1
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Bhuiyan MS, Kalsy A, Arifuzzaman M, Charles RC, Harris JB, Calderwood SB, Qadri F, Ryan ET. Transcutaneous Vaccination with Conjugate Typhoid Vaccine Vi-DT Induces Systemic, Mucosal, and Memory Anti-Polysaccharide Responses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:1032-1038. [PMID: 32720632 PMCID: PMC7470581 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcutaneous vaccination can induce both mucosal and systemic immune responses. However, there are few data on anti-polysaccharide responses following transcutaneous vaccination of polysaccharides, despite the role that anti-polysaccharide responses play in protecting against intestinal mucosal and respiratory pathogens. Whether transcutaneous vaccination with a conjugate polysaccharide vaccine would be able to induce memory responses is also unknown. To address this, we transcutaneously vaccinated mice with virulence antigen (Vi) polysaccharide of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (the cause of typhoid fever), either in unconjugated or conjugated form (the latter as a Vi-DT conjugate). We also assessed the ability of the immunoadjuvant cholera toxin to impact responses following vaccination. We found that presenting Vi in a conjugate versus nonconjugate form transcutaneously resulted in comparable serum IgG responses but higher serum and lamina propria lymphocyte IgA anti-Vi responses, as well as increased IgG memory responses. The addition of immunoadjuvant did not further increase these responses; however, it boosted fecal IgA and serum IgG anti-Vi responses. Our results suggest that transcutaneous vaccination of a conjugate vaccine can induce systemic as well as enhanced mucosal and memory B-cell anti-polysaccharide responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Saruar Bhuiyan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Anuj Kalsy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mohammad Arifuzzaman
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Richelle C Charles
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jason B Harris
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen B Calderwood
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Edward T Ryan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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2
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Hata AN, Niederst MJ, Archibald HL, Gomez-Caraballo M, Siddiqui FM, Mulvey HE, Maruvka YE, Ji F, Bhang HEC, Krishnamurthy Radhakrishna V, Siravegna G, Hu H, Raoof S, Lockerman E, Kalsy A, Lee D, Keating CL, Ruddy DA, Damon LJ, Crystal AS, Costa C, Piotrowska Z, Bardelli A, Iafrate AJ, Sadreyev RI, Stegmeier F, Getz G, Sequist LV, Faber AC, Engelman JA. Tumor cells can follow distinct evolutionary paths to become resistant to epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition. Nat Med 2016; 22:262-9. [PMID: 26828195 PMCID: PMC4900892 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 645] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although mechanisms of acquired resistance of EGFR mutant non-small cell lung cancers to EGFR inhibitors have been identified, little is known about how resistant clones evolve during drug therapy. Here, we observe that acquired resistance caused by the T790M gatekeeper mutation can occur either by selection of pre-existing T790M clones or via genetic evolution of initially T790M-negative drug tolerant cells. The path to resistance impacts the biology of the resistant clone, as those that evolved from drug tolerant cells had a diminished apoptotic response to third generation EGFR inhibitors that target T790M EGFR; treatment with navitoclax, an inhibitor of BCL-XL and BCL-2 restored sensitivity. We corroborated these findings using cultures derived directly from EGFR inhibitor-resistant patient tumors. These findings provide evidence that clinically relevant drug resistant cancer cells can both pre-exist and evolve from drug tolerant cells, and point to therapeutic opportunities to prevent or overcome resistance in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron N Hata
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew J Niederst
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hannah L Archibald
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Faria M Siddiqui
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hillary E Mulvey
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yosef E Maruvka
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.,Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fei Ji
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hyo-eun C Bhang
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Giulia Siravegna
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute-Fondazione Piemontese per l'Oncologia (FPO), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Candiolo, Italy
| | - Haichuan Hu
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sana Raoof
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elizabeth Lockerman
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anuj Kalsy
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dana Lee
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Celina L Keating
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David A Ruddy
- Translational Clinical Oncology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Leah J Damon
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adam S Crystal
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carlotta Costa
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zofia Piotrowska
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alberto Bardelli
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute-Fondazione Piemontese per l'Oncologia (FPO), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Candiolo, Italy
| | - Anthony J Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ruslan I Sadreyev
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Frank Stegmeier
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gad Getz
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.,Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lecia V Sequist
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anthony C Faber
- Virginia Commonwealth University Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry, Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Virginia Commonwealth University Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Engelman
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Ahronian LG, Sennott EM, Van Allen EM, Wagle N, Kwak EL, Faris JE, Godfrey JT, Nishimura K, Lynch KD, Mermel CH, Lockerman EL, Kalsy A, Gurski JM, Bahl S, Anderka K, Green LM, Lennon NJ, Huynh TG, Mino-Kenudson M, Getz G, Dias-Santagata D, Iafrate AJ, Engelman JA, Garraway LA, Corcoran RB. Abstract LB-055: Clinical acquired resistance to RAF inhibitor combinations in BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer through MAPK pathway alterations. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-lb-055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
BRAF V600E mutations occur in ∼10% of colorectal cancer (CRC), and are associated with poor prognosis. RAF inhibition alone has not been an effective treatment in BRAF-mutant (BRAFm) CRC patients, with response rates of only 5%, due to persistence of MAPK signaling. Combined RAF/EGFR, RAF/MEK, or RAF/MEK/EGFR inhibitors have produced improved efficacy in BRAFm CRC patients, yet ultimately resistance develops after an initial treatment response. Understanding the mechanisms of clinical acquired resistance that arise to RAF inhibitor combinations in BRAFm CRC patients may lead to valuable opportunities to overcome resistance and prolong clinical response.
