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Ahn YJ, Wang L, Tavakoli S, Nguyen HN, Short JD, Asmis R. Glutaredoxin 1 controls monocyte reprogramming during nutrient stress and protects mice against obesity and atherosclerosis in a sex-specific manner. Nat Commun 2022; 13:790. [PMID: 35145079 PMCID: PMC8831602 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28433-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
High-calorie diet-induced nutrient stress promotes thiol oxidative stress and the reprogramming of blood monocytes, giving rise to dysregulated, obesogenic, proatherogenic monocyte-derived macrophages. We report that in chow-fed, reproductively senescent female mice but not in age-matched male mice, deficiency in the thiol transferase glutaredoxin 1 (Grx1) promotes dysregulated macrophage phenotypes as well as rapid weight gain and atherogenesis. Grx1 deficiency derepresses distinct expression patterns of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species generators in male versus female macrophages, poising female but not male macrophages for increased peroxynitrate production. Hematopoietic Grx1 deficiency recapitulates this sexual dimorphism in high-calorie diet-fed LDLR-/- mice, whereas macrophage-restricted overexpression of Grx1 eliminates the sex differences unmasked by high-calorie diet-feeding and protects both males and females against atherogenesis. We conclude that loss of monocytic Grx1 activity disrupts the immunometabolic balance in mice and derepresses sexually dimorphic oxidative stress responses in macrophages. This mechanism may contribute to the sex differences reported in cardiovascular disease and obesity in humans. High-calorie diet promotes thiol oxidative stress and the reprogramming of blood monocytes, giving rise to obesogenic and proatherogenic macrophages. Here the authors report that loss of monocytic thiol transferase glutaredoxin 1 results in the derepression of sex-specific oxidative stress responses in macrophages, promoting atherogenesis and obesity in female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Joo Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Luxi Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Sina Tavakoli
- Departments of Radiology and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Huynh Nga Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - John D Short
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Reto Asmis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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2
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Short JD, Tavakoli S, Nguyen HN, Carrera A, Farnen C, Cox LA, Asmis R. Dyslipidemic Diet-Induced Monocyte "Priming" and Dysfunction in Non-Human Primates Is Triggered by Elevated Plasma Cholesterol and Accompanied by Altered Histone Acetylation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:958. [PMID: 28878765 PMCID: PMC5572238 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes and the recruitment of monocyte-derived macrophages into sites of inflammation play a key role in atherogenesis and other chronic inflammatory diseases linked to cardiometabolic syndrome and obesity. Previous studies from our group have shown that metabolic stress promotes monocyte priming, i.e., enhanced adhesion and accelerated chemotaxis of monocytes in response to chemokines, both in vitro and in dyslipidemic LDLR-/- mice. We also showed that metabolic stress-induced monocyte dysfunction is, at least to a large extent caused by the S-glutathionylation, inactivation, and subsequent degradation of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1. Here, we analyzed the effects of a Western-style, dyslipidemic diet (DD), which was composed of high levels of saturated fat, cholesterol, and simple sugars, on monocyte (dys)function in non-human primates (NHPs). We found that similar to mice, a DD enhances monocyte chemotaxis in NHP within 4 weeks, occurring concordantly with the onset of hypercholesterolemia but prior to changes in triglycerides, blood glucose, monocytosis, or changes in monocyte subset composition. In addition, we identified transitory decreases in the acetylation of histone H3 at the lysine residues 18 and 23 in metabolically primed monocytes, and we found that monocyte priming was correlated with the acetylation of histone H3 at lysine 27 after an 8-week DD regimen. Our data show that metabolic stress promotes monocyte priming and hyper-chemotactic responses in NHP. The histone modifications accompanying monocyte priming in primates suggest a reprogramming of the epigenetic landscape, which may lead to dysregulated responses and functionalities in macrophages derived from primed monocytes that are recruited to sites of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Short
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Sina Tavakoli
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Huynh Nga Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Ana Carrera
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Chelbee Farnen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Laura A Cox
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Reto Asmis
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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3
