKK)-related kinases Tank-binding kinase-1 (TBK1) and IKKε promote KRAS-driven tumorigenesis by regulating autocrine CCL5 and interleukin (IL)-6 and identify CYT387 as a potent JAK/TBK1/IKKε inhibitor. CYT387 treatment ablates RAS-associated cytokine signaling and impairs Kras-driven murine lung cancer growth. Combined CYT387 treatment and MAPK pathway inhibition induces regression of aggressive murine lung adenocarcinomas driven by Kras mutation and p53 loss. These observations reveal that TBK1/IKKε promote tumor survival by activating CCL5 and IL-6 and identify concurrent inhibition of TBK1/IKKε, Janus-activated kinase (JAK), and MEK signaling as an effective approach to inhibit the actions of oncogenic KRAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Zhu
- Departments of 1Medical Oncology and 2Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; 3Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston; 4Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge; 5MGH Cancer Center, 6Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts; and 7Department of Surgery, Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
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8
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Corcoran RB, Rothenberg SM, Hata AN, Faber AC, Piris A, Nazarian RM, Brown RD, Godfrey JT, Winokur D, Walsh J, Mino-Kenudson M, Maheswaran S, Settleman J, Wargo JA, Flaherty KT, Haber DA, Engelman JA. Abstract C137: Rapid assessment of TORC1 suppression as a functional biomarker predicting responsiveness to RAF and MEK inhibitors in BRAF-mutant melanoma patients. Mol Cancer Ther 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.targ-13-c137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The clinical development of selective RAF and MEK inhibitors has transformed the treatment of the ∼50% of melanoma patients whose tumors harbor BRAF mutations. However, a substantial percentage of these patients fail to respond to therapy, and most responses are partial and short-lived. Although multiple mechanisms of resistance have been identified in BRAF-mutant melanoma, no clinically useful biomarkers have been established to predict which patients are most likely to demonstrate sensitivity or resistance to RAF or MEK inhibitors. We found that suppression of TORC1 activity in response to RAF or MEK inhibitors, as measured by decreased phosphorylation of ribosomal protein-S6 (P-S6), was a functional biomarker that effectively predicted sensitivity in BRAF-mutant melanoma cell lines in vitro and in mouse tumor xenografts. In sensitive melanomas, TORC1 and P-S6 were suppressed in response to RAF or MEK inhibitors, but in resistant melanomas, TORC1 activity was maintained, in some cases despite robust suppression of MAPK signaling by these inhibitors. In mouse models, suppression of TORC1 after MAPK inhibition was necessary for induction of apoptosis and tumor response in vivo. Notably, in paired biopsies obtained from patients with BRAF-mutant melanoma before treatment and after initiation of RAF inhibitor therapy, P-S6 suppression was associated with significantly improved progression-free survival [HR 0.19, 95% CI 0.01-0.84, p=0.03]. Finally, we found that changes in P-S6 in patients’ tumor cells could be readily monitored in real-time by multiplexed, quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy of serial fine-needle aspiration biopsies obtained from patients before and during the first 2 weeks of RAF inhibitor therapy. This approach provides a minimally-invasive means of rapidly monitoring the efficacy of treatment, before changes in tumor volume are apparent by traditional radiographic imaging. Together, these results establish suppression of P-S6 after initiation of RAF inhibitor therapy as a robust potential functional biomarker to guide the treatment of patients with BRAF-mutant melanoma, and present a powerful methodology for monitoring changes in potentially any signaling pathway in response to targeted therapies in patients.
Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):C137.
