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Bhattacharya S, Maupin AJ, Schlosser AG, Füchtbauer EM, Gloria YC, Weber ANR, Holmskov U, Moeller JB, Templeton SP. The role of FIBCD1 in response to Aspergillus fumigatus in lung epithelial cells. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282347. [PMID: 36888604 PMCID: PMC9994688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin, a polysaccharide, is ubiquitously found in nature and has been known to be an active immunogen in mammals, and interacts with Toll-like, mannose and glucan receptors, to induce cytokine and chemokine secretions. FIBCD1 is a tetrameric type II transmembrane endocytic vertebrate receptor that binds chitin, is found in human lung epithelium and modulates lung epithelial inflammatory responses to A. fumigatus cell wall polysaccharides. We previously reported the detrimental role of FIBCD1 in a murine model of pulmonary invasive aspergillosis. However, the effect that chitin and chitin-containing A. fumigatus conidia exerts on lung epithelium following exposure through FIBCD1 is not yet fully explored. Using both in vitro and in vivo strategies, we examined how lung and lung epithelial gene expression are modified after exposure to fungal conidia or chitin fragments in the presence or absence of FIBCD1. FIBCD1 expression was associated with a decrease in inflammatory cytokines with increasing size of chitin (dimer-oligomer). Thus, our results demonstrate that FIBCD1 expression modulates cytokine and chemokine expression in response to A. fumigatus conidia that is modified by the presence of chitin particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Bhattacharya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine-Terre Haute, Terre Haute, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Alec Jacob Maupin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine-Terre Haute, Terre Haute, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Anders Grønnegaard Schlosser
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | | | - Alexander N. R. Weber
- Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- CMFI–Cluster of Excellence (EXC 2124) "Controlling microbes to fight infection", University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- iFIT–Cluster of Excellence (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Uffe Holmskov
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jesper Bonnet Moeller
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Steven P. Templeton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine-Terre Haute, Terre Haute, Indiana, United States of America
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2
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Dalby S, Skallerup S, Baun C, Christensen LG, Rathe M, Palner M, Husby S, Moeller JB. PET/CT imaging detects intestinal inflammation in a mouse model of doxorubicin-induced mucositis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1061804. [PMID: 36591502 PMCID: PMC9798215 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1061804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction A severe side effect of cancer chemotherapy is the development of gastrointestinal mucositis, characterised by mucosal inflammation. We investigated if 2-deoxy-2-[18F] fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography (2-[18F]FDG-PET/CT) could visualise gastrointestinal mucositis in mice treated with the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin. Methods In this study, gastrointestinal inflammation was longitudinally evaluated by 2-[18F]FDG-PET/CT scans before and 1, 3, 6, and 10 days after treatment with doxorubicin. Doxorubicin-treated mice were compared to saline-treated littermates using the abdominal standard uptake value of 2-[18F]FDG corrected for body weight (SUVBW). Results Abdominal SUVBW was significantly increased on day 1 (p < 0.0001), day 3 (p < 0.0001), and day 6 (p < 0.05) in the doxorubicin-treated group compared to controls. Abdominal SUVBW returned to baseline levels on day 10. In the doxorubicin group, the largest weight loss was observed on day 3 (control vs doxorubicin, mean percent of baseline weight: (98.5 ± 3.2% vs 87.9 ± 4.6%, p < 0.0001). Moreover, in the doxorubicin-treated group, villus lengths were decreased by 23-28% on days 1 and 3 in the small intestine (p < 0.05), and jejunal levels of tumour necrosis factor and interleukin-1β were significantly increased on day 3 (p < 0.05). Discussion Together, these findings indicate that sequential 2-[18F]FDG-PET/CT scans can objectively quantify and evaluate the development and resolution of intestinal inflammation over time in a mouse model of doxorubicin-induced mucositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Dalby
- Hans Christian Andersen Children’s Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Sofie Skallerup
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christina Baun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Mathias Rathe
- Hans Christian Andersen Children’s Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mikael Palner
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Steffen Husby
- Hans Christian Andersen Children’s Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jesper Bonnet Moeller
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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3
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Dubik M, Pilecki B, Moeller JB. Commensal Intestinal Protozoa-Underestimated Members of the Gut Microbial Community. Biology (Basel) 2022; 11:biology11121742. [PMID: 36552252 PMCID: PMC9774987 DOI: 10.3390/biology11121742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal microbiota contains a diverse consortium of microbes, including bacteria, protozoa, viruses, and fungi. Through millennia of co-evolution, the host-microbiota interactions have shaped the immune system to both tolerate and maintain the symbiotic relationship with commensal microbiota, while exerting protective responses against invading pathogens. Microbiome research is dominated by studies describing the impact of prokaryotic bacteria on gut immunity with a limited understanding of their relationship with other integral microbiota constituents. However, converging evidence shows that eukaryotic organisms, such as commensal protozoa, can play an important role in modulating intestinal immune responses as well as influencing the overall health of the host. The presence of several protozoa species has recently been shown to be a common occurrence in healthy populations worldwide, suggesting that many of these are commensals rather than invading pathogens. This review aims to discuss the most recent, conflicting findings regarding the role of intestinal protozoa in gut homeostasis, interactions between intestinal protozoa and the bacterial microbiota, as well as potential immunological consequences of protozoa colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Dubik