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Tavakoli S, Downs K, Short JD, Nguyen HN, Lai Y, Jerabek PA, Goins B, Toczek J, Sadeghi MM, Asmis R. Characterization of Macrophage Polarization States Using Combined Measurement of 2-Deoxyglucose and Glutamine Accumulation: Implications for Imaging of Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:1840-1848. [PMID: 28798141 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.308848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite the early promising results of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for assessment of vessel wall inflammation, its accuracy in prospective identification of vulnerable plaques has remained limited. Additionally, previous studies have indicated that 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake alone may not allow for accurate identification of specific macrophage activation states. We aimed to determine whether combined measurement of glucose and glutamine accumulation-the 2 most important bioenergetic substrates for macrophages-improves the distinction of macrophage inflammatory states and can be utilized to image atherosclerosis. APPROACH AND RESULTS Murine peritoneal macrophages (MΦ) were activated ex vivo into proinflammatory states with either lipopolysaccharide (MΦLPS) or interferon-γ+tumor necrosis factor-α (MΦIFN-γ+TNF-α). An alternative polarization phenotype was induced with interleukin-4 (MΦIL-4). The pronounced increase in 2-deoxyglucose uptake distinguishes MΦLPS from MΦIFN-γ+TNF-α, MΦIL-4, and unstimulated macrophages (MΦ0). Despite having comparable levels of 2-deoxyglucose accumulation, MΦIL-4 can be distinguished from both MΦIFN-γ+TNF-α and MΦ0 based on the enhanced glutamine accumulation, which was associated with increased expression of a glutamine transporter, Slc1a5. Ex vivo autoradiography experiments demonstrated distinct and heterogenous patterns of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose and 14C-glutamine accumulation in atherosclerotic lesions of low-density lipoprotein receptor-null mice fed a high-fat diet. CONCLUSIONS Combined assessment of glutamine and 2-deoxyglucose accumulation improves the ex vivo identification of macrophage activation states. Combined ex vivo metabolic imaging demonstrates heterogenous and distinct patterns of substrate accumulation in atherosclerotic lesions. Further studies are required to define the in vivo significance of glutamine uptake in atherosclerosis and its potential application in identification of vulnerable plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Tavakoli
- From the Department of Radiology (S.T.) and Department of Medicine (S.T.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Cellular and Structural Biology (K.D), Department of Pharmacology (J.D.S.), Department of Biochemistry (H.N.N., R.A.), Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Y.L., R.A.), Department of Radiology (P.A.J., B.G., R.A.), and Research Imaging Institute (P.A.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.T., M.M.S.) and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.T., M.M.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Kevin Downs
- From the Department of Radiology (S.T.) and Department of Medicine (S.T.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Cellular and Structural Biology (K.D), Department of Pharmacology (J.D.S.), Department of Biochemistry (H.N.N., R.A.), Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Y.L., R.A.), Department of Radiology (P.A.J., B.G., R.A.), and Research Imaging Institute (P.A.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.T., M.M.S.) and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.T., M.M.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - John D Short
- From the Department of Radiology (S.T.) and Department of Medicine (S.T.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Cellular and Structural Biology (K.D), Department of Pharmacology (J.D.S.), Department of Biochemistry (H.N.N., R.A.), Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Y.L., R.A.), Department of Radiology (P.A.J., B.G., R.A.), and Research Imaging Institute (P.A.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.T., M.M.S.) and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.T., M.M.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Huynh Nga Nguyen
- From the Department of Radiology (S.T.) and Department of Medicine (S.T.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Cellular and Structural Biology (K.D), Department of Pharmacology (J.D.S.), Department of Biochemistry (H.N.N., R.A.), Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Y.L., R.A.), Department of Radiology (P.A.J., B.G., R.A.), and Research Imaging Institute (P.A.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.T., M.M.S.) and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.T., M.M.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Yanlai Lai
- From the Department of Radiology (S.T.) and Department of Medicine (S.T.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Cellular and Structural Biology (K.D), Department of Pharmacology (J.D.S.), Department of Biochemistry (H.N.N., R.A.), Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Y.L., R.A.), Department of Radiology (P.A.J., B.G., R.A.), and Research Imaging Institute (P.A.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.T., M.M.S.) and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.T., M.M.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Paul A Jerabek