Citation Format: Ryan B. Corcoran, S. Michael Rothenberg, Aaron N. Hata, Anthony C. Faber, Adriano Piris, Rosalynn M. Nazarian, Ronald D. Brown, Jason T. Godfrey, Daniel Winokur, John Walsh, Mari Mino-Kenudson, Shyamala Maheswaran, Jeffrey Settleman, Jennifer A. Wargo, Keith T. Flaherty, Daniel A. Haber, Jeffrey A. Engelman. Rapid assessment of TORC1 suppression as a functional biomarker predicting responsiveness to RAF and MEK inhibitors in BRAF-mutant melanoma patients. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2013 Oct 19-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):Abstract nr C137.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aaron N. Hata
- 1Massachusetts General Hosp. Cancer Ctr., Boston, MA
| | | | - Adriano Piris
- 1Massachusetts General Hosp. Cancer Ctr., Boston, MA
| | | | | | | | | | - John Walsh
- 1Massachusetts General Hosp. Cancer Ctr., Boston, MA
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Corcoran RB, Cheng KA, Hata AN, Faber AC, Ebi H, Coffee EM, Greninger P, Brown RD, Godfrey JT, Cohoon TJ, Song Y, Lifshits E, Shioda T, Dias-Santagata D, Singh A, Settleman J, Benes CH, Mino-Kenudson M, Wong KK, Engelman JA. Abstract PR09: Synthetic lethal interaction of combined BCL-XL and MEK inhibition promotes tumor regressions in KRAS-mutant cancer models. Mol Cancer Ther 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.pms-pr09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Although KRAS is the most commonly mutated oncogene in human cancer, KRAS has proven difficult to target pharmacologically, and no effective therapies exist for KRAS-mutant cancers. Recently, there has been evidence that targeted therapy combinations inhibiting multiple downstream effectors of KRAS may be a promising approach for KRAS-mutant cancers. We developed a pooled shRNA-drug screen strategy to identify genes that, when inhibited, cooperate with MEK inhibitors to kill KRAS-mutant cancer cells. The anti-apoptotic BH3 family gene BCL-XL emerged as a top hit through this approach. ABT-263 (navitoclax), a chemical inhibitor that blocks the ability of BCL-XL to bind and inhibit pro-apoptotic proteins, in combination with a MEK inhibitor led to dramatic apoptosis in the vast majority of KRAS-mutant cell lines tested from different tissue types. Mechanistic studies revealed that MEK inhibition led to marked induction of the pro-apoptotic protein BIM in KRAS-mutant cancer cells, but that BIM remained bound and inhibited by BCL-XL. Pharmacologic inhibition of BCL-XL with ABT-263 disrupted this inhibitory complex, allowing BIM to trigger apoptosis. Epithelial differentiation and E-cadherin expression correlated with increased sensitivity to this inhibitor combination across a panel of 30 KRAS-mutant cell lines, while epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) correlated with resistance. This combination also caused marked in vivo tumor regressions in three independent KRAS-mutant xenografts and in established lung tumors in two genetically-engineered KRAS-driven lung cancer mouse models. These data support combined BCL-XL/MEK inhibition as a promising therapeutic approach for evaluation in future clinical trials for patients with KRAS-mutant cancers.
This abstract is also presented as Poster B19.
Citation Format: Ryan B. Corcoran, Katherine A. Cheng, Aaron N. Hata, Anthony C. Faber, Hiromichi Ebi, Erin M. Coffee, Patricia Greninger, Ronald D. Brown, Jason T. Godfrey, Travis J. Cohoon, Youngchul Song, Eugene Lifshits, Toshi Shioda, Dora Dias-Santagata, Anurag Singh, Jeffrey Settleman, Cyril H. Benes, Mari Mino-Kenudson, Kwok-Kin Wong, Jeffrey A. Engelman. Synthetic lethal interaction of combined BCL-XL and MEK inhibition promotes tumor regressions in KRAS-mutant cancer models. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Synthetic Lethal Approaches to Cancer Vulnerabilities; May 17-20, 2013; Bellevue, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(5 Suppl):Abstract nr PR09.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aaron N. Hata
- 1Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA,
| | | | - Hiromichi Ebi
- 1Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA,
| | - Erin M. Coffee
- 1Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA,
| | | | | | | | | | - Youngchul Song
- 1Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA,
| | | | - Toshi Shioda
- 1Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA,
| | | | | | | | - Cyril H. Benes
- 1Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA,
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Corcoran RB, Rothenberg SM, Hata AN, Faber AC, Winokur D, Piris A, Nazarian RM, Brown RD, Godfrey JT, Mino-Kenudson M, Settleman J, Wargo JA, Flaherty KT, Haber DA, Engelman JA. Abstract 4568: Rapid assessment of TORC1 suppression predicts responsiveness to RAF and MEK inhibition in BRAF mutant melanoma. Cancer Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2013-4568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The clinical development and potent efficacy of selective RAF and MEK inhibitors has transformed the treatment of the ∼50% of melanoma patients whose tumors harbor BRAF mutations. However, a substantial percentage of these patients fail to respond to therapy, and all who respond eventually develop resistance. We found that suppression of TORC1 activity, as measured by decreases in ribosomal protein S6 phosphorylation (P-S6) in response to RAF or MEK inhibitors, was a highly effective predictor of sensitivity in BRAF mutant melanoma cell lines in vitro and in mouse xenografts. TORC1 and P-S6 were suppressed in response to RAF or MEK inhibitors in sensitive but not resistant melanoma cells, despite robust suppression of the MAPK pathway by these inhibitors. Notably, suppression of P-S6 levels, as assessed by immunohistochemistry in paired biopsies obtained from BRAF mutant melanoma patients before and during treatment, was associated with significantly improved progression-free survival. Finally, we show that changes in P-S6 levels specifically in tumor cells can be readily monitored by multiplexed, quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy of fine needle aspiration biopsies obtained from patients before and during the first two weeks of BRAF inhibitor therapy. This provides a minimally invasive means for monitoring the efficacy of treatment in real time, before changes in tumor volume are apparent on traditional radiographs. Together, these results establish changes in P-S6 levels with therapy as a robust biomarker to guide the treatment of patients with BRAF mutant melanoma, and present a powerful methodology for monitoring changes in potentially any signaling pathway in response to therapy in patients.
