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Cao H, Zhang S, Zheng X, Xu L, Diao J, Wang Y, Gai C, Ye H. Safety assessment of Rhodobacter azotoformans SY5 for potential application in Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis. Benef Microbes 2023; 14:641-651. [PMID: 38350469 DOI: 10.1163/18762891-20230086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Rhodobacter species are promising beneficial microbes that can improve growth performance, immunity and antioxidant capability in aquatic crustaceans. Yet the safety of Rhodobacter azotoformans for potential application in Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis is still unclear. In the present study, R. azotoformans SY5, a potential probiotic additive that can significantly improve the growth performance, immunity, antioxidant capability, and disease resistance in E. sinensis, was evaluated for safety through whole genome sequencing, antibiotic resistance, toxic metabolites, virulence, and crab tolerance assays. The results indicated that R. azotoformans SY5 only harboured the acyl carrier protein-encoding gene (acpP) that was universal in probiotic bacteria with the function of bacterial fatty acid biosynthesis, exhibited high susceptibility to aminoglycosides, penicillins, polymyxins, polyphosphates, quinolones, and tetracyclines antimicrobials, and possessed inability to produce hemolysin, hydrogen sulphide, nitrite, ammonia, and phenylpyruvate. In addition, R. azotoformans SY5 showed no pathogenicity for E. sinensis with the seven-day acute intraperitoneal LD50 value of above 6.0 × 109 cfu/ml and 30-day chronic oral LD50 of above 6.0 × 109 cfu/g diet. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the safety of R. azotoformans for potential application in Chinese mitten crabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Cao
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China P.R
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fishery Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Shanghai 201306, China P.R
| | - S Zhang
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China P.R
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fishery Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Shanghai 201306, China P.R
| | - X Zheng
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China P.R
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fishery Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Shanghai 201306, China P.R
| | - L Xu
- Marine Science Research Institute of Shandong Province (National Oceanographic Center), Qingdao 266104, China P.R
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Disease Control in Mariculture, Qingdao 266104, China P.R
| | - J Diao
- Marine Science Research Institute of Shandong Province (National Oceanographic Center), Qingdao 266104, China P.R
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Disease Control in Mariculture, Qingdao 266104, China P.R
| | - Y Wang
- Marine Science Research Institute of Shandong Province (National Oceanographic Center), Qingdao 266104, China P.R
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Disease Control in Mariculture, Qingdao 266104, China P.R
| | - C Gai
- Marine Science Research Institute of Shandong Province (National Oceanographic Center), Qingdao 266104, China P.R
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Disease Control in Mariculture, Qingdao 266104, China P.R
| | - H Ye
- Marine Science Research Institute of Shandong Province (National Oceanographic Center), Qingdao 266104, China P.R
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Disease Control in Mariculture, Qingdao 266104, China P.R
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Jiang L, Wei R, Diao J, Ding H, Wang W, Ao R. Proteomics of Tear in Inactive Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy. Acta Endocrinol (Buchar) 2021; 17:291-303. [PMID: 35342480 PMCID: PMC8919484 DOI: 10.4183/aeb.2021.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), one of the most common orbital diseases in adults, seriously reduces patients' quality of life. Although human tear proteomics identified many abnormal expressed proteins and proposed several pathogeneses of TAO, most of these studies focused on the active stage or mixed types in TAO. In this study we identified significantly changed proteins and preliminary revealed the potential signalling pathways and mechanisms of TAO with the late, inactive stage. PATIENTS AND METHODS Tears from TAO patients (n=6) with a CAS score < 3 and 6 control healthy subject were collected. The pooled tears were further fractionated using high pH reversed-phase chromatography, then submitted to LC-MS/MS and subsequent bioinformatic analysis. RESULTS Proteomic profiling identified 107 significantly changed proteins between the inactive stage of TAO patients and healthy cases. Among these proteins, 62 were upregulated, and 45 were downregulated in TAO cases compared to healthy individuals. Enrichment analysis revealed that the immune system, cell cycle, metabolism (carbohydrate metabolism and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins), protein synthesis and degradation might play a vital role in the progress of inactive TAO. The present investigation represents the first proteomic tear study of TAO patients in the inactive stage. CONCLUSION The results shed light on the differences between inactive TAO patients and healthy cases, thus enabling us to understand better the molecular mechanisms and potential targets for the treatment of inactive TAO.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - R. Ao