- From the Department of Radiology (S.T.) and Department of Medicine (S.T.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Cellular and Structural Biology (K.D), Department of Pharmacology (J.D.S.), Department of Biochemistry (H.N.N., R.A.), Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Y.L., R.A.), Department of Radiology (P.A.J., B.G., R.A.), and Research Imaging Institute (P.A.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.T., M.M.S.) and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.T., M.M.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Beth Goins
- From the Department of Radiology (S.T.) and Department of Medicine (S.T.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Cellular and Structural Biology (K.D), Department of Pharmacology (J.D.S.), Department of Biochemistry (H.N.N., R.A.), Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Y.L., R.A.), Department of Radiology (P.A.J., B.G., R.A.), and Research Imaging Institute (P.A.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.T., M.M.S.) and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.T., M.M.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Jakub Toczek
- From the Department of Radiology (S.T.) and Department of Medicine (S.T.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Cellular and Structural Biology (K.D), Department of Pharmacology (J.D.S.), Department of Biochemistry (H.N.N., R.A.), Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Y.L., R.A.), Department of Radiology (P.A.J., B.G., R.A.), and Research Imaging Institute (P.A.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.T., M.M.S.) and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.T., M.M.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Mehran M Sadeghi
- From the Department of Radiology (S.T.) and Department of Medicine (S.T.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Cellular and Structural Biology (K.D), Department of Pharmacology (J.D.S.), Department of Biochemistry (H.N.N., R.A.), Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Y.L., R.A.), Department of Radiology (P.A.J., B.G., R.A.), and Research Imaging Institute (P.A.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.T., M.M.S.) and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.T., M.M.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Reto Asmis
- From the Department of Radiology (S.T.) and Department of Medicine (S.T.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Cellular and Structural Biology (K.D), Department of Pharmacology (J.D.S.), Department of Biochemistry (H.N.N., R.A.), Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Y.L., R.A.), Department of Radiology (P.A.J., B.G., R.A.), and Research Imaging Institute (P.A.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.T., M.M.S.) and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.T., M.M.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.
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Downs K, Tavakoli S, Short JD, Nguyen HN, Asmis R. Abstract 450: Monocytic Glutaredoxin 1 Protects Mice Against Obesity, Hyperglycemia and Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.37.suppl_1.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of glutaredoxin 1 (Grx1) protects monocytes from metabolic stress-induced priming, i.e. dysregulation and hypersensitization to chemokines (Ullevig et al. ATVB 2012). To address the role of monocytic Grx1 in mice and in the development of atherogenesis and obesity, we transplanted bone marrow (BM) from either wild-type (WT) or Grx1
-/-
donor mice into atherosclerosis-prone LDLR
-/-
mice and fed these mice a high-fat diet (HFD) for up to 20 weeks. Grx1
Leuko
-/-
mice showed accelerated weight gain after 9 weeks followed by early onset of hyperglycemia. After 6 weeks on HFD, atherosclerotic lesions were slightly larger in Grx1
Leuko
-/-
mice than in WT mice, but the differences did not reach statistical significance. However, after 20 weeks, Grx1
Leuko
-/-
mice showed 36% larger lesions than WT-BM recipients, and monocyte chemotaxis
in vivo
was increased 1.6-fold. Furthermore, compared to WT-BM recipients, adipose tissues and livers of Grx1
Leuko
-/-
mice also showed increased macrophage content and elevated tissue inflammation as determined by IHC and qRT-PCR-based gene array. Adipose tissue in particular, showed significant increases in the expression of proinflammatory genes in addition to an increased abundance of proinflammatory “crown-like” structures. In contrast, genes associated with inflammation resolving macrophages were significantly suppressed. Macrophages isolated from Grx1
-/-
mice and stimulated with INFγ+TNFα also showed increased expression of pro-inflammatory M1-associated genes, whereas M2-associated genes were suppressed in Grx-1
-/-
macrophages activated with IL-4. Furthermore, macrophages from Grx1
-/-
mice exposed to metabolic stress also display increased protein
S
-glutathionylation, enhanced hypersensitization to chemokine, and impaired autophagy compared to macrophages from wild-type mice. Taken together, our data show that loss of monocytic Grx1 worsens monocyte priming in response to HFD-induced metabolic stress and accelerates the infiltration of dysfunctional monocyte-derived macrophages into tissues, such as aorta, liver and adipose tissues. We conclude that monocytic Grx1 is critical for maintaining metabolic homeostasis in mice and protects mice against obesity and atherogenesis.
