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Sørensen HV, Montserrat-Canals M, Loose JSM, Fisher SZ, Moulin M, Blakeley MP, Cordara G, Bjerregaard-Andersen K, Krengel U. Perdeuterated GbpA Enables Neutron Scattering Experiments of a Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase. ACS Omega 2023; 8:29101-29112. [PMID: 37599915 PMCID: PMC10433351 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are surface-active redox enzymes that catalyze the degradation of recalcitrant polysaccharides, making them important tools for energy production from renewable sources. In addition, LPMOs are important virulence factors for fungi, bacteria, and viruses. However, many knowledge gaps still exist regarding their catalytic mechanism and interaction with their insoluble, crystalline substrates. Moreover, conventional structural biology techniques, such as X-ray crystallography, usually do not reveal the protonation state of catalytically important residues. In contrast, neutron crystallography is highly suited to obtain this information, albeit with significant sample volume requirements and challenges associated with hydrogen's large incoherent scattering signal. We set out to demonstrate the feasibility of neutron-based techniques for LPMOs using N-acetylglucosamine-binding protein A (GbpA) from Vibrio cholerae as a target. GbpA is a multifunctional protein that is secreted by the bacteria to colonize and degrade chitin. We developed an efficient deuteration protocol, which yields >10 mg of pure 97% deuterated protein per liter expression media, which was scaled up further at international facilities. The deuterated protein retains its catalytic activity and structure, as demonstrated by small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering studies of full-length GbpA and X-ray crystal structures of its LPMO domain (to 1.1 Å resolution), setting the stage for neutron scattering experiments with its substrate chitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. V. Sørensen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oslo, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Mateu Montserrat-Canals
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oslo, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
- Centre
for Molecular Medicine Norway, University
of Oslo, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jennifer S. M. Loose
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), NO-1340 Ås, Norway
| | - S. Zoë Fisher
- Science
Directorate, European Spallation Source
ERIC, P.O. Box 176, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Department
of Biology, Lund University, 35 Sölvegatan, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Martine Moulin
- Life Sciences
Group, Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Cedex 9 Grenoble, France
| | - Matthew P. Blakeley
- Large-Scale
Structures Group, Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Gabriele Cordara
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oslo, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Ute Krengel
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oslo, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
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Skåne A, Loose JSM, Vaaje-Kolstad G, Askarian F. Comparative proteomic profiling reveals specific adaption of Vibrio anguillarum to oxidative stress, iron deprivation and humoral components of innate immunity. J Proteomics 2022; 251:104412. [PMID: 34737109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The gram-negative bacterium Vibrio (Listonella) anguillarum (VA) is the causative agent of vibriosis, a terminal hemorrhagic septicemia affecting the aquacultural industry across the globe. In the current study we used label-free quantitative proteomics to investigate how VA adapts to conditions that mimic defined aspects of vibriosis-related stress such as exposure to oxidative stress (H2O2), exposure to humoral factors of innate immunity through incubation with Atlantic salmon serum, and iron deprivation upon supplementation of 2,2'-dipyridyl (DIP) to the growth medium. We also investigated how regulation of virulence factors may be governed by the VA growth phase and availability of nutrients. All experimental conditions explored revealed stress-specific proteomic adaption of VA and only nine proteins were found to be commonly regulated in all conditions. A general observation made for all stress-related conditions was regulation of multiple metabolic pathways. Notably, iron deprivation and exposure to Atlantic salmon serum evoked upregulation of iron acquisition mechanisms. The findings made in the present study represent a source of potential virulence determinants that can be of use in the search for means to understand vibriosis. SIGNIFICANCE: Vibriosis in fish and shellfish caused by V. anguillarum (VA) is responsible for large economic losses in the aquaculture sector across the globe. However, not much is known about the defense mechanism of this pathogen to percept and adapt to the imposed stresses during infection. Analyzing the response of VA to multiple host-related physiochemical stresses, the quantitative proteomic analysis of the present study indicates modulation of several virulence determinants and key defense networks of this pathogen. Our findings provide a theoretical basis to enhance our understanding of VA pathogenesis and can be employed to improve current intervention strategies to control vibriosis in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Skåne
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Jennifer S M Loose
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Gustav Vaaje-Kolstad
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway.