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Bartosz Pilecki
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Jesper Bonnet Moeller
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
- Correspondence:
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4
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Fell CW, Hagelkruys A, Cicvaric A, Horrer M, Liu L, Li JSS, Stadlmann J, Polyansky AA, Mereiter S, Tejada MA, Kokotović T, Achuta VS, Scaramuzza A, Twyman KA, Morrow MM, Juusola J, Yan H, Wang J, Burmeister M, Choudhury B, Andersen TL, Wirnsberger G, Holmskov U, Perrimon N, Žagrović B, Monje FJ, Moeller JB, Penninger JM, Nagy V. FIBCD1 is an endocytic GAG receptor associated with a novel neurodevelopmental disorder. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e15829. [PMID: 35916241 PMCID: PMC9449597 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202215829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-exome sequencing of two patients with idiopathic complex neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) identified biallelic variants of unknown significance within FIBCD1, encoding an endocytic acetyl group-binding transmembrane receptor with no known function in the central nervous system. We found that FIBCD1 preferentially binds and endocytoses glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chondroitin sulphate-4S (CS-4S) and regulates GAG content of the brain extracellular matrix (ECM). In silico molecular simulation studies and GAG binding analyses of patient variants determined that such variants are loss-of-function by disrupting FIBCD1-CS-4S association. Gene knockdown in flies resulted in morphological disruption of the neuromuscular junction and motor-related behavioural deficits. In humans and mice, FIBCD1 is expressed in discrete brain regions, including the hippocampus. Fibcd1 KO mice exhibited normal hippocampal neuronal morphology but impaired hippocampal-dependent learning. Further, hippocampal synaptic remodelling in acute slices from Fibcd1 KO mice was deficient but restored upon enzymatically modulating the ECM. Together, we identified FIBCD1 as an endocytic receptor for GAGs in the brain ECM and a novel gene associated with an NDD, revealing a critical role in nervous system structure, function and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Fell
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed DiseasesViennaAustria
- CeMM, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
- Department of NeurologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Astrid Hagelkruys
- VBC – Vienna BioCenter CampusIMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Ana Cicvaric
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Centre for Physiology and PharmacologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoILUSA
| | - Marion Horrer
- VBC – Vienna BioCenter CampusIMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Lucy Liu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolHoward Hughes Medical InstituteBostonMAUSA
| | - Joshua Shing Shun Li
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolHoward Hughes Medical InstituteBostonMAUSA
| | - Johannes Stadlmann
- VBC – Vienna BioCenter CampusIMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
- Institute of BiochemistryUniversity of Natural Resource and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Anton A Polyansky
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max Perutz LabsUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
- MM Shemyakin and Yu A Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic ChemistryRussian Academy of SciencesMoscowRussia
| | - Stefan Mereiter
- VBC – Vienna BioCenter CampusIMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Miguel Angel Tejada
- VBC – Vienna BioCenter CampusIMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
- Research Unit on Women's Health‐Institute of Health Research INCLIVAValenciaSpain
| | - Tomislav Kokotović
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed DiseasesViennaAustria
- CeMM, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
- Department of NeurologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Venkat Swaroop Achuta
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed DiseasesViennaAustria
- Department of NeurologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Angelica Scaramuzza
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed DiseasesViennaAustria
- Department of NeurologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | | | | | | | - Huifang Yan
- Department of PediatricsPeking University First HospitalBeijingChina
- Joint International Research Center of Translational and Clinical ResearchBeijingChina
| | - Jingmin Wang
- Department of PediatricsPeking University First HospitalBeijingChina
- Joint International Research Center of Translational and Clinical ResearchBeijingChina
| | - Margit Burmeister
- Michigan Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Departments of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, Psychiatry and Human GeneticsUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Biswa Choudhury
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUCSDLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Thomas Levin Andersen
- Clinical Cell Biology, Department of PathologyOdense University HospitalOdenseDenmark
- Pathology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Research and Department of Molecular MedicineUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
| | - Gerald Wirnsberger
