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Sanders BP, de los Rios Oakes I, van Hoek V, Bockstal V, Kamphuis T, Uil TG, Song Y, Cooper G, Crawt LE, Martín J, Zahn R, Lewis J, Wimmer E, Custers JHHV, Schuitemaker H, Cello J, Edo-Matas D. Cold-Adapted Viral Attenuation (CAVA): Highly Temperature Sensitive Polioviruses as Novel Vaccine Strains for a Next Generation Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005483. [PMID: 27032093 PMCID: PMC4816566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The poliovirus vaccine field is moving towards novel vaccination strategies. Withdrawal of the Oral Poliovirus Vaccine and implementation of the conventional Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine (cIPV) is imminent. Moreover, replacement of the virulent poliovirus strains currently used for cIPV with attenuated strains is preferred. We generated Cold-Adapted Viral Attenuation (CAVA) poliovirus strains by serial passage at low temperature and subsequent genetic engineering, which contain the capsid sequences of cIPV strains combined with a set of mutations identified during cold-adaptation. These viruses displayed a highly temperature sensitive phenotype with no signs of productive infection at 37°C as visualized by electron microscopy. Furthermore, decreases in infectious titers, viral RNA, and protein levels were measured during infection at 37°C, suggesting a block in the viral replication cycle at RNA replication, protein translation, or earlier. However, at 30°C, they could be propagated to high titers (9.4-9.9 Log10TCID50/ml) on the PER.C6 cell culture platform. We identified 14 mutations in the IRES and non-structural regions, which in combination induced the temperature sensitive phenotype, also when transferred to the genomes of other wild-type and attenuated polioviruses. The temperature sensitivity translated to complete absence of neurovirulence in CD155 transgenic mice. Attenuation was also confirmed after extended in vitro passage at small scale using conditions (MOI, cell density, temperature) anticipated for vaccine production. The inability of CAVA strains to replicate at 37°C makes reversion to a neurovirulent phenotype in vivo highly unlikely, therefore, these strains can be considered safe for the manufacture of IPV. The CAVA strains were immunogenic in the Wistar rat potency model for cIPV, inducing high neutralizing antibody titers in a dose-dependent manner in response to D-antigen doses used for cIPV. In combination with the highly productive PER.C6 cell culture platform, the stably attenuated CAVA strains may serve as an attractive low-cost and (bio)safe option for the production of a novel next generation IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara P. Sanders
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Isabel de los Rios Oakes
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Vladimir van Hoek
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Viki Bockstal
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Tobias Kamphuis
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Taco G. Uil
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Yutong Song
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Gillian Cooper
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Laura E. Crawt
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Martín
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Roland Zahn
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - John Lewis
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Eckard Wimmer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Jerome H. H. V. Custers
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hanneke Schuitemaker
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jeronimo Cello
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Diana Edo-Matas
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Sanders BP, Edo-Matas D, Papic N, Schuitemaker H, Custers JHHV. Synthetic virus seeds for improved vaccine safety: Genetic reconstruction of poliovirus seeds for a PER.C6 cell based inactivated poliovirus vaccine. Vaccine 2015; 33:5498-5502. [PMID: 26362098 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.08.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Safety of vaccines can be compromised by contamination with adventitious agents. One potential source of adventitious agents is a vaccine seed, typically derived from historic clinical isolates with poorly defined origins. Here we generated synthetic poliovirus seeds derived from chemically synthesized DNA plasmids encoding the sequence of wild-type poliovirus strains used in marketed inactivated poliovirus vaccines. The synthetic strains were phenotypically identical to wild-type polioviruses as shown by equivalent infectious titers in culture supernatant and antigenic content, even when infection cultures are scaled up to 10-25L bioreactors. Moreover, the synthetic seeds were genetically stable upon extended passaging on the PER.C6 cell culture platform. Use of synthetic seeds produced on the serum-free PER.C6 cell platform ensures a perfectly documented seed history and maximum control over starting materials. It provides an opportunity to maximize vaccine safety which increases the prospect of a vaccine end product that is free from adventitious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara P Sanders
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Archimedesweg 4, 2333CN Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Diana Edo-Matas
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Archimedesweg 4, 2333CN Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Natasa Papic
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Archimedesweg 4, 2333CN Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke Schuitemaker