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Ullevig SL, Kim HS, Short JD, Tavakoli S, Weintraub ST, Downs K, Asmis R. Protein S-Glutathionylation Mediates Macrophage Responses to Metabolic Cues from the Extracellular Environment. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 25:836-851. [PMID: 26984580 PMCID: PMC5107721 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Protein S-glutathionylation, the formation of a mixed disulfide between glutathione and protein thiols, is an oxidative modification that has emerged as a new signaling paradigm, potentially linking oxidative stress to chronic inflammation associated with heart disease, diabetes, cancer, lung disease, and aging. Using a novel, highly sensitive, and selective proteomic approach to identify S-glutathionylated proteins, we tested the hypothesis that monocytes and macrophages sense changes in their microenvironment and respond to metabolic stress by altering their protein thiol S-glutathionylation status. RESULTS We identified over 130 S-glutathionylated proteins, which were associated with a variety of cellular functions, including metabolism, transcription and translation, protein folding, free radical scavenging, cell motility, and cell death. Over 90% of S-glutathionylated proteins identified in metabolically stressed THP-1 monocytes were also found in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-treated cells, suggesting that H2O2 mediates metabolic stress-induced protein S-glutathionylation in monocytes and macrophages. We validated our findings in mouse peritoneal macrophages isolated from both healthy and dyslipidemic atherosclerotic mice and found that 52% of the S-glutathionylated proteins found in THP-1 monocytes were also identified in vivo. Changes in macrophage protein S-glutathionylation induced by dyslipidemia were sexually dimorphic. INNOVATION We provide a novel mechanistic link between metabolic (and thiol oxidative) stress, macrophage dysfunction, and chronic inflammatory diseases associated with metabolic disorders. CONCLUSION Our data support the concept that changes in the extracellular metabolic microenvironment induce S-glutathionylation of proteins central to macrophage metabolism and a wide array of cellular signaling pathways and functions, which in turn initiate and promote functional and phenotypic changes in macrophages. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 836-851.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Ullevig
- 1 Department of Kinesiology, Health, and Nutrition, University of Texas at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Hong Seok Kim
- 2 Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University , Incheon, Korea
| | - John D Short
- 3 Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Sina Tavakoli
- 4 Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Susan T Weintraub
- 5 Institutional Mass Spectrometry Core Laboratory, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas.,6 Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Kevin Downs
- 7 Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Reto Asmis
- 4 Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas.,6 Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas.,8 Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
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6
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Monocyte and macrophage dysfunction plays a critical role in a wide range of inflammatory disease processes, including obesity, impaired wound healing diabetic complications, and atherosclerosis. Emerging evidence suggests that the earliest events in monocyte or macrophage dysregulation include elevated reactive oxygen species production, thiol modifications, and disruption of redox-sensitive signaling pathways. This review focuses on the current state of research in thiol redox signaling in monocytes and macrophages, including (i) the molecular mechanisms by which reversible protein-S-glutathionylation occurs, (ii) the identification of bona fide S-glutathionylated proteins that occur under physiological conditions, and (iii) how disruptions of thiol redox signaling affect monocyte and macrophage functions and contribute to atherosclerosis. Recent Advances: Recent advances in redox biochemistry and biology as well as redox proteomic techniques have led to the identification of many new thiol redox-regulated proteins and pathways. In addition, major advances have been made in expanding the list of S-glutathionylated proteins and assessing the role that protein-S-glutathionylation and S-glutathionylation-regulating enzymes play in monocyte and macrophage functions, including monocyte transmigration, macrophage polarization, foam cell formation, and macrophage cell death. CRITICAL ISSUES Protein-S-glutathionylation/deglutathionylation in monocytes and macrophages has emerged as a new and important signaling paradigm, which provides a molecular basis for the well-established relationship between metabolic disorders, oxidative stress, and cardiovascular diseases. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The identification of specific S-glutathionylated proteins as well as the mechanisms that control this post-translational protein modification in monocytes and macrophages will facilitate the development of new preventive and therapeutic strategies to combat atherosclerosis and other metabolic diseases. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 816-835.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Short