We sought to identify clinically relevant mechanisms of acquired resistance to RAF inhibitor combinations by obtaining tumor biopsies from BRAFm CRC patients upon disease progression, after initial response to RAF/EGFR or RAF/MEK inhibitor combinations. Matched pre-treatment, post-progression, and normal DNA were analyzed by whole exome sequencing (WES) and RNA-seq.
In one BRAFm CRC patient with prolonged stable disease on a RAF/EGFR combination, WES identified KRAS amplification in a progressing lesion. FISH confirmed the presence of KRAS amplification in the post-progression biopsy, and RNA-seq revealed KRAS transcript overexpression. Interestingly, in resistant clones generated from BRAFm CRC cell lines selected with either RAF/EGFR or RAF/MEK inhibitors, KRAS exon 2 mutations were identified. Either KRAS amplification or KRAS mutation led to sustained MAPK pathway activity and cross-resistance to either RAF/EGFR or RAF/MEK inhibitor combinations.
In a second patient with a minor response to a RAF/EGFR inhibitor combination, BRAF amplification was identified in a progressing lesion, which was confirmed by FISH and was not present in a pre-treatment biopsy of the same lesion. BRAF amplification led to cross-resistance to the BRAF/MEK inhibitor combination.
In a third patient with a minor response to a RAF/MEK inhibitor combination, WES identified the presence of an ARAF Q489L mutation and a MEK1 F53L mutation in a single progressing lesion, suggesting possible intra-lesional heterogeneity of acquired resistance mechanisms. However, utilizing a cell line derived from the patient's post-progression biopsy, we found that 30 out of 30 single-cell clones harbored both the ARAF and MEK1 mutations, and that MEK1 F53L seemed to function as the primary driver of acquired resistance in these resistant cells. MEK1 F53L expression markedly abrogated the ability of RAF/MEK and RAF/EGFR inhibitor combinations to suppress MAPK signaling.
Despite developing resistance to upstream MAPK pathway inhibitors, we found that each of the acquired resistance mechanisms we detected remained sensitive to ERK inhibition, which could effectively suppress MAPK signaling. Our findings demonstrate the central importance of MAPK pathway activity in BRAFm CRC, and highlight the critical need for MAPK pathway inhibition in the prevention of disease progression. Additionally, our work indicates ERK inhibitors may be valuable additions to future therapeutic combinations for BRAFm CRC patients. Further efforts to understand acquired resistance mechanisms will be vital to developing novel therapeutic strategies to overcome resistance and extend clinical benefit in this lethal CRC subtype.
Citation Format: Leanne G. Ahronian, Erin M. Sennott, Eliezer M. Van Allen, Nikhil Wagle, Eunice L. Kwak, Jason E. Faris, Jason T. Godfrey, Koki Nishimura, Kerry D. Lynch, Craig H. Mermel, Elizabeth L. Lockerman, Anuj Kalsy, Joseph M. Gurski, Samira Bahl, Kristin Anderka, Lisa M. Green, Niall J. Lennon, Tiffany G. Huynh, Mari Mino-Kenudson, Gad Getz, Dora Dias-Santagata, A. John Iafrate, Jeffrey A. Engelman, Levi A. Garraway, Ryan B. Corcoran. Clinical acquired resistance to RAF inhibitor combinations in BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer through MAPK pathway alterations. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-055. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-LB-055
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Eunice L. Kwak
- 1Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA
| | - Jason E. Faris
- 1Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA
| | | | - Koki Nishimura
- 1Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA
| | - Kerry D. Lynch
- 3Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Pathology, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - Anuj Kalsy
- 1Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA
| | | | - Samira Bahl
- 4Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Kristin Anderka
- 4Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Lisa M. Green
- 4Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Niall J. Lennon
- 4Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Tiffany G. Huynh
- 3Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Pathology, Boston, MA
| | | | - Gad Getz
- 1Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA
| | | | - A. John Iafrate
- 3Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Pathology, Boston, MA
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4
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Hata AN, Niederst MJ, Archibald HL, Mulvey H, Ham J, Gomez-Caraballo M, Kalsy A, Faber AC, Engelman J. Abstract 2845: Co-acquisition of T790M and EMT in resistant EGFR mutant non-small cell lung cancer can be overcome by combined irreversible EGFR and BCL-XL inhibition. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-2845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The development of acquired drug resistance limits the effectiveness of targeted therapies for lung cancer. In 50% of patients with EGFR mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), acquired resistance to EGFR inhibitors can be attributed to the development of a secondary T790M mutation that prevents drug binding. Third generation irreversible EGFR inhibitors that effectively inhibit EGFR with T790M are currently under clinical development. Using patient-derived EGFR mutant NSCLC models of T790M+ acquired resistance, we observed that the presence of a mesenchymal phenotype was associated with a decreased response to subsequent irreversible EGFR inhibitor therapy. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) led to suppression of pro-apoptotic signaling and a blunted apoptotic response to EGFR inhibition. Combination BCL-XL and irreversible EGFR inhibitor therapy restored the apoptotic response and resulted in regressions of T790M+ resistant tumors that exhibited poor response to single agent irreversible EGFR inhibitors. This suggests that combining BCL-XL and irreversible EGFR inhibitors may be an effective treatment strategy for T790M+ resistant EGFR mutant lung cancers with suppressed apoptotic signaling due co-acquisition of a mesenchymal phenotype.