- VBC – Vienna BioCenter CampusIMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
- Apeiron Biologics AG, Vienna BioCenter CampusViennaAustria
| | - Uffe Holmskov
- Cancer and Inflammation Research, Department of Molecular MedicineUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolHoward Hughes Medical InstituteBostonMAUSA
| | - Bojan Žagrović
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max Perutz LabsUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Francisco J Monje
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Centre for Physiology and PharmacologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Jesper Bonnet Moeller
- Cancer and Inflammation Research, Department of Molecular MedicineUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
- Danish Institute for Advanced StudyUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
| | - Josef M Penninger
- VBC – Vienna BioCenter CampusIMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Science InstituteUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Vanja Nagy
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed DiseasesViennaAustria
- CeMM, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
- Department of NeurologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
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5
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Bhattacharya S, Amarsaikhan N, Maupin AJ, Schlosser A, Füchtbauer EM, Holmskov U, Moeller JB, Templeton SP. FIBCD1 Deficiency Decreases Disease Severity in a Murine Model of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis. Immunohorizons 2021; 5:983-993. [PMID: 34937773 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2100092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is a ubiquitous mold associated with the development of pulmonary diseases that include invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), an often fatal opportunistic infection. FIBCD1 is a transmembrane endocytic membrane receptor widely expressed on human epithelium. Although FIBCD1 was previously shown to bind chitin, modulate fungal colonization of the gut, and inhibit intestinal inflammation, the role of FIBCD1 in the context of lung fungal infection remains unknown. In this study, we observed that mortality, fungal burden, and tissue histopathology were decreased in the absence of FIBCD1 in murine IPA. Quantitative RT-PCR analyses demonstrated decreased inflammatory cytokines in the lungs of neutrophil-depleted FIBCD1-/- mice with IPA, when compared with wild-type controls. In contrast, inflammatory cytokines were increased in immune-competent FIBCD1-/- mice after fungal aspiration, suggesting that the presence of neutrophils is associated with cytokine modulation. In contrast to the clear IPA phenotype, FIBCD1-/- mice with systemic infection or bleomycin-induced lung injury exhibited similar morbidity and mortality when compared with their wild-type counterparts. Thus, our study identifies a detrimental role of FIBCD1 in IPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Bhattacharya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine-Terre Haute, Terre Haute, IN.,Department of Biology, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN
| | - Nansalmaa Amarsaikhan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine-Terre Haute, Terre Haute, IN.,Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Alec J Maupin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine-Terre Haute, Terre Haute, IN
| | - Anders Schlosser
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Uffe Holmskov
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jesper Bonnet Moeller
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Danish Institute for Advanced Study, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Steven P Templeton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine-Terre Haute, Terre Haute, IN;
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6
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Bech AS, Nexoe AB, Dubik M, Moeller JB, Soerensen GL, Holmskov U, Madsen GI, Husby S, Rathe M. Peptidoglycan Recognition Peptide 2 Aggravates Weight Loss in a Murine Model of Chemotherapy-Induced Gastrointestinal Toxicity. Front Oncol 2021; 11:635005. [PMID: 33833993 PMCID: PMC8021894 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.635005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal toxicity (CIGT) is a frequent, severe and dose-limiting side effect. Few treatments have proven effective for CIGT. CIGT is characterized by activation of the nuclear factor kappa B pathway which, leads to upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines. The innate immune protein peptidoglycan recognition peptide 2 (PGLYRP2) binds to and hydrolyzes microbial peptidoglycan. Expression of PGLYRP2 is upregulated in the intestine of chemotherapy-treated piglets. In this experimental study, we investigated the role of Pglyrp2 in the development and severity of murine CIGT. Methods: Pglyrp2 wildtype and Pglyrp2 knockout mice received intraperitoneal injections of chemotherapy (Doxorubicin 20 mg/kg) to induce CIGT. Weight was monitored daily, and animals were euthanized after 2 or 7 days. Expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the jejunum was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase-chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Villus height, crypt depth, and histologic inflammation were evaluated on haematoxylin and eosin stained tissue specimens. Results: Chemotherapeutic treatment induced weight loss (p < 0.05), shortening of the small intestine (p < 0.05), elongation of villus height (p < 0.05), increased crypt depth (p < 0.05), and led to elevated mRNA levels of II1β (p < 0.05), II6 (p < 0.05), and Tnf (p < 0.001) at day 2. Protein levels of IL1β, IL6, and TNFα did not change after exposure to chemotherapy. Doxorubicin treated wildtype mice had a more pronounced weight loss compared to knockout mice from day 3 to day 7 (D3-D6: p < 0.05 and D7: p < 0.01). No other phenotypic differences were detected. Conclusion: Pglyrp2 aggravates chemotherapy-induced weight loss but does not induce a specific pattern of inflammation and morphological changes in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Sophie Bech
- Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anders Bathum Nexoe
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Magdalena Dubik
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jesper Bonnet Moeller
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Danish Institute for Advanced Study (D-IAS), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Grith Lykke Soerensen
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Uffe Holmskov
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Steffen Husby
- Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mathias Rathe
- Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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7
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Pilecki B, Moeller JB. Fungal recognition by mammalian fibrinogen-related proteins. Scand J Immunol 2020; 92:e12925. [PMID: 32614476 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are ubiquitous eukaryotic micro-organisms present in virtually all environmental habitats. Although rarely pathogenic to the healthy population, many fungal species are capable of causing human disease in immunocompromised individuals. Thus, fungal infections remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, with rising prevalence accompanying the worldwide increase in immunosuppression-based therapies. Therefore, better understanding of the mutual interactions between the protective host mechanisms and the invading fungi remains of critical importance. The innate immune system constitutes the first line of defence against exogenous insults. The innate antifungal immunity is mediated through recognition of specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by a broad panel of host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), responsible for mounting adequate protective responses. In this review, we describe fungal PAMPs as well as a selection of PRRs able to recognize them. We focus on the members of the fibrinogen-related domain (FReD) protein family that have been shown to recognize fungi-derived molecules: ficolins, fibrinogen C domain containing 1 (FIBCD1) and tenascin-C. We describe their structure, their binding targets and their established as well as putative biological functions related to fungal recognition and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Pilecki
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jesper Bonnet Moeller
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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8
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Fex Svenningsen Å, Löring S, Sørensen AL, Huynh HUB, Hjæresen S, Martin N, Moeller JB, Elkjær ML, Holmskov U, Illes Z, Andersson M, Nielsen SB, Benedikz E. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) modulates trophic signaling through interaction with serine protease HTRA1. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:4561-4572. [PMID: 28726057 PMCID: PMC5663815 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2592-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a small conserved protein, is abundant in the immune- and central nervous system (CNS). MIF has several receptors and binding partners that can modulate its action on a cellular level. It is upregulated in neurodegenerative diseases and cancer although its function is far from clear. Here, we report the finding of a new binding partner to MIF, the serine protease HTRA1. This enzyme cleaves several growth factors, extracellular matrix molecules and is implicated in some of the same diseases as MIF. We show that the function of the binding between MIF and HTRA1 is to inhibit the proteolytic activity of HTRA1, modulating the availability of molecules that can change cell growth and differentiation. MIF is therefore the first endogenous inhibitor ever found for HTRA1. It was found that both molecules were present in astrocytes and that the functional binding has the ability to modulate astrocytic activities important in development and disease of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsa Fex Svenningsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine-Neurobiology Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winslows Vej 21.1, 5000, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Svenja Löring
- Department of Molecular Medicine-Neurobiology Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winslows Vej 21.1, 5000, Odense, Denmark
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Lahn Sørensen
- Department of Molecular Medicine-Neurobiology Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winslows Vej 21.1, 5000, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ha Uyen Buu Huynh
- Department of Molecular Medicine-Neurobiology Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winslows Vej 21.1, 5000, Odense, Denmark
| | - Simone Hjæresen
- Department of Molecular Medicine-Neurobiology Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winslows Vej 21.1, 5000, Odense, Denmark
| | - Nellie Martin
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Jesper Bonnet Moeller
- Department of Molecular Medicine-Cancer and Inflammation, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winslows Vej 21.1, 5000, Odense, Denmark
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, 413 East 69th Street, New York, 10021, USA
| | - Maria Louise Elkjær
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Uffe Holmskov
- Department of Molecular Medicine-Cancer and Inflammation, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winslows Vej 21.1, 5000, Odense, Denmark
| | - Zsolt Illes
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Malin Andersson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Box 59, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Solveig Beck Nielsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine-Neurobiology Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winslows Vej 21.1, 5000, Odense, Denmark
| | - Eirikur Benedikz
- Department of Molecular Medicine-Neurobiology Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winslows Vej 21.1, 5000, Odense, Denmark
- Faculty of Health, University College Zealand, Parkvej 190, 4700, Næstved, Denmark
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9