| | - Fatemeh Askarian
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway; Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Mutahir Z, Mekasha S, Loose JSM, Abbas F, Vaaje-Kolstad G, Eijsink VGH, Forsberg Z. Characterization and synergistic action of a tetra-modular lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase from Bacillus cereus. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:2562-2571. [PMID: 29993123 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) contribute to enzymatic conversion of recalcitrant polysaccharides such as chitin and cellulose and may also play a role in bacterial infections. Some LPMOs are multimodular, the implications of which remain only partly understood. We have studied the properties of a tetra-modular LPMO from the food poisoning bacterium Bacillus cereus (named BcLPMO10A). We show that BcLPMO10A, comprising an LPMO domain, two fibronectin-type III (FnIII)-like domains, and a carbohydrate-binding module (CBM5), is a powerful chitin-active LPMO. While the role of the FnIII domains remains unclear, we show that enzyme functionality strongly depends on the CBM5, which, by promoting substrate binding, protects the enzyme from inactivation. BcLPMO10A enhances the activity of chitinases during the degradation of α-chitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan Mutahir
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sophanit Mekasha
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Jennifer S M Loose
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Faiza Abbas
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Gustav Vaaje-Kolstad
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Zarah Forsberg
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
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Loose JSM, Arntzen MØ, Bissaro B, Ludwig R, Eijsink VGH, Vaaje-Kolstad G. Multipoint Precision Binding of Substrate Protects Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases from Self-Destructive Off-Pathway Processes. Biochemistry 2018; 57:4114-4124. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S. M. Loose
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Magnus Ø. Arntzen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Bastien Bissaro
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Roland Ludwig
- BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Food Science and Technology, Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Vincent G. H. Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Gustav Vaaje-Kolstad
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432 Ås, Norway
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Westereng B, Loose JSM, Vaaje-Kolstad G, Aachmann FL, Sørlie M, Eijsink VGH. Analytical Tools for Characterizing Cellulose-Active Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases (LPMOs). Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1796:219-246. [PMID: 29856057 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7877-9_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases are copper-dependent enzymes that perform oxidative cleavage of glycosidic bonds in cellulose and various other polysaccharides. LPMOs acting on cellulose use a reactive oxygen species to abstract a hydrogen from the C1 or C4, followed by hydroxylation of the resulting substrate radical. The resulting hydroxylated species is unstable, resulting in glycoside bond scission and formation of an oxidized new chain end. These oxidized chain ends are spontaneously hydrated at neutral pH, leading to formation of an aldonic acid or a gemdiol, respectively. LPMO activity may be characterized using a variety of analytic tools, the most common of which are high-performance anion exchange chromatography system with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). NMR may be used to increase the certainty of product identifications, in particular the site of oxidation. Kinetic studies of LPMOs have several pitfalls and to avoid these, it is important to secure copper saturation, avoid the presence of free transition metals in solution, and control the amount of reductant (i.e., electron supply to the LPMO). Further insight into LPMO properties may be obtained by determining the redox potential and by determining the affinity for copper. In some cases, substrate affinity can be assessed using isothermal titration calorimetry. These methods are described in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørge Westereng
- Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Jennifer S M Loose
- Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Gustav Vaaje-Kolstad
- Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Finn L Aachmann
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NOBIPOL, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
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Loose JSM, Forsberg Z, Kracher D, Scheiblbrandner S, Ludwig R, Eijsink VGH, Vaaje‐Kolstad G. Activation of bacterial lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases with cellobiose dehydrogenase. Protein Sci 2016; 25:2175-2186. [PMID: 27643617 PMCID: PMC5119556 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) represent a recent addition to the carbohydrate-active enzymes and are classified as auxiliary activity (AA) families 9, 10, 11, and 13. LPMOs are crucial for effective degradation of recalcitrant polysaccharides like cellulose or chitin. These enzymes are copper-dependent and utilize a redox mechanism to cleave glycosidic bonds that is dependent on molecular oxygen and an external electron donor. The electrons can be provided by various sources, such as chemical compounds (e.g., ascorbate) or by enzymes (e.g., cellobiose dehydrogenases, CDHs, from fungi). Here, we demonstrate that a fungal CDH from Myriococcum thermophilum (MtCDH), can act as an electron donor for bacterial family AA10 LPMOs. We show that employing an enzyme as electron donor is advantageous since this enables a kinetically controlled supply of electrons to the LPMO. The rate of chitin oxidation by CBP21 was equal to that of cosubstrate (lactose) oxidation by MtCDH, verifying the usage of two electrons in the LPMO catalytic mechanism. Furthermore, since lactose oxidation correlates directly with the rate of LPMO catalysis, a method for indirect determination of LPMO activity is implicated. Finally, the one electron reduction of the CBP21 active site copper by MtCDH was determined to be substantially faster than chitin oxidation by the LPMO. Overall, MtCDH seems to be a universal electron donor for both bacterial and fungal LPMOs, indicating that their electron transfer mechanisms are similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S. M. Loose