Citation Format: Aaron N. Hata, Matthew J. Niederst, Hannah L. Archibald, Hillary Mulvey, Jungoh Ham, Maria Gomez-Caraballo, Anuj Kalsy, Anthony C. Faber, Jeffrey Engelman. Co-acquisition of T790M and EMT in resistant EGFR mutant non-small cell lung cancer can be overcome by combined irreversible EGFR and BCL-XL inhibition. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2845. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-2845
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jungoh Ham
- 2Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | | | - Anuj Kalsy
- 1Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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5
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Piotrowska Z, Niederst MJ, Karlovich CA, Wakelee HA, Neal JW, Mino-Kenudson M, Fulton L, Hata AN, Lockerman EL, Kalsy A, Digumarthy S, Muzikansky A, Raponi M, Garcia AR, Mulvey HE, Parks MK, DiCecca RH, Dias-Santagata D, Iafrate AJ, Shaw AT, Allen AR, Engelman JA, Sequist LV. Heterogeneity Underlies the Emergence of EGFRT790 Wild-Type Clones Following Treatment of T790M-Positive Cancers with a Third-Generation EGFR Inhibitor. Cancer Discov 2015; 5:713-22. [PMID: 25934077 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-15-0399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Rociletinib is a third-generation EGFR inhibitor active in lung cancers with T790M, the gatekeeper mutation underlying most first-generation EGFR drug resistance. We biopsied patients at rociletinib progression to explore resistance mechanisms. Among 12 patients with T790M-positive cancers at rociletinib initiation, six had T790-wild-type rociletinib-resistant biopsies. Two T790-wild-type cancers underwent small cell lung cancer transformation; three T790M-positive cancers acquired EGFR amplification. We documented T790-wild-type and T790M-positive clones coexisting within a single pre-rociletinib biopsy. The pretreatment fraction of T790M-positive cells affected response to rociletinib. Longitudinal circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) analysis revealed an increase in plasma EGFR-activating mutation, and T790M heralded rociletinib resistance in some patients, whereas in others the activating mutation increased but T790M remained suppressed. Together, these findings demonstrate the role of tumor heterogeneity when therapies targeting a singular resistance mechanism are used. To further improve outcomes, combination regimens that also target T790-wild-type clones are required. SIGNIFICANCE This report documents that half of T790M-positive EGFR-mutant lung cancers treated with rociletinib are T790-wild-type upon progression, suggesting that T790-wild-type clones can emerge as the dominant source of resistance. We show that tumor heterogeneity has important clinical implications and that plasma ctDNA analyses can sometimes predict emerging resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zofia Piotrowska
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew J Niederst
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Heather A Wakelee
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Joel W Neal
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Mari Mino-Kenudson
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Linnea Fulton
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aaron N Hata
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Anuj Kalsy
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Subba Digumarthy
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alona Muzikansky
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dora Dias-Santagata
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - A John Iafrate
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alice T Shaw
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Jeffrey A Engelman
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lecia V Sequist
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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6
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Ahronian LG, Sennott EM, Van Allen EM, Wagle N, Kwak EL, Faris JE, Godfrey JT, Nishimura K, Lynch KD, Mermel CH, Lockerman EL, Kalsy A, Gurski JM, Bahl S, Anderka K, Green LM, Lennon NJ, Huynh TG, Mino-Kenudson M, Getz G, Dias-Santagata D, Iafrate AJ, Engelman JA, Garraway LA, Corcoran RB. Clinical Acquired Resistance to RAF Inhibitor Combinations in BRAF-Mutant Colorectal Cancer through MAPK Pathway Alterations. Cancer Discov 2015; 5:358-67. [PMID: 25673644 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-14-1518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED BRAF mutations occur in approximately 10% of colorectal cancers. Although RAF inhibitor monotherapy is highly effective in BRAF-mutant melanoma, response rates in BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer are poor. Recent clinical trials of combined RAF/EGFR or RAF/MEK inhibition have produced improved efficacy, but patients ultimately develop resistance. To identify molecular alterations driving clinical acquired resistance, we performed whole-exome sequencing on paired pretreatment and postprogression tumor biopsies from patients with BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer treated with RAF inhibitor combinations. We identified alterations in MAPK pathway genes in resistant tumors not present in matched pretreatment tumors, including KRAS amplification, BRAF amplification, and a MEK1 mutation. These alterations conferred resistance to RAF/EGFR or RAF/MEK combinations through sustained MAPK pathway activity, but an ERK inhibitor could suppress MAPK activity and overcome resistance. Identification of MAPK pathway reactivating alterations upon clinical acquired resistance underscores the MAPK pathway as a critical target in BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer and suggests therapeutic options to overcome resistance. SIGNIFICANCE RAF inhibitor combinations represent promising approaches in clinical development for BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer. Initial characterization of clinical acquired resistance mechanisms to these regimens identified several MAPK pathway alterations driving resistance by reactivating MAPK signaling, highlighting the critical dependence of BRAF-mutant colorectal cancers on MAPK signaling and offering potential strategies to overcome resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne G Ahronian
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Erin M Sennott
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eliezer M Van Allen
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Nikhil Wagle
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Eunice L Kwak
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jason E Faris
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jason T Godfrey
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Koki Nishimura
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kerry D Lynch
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Craig H Mermel
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Anuj Kalsy
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joseph M Gurski
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Samira Bahl
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Kristin Anderka
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Lisa M Green
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Niall J Lennon
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Tiffany G Huynh
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mari Mino-Kenudson
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gad Getz
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Dora Dias-Santagata
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - A John Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey A Engelman
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Levi A Garraway
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ryan B Corcoran
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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7