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Holm AT, Wulf-Johansson H, Hvidsten S, Jorgensen PT, Schlosser A, Pilecki B, Ormhøj M, Moeller JB, Johannsen C, Baun C, Andersen T, Schneider JP, Hegermann J, Ochs M, Götz AA, Schulz H, de Angelis MH, Vestbo J, Holmskov U, Sorensen GL. Characterization of spontaneous air space enlargement in mice lacking microfibrillar-associated protein 4. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 308:L1114-24. [PMID: 26033354 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00351.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfibrillar-associated protein 4 (MFAP4) is localized to elastic fibers in blood vessels and the interalveolar septa of the lungs and is further present in bronchoalveolar lavage. Mfap4 has been previously suggested to be involved in elastogenesis in the lung. We tested this prediction and aimed to characterize the pulmonary function changes and emphysematous changes that occur in Mfap4-deficient (Mfap4(-/-)) mice. Significant changes included increases in total lung capacity and compliance, which were evident in Mfap4(-/-) mice at 6 and 8 mo but not at 3 mo of age. Using in vivo breath-hold gated microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) in 8-mo-old Mfap4(-/-) mice, we found that the mean density of the lung parenchyma was decreased, and the low-attenuation area (LAA) was significantly increased by 14% compared with Mfap4(+/+) mice. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) did not reveal differences in the organization of elastic fibers, and there was no difference in elastin content, but a borderline significant increase in elastin mRNA expression in 3-mo-old mice. Stereological analysis showed that alveolar surface density in relation to the lung parenchyma and total alveolar surface area inside of the lung were both significantly decreased in Mfap4(-/-) mice by 25 and 15%, respectively. The data did not support an essential role of MFAP4 in pulmonary elastic fiber organization or content but indicated increased turnover in young Mfap4(-/-) mice. However, Mfap4(-/-) mice developed a spontaneous loss of lung function, which was evident at 6 mo of age, and moderate air space enlargement, with emphysema-like changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Trommelholt Holm
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Helle Wulf-Johansson
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Svend Hvidsten
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Patricia Troest Jorgensen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anders Schlosser
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Bartosz Pilecki
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Maria Ormhøj
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jesper Bonnet Moeller
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Claus Johannsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christina Baun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Thomas Andersen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jan Philipp Schneider
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany; and REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Hegermann
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany; and REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthias Ochs
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany; and REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexander A Götz
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Holger Schulz
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; and Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabě de Angelis
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Chair of Experimental Genetics, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; and
| | - Jørgen Vestbo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Uffe Holmskov
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Grith Lykke Sorensen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark;
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10
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Dubey LK, Moeller JB, Schlosser A, Sorensen GL, Holmskov U. Chitin enhances serum IgE in Aspergillus fumigatus induced allergy in mice. Immunobiology 2015; 220:714-21. [PMID: 25631683 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) is a ubiquitous fungus that activates, suppresses or modulates the immune response by changing its cell wall structure and by secreting proteases. In this study, we show that chitin acts as an adjuvant in a murine model of A. fumigatus protease induced allergy. The mice were immunised intraperitoneally with A. fumigatus culture filtrate antigen either with or without chitin and were subsequently challenged with the culture filtrate antigen intranasally. Alum was used as an adjuvant control. Compared to alum, chitin induced a weaker inflammatory response in the lungs, measured as the total cell efflux in BAL, EPO and chitinase production. However, chitin enhanced the total IgE, specific IgE and specific IgG1 production as efficiently as alum. Pre-treatment with chitin but not with alum depressed the concentration of the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 in BAL fluid. These results shows that chitin, in spite of a reduction of the Th2 cytokine levels in the lungs, enhanced the total and specific IgE production in A. fumigatus culture filtrate induced allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit Kumar Dubey
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cancer and Inflammation, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C 5000, Denmark
| | - Jesper Bonnet Moeller
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cancer and Inflammation, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C 5000, Denmark
| | - Anders Schlosser
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cancer and Inflammation, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C 5000, Denmark
| | - Grith Lykke Sorensen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cancer and Inflammation, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C 5000, Denmark
| | - Uffe Holmskov
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cancer and Inflammation, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C 5000, Denmark.