- Correspondence to: Rong Ao MD, 389 Xin Cun Road, Shanghai, 200065, China, E-mail:
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Sun Y, Cai H, Hu Z, Boswell CA, Diao J, Li C, Zhang L, Shen A, Teske CA, Zhang B, Kamath AV, Jiang G. Balancing the Affinity and Pharmacokinetics of Antibodies by Modulating the Size of Charge Patches on Complementarity-Determining Regions. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:3690-3696. [PMID: 32910947 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A localized positive charge on IgG (referred to as a "charge patch") shows an adverse effect on pharmacokinetics (PK), so it would seem to be best practice to avoid charge patches during the discovery stage and closely monitor charge interactions during the development process. In certain circumstances, however, charge patches are required for target binding, in which case completely removing charge patches is not feasible. Therefore, quantitative measurement of a charge patch and its impact on PK is critical to the success of therapeutic antibody development. In this article, we generated mutations of a recombinant human antibody (referred to as mAb1) with disrupted charge patches to investigate how charge patches on IgG antibodies impact both target-binding affinity and PK-related factors. We conclude that it is important to modulate the size of the charge patch in order to balance target-binding affinity and PK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- Biological Technologies, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hao Cai
- DevSci PTPK, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Zhilan Hu
- Early Stage Cell Culture, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - C Andrew Boswell
- DevSci PTPK, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jinpian Diao
- Purification Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Charlene Li
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Liangyi Zhang
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Amy Shen
- Early Stage Cell Culture, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Christopher A Teske
- Purification Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Boyan Zhang
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Amrita V Kamath
- DevSci PTPK, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Guoying Jiang
- Biological Technologies, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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Abstract
SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors) proteins are a highly regulated class of membrane proteins lying in the center of membrane fusion. In conjunction with accessory proteins, SNAREs drive efficient merger of two distinct lipid bilayers into one interconnected structure. This chapter describes our fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based proteoliposome fusion assays for the roles of various SNARE proteins, accessory proteins, and effects of different lipid compositions on membrane fusion involved in autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Diao
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.
| | - L Li
- Center for Autophagy Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Y Lai
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Q Zhong
- Center for Autophagy Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.
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Kyoung M, Srivastava A, Zhang Y, Diao J, Vrljic M, Grob P, Nogales E, Chu S, Brunger A. Molecular mechanism of calcium-triggered vesicle fusion. Toxicon 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kim BJ, Diao J, Shuler ML. Mini-scale bioprocessing systems for highly parallel animal cell cultures. Biotechnol Prog 2012; 28:595-607. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Revised: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Zhu W, Dang Z, Qiu J, Liu Y, Lv C, Diao J, Zhou Z. Species differences for stereoselective metabolism of ethofumesate and its enantiomers in vitro. Xenobiotica 2009; 39:649-55. [PMID: 19552529 DOI: 10.1080/00498250902974211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
1. The stereoselective metabolism of ethofumesate (ETO) and its enantiomers in rabbit and rat liver microsomes have been studied by chiral high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Two metabolites were detected in both liver microsomes in the presence of beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). 2. The T(1/2) of (+)-ETO and (-)-ETO in rabbit liver microsomes were 12.2 and 4.7 min of rac-ETO and 25.9 and 6.7 of ETO enantiomers. However, the T(1/2) of (+)-ETO and (-)-ETO in rat liver microsomes were 5.3 and 5.9 min of rac-ETO and 7.8 and 10.6 of ETO enantiomers. The stereoselective selectivity is similar to the in vivo study. 3. After incubation of ETO enantiomers, stereoselectivity was present in the formation of ETO-OH enantiomer in rabbit liver microsomes, but stereoselectivity was not evident in rat liver microsomes. 4. There was no chiral inversion from the (+)-ETO to (-)-ETO or inversion from (-)-ETO to (+)-ETO in both rabbit and rat liver microsomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