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Crystal AS, Shaw AT, Sequist LV, Friboulet L, Niederst MJ, Lockerman EL, Frias RL, Gainor JF, Amzallag A, Greninger P, Lee D, Kalsy A, Gomez-Caraballo M, Elamine L, Howe E, Hur W, Lifshits E, Robinson HE, Katayama R, Faber AC, Awad MM, Ramaswamy S, Mino-Kenudson M, Iafrate AJ, Benes CH, Engelman JA. Patient-derived models of acquired resistance can identify effective drug combinations for cancer. Science 2014; 346:1480-6. [PMID: 25394791 DOI: 10.1126/science.1254721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 554] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Targeted cancer therapies have produced substantial clinical responses, but most tumors develop resistance to these drugs. Here, we describe a pharmacogenomic platform that facilitates rapid discovery of drug combinations that can overcome resistance. We established cell culture models derived from biopsy samples of lung cancer patients whose disease had progressed while on treatment with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) tyrosine kinase inhibitors and then subjected these cells to genetic analyses and a pharmacological screen. Multiple effective drug combinations were identified. For example, the combination of ALK and MAPK kinase (MEK) inhibitors was active in an ALK-positive resistant tumor that had developed a MAP2K1 activating mutation, and the combination of EGFR and fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitors was active in an EGFR mutant resistant cancer with a mutation in FGFR3. Combined ALK and SRC (pp60c-src) inhibition was effective in several ALK-driven patient-derived models, a result not predicted by genetic analysis alone. With further refinements, this strategy could help direct therapeutic choices for individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam S Crystal
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Alice T Shaw
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Lecia V Sequist
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Luc Friboulet
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Matthew J Niederst
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Lockerman
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Rosa L Frias
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Justin F Gainor
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Arnaud Amzallag
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Patricia Greninger
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Dana Lee
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Anuj Kalsy
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Maria Gomez-Caraballo
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Leila Elamine
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Emily Howe
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Wooyoung Hur
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 136-791, South Korea
| | - Eugene Lifshits
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Hayley E Robinson
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ryohei Katayama
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Anthony C Faber
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mark M Awad
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sridhar Ramaswamy
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mari Mino-Kenudson
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - A John Iafrate
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Cyril H Benes
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Jeffrey A Engelman
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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8
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Alam MM, Bufano MK, Xu P, Kalsy A, Yu Y, Freeman YW, Sultana T, Rashu MR, Desai I, Eckhoff G, Leung DT, Charles RC, LaRocque RC, Harris JB, Clements JD, Calderwood SB, Qadri F, Vann WF, Kováč P, Ryan ET. Evaluation in mice of a conjugate vaccine for cholera made from Vibrio cholerae O1 (Ogawa) O-specific polysaccharide. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2683. [PMID: 24516685 PMCID: PMC3916310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protective immunity against cholera is serogroup specific. Serogroup specificity in Vibrio cholerae is determined by the O-specific polysaccharide (OSP) of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Generally, polysaccharides are poorly immunogenic, especially in young children. Methodology Here we report the evaluation in mice of a conjugate vaccine for cholera (OSP:TThc) made from V. cholerae O1 Ogawa O-Specific Polysaccharide–core (OSP) and recombinant tetanus toxoid heavy chain fragment (TThc). We immunized mice intramuscularly on days 0, 21, and 42 with OSP:TThc or OSP only, with or without dmLT, a non-toxigenic immunoadjuvant derived from heat labile toxin of Escherichia coli. Principal Findings We detected significant serum IgG antibody responses targeting OSP following a single immunization in mice receiving OSP:TThc with or without adjuvant. Anti-LPS IgG responses were detected following a second immunization in these cohorts. No anti-OSP or anti-LPS IgG responses were detected at any time in animals receiving un-conjugated OSP with or without immunoadjuvant, and in animals receiving immunoadjuvant alone. Responses were highest following immunization with adjuvant. Serum anti-OSP IgM responses were detected in mice receiving OSP:TThc with or without immunoadjuvant, and in mice receiving unconjugated OSP. Serum anti-LPS IgM and vibriocidal responses were detected in all vaccine cohorts except in mice receiving immunoadjuvant alone. No significant IgA anti-OSP or anti-LPS responses developed in any group. Administration of OSP:TThc and adjuvant also induced memory B cell responses targeting OSP and resulted in 95% protective efficacy in a mouse lethality cholera challenge model. Conclusion We describe a protectively immunogenic cholera conjugate in mice. Development of a cholera conjugate vaccine could assist in inducing long-term protective immunity, especially in young children who respond poorly to polysaccharide antigens. Cholera is a severe dehydrating diarrheal illness of humans caused by organisms Vibrio cholerae serogroups O1 or O139 serogroup organisms. Protective immunity against cholera is serogroup specific. Serogroup specificity in V. cholerae is determined by the O-specific polysaccharide (OSP) of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Generally, polysaccharides are poorly immunogenic, especially in young children. Unfortunately, children bear a large burden of cholera globally. Here we describe a novel cholera conjugate vaccine and show that it induces immune responses in mice, including memory responses, to OSP, the T cell-independent antigen that probably is the target of protective immunity to cholera. These responses were highest following immunization of the vaccine with a novel immunoadjuvant, dmLT. We also show that immunization of mice with this conjugate vaccine protects against challenge with wild-type V. cholerae. A protectively immunogenic cholera conjugate vaccine that induces long-term memory responses could have particular utility in young children who are most at risk of cholera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Murshid Alam
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Megan Kelly Bufano
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Peng Xu
- NIDDK, LBC, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anuj Kalsy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Y. Yu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Y. Wu Freeman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tania Sultana
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Rasheduzzaman Rashu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ishaan Desai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Grace Eckhoff
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel T. Leung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Richelle C. Charles
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Regina C. LaRocque
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jason B. Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John D. Clements
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Stephen B. Calderwood
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - W. F. Vann
- CBER, FDA, Laboratory of Bacterial Toxins, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Pavol Kováč