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11
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Gjerstorff MF, Relster MM, Greve KBV, Moeller JB, Elias D, Lindgreen JN, Schmidt S, Mollenhauer J, Voldborg B, Pedersen CB, Brückmann NH, Møllegaard NE, Ditzel HJ. SSX2 is a novel DNA-binding protein that antagonizes polycomb group body formation and gene repression. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:11433-46. [PMID: 25249625 PMCID: PMC4191419 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycomb group (PcG) complexes regulate cellular identity through epigenetic programming of chromatin. Here, we show that SSX2, a germline-specific protein ectopically expressed in melanoma and other types of human cancers, is a chromatin-associated protein that antagonizes BMI1 and EZH2 PcG body formation and derepresses PcG target genes. SSX2 further negatively regulates the level of the PcG-associated histone mark H3K27me3 in melanoma cells, and there is a clear inverse correlation between SSX2/3 expression and H3K27me3 in spermatogenesis. However, SSX2 does not affect the overall composition and stability of PcG complexes, and there is no direct concordance between SSX2 and BMI1/H3K27me3 presence at regulated genes. This suggests that SSX2 antagonizes PcG function through an indirect mechanism, such as modulation of chromatin structure. SSX2 binds double-stranded DNA in a sequence non-specific manner in agreement with the observed widespread association with chromatin. Our results implicate SSX2 in regulation of chromatin structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Frier Gjerstorff
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK-5000, Denmark
| | - Mette Marie Relster
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK-5000, Denmark
| | - Katrine Buch Viden Greve
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK-5000, Denmark
| | - Jesper Bonnet Moeller
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK-5000, Denmark
| | - Daniel Elias
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK-5000, Denmark
| | - Jonas Nørrelund Lindgreen
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK-5000, Denmark
| | - Steffen Schmidt
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK-5000, Denmark The Lundbeckfonden Center of Excellence NanoCAN, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK-5000, Denmark
| | - Jan Mollenhauer
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK-5000, Denmark The Lundbeckfonden Center of Excellence NanoCAN, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK-5000, Denmark
| | - Bjørn Voldborg
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Christina Bøg Pedersen
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK-5000, Denmark
| | - Nadine Heidi Brückmann
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK-5000, Denmark
| | - Niels Erik Møllegaard
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Henrik Jørn Ditzel
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK-5000, Denmark The Lundbeckfonden Center of Excellence NanoCAN, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK-5000, Denmark Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, DK-5000, Denmark
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12
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Dubey LK, Moeller JB, Schlosser A, Sorensen GL, Holmskov U. Induction of innate immunity by Aspergillus fumigatus cell wall polysaccharides is enhanced by the composite presentation of chitin and beta-glucan. Immunobiology 2013; 219:179-88. [PMID: 24286790 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chitin and β-glucan are conserved throughout evolution in the fungal cell wall and are the most common polysaccharides in fungal species. Together, these two polysaccharides form a structural scaffold that is essential for the survival of the fungus. In the present study, we demonstrated that Aspergillus fumigatus alkali-insoluble cell wall fragments (AIF), composed of chitin linked covalently to β-glucan, induced enhanced immune responses when compared with individual cell wall polysaccharides. Intranasal administration of AIF induced eosinophil and neutrophil recruitment, chitinase activity, TNF-α and TSLP production in mice lungs. Selective destruction of chitin or β-glucan from AIF significantly reduced eosinophil and neutrophil recruitment as well as chitinase activity and cytokine expression by macrophages, indicating the synergistic effect of the cell wall polysaccharides when presented together as a composite PAMP. We also showed that these cell wall polysaccharides induced chitin-specific IgM in mouse serum. Our in vivo and in vitro data indicate that chitin and β-glucan play important roles in activating innate immunity when presented as composite cell wall PAMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit Kumar Dubey
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Jesper Bonnet Moeller
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Anders Schlosser
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Grith Lykke Sorensen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Uffe Holmskov
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark.
