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Martinsson J, Eriksson AC, Nielsen IE, Malmborg VB, Ahlberg E, Andersen C, Lindgren R, Nyström R, Nordin EZ, Brune WH, Svenningsson B, Swietlicki E, Boman C, Pagels JH. Impacts of Combustion Conditions and Photochemical Processing on the Light Absorption of Biomass Combustion Aerosol. Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:14663-71. [PMID: 26561964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim was to identify relationships between combustion conditions, particle characteristics, and optical properties of fresh and photochemically processed emissions from biomass combustion. The combustion conditions included nominal and high burn rate operation and individual combustion phases from a conventional wood stove. Low temperature pyrolysis upon fuel addition resulted in "tar-ball" type particles dominated by organic aerosol with an absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) of 2.5-2.7 and estimated Brown Carbon contributions of 50-70% to absorption at the climate relevant aethalometer-wavelength (520 nm). High temperature combustion during the intermediate (flaming) phase was dominated by soot agglomerates with AAE 1.0-1.2 and 85-100% of absorption at 520 nm attributed to Black Carbon. Intense photochemical processing of high burn rate flaming combustion emissions in an oxidation flow reactor led to strong formation of Secondary Organic Aerosol, with no or weak absorption. PM1 mass emission factors (mg/kg) of fresh emissions were about an order of magnitude higher for low temperature pyrolysis compared to high temperature combustion. However, emission factors describing the absorption cross section emitted per kg of fuel consumed (m(2)/kg) were of similar magnitude at 520 nm for the diverse combustion conditions investigated in this study. These results provide a link between biomass combustion conditions, emitted particle types, and their optical properties in fresh and processed plumes which can be of value for source apportionment and balanced mitigation of biomass combustion emissions from a climate and health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Martinsson
- Division of Nuclear Physics, Lund University , Box 118, Lund SE-22100, Sweden
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Research, Lund University , Ecology Building, Lund SE-223 62, Sweden
| | - A C Eriksson
- Division of Nuclear Physics, Lund University , Box 118, Lund SE-22100, Sweden
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University , Box 118, Lund SE-22100, Sweden
| | - I Elbæk Nielsen
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University , Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - V Berg Malmborg
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University , Box 118, Lund SE-22100, Sweden
| | - E Ahlberg
- Division of Nuclear Physics, Lund University , Box 118, Lund SE-22100, Sweden
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Research, Lund University , Ecology Building, Lund SE-223 62, Sweden
| | - C Andersen
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University , Box 118, Lund SE-22100, Sweden
| | - R Lindgren
- Thermochemical Energy Conversion Laboratory, Umeå University , Umeå SE-90187, Sweden
| | - R Nyström
- Thermochemical Energy Conversion Laboratory, Umeå University , Umeå SE-90187, Sweden
| | - E Z Nordin
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University , Box 118, Lund SE-22100, Sweden
| | - W H Brune
- Department of Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802-5013, United States
| | - B Svenningsson
- Division of Nuclear Physics, Lund University , Box 118, Lund SE-22100, Sweden
| | - E Swietlicki
- Division of Nuclear Physics, Lund University , Box 118, Lund SE-22100, Sweden
| | - C Boman
- Thermochemical Energy Conversion Laboratory, Umeå University , Umeå SE-90187, Sweden
| | - J H Pagels
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University , Box 118, Lund SE-22100, Sweden
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Hedmer M, Ludvigsson L, Isaxon C, Nilsson PT, Skaug V, Bohgard M, Pagels JH, Messing ME, Tinnerberg H. Detection of Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes and Carbon Nanodiscs on Workplace Surfaces at a Small-Scale Producer. ANNHYG 2015; 59:836-52. [DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mev036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Löndahl J, Möller W, Pagels JH, Kreyling WG, Swietlicki E, Schmid O. Measurement techniques for respiratory tract deposition of airborne nanoparticles: a critical review. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2014; 27:229-54. [PMID: 24151837 PMCID: PMC4120654 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2013.1044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Determination of the respiratory tract deposition of airborne particles is critical for risk assessment of air pollution, inhaled drug delivery, and understanding of respiratory disease. With the advent of nanotechnology, there has been an increasing interest in the measurement of pulmonary deposition of nanoparticles because of their unique properties in inhalation toxicology and medicine. Over the last century, around 50 studies have presented experimental data on lung deposition of nanoparticles (typical diameter≤100 nm, but here≤300 nm). These data show a considerable variability, partly due to differences in the applied methodologies. In this study, we review the experimental techniques for measuring respiratory tract deposition of nano-sized particles, analyze critical experimental design aspects causing measurement uncertainties, and suggest methodologies for future studies. It is shown that, although particle detection techniques have developed with time, the overall methodology in respiratory tract deposition experiments has not seen similar progress. Available experience from previous research has often not been incorporated, and some methodological design aspects that were overlooked in 30-70% of all studies may have biased the experimental data. This has contributed to a significant uncertainty on the absolute value of the lung deposition fraction of nanoparticles. We estimate the impact of the design aspects on obtained data, discuss solutions to minimize errors, and highlight gaps in the available experimental set of data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Löndahl
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology (EAT), Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Winfried Möller
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Joakim H. Pagels
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology (EAT), Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Wolfgang G. Kreyling
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Otmar Schmid
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Eriksson AC, Nordin EZ, Nyström R, Pettersson E, Swietlicki E, Bergvall C, Westerholm R, Boman C, Pagels JH. Particulate PAH emissions from residential biomass combustion: time-resolved analysis with aerosol mass spectrometry. Environ Sci Technol 2014; 48:7143-7150. [PMID: 24866381 DOI: 10.1021/es500486j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved emissions of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and total organic particulate matter (OA) from a wood log stove and an adjusted pellet stove were investigated with high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS). The highest OA emissions were found during the addition of log wood on glowing embers, that is, slow burning pyrolysis conditions. These emissions contained about 1% PAHs (of OA). The highest PAH emissions were found during fast burning under hot air starved combustion conditions, in both stoves. In the latter case, PAHs contributed up to 40% of OA, likely due to thermal degradation of other condensable species. The distribution of PAHs was also shifted toward larger molecules in these emissions. AMS signals attributed to PAHs were found at molecular weights up to 600 Da. The vacuum aerodynamic size distribution was found to be bimodal with a smaller mode (Dva ∼ 200 nm) dominating under hot air starved combustion and a larger sized mode dominating under slow burning pyrolysis (Dva ∼ 600 nm). Simultaneous reduction of PAHs, OA and total particulate matter from residential biomass combustion may prove to be a challenge for environmental legislation efforts as these classes of emissions are elevated at different combustion conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Eriksson
- Nuclear Physics, Lund University , P.O. Box 118, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
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Rissler J, Nordin EZ, Eriksson AC, Nilsson PT, Frosch M, Sporre MK, Wierzbicka A, Svenningsson B, Löndahl J, Messing ME, Sjogren S, Hemmingsen JG, Loft S, Pagels JH, Swietlicki E. Effective density and mixing state of aerosol particles in a near-traffic urban environment. Environ Sci Technol 2014; 48:6300-6308. [PMID: 24798545 DOI: 10.1021/es5000353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In urban environments, airborne particles are continuously emitted, followed by atmospheric aging. Also, particles emitted elsewhere, transported by winds, contribute to the urban aerosol. We studied the effective density (mass-mobility relationship) and mixing state with respect to the density of particles in central Copenhagen, in wintertime. The results are related to particle origin, morphology, and aging. Using a differential mobility analyzer-aerosol particle mass analyzer (DMA-APM), we determined that particles in the diameter range of 50-400 nm were of two groups: porous soot aggregates and more dense particles. Both groups were present at each size in varying proportions. Two types of temporal variability in the relative number fraction of the two groups were found: soot correlated with intense traffic in a diel pattern and dense particles increased during episodes with long-range transport from polluted continental areas. The effective density of each group was relatively stable over time, especially of the soot aggregates, which had effective densities similar to those observed in laboratory studies of fresh diesel exhaust emissions. When heated to 300 °C, the soot aggregate volatile mass fraction was ∼10%. For the dense particles, the volatile mass fraction varied from ∼80% to nearly 100%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Rissler
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, ‡Division of Nuclear Physics, and §Solid State Physics, Lund University , P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