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Kevin Downs
- 2 Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Sina Tavakoli
- 3 Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Reto Asmis
- 4 Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas.,5 Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
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7
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Tavakoli S, Short JD, Downs K, Nguyen HN, Lai Y, Zhang W, Jerabek P, Goins B, Sadeghi MM, Asmis R. Differential Regulation of Macrophage Glucose Metabolism by Macrophage Colony-stimulating Factor and Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-stimulating Factor: Implications for 18F FDG PET Imaging of Vessel Wall Inflammation. Radiology 2016; 283:87-97. [PMID: 27849433 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2016160839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To determine the divergence of immunometabolic phenotypes of macrophages stimulated with macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and granulocyte-M-CSF (GM-CSF) and its implications for fluorine 18 (18F) fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) imaging of atherosclerosis. Materials and Methods This study was approved by the animal care committee. Uptake of 2-deoxyglucose and various indexes of oxidative and glycolytic metabolism were evaluated in nonactivated murine peritoneal macrophages (MΦ0) and macrophages stimulated with M-CSF (MΦM-CSF) or GM-CSF (MΦGM-CSF). Intracellular glucose flux was measured by using stable isotope tracing of glycolytic and tricyclic acid intermediary metabolites. 18F-FDG uptake was evaluated in murine atherosclerotic aortas after stimulation with M-CSF or GM-CSF by using quantitative autoradiography. Results Despite inducing distinct activation states, GM-CSF and M-CSF stimulated progressive but similar levels of increased 2-deoxyglucose uptake in macrophages that reached up to sixfold compared with MΦ0. The expression of glucose transporters, oxidative metabolism, and mitochondrial biogenesis were induced to similar levels in MΦM-CSF and MΦGM-CSF. Unexpectedly, there was a 1.7-fold increase in extracellular acidification rate, a 1.4-fold increase in lactate production, and overexpression of several critical glycolytic enzymes in MΦM-CSF compared with MΦGM-CSF with associated increased glucose flux through glycolytic pathway. Quantitative autoradiography demonstrated a 1.6-fold induction of 18F-FDG uptake in murine atherosclerotic plaques by both M-CSF and GM-CSF. Conclusion The proinflammatory and inflammation-resolving activation states of macrophages induced by GM-CSF and M-CSF in either cell culture or atherosclerotic plaques may not be distinguishable by the assessment of glucose uptake. © RSNA, 2016 Online supplemental material is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Tavakoli
- From the Departments of Radiology (S.T., P.J., B.G., R.A.), Pharmacology (J.D.S.), Cellular and Structural Biology (K.D.), Biochemistry (H.N.N., R.A.), and Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Y.L., R.A.) and Research Imaging Institute (W.Z., P.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Dr, MC-8254, San Antonio, TX 78229-3904; and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn (M.M.S.)
| | - John D Short
- From the Departments of Radiology (S.T., P.J., B.G., R.A.), Pharmacology (J.D.S.), Cellular and Structural Biology (K.D.), Biochemistry (H.N.N., R.A.), and Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Y.L., R.A.) and Research Imaging Institute (W.Z., P.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Dr, MC-8254, San Antonio, TX 78229-3904; and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn (M.M.S.)
| | - Kevin Downs
- From the Departments of Radiology (S.T., P.J., B.G., R.A.), Pharmacology (J.D.S.), Cellular and Structural Biology (K.D.), Biochemistry (H.N.N., R.A.), and Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Y.L., R.A.) and Research Imaging Institute (W.Z., P.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Dr, MC-8254, San Antonio, TX 78229-3904; and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn (M.M.S.)