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Archimedesweg 4, 2333CN Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jerome H H V Custers
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Archimedesweg 4, 2333CN Leiden, The Netherlands
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Sanders BP, Liu Y, Brandjes A, van Hoek V, de Los Rios Oakes I, Lewis J, Wimmer E, Custers JHHV, Schuitemaker H, Cello J, Edo-Matas D. Brunenders: a partially attenuated historic poliovirus type I vaccine strain. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:2614-2622. [PMID: 26018960 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Brunenders, a type I poliovirus (PV) strain, was developed in 1952 by J. F. Enders and colleagues through serial in vitro passaging of the parental Brunhilde strain, and was reported to display partial neuroattenuation in monkeys. This phenotype of attenuation encouraged two vaccine manufacturers to adopt Brunenders as the type I component for their inactivated poliovirus vaccines (IPVs) in the 1950s, although today no licensed IPV vaccine contains Brunenders. Here we confirmed, in a transgenic mouse model, the report of Enders on the reduced neurovirulence of Brunenders. Although dramatically neuroattenuated relative to WT PV strains, Brunenders remains more virulent than the attenuated oral vaccine strain, Sabin 1. Importantly, the neuroattenuation of Brunenders does not affect in vitro growth kinetics and in vitro antigenicity, which were similar to those of Mahoney, the conventional type I IPV vaccine strain. We showed, by full nucleotide sequencing, that Brunhilde and Brunenders differ at 31 nucleotides, eight of which lead to amino acid changes, all located in the capsid. Upon exchanging the Brunenders capsid sequence with that of the Mahoney capsid, WT neurovirulence was regained in vivo, suggesting a role for the capsid mutations in Brunenders attenuation. To date, as polio eradication draws closer, the switch to using attenuated strains for IPV is actively being pursued. Brunenders preceded this novel strategy as a partially attenuated IPV strain, accompanied by decades of successful use in the field. Providing data on the attenuation of Brunenders may be of value in the further construction of attenuated PV strains to support the grand pursuit of the global eradication of poliomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5222, USA
| | - Alies Brandjes
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - John Lewis
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eckard Wimmer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5222, USA
| | | | | | - Jeronimo Cello
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5222, USA
| | - Diana Edo-Matas
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Stewart VA, McGrath SM, Dubois PM, Pau MG, Mettens P, Shott J, Cobb M, Burge JR, Larson D, Ware LA, Demoitie MA, Weverling GJ, Bayat B, Custers JHHV, Dubois MC, Cohen J, Goudsmit J, Heppner DG. Priming with an adenovirus 35-circumsporozoite protein (CS) vaccine followed by RTS,S/AS01B boosting significantly improves immunogenicity to Plasmodium falciparum CS compared to that with either malaria vaccine alone. Infect Immun 2007; 75:2283-90. [PMID: 17307942 PMCID: PMC1865796 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01879-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The RTS,S/AS02A protein-based vaccine consistently demonstrates significant protection against infection with Plasmodium falciparum malaria and also against clinical malaria and severe disease in children in areas of endemicity. Here we demonstrate with rhesus macaques that priming with a replication-defective human adenovirus serotype 35 (Ad35) vector encoding circumsporozoite protein (CS) (Ad35.CS), followed by boosting with RTS,S in an improved MPL- and QS21-based adjuvant formulation, AS01B, maintains antibody responses and dramatically increases levels of T cells producing gamma interferon and other Th1 cytokines in response to CS peptides. The increased T-cell responses induced by the combination of Ad35.CS and RTS,S/AS01B are sustained for at least 6 months postvaccination and may translate to improved and more durable protection against P. falciparum infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ann Stewart
- Division of Malaria Vaccine Development, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
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5
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Sumida SM, Truitt DM, Lemckert AAC, Vogels R, Custers JHHV, Addo MM, Lockman S, Peter T, Peyerl FW, Kishko MG, Jackson SS, Gorgone DA, Lifton MA, Essex M, Walker BD, Goudsmit J, Havenga MJE, Barouch DH. Neutralizing Antibodies to Adenovirus Serotype 5 Vaccine Vectors Are Directed Primarily against the Adenovirus Hexon Protein. J Immunol 2005; 174:7179-85. [PMID: 15905562 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.11.7179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The utility of recombinant adenovirus serotype 5 (rAd5) vector-based vaccines for HIV-1 and other pathogens will likely be limited by the high prevalence of pre-existing Ad5-specific neutralizing Abs (NAbs) in human populations. However, the immunodominant targets of Ad5-specific NAbs in humans remain poorly characterized. In this study, we assess the titers and primary determinants of Ad5-specific NAbs in individuals from both the United States and the developing world. Importantly, median Ad5-specific NAb titers were >10-fold higher in sub-Saharan Africa compared with the United States. Moreover, hexon-specific NAb titers were 4- to 10-fold higher than fiber-specific NAb titers in these cohorts by virus neutralization assays using capsid chimeric viruses. We next performed adoptive transfer studies in mice to evaluate the functional capacity of hexon- and fiber-specific NAbs to suppress the immunogenicity of a prototype rAd5-Env vaccine. Hexon-specific NAbs were remarkably efficient at suppressing Env-specific immune responses elicited by the rAd5 vaccine. In contrast, fiber-specific NAbs exerted only minimal suppressive effects on rAd5 vaccine immunogenicity. These data demonstrate that functionally significant Ad5-specific NAbs are directed primarily against the Ad5 hexon protein in both humans and mice. These studies suggest a potential strategy for engineering novel Ad5 vectors to evade dominant Ad5-specific NAbs.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviruses, Human/genetics