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Diao J, Young L, Zhou P, Shuler ML. An actively mixed mini-bioreactor for protein production from suspended animal cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 100:72-81. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.21751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Diao J, Young L, Kim S, Fogarty EA, Heilman SM, Zhou P, Shuler ML, Wu M, DeLisa MP. A three-channel microfluidic device for generating static linear gradients and its application to the quantitative analysis of bacterial chemotaxis. Lab Chip 2006; 6:381-8. [PMID: 16511621 DOI: 10.1039/b511958h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a prototype three-channel microfluidic chip that is capable of generating a linear concentration gradient within a microfluidic channel and is useful in the study of bacterial chemotaxis. The linear chemical gradient is established by diffusing a chemical through a porous membrane located in the side wall of the channel and can be established without through-flow in the channel where cells reside. As a result, movement of the cells in the center channel is caused solely by the cells chemotactic response and not by variations in fluid flow. The advantages of this microfluidic chemical linear gradient generator are (i) its ability to produce a static chemical gradient, (ii) its rapid implementation, and (iii) its potential for highly parallel sample processing. Using this device, wildtype Escherichia coli strain RP437 was observed to move towards an attractant (e.g., l-asparate) and away from a repellent (e.g., glycerol) while derivatives of RP437 that were incapable of motility or chemotaxis showed no bias of the bacteria's distribution. Additionally, the degree of chemotaxis could be easily quantified using this assay in conjunction with fluorescence imaging techniques, allowing for estimation of the chemotactic partition coefficient (CPC) and the chemotactic migration coefficient (CMC). Finally, using this approach we demonstrate that E. coli deficient in autoinducer-2-mediated quorum sensing respond to the chemoattractant l-aspartate in a manner that is indistinguishable from wildtype cells suggesting that chemotaxis is insulated from this mode of cell-cell communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpian Diao
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Thach DC, Agan BK, Olsen C, Diao J, Lin B, Gomez J, Jesse M, Jenkins M, Rowley R, Hanson E, Tibbetts C, Stenger DA, Walter E. Surveillance of transcriptomes in basic military trainees with normal, febrile respiratory illness, and convalescent phenotypes. Genes Immun 2005; 6:588-95. [PMID: 16034474 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression profiles permit analysis of host immune response at the transcriptome level. We used the Pax gene Blood RNA (PAX) System and Affymetrix microarrays (HG-U133A&B) to survey profiles in basic military trainees and to classify them as healthy, febrile respiratory illness (FRI) without adenovirus, FRI with adenovirus, and convalescent from FRI with adenovirus. We assessed quality metrics of RNA processing for microarrays. Class prediction analysis discovered nested sets of transcripts that could categorize the phenotypes with optimized accuracy of 99% (nonfebrile vs febrile, P<0.0005), 87% (healthy vs convalescent, P=0.001), and 91% (febrile without vs with adenovirus, P<0.0005). The discovered set for classification of nonfebrile vs febrile patients consisted of 40 transcripts with functions related to interferon induced genes, complement cascades, and TNF and IL1 signaling. The set of seven transcripts for distinguishing healthy vs convalescent individuals included those associated with ribosomal structure, humoral immunity, and cell adhesion. The set of 10 transcripts for distinguishing FRI without vs with adenovirus had functions related to interferon induced genes, IL1 receptor accessory protein, and cell interactions. These results are the first in vivo demonstration of classification of infectious diseases via host signature transcripts and move us towards using the transcriptome in bio-surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Thach
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
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11