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Hedmer M, Isaxon C, Nilsson PT, Ludvigsson L, Messing ME, Genberg J, Skaug V, Bohgard M, Tinnerberg H, Pagels JH. Exposure and emission measurements during production, purification, and functionalization of arc-discharge-produced multi-walled carbon nanotubes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 58:355-79. [PMID: 24389082 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/met072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The production and use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is rapidly growing. With increased production, there is potential that the number of occupational exposed workers will rapidly increase. Toxicological studies on rats have shown effects in the lungs, e.g., inflammation, granuloma formation, and fibrosis after repeated inhalation exposure to some forms of multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs). Still, when it comes to health effects, it is unknown which dose metric is most relevant. Limited exposure data for CNTs exist today and no legally enforced occupational exposure limits are yet established. The aim of this work was to quantify the occupational exposures and emissions during arc discharge production, purification, and functionalization of MWCNTs. The CNT material handled typically had a mean length <5 μm. Since most of the collected airborne CNTs did not fulfil the World Health Organization fibre dimensions (79% of the counted CNT-containing particles) and since no microscopy-based method for counting of CNTs exists, we decided to count all particle that contained CNTs. To investigate correlations between the used exposure metrics, Pearson correlation coefficient was used. METHODS Exposure measurements were performed at a small-scale producer of MWCNTs and respirable fractions of dust concentrations, elemental carbon (EC) concentrations, and number concentrations of CNT-containing particles were measured in the workers' breathing zones with filter-based methods during work. Additionally, emission measurements near the source were carried out during different work tasks. Respirable dust was gravimetrically determined; EC was analysed with thermal-optical analysis and the number of CNT-containing particles was analysed with scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS For the personal exposure measurements, respirable dust ranged between <73 and 93 μg m(-3), EC ranged between <0.08 and 7.4 μg C m(-3), and number concentration of CNT-containing particles ranged between 0.04 and 2.0 cm(-3). For the emission measurements, respirable dust ranged between <2800 and 6800 μg m(-3), EC ranged between 0.05 and 550 μg C m(-3), and number concentration of CNT-containing particles ranged between <0.20 and 11cm(-3). CONCLUSIONS The highest exposure to CNTs occurred during production of CNTs. The highest emitted number concentration of CNT-containing particles occurred in the sieving, mechanical work-up, pouring, weighing, and packaging of CNT powder during the production stage. To be able to quantify exposures and emissions of CNTs, a selective and sensitive method is needed. Limitations with measuring EC and respirable dust are that these exposure metrics do not measure CNTs specifically. Only filter-based methods with electron microscopy analysis are, to date, selective and sensitive enough. This study showed that counting of CNT-containing particles is the method that fulfils those criteria and is therefore the method recommended for future quantification of CNT exposures. However, CNTs could be highly toxic not only because of their length but also because they could contain, for example transition metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or have surface defects. Lack of standardized counting criteria for CNTs to be applied at the electron microscopy analysis is a limiting factor, which makes it difficult to compare exposure data from different studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hedmer
- 1. Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, PO Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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Yli-Juuti T, Zardini A, Eriksson AC, Hansen AM, Pagels JH, Swietlicki E, Svenningsson B, Glasius M, Worsnop DR, Riipinen I, Bilde M. Volatility of organic aerosol: evaporation of ammonium sulfate/succinic acid aqueous solution droplets. Environ Sci Technol 2013; 47:12123-30. [PMID: 24107221 PMCID: PMC3971733 DOI: 10.1021/es401233c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Condensation and evaporation modify the properties and effects of atmospheric aerosol particles. We studied the evaporation of aqueous succinic acid and succinic acid/ammonium sulfate droplets to obtain insights on the effect of ammonium sulfate on the gas/particle partitioning of atmospheric organic acids. Droplet evaporation in a laminar flow tube was measured in a Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer setup. A wide range of droplet compositions was investigated, and for some of the experiments the composition was tracked using an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer. The measured evaporation was compared to model predictions where the ammonium sulfate was assumed not to directly affect succinic acid evaporation. The model captured the evaporation rates for droplets with large organic content but overestimated the droplet size change when the molar concentration of succinic acid was similar to or lower than that of ammonium sulfate, suggesting that ammonium sulfate enhances the partitioning of dicarboxylic acids to aqueous particles more than currently expected from simple mixture thermodynamics. If extrapolated to the real atmosphere, these results imply enhanced partitioning of secondary organic compounds to particulate phase in environments dominated by inorganic aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taina Yli-Juuti