- Adenoviruses, Human/immunology
- Adult
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/physiology
- Capsid Proteins/administration & dosage
- Capsid Proteins/genetics
- Capsid Proteins/immunology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Genetic Vectors/administration & dosage
- Genetic Vectors/immunology
- Genetic Vectors/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunodominant Epitopes/genetics
- Immunodominant Epitopes/immunology
- Immunodominant Epitopes/metabolism
- Immunosuppressive Agents/metabolism
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neutralization Tests
- Seroepidemiologic Studies
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M Sumida
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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6
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Barouch DH, Pau MG, Custers JHHV, Koudstaal W, Kostense S, Havenga MJE, Truitt DM, Sumida SM, Kishko MG, Arthur JC, Korioth-Schmitz B, Newberg MH, Gorgone DA, Lifton MA, Panicali DL, Nabel GJ, Letvin NL, Goudsmit J. Immunogenicity of recombinant adenovirus serotype 35 vaccine in the presence of pre-existing anti-Ad5 immunity. J Immunol 2004; 172:6290-7. [PMID: 15128818 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.10.6290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The high prevalence of pre-existing immunity to adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) in human populations may substantially limit the immunogenicity and clinical utility of recombinant Ad5 vector-based vaccines for HIV-1 and other pathogens. A potential solution to this problem is to use vaccine vectors derived from adenovirus (Ad) serotypes that are rare in humans, such as Ad35. However, cross-reactive immune responses between heterologous Ad serotypes have been described and could prove a major limitation of this strategy. In particular, the extent of immunologic cross-reactivity between Ad5 and Ad35 has not previously been determined. In this study we investigate the impact of pre-existing anti-Ad5 immunity on the immunogenicity of candidate rAd5 and rAd35 vaccines expressing SIV Gag in mice. Anti-Ad5 immunity at levels typically found in humans dramatically blunted the immunogenicity of rAd5-Gag. In contrast, even high levels of anti-Ad5 immunity did not substantially suppress Gag-specific cellular immune responses elicited by rAd35-Gag. Low levels of cross-reactive Ad5/Ad35-specific CD4(+) T lymphocyte responses were observed, but were insufficient to suppress vaccine immunogenicity. These data demonstrate the potential utility of Ad35 as a candidate vaccine vector that is minimally suppressed by anti-Ad5 immunity. Moreover, these studies suggest that using Ad vectors derived from immunologically distinct serotypes may be an effective and general strategy to overcome the suppressive effects of pre-existing anti-Ad immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/classification
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Adenoviridae/immunology
- Adenoviridae Infections/immunology
- Adenoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Epitope Mapping/methods
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/blood
- Gene Products, gag/administration & dosage
- Gene Products, gag/blood
- Gene Products, gag/immunology
- Genetic Vectors
- Immunity, Active
- Immunization Schedule
- Immunization, Secondary
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Serotyping
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan H Barouch
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Custers JHHV, Melchers LS, Tigelaar H, Bade JB, Spiegeler JJM, van Der Meijs PJ, Simons BH, Stuiver MH. T-DNA tagging of a pathogen inducible promoter in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Plant Pathol 2002; 3:239-249. [PMID: 20569331 DOI: 10.1046/j.1364-3703.2002.00115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Summary Many events associated with the plant defence responses are regulated on the transcriptional level. Here we report the results of a promoter tagging approach to identify promoters that are induced upon pathogen attack in Arabidopsis thaliana. A line was identified in a T-DNA UidA tagged Arabidopsis library with induced GUS expression after Botrytis cinerea infection around the site of fungal infection. The upstream sequence was isolated and fused to the UidA gene and tested in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica napus plants. Promoter function was very similar to the expression pattern found in the original promoter tagged line. We found that the promoter sequence was located on Arabidopsis chromosome III and linked to a predicted open reading frame in the reverse orientation. The predicted gene codes for a putative receptor serine threonine protein kinase of 383 amino acids in size. The clone contains a protein kinase ATP binding region, a protein kinase active site, a region with similarity to motifs found in Alpha Isopropylmalate/homocitrate synthase enzymes and a putative leucine zipper motif. Analysis of the expression pattern of the gene using RT-PCR demonstrated that the putative receptor serine threonine protein kinase is up-regulated after Salicylic acid treatment and Botrytis infection.
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