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13
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Vitashenkova N, Moeller JB, Leth-Larsen R, Schlosser A, Lund KP, Tornøe I, Vitved L, Hansen S, Willis A, Kharazova AD, Skjødt K, Sorensen GL, Holmskov U. Identification and characterization of a chitin-binding protein purified from coelomic fluid of the lugworm Arenicola marina defining a novel protein sequence family. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:42846-55. [PMID: 23115230 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.420976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have isolated a novel type of lectin named Arenicola marina lectin-1 (AML-1) from the lugworm A. marina. The lectin was purified from the coelomic fluid by affinity chromatography on a GlcNAc-derivatized column and eluted with GlcNAc. On SDS-PAGE, AML-1 showed an apparent molecular mass of 27 and 31 kDa in the reduced state. The N-terminal amino acid sequences were identical in these two bands. In the unreduced state, a complex band pattern was observed with bands from 35 kDa to more than 200 kDa. Two different full-length clones encoding polypeptides of 241 and 243 amino acids, respectively, were isolated from a coelomocyte cDNA library. The two clones, designated AML-1a and AML-1b, were 92% identical at the protein level and represent a novel type of protein sequence family. Purified AML-1 induced agglutination of rabbit erythrocytes, which could be inhibited by N-acetylated saccharides. Recombinant AML-1b showed the same band pattern as the native protein, whereas recombinant AML-1a in the reduced state lacked a 27 kDa band. AML-1b bound GlcNAc-derivatized columns and chitin, whereas AML-1a did not bind to these matrices. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that AML-1 is expressed by coelomocytes in the nephridium and in round cells in the epidermis and in eggs. Moreover, AML-1 expression was up-regulated in response to a parasitic infection. We conclude that AML-1 purified from coelomic fluid is encoded by AML-1b and represents a novel type of protein family that binds acetylated components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Vitashenkova
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.P. Winsloews Vej 25.3, 5000 Odense C, Odense, Denmark
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14
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Holm D, Fink DR, Steffensen MA, Schlosser A, Nielsen O, Moeller JB, Holmskov U. Characterization of a novel human scavenger receptor cysteine-rich molecule SCART1 expressed by lymphocytes. Immunobiology 2012; 218:408-17. [PMID: 22795646 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) superfamily is a group of membrane bound and secreted proteins expressed by cells of the immune system. Several members act as pattern recognition receptors that bind to conserved molecular structures of pathogens. We have previously characterized a member of the SRCR superfamily, mSCART1, which primarily is expressed on a large subset of γδ T cells in mice. Here we report the cloning and characterization of human SCART1 (hSCART1) mainly expressed by CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes. The hSCART1 gene maps to chromosome 10, region q26.3, a region that displays synteny to the position of mSCART1 in the murine genome. The primary structure of hSCART1 was established by molecular cloning. The longest cDNA sequence of hSCART1 that was found is 2200bp and encodes a protein composed of a signal peptide, 5 SRCR domains, and an in-frame potential cytoplasmic domain. Shorter splice forms have also been isolated. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis on human blood-fractions has shown that hSCART1 is expressed primarily by CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes with either αβ or γδ T cell receptors, and real-time PCR on 22 different human tissues showed high expression of hSCART1 in the small intestine and colon. An antibody raised against an N-terminal hSCART1 peptide stains a subset of cells in the small intestine, stomach, and gall bladder, and it also stains placental villi. In conclusion, the characterization of hSCART1 at the mRNA and protein level suggests that the protein plays a role in the immune system, perhaps as a co-receptor on αβ and γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorte Holm
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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