Citation Format: Ryan B. Corcoran, Stephen M. Rothenberg, Aaron N. Hata, Anthony C. Faber, Daniel Winokur, Adriano Piris, Rosalynn M. Nazarian, Ronald D. Brown, Jason T. Godfrey, Mari Mino-Kenudson, Jeffrey Settleman, Jennifer A. Wargo, Keith T. Flaherty, Daniel A. Haber, Jeffrey A. Engelman. Rapid assessment of TORC1 suppression predicts responsiveness to RAF and MEK inhibition in BRAF mutant melanoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4568. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4568
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aaron N. Hata
- 1Massachusetts General Hosp. Cancer Ctr., Boston, MA
| | - Anthony C. Faber
- 2Massachusetts General Hosp. Center for Cancer Research, Charlestown, MA
| | - Daniel Winokur
- 2Massachusetts General Hosp. Center for Cancer Research, Charlestown, MA
| | - Adriano Piris
- 3Massachusetts General Hosp. Dept. of Pathology, Boston, MA
| | | | - Ronald D. Brown
- 2Massachusetts General Hosp. Center for Cancer Research, Charlestown, MA
| | - Jason T. Godfrey
- 2Massachusetts General Hosp. Center for Cancer Research, Charlestown, MA
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Corcoran RB, Cheng KA, Hata AN, Faber AC, Ebi H, Coffee EM, Greninger P, Brown RD, Godfrey JT, Cohoon TJ, Song Y, Lifshits E, Hung KE, Shioda T, Dias-Santagata D, Singh A, Settleman J, Benes CH, Mino-Kenudson M, Wong KK, Engelman JA. Synthetic lethal interaction of combined BCL-XL and MEK inhibition promotes tumor regressions in KRAS mutant cancer models. Cancer Cell 2013; 23:121-8. [PMID: 23245996 PMCID: PMC3667614 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
KRAS is the most commonly mutated oncogene, yet no effective targeted therapies exist for KRAS mutant cancers. We developed a pooled shRNA-drug screen strategy to identify genes that, when inhibited, cooperate with MEK inhibitors to effectively treat KRAS mutant cancer cells. The anti-apoptotic BH3 family gene BCL-XL emerged as a top hit through this approach. ABT-263 (navitoclax), a chemical inhibitor that blocks the ability of BCL-XL to bind and inhibit pro-apoptotic proteins, in combination with a MEK inhibitor led to dramatic apoptosis in many KRAS mutant cell lines from different tissue types. This combination caused marked in vivo tumor regressions in KRAS mutant xenografts and in a genetically engineered KRAS-driven lung cancer mouse model, supporting combined BCL-XL/MEK inhibition as a potential therapeutic approach for KRAS mutant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan B. Corcoran
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Aaron N. Hata
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anthony C. Faber
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hiromichi Ebi
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Erin M. Coffee
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02129, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | | | - Ronald D. Brown
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Jason T. Godfrey
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | | | - Youngchul Song
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Eugene Lifshits
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Kenneth E. Hung
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Toshi Shioda
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Dora Dias-Santagata
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | - Cyril H. Benes
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Mari Mino-Kenudson
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey A. Engelman
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Correspondence:
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Godfrey JT, Foster GD, Lippa KA. Estimated Annual Loads of Selected Organic Contaminants to Chesapeake Bay via a Major Tributary. Environ Sci Technol 1995; 29:2059-2064. [PMID: 22191356 DOI: 10.1021/es00008a027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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