- NIDDK, LBC, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Edward T. Ryan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Sheikh A, Charles RC, Sharmeen N, Rollins SM, Harris JB, Bhuiyan MS, Arifuzzaman M, Khanam F, Bukka A, Kalsy A, Porwollik S, Leung DT, Brooks WA, LaRocque RC, Hohmann EL, Cravioto A, Logvinenko T, Calderwood SB, McClelland M, Graham JE, Qadri F, Ryan ET. In vivo expression of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi genes in the blood of patients with typhoid fever in Bangladesh. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1419. [PMID: 22180799 PMCID: PMC3236720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi is the cause of typhoid fever. It is a human-restricted pathogen, and few data exist on S. Typhi gene expression in humans. Methodology/Principal Findings We applied an RNA capture and amplification technique, Selective Capture of Transcribed Sequences (SCOTS), and microarray hybridization to identify S. Typhi transcripts expressed in the blood of five humans infected with S. Typhi in Bangladesh. In total, we detected the expression of mRNAs for 2,046 S. Typhi genes (44% of the S. Typhi genome) in human blood; expression of 912 genes was detected in all 5 patients, and expression of 1,100 genes was detected in 4 or more patients. Identified transcripts were associated with the virulence-associated PhoP regulon, Salmonella pathogenicity islands, the use of alternative carbon and energy sources, synthesis and transport of iron, thiamine, and biotin, and resistance to antimicrobial peptides and oxidative stress. The most highly represented group were genes currently annotated as encoding proteins designated as hypothetical, unknown, or unclassified. Of the 2,046 detected transcripts, 1,320 (29% of the S. Typhi genome) had significantly different levels of detection in human blood compared to in vitro cultures; detection of 141 transcripts was significantly different in all 5 patients, and detection of 331 transcripts varied in at least 4 patients. These mRNAs encode proteins of unknown function, those involved in energy metabolism, transport and binding, cell envelope, cellular processes, and pathogenesis. We confirmed increased expression of a subset of identified mRNAs by quantitative-PCR. Conclusions/Significance We report the first characterization of bacterial transcriptional profiles in the blood of patients with typhoid fever. S. Typhi is an important global pathogen whose restricted host range has greatly inhibited laboratory studies. Our results suggest that S. Typhi uses a largely uncharacterized genetic repertoire to survive within cells and utilize alternate energy sources during infection. Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi is the cause of typhoid fever and infects over 21 million cases and causes 200,000 deaths each year. S. Typhi only infects humans and this has greatly limited studies of S. Typhi pathogenesis. To study bacterial gene expression in human hosts, we used Selective Capture of Transcribed Sequences (SCOTS) and array hybridization to identify S. Typhi mRNAs expressed in the blood of 5 patients with S. Typhi infection. In total, we detected the expression of 2,046 S. Typhi genes (44% of the S. Typhi genome) in human blood; of these, 1,320 (29% of the S. Typhi genome) had significantly different levels of detection in human blood compared to in vitro cultures. Our results provide insight into S. Typhi pathogenesis, identifying both previously described and novel interactions occurring between host and microbe during the natural course of human infection. Further study of these genes, especially those of unknown function, may further our understanding of S. Typhi pathogenesis and aid in vaccine, diagnostic, and/or drug target development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaullah Sheikh
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Richelle C. Charles
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Nusrat Sharmeen
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sean M. Rollins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jason B. Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Md. Saruar Bhuiyan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mohammad Arifuzzaman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Farhana Khanam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Archana Bukka
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Anuj Kalsy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Steffen Porwollik
- The Vaccine Research Institute of San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel T. Leung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - W. Abdullah Brooks
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Regina C. LaRocque
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth L. Hohmann
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alejandro Cravioto
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tanya Logvinenko
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies (ICRHPS), Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stephen B. Calderwood
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael McClelland
- The Vaccine Research Institute of San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - James E. Graham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Edward T. Ryan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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10
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Xu P, Alam MM, Kalsy A, Charles RC, Calderwood SB, Qadri F, Ryan ET, Kováč P. Simple, direct conjugation of bacterial O-SP-core antigens to proteins: development of cholera conjugate vaccines. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:2179-85. [PMID: 21899371 PMCID: PMC3197769 DOI: 10.1021/bc2001984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial O-SP-core antigens can be conjugated to proteins in the same, simple way as synthetic, linker-equipped carbohydrates by applying squaric acid chemistry. Introduction of spacers (linkers) to either O-SP-core antigens or protein carriers, which is involved in commonly applied protocols, is not required. The newly developed method described here consists of preparation of a squaric acid monoester derivative of O-SP-core antigen, utilizing the amino group inherent in the core, and reaction of the monoester with the carrier protein. The intermediate monoester can be easily purified; its conjugation can be monitored by SELDI-TOF mass spectrometry and, thus, readily controlled, since the conjugation can be terminated when the desired carbohydrate-protein ratio is reached. Here, we describe production of conjugates containing the O-SP-core antigen of Vibrio cholerae O1, the major cause of cholera, a severe dehydrating diarrheal disease of humans. The resultant products are recognized by convalescent phase sera from patients recovering from cholera in Bangladesh, and anti-O-SP-core-protein responses correlate with plasma antilipopolysaccharide and vibriocidal responses, which are the primary markers of protection from cholera. The results suggest that such conjugates have potential as vaccines for cholera and other bacterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- NIDDK, LBC, National Institutes of Health, 8 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-0815 (U.S.A.)
| | - Mohammad Murshid Alam
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street; Boston, MA 02114 USA
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Mohakhali, 1212, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Anuj Kalsy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street; Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Richelle C. Charles
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street; Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Stephen B. Calderwood
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street; Boston, MA 02114 USA
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Mohakhali, 1212, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Edward T. Ryan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street; Boston, MA 02114 USA
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Pavol Kováč
- NIDDK, LBC, National Institutes of Health, 8 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-0815 (U.S.A.)