- Department of ChemistryBiotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life SciencesNO‐1430 ÅsNorway
| | - Zarah Forsberg
- Department of ChemistryBiotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life SciencesNO‐1430 ÅsNorway
| | - Daniel Kracher
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Food Biotechnology LaboratoryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Stefan Scheiblbrandner
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Food Biotechnology LaboratoryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Food Biotechnology LaboratoryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Vincent G. H. Eijsink
- Department of ChemistryBiotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life SciencesNO‐1430 ÅsNorway
| | - Gustav Vaaje‐Kolstad
- Department of ChemistryBiotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life SciencesNO‐1430 ÅsNorway
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Forsberg Z, Nelson CE, Dalhus B, Mekasha S, Loose JSM, Crouch LI, Røhr ÅK, Gardner JG, Eijsink VGH, Vaaje-Kolstad G. Structural and Functional Analysis of a Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase Important for Efficient Utilization of Chitin in Cellvibrio japonicus. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:7300-12. [PMID: 26858252 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.700161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellvibrio japonicusis a Gram-negative soil bacterium that is primarily known for its ability to degrade plant cell wall polysaccharides through utilization of an extensive repertoire of carbohydrate-active enzymes. Several putative chitin-degrading enzymes are also found among these carbohydrate-active enzymes, such as chitinases, chitobiases, and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs). In this study, we have characterized the chitin-active LPMO,CjLPMO10A, a tri-modular enzyme containing a catalytic family AA10 LPMO module, a family 5 chitin-binding module, and a C-terminal unclassified module of unknown function. Characterization of the latter module revealed tight and specific binding to chitin, thereby unraveling a new family of chitin-binding modules (classified as CBM73). X-ray crystallographic elucidation of theCjLPMO10A catalytic module revealed that the active site of the enzyme combines structural features previously only observed in either cellulose or chitin-active LPMO10s. Analysis of the copper-binding site by EPR showed a signal signature more similar to those observed for cellulose-cleaving LPMOs. The full-length LPMO shows no activity toward cellulose but is able to bind and cleave both α- and β-chitin. Removal of the chitin-binding modules reduced LPMO activity toward α-chitin compared with the full-length enzyme. Interestingly, the full-length enzyme and the individual catalytic LPMO module boosted the activity of an endochitinase equally well, also yielding similar amounts of oxidized products. Finally, gene deletion studies show thatCjLPMO10A is needed byC. japonicusto obtain efficient growth on both purified chitin and crab shell particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarah Forsberg
- From the Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Cassandra E Nelson
- the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland at Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250
| | - Bjørn Dalhus
- the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 4950, Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway, the Department of Microbiology, Clinic for Diagnostics and Intervention, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, P. O. Box 4950, Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway, and
| | - Sophanit Mekasha
- From the Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Jennifer S M Loose
- From the Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Lucy I Crouch
- the Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Åsmund K Røhr
- From the Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Jeffrey G Gardner
- the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland at Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- From the Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Gustav Vaaje-Kolstad
- From the Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway,
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Nakagawa YS, Kudo M, Loose JSM, Ishikawa T, Totani K, Eijsink VGH, Vaaje-Kolstad G. A small lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase fromStreptomyces griseustargeting α- and β-chitin. FEBS J 2015; 282:1065-79. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko S. Nakagawa
- Department of Chemical Engineering; National Institute of Technology; Ichinoseki College; Japan
| | - Madoka Kudo
- Department of Chemical Engineering; National Institute of Technology; Ichinoseki College; Japan
| | - Jennifer S. M. Loose
- Department of Chemistry; Biotechnology and Food Science; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Ås Norway
| | - Takahiro Ishikawa
- Department of Chemical Engineering; National Institute of Technology; Ichinoseki College; Japan
| | - Kazuhide Totani
- Department of Chemical Engineering; National Institute of Technology; Ichinoseki College; Japan
| | - Vincent G. H. Eijsink
- Department of Chemistry; Biotechnology and Food Science; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Ås Norway
| | - Gustav Vaaje-Kolstad
- Department of Chemistry; Biotechnology and Food Science; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Ås Norway
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Paspaliari DK, Loose JSM, Larsen MH, Vaaje-Kolstad G. Listeria monocytogeneshas a functional chitinolytic system and an active lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase. FEBS J 2015; 282:921-36. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dafni K. Paspaliari
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - Jennifer S. M. Loose
- Department of Chemistry; Biotechnology and Food Science; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Ås Norway
| | - Marianne H. Larsen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - Gustav Vaaje-Kolstad
- Department of Chemistry; Biotechnology and Food Science; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Ås Norway
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