| | - Huynh Nga Nguyen
- From the Departments of Radiology (S.T., P.J., B.G., R.A.), Pharmacology (J.D.S.), Cellular and Structural Biology (K.D.), Biochemistry (H.N.N., R.A.), and Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Y.L., R.A.) and Research Imaging Institute (W.Z., P.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Dr, MC-8254, San Antonio, TX 78229-3904; and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn (M.M.S.)
| | - Yanlai Lai
- From the Departments of Radiology (S.T., P.J., B.G., R.A.), Pharmacology (J.D.S.), Cellular and Structural Biology (K.D.), Biochemistry (H.N.N., R.A.), and Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Y.L., R.A.) and Research Imaging Institute (W.Z., P.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Dr, MC-8254, San Antonio, TX 78229-3904; and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn (M.M.S.)
| | - Wei Zhang
- From the Departments of Radiology (S.T., P.J., B.G., R.A.), Pharmacology (J.D.S.), Cellular and Structural Biology (K.D.), Biochemistry (H.N.N., R.A.), and Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Y.L., R.A.) and Research Imaging Institute (W.Z., P.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Dr, MC-8254, San Antonio, TX 78229-3904; and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn (M.M.S.)
| | - Paul Jerabek
- From the Departments of Radiology (S.T., P.J., B.G., R.A.), Pharmacology (J.D.S.), Cellular and Structural Biology (K.D.), Biochemistry (H.N.N., R.A.), and Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Y.L., R.A.) and Research Imaging Institute (W.Z., P.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Dr, MC-8254, San Antonio, TX 78229-3904; and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn (M.M.S.)
| | - Beth Goins
- From the Departments of Radiology (S.T., P.J., B.G., R.A.), Pharmacology (J.D.S.), Cellular and Structural Biology (K.D.), Biochemistry (H.N.N., R.A.), and Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Y.L., R.A.) and Research Imaging Institute (W.Z., P.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Dr, MC-8254, San Antonio, TX 78229-3904; and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn (M.M.S.)
| | - Mehran M Sadeghi
- From the Departments of Radiology (S.T., P.J., B.G., R.A.), Pharmacology (J.D.S.), Cellular and Structural Biology (K.D.), Biochemistry (H.N.N., R.A.), and Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Y.L., R.A.) and Research Imaging Institute (W.Z., P.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Dr, MC-8254, San Antonio, TX 78229-3904; and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn (M.M.S.)
| | - Reto Asmis
- From the Departments of Radiology (S.T., P.J., B.G., R.A.), Pharmacology (J.D.S.), Cellular and Structural Biology (K.D.), Biochemistry (H.N.N., R.A.), and Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Y.L., R.A.) and Research Imaging Institute (W.Z., P.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Dr, MC-8254, San Antonio, TX 78229-3904; and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn (M.M.S.)