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11
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Sheikh A, Khanam F, Sayeed MA, Rahman T, Pacek M, Hu Y, Rollins A, Bhuiyan MS, Rollins S, Kalsy A, Arifuzzaman M, Leung DT, Sarracino DA, Krastins B, Charles RC, LaRocque RC, Cravioto A, Calderwood SB, Brooks WA, Harris JB, LaBaer J, Qadri F, Ryan ET. Interferon-γ and proliferation responses to Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhi proteins in patients with S. Typhi Bacteremia in Dhaka, Bangladesh. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1193. [PMID: 21666798 PMCID: PMC3110156 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi is a human-restricted intracellular pathogen and the cause of typhoid fever. Cellular immune responses are required to control and clear Salmonella infection. Despite this, there are limited data on cellular immune responses in humans infected with wild type S. Typhi. Methodology/Principal Findings For this work, we used an automated approach to purify a subset of S. Typhi proteins identified in previous antibody-based immuno-affinity screens and antigens known to be expressed in vivo, including StaF-putative fimbrial protein-STY0202, StbB-fimbrial chaperone-STY0372, CsgF-involved in curli production-STY1177, CsgD- putative regulatory protein-STY1179, OppA-periplasmic oligopeptide binding protein precursor-STY1304, PagC-outer membrane invasion protein-STY1878, and conserved hypothetical protein-STY2195; we also generated and analyzed a crude membrane preparation of S. Typhi (MP). In comparison to samples collected from uninfected Bangladeshi and North American participants, we detected significant interferon-γ responses in PBMCs stimulated with MP, StaF, StbB, CsgF, CsgD, OppA, STY2195, and PagC in patients bacteremic with S. Typhi in Bangladesh. The majority of interferon-γ expressing T cells were CD4 cells, although CD8 responses also occurred. We also assessed cellular proliferation responses in bacteremic patients, and confirmed increased responses in infected individuals to MP, StaF, STY2195, and PagC in convalescent compared to acute phase samples and compared to controls. StaF is a fimbrial protein homologous to E. coli YadK, and contains a Pfam motif thought to be involved in cellular adhesion. PagC is expressed in vivo under the control of the virulence-associated PhoP-regulon required for intra-macrophage survival of Salmonella. STY2195 is a conserved hypothetical protein of unknown function. Conclusion/Significance This is the first analysis of cellular immune responses to purified S. Typhi antigens in patients with typhoid fever. These results indicate that patients generate significant CD4 and CD8 interferon-γ responses to specific S. Typhi antigens during typhoid fever, and that these responses are elevated at the time of clinical presentation. These observations suggest that an interferon-γ based detection system could be used to diagnose individuals with typhoid fever during the acute stage of illness. Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi infection is a significant global public health problem and the cause of typhoid fever. Salmonella are intracellular pathogens, and cellular immune responses are required to control and clear Salmonella infections. Despite this, there are limited data on cellular immune responses during wild type S. Typhi infection in humans. Here we report the assessment of cellular immune responses in humans with S. Typhi bacteremia through a screening approach that permitted us to evaluate interferon-γ and proliferation responses to a number of S. Typhi antigens. We detected significant interferon-γ CD4 and CD8 responses, as well as proliferative responses, to a number of recombinantly purified S. Typhi proteins as well as membrane preparation in infected patients. Antigen-specific interferon-γ responses were present at the time of clinical presentation in patients and absent in healthy controls. These observations could assist in the development of interferon-γ-based diagnostic assays for typhoid fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaullah Sheikh
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Farhana Khanam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Abu Sayeed
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Taibur Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Marcin Pacek
- Harvard Institute of Proteomics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yanhui Hu
- Harvard Institute of Proteomics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andrea Rollins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Md. Saruar Bhuiyan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sean Rollins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anuj Kalsy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mohammad Arifuzzaman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel T. Leung
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David A. Sarracino
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bryan Krastins
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Richelle C. Charles
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Regina C. LaRocque
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alejandro Cravioto
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Stephen B. Calderwood
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - W. Abdullah Brooks
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jason B. Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joshua LaBaer
- Harvard Institute of Proteomics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Edward T. Ryan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Kalsy A, Bhuiyan M, Charles R, Arifuzzaman M, Clemens JD, Larocque RC, Harris JB, Calderwood SB, Czerkinsky C, Qadri F, Ryan E. Induction of memory responses following transcutaneous immunization requires presence of immunoadjuvantative cholera holotoxin (53.4). The Journal of Immunology 2011. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.186.supp.53.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Vaccination induces both mucosal & systemic immune response. Polysaccharide antigen (PAg) which is T cell independent antigen does not stimulate production of memory responses. Cholera holotoxin (CT) is shown to be a potent immunoadjuvant. Transcutaneous immunization (TCI) is recently shown as an important alternative route of immunization to induce both systemic & mucosal immune responses. Induction of memory responses upon TCI with PAg is unkown. We evaluated if TCI with Vi & Vi-conjugate vaccine (Vi-DT)could induce anti-Vi specific memory responses in mice. Parenteral & TCI of Vi can not produce memory response. Splenic memory B cell IgG responses were induced by parenteral immunization with Vi-DT but not Vi, but were induced following TCI with Vi-DT/CT and Vi/CT. TC & parenteral immunization with Vi & Vi-DT induced serum anti-Vi IgG & IgA responses but more prominently along with CT & induced T cell independent PAg specific memory response in mice. Stool & lamina proprial lymphocyte (LPL) anti-Vi IgA responses were highest following TCI. Splenic antibody-secreting-cell (ASC) anti-Vi IgG responses were induced by parenteral immunization with Vi or Vi-DT, and by TCI with Vi/CT or Vi-DT/CT. Our results show that TCI induces both systemic & mucosal immune responses with PAg & use of CT as adjuvant induces this response more prominently. Memory responses only found when CT was used TC. This observation could assist in developing of vaccines providing long-term protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Kalsy