- Department of Physics, University
of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alessandro
A. Zardini
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
- European
Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Energy and Transport,
Sustainable Transport Unit, Via Enrico
Fermi 2749, 21027, Ispra, Varese, Italy
| | - Axel C. Eriksson
- Ergonomics
and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
- Department
of Physics, Lund University, Professorsgatan 1, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anne Maria
K. Hansen
- Department
of Chemistry and iNANO, University of Aarhus, Langelandsgade
140, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Joakim H. Pagels
- Ergonomics
and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Erik Swietlicki
- Department
of Physics, Lund University, Professorsgatan 1, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Marianne Glasius
- Department
of Chemistry and iNANO, University of Aarhus, Langelandsgade
140, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Douglas R. Worsnop
- Department of Physics, University
of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Aerodyne
Research Inc., 45 Manning
Road, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Ilona Riipinen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie
Mellon University, 5000
Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Applied Environmental
Science & Bert
Bolin Center for Climate Research, Stockholm
University, ITM/Stockholms Universitet, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Merete Bilde
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Svensson CR, Messing ME, Lundqvist M, Schollin A, Deppert K, Pagels JH, Rissler J, Cedervall T. Direct deposition of gas phase generated aerosol gold nanoparticles into biological fluids--corona formation and particle size shifts. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74702. [PMID: 24086363 PMCID: PMC3785473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
An ongoing discussion whether traditional toxicological methods are sufficient to evaluate the risks associated with nanoparticle inhalation has led to the emergence of Air-Liquid interface toxicology. As a step in this process, this study explores the evolution of particle characteristics as they move from the airborne state into physiological solution. Airborne gold nanoparticles (AuNP) are generated using an evaporation-condensation technique. Spherical and agglomerate AuNPs are deposited into physiological solutions of increasing biological complexity. The AuNP size is characterized in air as mobility diameter and in liquid as hydrodynamic diameter. AuNP:Protein aggregation in physiological solutions is determined using dynamic light scattering, particle tracking analysis, and UV absorption spectroscopy. AuNPs deposited into homocysteine buffer form large gold-aggregates. Spherical AuNPs deposited in solutions of albumin were trapped at the Air-Liquid interface but was readily suspended in the solutions with a size close to that of the airborne particles, indicating that AuNP:Protein complex formation is promoted. Deposition into serum and lung fluid resulted in larger complexes, reflecting the formation of a more complex protein corona. UV absorption spectroscopy indicated no further aggregation of the AuNPs after deposition in solution. The corona of the deposited AuNPs shows differences compared to AuNPs generated in suspension. Deposition of AuNPs from the aerosol phase into biological fluids offers a method to study the protein corona formed, upon inhalation and deposition in the lungs in a more realistic way compared to particle liquid suspensions. This is important since the protein corona together with key particle properties (e.g. size, shape and surface reactivity) to a large extent may determine the nanoparticle effects and possible translocation to other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian R. Svensson
- Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Maria E. Messing
- Division of Solid State Physics, Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Lundqvist
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Alexander Schollin
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Knut Deppert
- Division of Solid State Physics, Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Joakim H. Pagels
- Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jenny Rissler
- Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tommy Cedervall
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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