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Diao J, Ren D, Engstrom JR, Lee KH. A surface modification strategy on silicon nitride for developing biosensors. Anal Biochem 2005; 343:322-8. [PMID: 15993368 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2005] [Accepted: 05/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A surface modification strategy for the use of giant magnetoresistive materials in the detection of protein-protein interactions is developed. This modification strategy is based on silanization of semiconductive materials. A native silicon nitride surface was treated with concentrated hydrofluoric acid to improve surface homogeneity. Nano-strip was used to oxidize silicon nitride to form a hydrophilic layer. Aminopropyltriethoxysilane was subsequently used to functionalize the treated surfaces to form amine groups, which were further activated with glutaraldehyde to introduce a layer of aldehyde groups. The effectiveness of this modification strategy was validated by chemiluminescence immunoassays of purified 6x His-HrpW of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and human transferrin. Signals with intensities related to concentrations of these two immobilized model proteins were observed. The modified surface was also validated by a more complex system: intercellular proteins secreted by DC3000. HrpW in these protein mixtures was successfully recognized by anti-HrpW antibodies when mixed proteins were immobilized onto activated surfaces. This surface modification strategy provides a platform onto which proteins can be directly immobilized for biosensor and protein array applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpian Diao
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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MacDonald PE, Joseph JW, Yau D, Diao J, Asghar Z, Dai F, Oudit GY, Patel MM, Backx PH, Wheeler MB. Impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, enhanced intraperitoneal insulin tolerance, and increased beta-cell mass in mice lacking the p110gamma isoform of phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Endocrinology 2004; 145:4078-83. [PMID: 15231713 DOI: 10.1210/en.2004-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3 kinase) has been implicated in G protein-coupled receptor regulation of pancreatic beta-cell growth and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. The G protein-activated p110gamma isoform of PI3 kinase was detected in insulinoma cells, mouse islets, and human islets. In 7- to 10-wk-old mice, knockout of p110gamma reduced the plasma insulin response to ip glucose injection and impaired first and second phase glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreata perfused ex vivo. The p110gamma -/- mice responded to preinjection with the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist exendin 4, such that plasma glucose and insulin responses to ip glucose injection were not different from wild types. Mice lacking p110gamma were not diabetic and were only slightly glucose intolerant (ip glucose injection) compared with wild types, in part due to enhanced responsiveness to insulin as determined by an ip insulin tolerance test. Despite severely reduced insulin secretion in these animals, the p110gamma -/- mice had greater pancreatic insulin content, and an increased beta-cell mass due to beta-cell hypertrophy. These surprising results suggest that the G protein-coupled p110gamma isoform of PI3 kinase is not central to the development or maintenance of sufficient beta-cell mass but positively regulates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E MacDonald
- University of Toronto, Department of Physiology, Toronto, Canada.
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Diao J, Garces R, Richardson CD. X protein of hepatitis B virus modulates cytokine and growth factor related signal transduction pathways during the course of viral infections and hepatocarcinogenesis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2001; 12:189-205. [PMID: 11325602 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6101(00)00034-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus produces chronic infections of the liver leading to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The X protein of hepatitis B virus (HBx) is a multifunctional protein that can interact with p53 but can also influence a variety of signal transduction pathways within the cell. In most instances this small viral protein favors cell survival and probably initiates hepatocarcinogenesis. HBx upregulates the activity of a number of transcription factors including NF-kappa B, AP-1, CREB, and TBP. However, the majority of HBx is localized to the cytoplasm where it interacts with and stimulates protein kinases such as protein kinase C, Janus kinase/STAT, IKK, PI-3-K, stress-activated protein kinase/Jun N-terminal kinase, and protein kinase B/Akt. This small viral protein can localize to the mitochondrion. HBx may act as an adaptor or kinase activator to influence signal transduction pathways. This review will attempt to analyze the involvement of HBx in signal transduction pathways during hepatitis B viral infections and hepatocellular carcinoma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Diao
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9