- 2Medicine, Harvard University, Mass. General Hospital, Boston, MA
- 3Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Md Bhuiyan
- 1International Center For Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Richelle Charles
- 2Medicine, Harvard University, Mass. General Hospital, Boston, MA
- 3Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - John D. Clemens
- 6International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Regina C. Larocque
- 2Medicine, Harvard University, Mass. General Hospital, Boston, MA
- 3Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jason B. Harris
- 2Medicine, Harvard University, Mass. General Hospital, Boston, MA
- 3Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Stephen B. Calderwood
- 2Medicine, Harvard University, Mass. General Hospital, Boston, MA
- 3Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- 4Department of Microbiology and Medical Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Cecil Czerkinsky
- 6International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- 1International Center For Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Edward Ryan
- 2Medicine, Harvard University, Mass. General Hospital, Boston, MA
- 3Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- 5Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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Sheikh A, Charles RC, Rollins SM, Harris JB, Bhuiyan MS, Khanam F, Bukka A, Kalsy A, Porwollik S, Brooks WA, LaRocque RC, Hohmann EL, Cravioto A, Logvinenko T, Calderwood SB, McClelland M, Graham JE, Qadri F, Ryan ET. Analysis of Salmonella enterica serotype paratyphi A gene expression in the blood of bacteremic patients in Bangladesh. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4:e908. [PMID: 21151879 PMCID: PMC2998432 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi A is a human-restricted cause of paratyphoid fever, accounting for up to a fifth of all cases of enteric fever in Asia. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this work, we applied an RNA analysis method, Selective Capture of Transcribed Sequences (SCOTS), and cDNA hybridization-microarray technology to identify S. Paratyphi A transcripts expressed by bacteria in the blood of three patients in Bangladesh. In total, we detected 1,798 S. Paratyphi A mRNAs expressed in the blood of infected humans (43.9% of the ORFeome). Of these, we identified 868 in at least two patients, and 315 in all three patients. S. Paratyphi A transcripts identified in at least two patients encode proteins involved in energy metabolism, nutrient and iron acquisition, vitamin biosynthesis, stress responses, oxidative stress resistance, and pathogenesis. A number of detected transcripts are expressed from PhoP and SlyA-regulated genes associated with intra-macrophage survival, genes contained within Salmonella Pathogenicity Islands (SPIs) 1-4, 6, 10, 13, and 16, as well as RpoS-regulated genes. The largest category of identified transcripts is that of encoding proteins with unknown function. When comparing levels of bacterial mRNA using in vivo samples collected from infected patients to samples from in vitro grown organisms, we found significant differences for 347, 391, and 456 S. Paratyphi A transcripts in each of three individual patients (approximately 9.7% of the ORFeome). Of these, expression of 194 transcripts (4.7% of ORFs) was concordant in two or more patients, and 41 in all patients. Genes encoding these transcripts are contained within SPI-1, 3, 6 and 10, PhoP-regulated genes, involved in energy metabolism, nutrient acquisition, drug resistance, or uncharacterized genes. Using quantitative RT-PCR, we confirmed increased gene expression in vivo for a subset of these genes. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE To our knowledge, we describe the first microarray-based transcriptional analysis of a pathogen in the blood of naturally infected humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaullah Sheikh
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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Rollenhagen JE, Kalsy A, Saksena R, Sheikh A, Alam MM, Qadri F, Calderwood SB, Kovác P, Ryan ET. Transcutaneous immunization with a synthetic hexasaccharide-protein conjugate induces anti-Vibrio cholerae lipopolysaccharide responses in mice. Vaccine 2009; 27:4917-22. [PMID: 19563890 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies specific for Vibrio cholerae lipopolysaccaride (LPS) are common in humans recovering from cholera, and constitute a primary component of the vibriocidal response, a serum complement-mediated bacteriocidal response correlated with protection against cholera. In order to determine whether transcutaneous immunization (TCI) with a V. cholerae neoglycoconjugate (CHO-BSA) comprised of a synthetic terminal hexasaccharide of the O-specific polysaccharide of V. cholerae O1 (Ogawa) conjugated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) could induce anti-V. cholerae LPS and vibriocidal responses, we applied CHO-BSA transcutaneously in the presence or absence of the immune adjuvant cholera toxin (CT) to mice. Transcutaneously applied neoglycoconjugate elicited prominent V. cholerae specific LPS IgG responses in the presence of CT, but not IgM or IgA responses. CT applied on the skin induced strong IgG and IgA serum responses. TCI with neoglycoconjugate did not elicit detectable vibriocidal responses, protection in a mouse challenge assay, or stool anti-V. cholerae IgA responses, irrespective of the presence or absence of CT. Our results suggest that transcutaneously applied synthetic V. cholerae neoglycoconjugate is safe and immunogenic, but predominantly induces systemic LPS responses of the IgG isotype.