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Staib L, Birebent B, Somasundaram R, Purev E, Braumüller H, Leeser C, Küttner N, Li W, Zhu D, Diao J, Wunner W, Speicher D, Beger HG, Song H, Herlyn D. Immunogenicity of recombinant GA733-2E antigen (CO17-1A, EGP, KS1-4, KSA, Ep-CAM) in gastro-intestinal carcinoma patients. Int J Cancer 2001; 92:79-87. [PMID: 11279610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Targeting the GA733 antigen (also known as CO17-1A, EGP, KS1-4, KSA, Ep-CAM) by monoclonal antibody CO17-1A or anti-idiotypic antibodies mimicking the CO17-1A or GA733 epitope has induced prolonged survival and specific immune responses to the antigen, respectively, in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. In pre-clinical studies in mice and rabbits, recombinant baculovirus-derived GA733-2E antigen was superior to anti-idiotypic antibodies at modulating specific immune responses. Our aim was to evaluate the immunogenicity and potential toxicity of alum-precipitated GA733-2E in a phase I trial in patients with resected CRC or pancreatic cancer. Six patients with advanced pancreatic carcinoma and 6 with CRC Dukes' stage A, B or C received between 4 and 7 doses of alum-precipitated GA733-2E at 50, 200 or 800 microg/dose at monthly intervals. Antibody binding to GA733-2E or antigen-positive CRC cells was determined, as were antigen-specific proliferative, cytolytic T-lymphocyte and delayed-type hypersensitivity responses. Six of the 12 patients developed antigen-specific humoral immune responses after immunotherapy, and 8 developed cellular immune responses. The overall immune response rate, including patients with humoral and/or cellular immune responses, was 83%. Median overall survival of the CRC and pancreatic cancer patients was 39.8 and 11.2 months, respectively. Following 18 years of single-epitope targeting of the GA733 antigen, immunization of patients against multiple epitopes of the antigen frequently induces an immune response in the absence of significant toxicity, despite relatively widespread expression of this antigen on normal epithelial cells.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibody Formation
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/adverse effects
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/immunology
- Colorectal Neoplasms/immunology
- Colorectal Neoplasms/therapy
- Cytokines/analysis
- Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule
- Female
- Gastrointestinal Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Gastrointestinal Neoplasms/immunology
- Humans
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunotherapy
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/immunology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/therapy
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Treatment Outcome
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Vaccines, Synthetic/adverse effects
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- L Staib
- Department of Surgery, University of Ulm, Germany
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Diao J, Khine AA, Sarangi F, Hsu E, Iorio C, Tibbles LA, Woodgett JR, Penninger J, Richardson CD. X protein of hepatitis B virus inhibits Fas-mediated apoptosis and is associated with up-regulation of the SAPK/JNK pathway. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:8328-40. [PMID: 11099494 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m006026200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The X protein from a chronic strain of hepatitis B virus (HBx) was determined to inhibit Fas-mediated apoptosis and promote cell survival. Fas-mediated apoptosis is the major cause of hepatocyte damage during liver disease. Experiments demonstrated that cell death caused by anti-Fas antibodies was blocked by the expression of HBx in human primary hepatocytes and mouse embryo fibroblasts. This effect was also observed in mouse erythroleukemia cells that lacked p53, indicating that protection against Fas-mediated apoptosis was independent of p53. Components of the signal transduction pathways involved in this protection were studied. The SAPK/JNK pathway has previously been suggested to be a survival pathway for some cells undergoing Fas-mediated apoptosis, and kinase assays showed that SAPK activity was highly up-regulated in cells expressing the HBx protein. Normal mouse fibroblasts expressing HBx were protected from death, whereas identical fibroblasts lacking the SEK1 component from the SAPK pathway succumbed to Fas-mediated apoptosis, whether HBx was present or not. Assays showed that caspase 3 and 8 activities and the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria were inhibited, in the presence of HBx, following stimulation with anti-Fas antibodies. Coprecipitation and confocal immunofluorescence microscopy experiments demonstrated that HBx localizes with a cytoplasmic complex containing MEKK1, SEK1, SAPK, and 14-3-3 proteins. Finally, mutational analysis of HBx demonstrated that a potential binding region for 14-3-3 proteins was essential for induction of SAPK/JNK activity and protection from Fas-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Diao
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