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Ghose C, Kalsy A, Sheikh A, Rollenhagen J, John M, Young J, Rollins SM, Qadri F, Calderwood SB, Kelly CP, Ryan ET. Transcutaneous immunization with Clostridium difficile toxoid A induces systemic and mucosal immune responses and toxin A-neutralizing antibodies in mice. Infect Immun 2007; 75:2826-32. [PMID: 17371854 PMCID: PMC1932889 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00127-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is the leading cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhea. C. difficile produces two toxins (A and B), and systemic and mucosal anti-toxin A antibodies prevent or limit C. difficile-associated diarrhea. To evaluate whether transcutaneous immunization with formalin-treated C. difficile toxin A (CDA) induces systemic and mucosal anti-CDA immune responses, we transcutaneously immunized three cohorts of mice with CDA with or without immunoadjuvantative cholera toxin (CT) on days 0, 14, 28, and 42. Mice transcutaneously immunized with CDA and CT developed prominent anti-CDA and anti-CT immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA responses in serum and anti-CDA and anti-CT IgA responses in stool. Sera from immunized mice were able to neutralize C. difficile toxin A activity in an in vitro cell culture assay. CDA itself demonstrated adjuvant activity and enhanced both serum and stool anti-CT IgA responses. Our results suggest that transcutaneous immunization with CDA toxoid may be a feasible immunization strategy against C. difficile, an important cause of morbidity and mortality against which current preventative strategies are failing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrabali Ghose
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Jackson 504, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Rollenhagen JE, Kalsy A, Cerda F, John M, Harris JB, Larocque RC, Qadri F, Calderwood SB, Taylor RK, Ryan ET. Transcutaneous immunization with toxin-coregulated pilin A induces protective immunity against Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor challenge in mice. Infect Immun 2006; 74:5834-9. [PMID: 16988262 PMCID: PMC1594919 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00438-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxin-coregulated pilin A (TcpA) is the main structural subunit of a type IV bundle-forming pilus of Vibrio cholerae, the cause of cholera. Toxin-coregulated pilus is involved in formation of microcolonies of V. cholerae at the intestinal surface, and strains of V. cholerae deficient in TcpA are attenuated and unable to colonize intestinal surfaces. Anti-TcpA immunity is common in humans recovering from cholera in Bangladesh, and immunization against TcpA is protective in murine V. cholerae models. To evaluate whether transcutaneously applied TcpA is immunogenic, we transcutaneously immunized mice with 100 mug of TcpA or TcpA with an immunoadjuvant (cholera toxin [CT], 50 mug) on days 0, 19, and 40. Mice immunized with TcpA alone did not develop anti-TcpA responses. Mice that received transcutaneously applied TcpA and CT developed prominent anti-TcpA immunoglobulin G (IgG) serum responses but minimal anti-TcpA IgA. Transcutaneous immunization with CT induced prominent IgG and IgA anti-CT serum responses. In an infant mouse model, offspring born to dams transcutaneously immunized either with TcpA and CT or with CT alone were challenged with 10(6) CFU (one 50% lethal dose) wild-type V. cholerae O1 El Tor strain N16961. At 48 h, mice born to females transcutaneously immunized with CT alone had 36% +/- 10% (mean +/- standard error of the mean) survival, while mice born to females transcutaneously immunized with TcpA and CT had 69% +/- 6% survival (P < 0.001). Our results suggest that transcutaneous immunization with TcpA and an immunoadjuvant induces protective anti-TcpA immune responses. Anti-TcpA responses may contribute to an optimal cholera vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne E Rollenhagen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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Morra M, Barrington RA, Abadia-Molina AC, Okamoto S, Julien A, Gullo C, Kalsy A, Edwards MJ, Chen G, Spolski R, Leonard WJ, Huber BT, Borrow P, Biron CA, Satoskar AR, Carroll MC, Terhorst C. Defective B cell responses in the absence of SH2D1A. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:4819-23. [PMID: 15774582 PMCID: PMC555707 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0408681102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
More than half of patients with X-linked lympho-proliferative disease, which is caused by a defect in the intracellular adapter protein SH2D1A, suffer from an extreme susceptibility to Epstein-Barr virus. One-third of these patients, however, develop dysgammaglobulenemia without an episode of severe mononucleosis. Here we show that in SH2D1A(-/-) mice, both primary and secondary responses of all Ig subclasses are severely impaired in response to specific antigens. Because germinal centers were absent in SH2D1A(-/-) mice upon primary immunization, and because SH2D1A was detectable in wt germinal center B cells, we examined whether SH2D1A(-/-) B cell functions were impaired. Using the adoptive cotransfer of B lymphocytes from hapten-primed SH2D1A(-/-) mice with CD4(+) T cells from primed wt mice into irradiated wt mice provided evidence that signal transduction events controlled by SH2D1A are essential for B cell activities resulting in antigen specific IgG production. Defects in naive SH2D1A(-/-) B cells became evident upon cotransfer with non-primed wt CD4(+) cells into Rag2(-/-) recipients. Thus, both defective T and B cells exist in the absence of SH2D1A, which may explain the progressive dysgammaglobulinemia in a subset of X-linked lympho-proliferative disease patients without involvement of Epstein-Barr virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Morra
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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