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Diao J, Smythe JA, Smyth C, Rowe PB, Alexander IE. Human PBMC-derived dendritic cells transduced with an adenovirus vectorinduce cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses against a vector-encoded antigen in vitro. Gene Ther 1999; 6:845-53. [PMID: 10505110 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3300899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are among the most potent antigen-presenting cells known and play an important role in the initiation of antigen-specific T-lymphocyte responses. Several recent studies have demonstrated that DC expressing vector-encoded tumor-associated antigens can induce protective and therapeutic immunity in murine cancer models. In the current study we set out to examine in vitro the utility of adenovirus vectors in the transduction of human DC for the induction of antigen-specific T-lymphocyte responses against a defined vector-encoded antigen. DC were derived from the adherent fraction of PBMC by culture in defined medium containing GM-CSF and IL-4. A replication-defective E1/E3-deleted type 5 adenovirus vector encoding bacterial beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) under the transcriptional control of a CMV promoter was used to transduce DC at multiplicities of infection (MOI) up to 1000. While high MOI were required to achieve efficient transduction there was no significant effect on DC morphology, immunophenotype or potency in allogeneic lymphocyte proliferation assays. Furthermore, transduced DC-induced antigen-specific CTL activity against adenoviral proteins and more significantly, the vector-encoded antigen beta-gal. These data clearly demonstrate the potential of adenovirus vectors in anticancer DC vaccine strategies and provide an important link between existing animal data and human clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Diao
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, New Children's Hospital, Parramatta, NSW Australia
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Luo J, Diao J, Xu Z. [Recursion formula of energy levels for 2p(3)3s and 2p(3)3d of O I isoelectronic series]. Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi 1999; 19:133-134. [PMID: 15818984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Based on the perturbation expansion and the observed energy levels for 2p(3)3s and 2p(3)3d of O I -like ions, a recursion formula for the energy levels has been derived. It is found that this method is considerably simple and accurate.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Luo
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Sichuan Union University, 610065 Chengdu
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Diao J, Churchill ND, Michalak TI. Complement-mediated cytotoxicity and inhibition of ligand binding to hepatocytes by woodchuck hepatitis virus-induced autoantibodies to asialoglycoprotein receptor. Hepatology 1998; 27:1623-31. [PMID: 9620336 DOI: 10.1002/hep.510270623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepadnavirus invasion in woodchucks has been identified as a potent inducer of autoantibodies against asialoglycoprotein receptor (anti-ASGPR), a molecule essentially unique to hepatocytes that mediate clearance of desialylated serum proteins. We evaluated the possible pathogenetic importance of anti-ASGPR triggered by woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV), using anti-ASGPR-reactive serum immunoglobulins (Igs) from five animals with different stages of WHV hepatitis or self-limited WHV infection and isolated woodchuck hepatocytes or HepG2 cells as targets. The results revealed that WHV-induced anti-ASGPR can specifically inhibit asialoglycoprotein recognition by both homologous and heterologous liver cells, as tested in an asialofetuin (ASFN)-binding radioassay. However, the extent of the interference significantly varied (from 85% inhibition to none) for anti-ASGPR with similar titer from different animals, indicating a high degree of heterogeneity in the ASGPR epitope specificity and in the potential biological effects of these autoantibodies. The WHV-triggered anti-ASGPR also induced complement-mediated hepatocytolysis in a microculture tetrazolium (MTT) assay, which ranged from 8.9% +/- 0.3% to 33.6% +/- 3.6% (mean +/- SD) for different animals and target cell numbers. This cytopathic effect was strictly ASGPR-specific, complement-dependent, and was not related to the anti-ASGPR ability to inhibit ligand-hepatocyte binding. Our findings indicate that among pathways by which anti-ASGPR autoimmunity could cause liver damage, hepadnavirus-induced anti-ASGPR might impair hepatocytes by both disrupting clearance of desialylated proteins and activation of the complement-mediated cytolysis. These cytopathic effects might contribute to the pathogenesis, aggravate severity, and prolong recovery from liver injury in viral hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Diao
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
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Diao J, Wan Z, Chang W, Liang D. Molecular replacement studies on crystal structure of DesB1-B2 Despentapeptide (B26-B30) insulin. Sci China C Life Sci 1997; 40:524-30. [PMID: 20229305 DOI: 10.1007/bf03183592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/1997] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Using the crystal structure of Despentapeptide (B26-B30) insulin (DPI as the search model, the crystal structure of DesB1-B2 Despentapeptide (B26-B30) insulin (DesB1-2 DPI) has been studied by the molecular replacement method. There is one DesB1-2 DPI molecule in each crystallographic asymmetric unit. The cross rotation function search and the translation function search show apparent peaks and thus determine the orientation and position of DesB1-2 DPI molecule in the cell respectively. The subsequent three-dimensional structural rebuilding and refinement of DesB1-2 DPI molecule confirm the results by molecular replacement method.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Biornacrornolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
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22
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Abstract
The relationship between hepatitis virus invasion and emergence of liver-specific autoantibodies against asialoglycoprotein receptor (anti-ASGPR) and the occurrence patterns, prognostic value, and specificity of these autoantibodies toward polypeptides of host ASGPR were investigated in experimental viral hepatitis in the woodchuck system. Sequential sera (n = 231) obtained before and after inoculation with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) from animals which resolved acute infection (n = 7) or developed chronic hepatitis (n = 6) were tested for anti-ASGPR using radio and enzyme-immunodetection assays. In addition, the outcome of WHV hepatitis was analyzed in 30 other woodchucks whose preinoculation sera were tested for anti-ASGPR. The receptor subunit specificity of virus-induced anti-ASGPR was determined by Western blotting and compared with that of anti-ASGPR raised in woodchucks challenged with a heterologous (rabbit) receptor. The results revealed that WHV infection triggered anti-ASGPR in all except one of the initially autoantibody nonreactive animals (eight of nine; 89.9%). Once induced, anti-ASGPR were detectable throughout the entire follow-up independent of histological severity of liver damage or the outcome of hepatitis. In healthy WHV-naive woodchucks, anti-ASGPR occurred at low titers in approximately one third of the animals. Importantly, woodchucks reactive for anti-ASGPR before WHV inoculation developed chronic hepatitis with a significantly greater frequency (55.5%) than those autoantibody negative (15.6%; P < .05). In contrast to anti-ASGPR elicited by immunization with a heterologous receptor, which initially recognized only the ASGPR 40-kd polypeptide, anti-ASGPR emerging after virus invasion reacted with both the ASGPR 40- and 47-kd subunits from the moment of their appearance. This study provides the first direct evidence that hepatitis virus in the natural host triggers autoantibodies against a unique hepatocyte antigen and shows that anti-ASGPR autoimmunity existing before virus infection is associated with a high rate of progression to chronic disease in experimental hepadnaviral hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Diao
- Molecular Virology and Hepatology Research, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
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Diao J, Michalak TI. Composition, antigenic properties and hepatocyte surface expression of the woodchuck asialoglycoprotein receptor. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 1996; 16:243-71. [PMID: 8968961 DOI: 10.3109/10799899609039951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We have purified woodchuck hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) by ligand affinity chromatography and have identified it as a heterooligomeric complex comprised of two subunits with molecular masses of 40 and 47 kD, designated as woodchuck hepatic lectin 1 and 2 (WHL1 and WHL2), respectively. With the help of antisera generated against the soluble, bioactive woodchuck and rabbit ASGPRs and anti-subunit monospecific antibodies, distinct antigenic specificity of each of the ASGPR polypeptide subunits and interspecies immunologic cross-reactivity of the receptor polypeptides displaying comparable molecular masses were documented. In contrast to the purified woodchuck receptor, WHL2 antigenic reactivity was not identifiable in woodchuck hepatocyte plasma membranes unless the intact membranes were exposed to an asialylated ligand or a soluble membrane fraction was incubated with anti-receptor antibody. These findings imply that both WHL1 and WHL2 are expressed on the hepatocyte surface and contribute to ligand binding, since antibody specific to either subunit blocks ligand attachment. Our results also indicate that ligand binding modifies antigenic properties of the membrane expressed ASGPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Diao
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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Diao J, Lin Z, Gao X, Zhang C. [Analysis of outer membrane proteins from eight strains of Campylobacter in SDS-PAGE]. Hua Xi Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 1991; 22:278-81. [PMID: 1748411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The outer membrane proteins (OMPs) from 8 strains of Campylobacter, including 5 reference strains and 3 local strains, were isolated and examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The results showed that the population distributions of molecular weight of OMPs from different species and sources were alike based on the Rank Sum Test analysis. The number of bands of major OMP was around 2-3, the molecular weight of which varied from 33-68 kd. Moreover, three C. jejuni local strains isolated from patients in China showed common characteristics of OMPs to the reference strains. It is suggested that the OMPs of Campylobacter are of a conservative and stable structure.
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