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Bandyopadhyay D, Sanchez JL, Guerrero AM, Chang FM, Granados JC, Short JD, Banik BK. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel pyrenyl derivatives as anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 89:851-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Chang FM, Reyna SM, Granados JC, Wei SJ, Innis-Whitehouse W, Maffi SK, Rodriguez E, Slaga TJ, Short JD. Inhibition of neddylation represses lipopolysaccharide-induced proinflammatory cytokine production in macrophage cells. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:35756-35767. [PMID: 22927439 PMCID: PMC3471689 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.397703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cullin-RING E3 ligases (CRLs) are a class of ubiquitin ligases that control the proteasomal degradation of numerous target proteins, including IκB, and the activity of these CRLs are positively regulated by conjugation of a Nedd8 polypeptide onto Cullin proteins in a process called neddylation. CRL-mediated degradation of IκB, which normally interacts with and retains NF-κB in the cytoplasm, permits nuclear translocation and transactivation of the NF-κB transcription factor. Neddylation occurs through a multistep enzymatic process involving Nedd8 activating enzymes, and recent studies have shown that the pharmacological agent, MLN4924, can potently inhibit Nedd8 activating enzymes, thereby preventing neddylation of Cullin proteins and preventing the degradation of CRL target proteins. In macrophages, regulation of NF-κB signaling functions as a primary pathway by which infectious agents such as lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) cause the up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines. Here we have analyzed the effects of MLN4924, and compared the effects of MLN4924 with a known anti-inflammatory agent (dexamethasone), on certain proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) and the NF-κB signaling pathway in LPS-stimulated macrophages. We also used siRNA to block neddylation to assess the role of this molecular process during LPS-induced cytokine responsiveness. Our results demonstrate that blocking neddylation, either pharmacologically or using siRNA, abrogates the increase in certain proinflammatory cytokines secreted from macrophages in response to LPS. In addition, we have shown that MLN4924 and dexamethasone inhibit LPS-induced cytokine up-regulation at the transcriptional level, albeit through different molecular mechanisms. Thus, neddylation represents a novel molecular process in macrophages that can be targeted to prevent and/or treat the LPS-induced up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines and the disease processes associated with their up-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Mei Chang
- Regional Academic Health Center, Medical Research Division, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Edinburg, Texas 78541
| | - Sara M Reyna
- Regional Academic Health Center, Medical Research Division, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Edinburg, Texas 78541; Department of Medicine/Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Jose C Granados
- Regional Academic Health Center, Medical Research Division, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Edinburg, Texas 78541
| | - Sung-Jen Wei
- Regional Academic Health Center, Medical Research Division, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Edinburg, Texas 78541; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Wendy Innis-Whitehouse
- Regional Academic Health Center, Medical Research Division, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Edinburg, Texas 78541
| | - Shivani K Maffi
- Regional Academic Health Center, Medical Research Division, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Edinburg, Texas 78541; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78245
| | - Edward Rodriguez
- Regional Academic Health Center, Medical Research Division, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Edinburg, Texas 78541
| | - Thomas J Slaga
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - John D Short
- Regional Academic Health Center, Medical Research Division, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Edinburg, Texas 78541; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229.
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Bandyopadhyay D, Mukherjee S, Granados JC, Short JD, Banik BK. Ultrasound-assisted bismuth nitrate-induced green synthesis of novel pyrrole derivatives and their biological evaluation as anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 50:209-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Bandyopadhyay D, Granados JC, Short JD, Banik BK. Polycyclic aromatic compounds as anticancer agents: Evaluation of synthesis and in vitro cytotoxicity. Oncol Lett 2011; 3:45-49. [PMID: 22740854 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2011.436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are considered to be significant environmental carcinogens. Additionally, various planar ring systems are capable of intercalating with DNA, leading to a number of drugs that possess chemotherapeutic activity. In this study, three new polyaromatic compounds with a side chain were synthesized, and spectroscopic as well as elemental analyses were performed. The addition of the long chains to either chrysene or pyrene caused a red-shift in the spectral emission when compared to the corresponding polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons itself. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of the three novel polyaromatic compounds was evaluated in vitro in a panel of cultured mammalian cell lines. The pyrenyl ether demonstrated better cytotoxicity compared to cisplatin against colon (HT-29) as well as cervical (HeLa) cancer cell lines. In conclusion, three new compounds were synthesized and investigated in this study. This novel method is likely to play a role in other areas of research.
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12
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Short JD, Dere R, Houston KD, Cai SL, Kim J, Bergeron JM, Shen J, Liang J, Bedford MT, Mills GB, Walker CL. AMPK-mediated phosphorylation of murine p27 at T197 promotes binding of 14-3-3 proteins and increases p27 stability. Mol Carcinog 2010; 49:429-39. [PMID: 20146253 PMCID: PMC3818129 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (Tsc2) gene product, tuberin, acts as a negative regulator of mTOR signaling, and loss of tuberin function leads to tumors of the brain, skin, kidney, heart, and lungs. Previous studies have shown that loss of tuberin function affects the stability and subcellular localization of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) p27, although the mechanism(s) by which tuberin modulates p27 stability has/have not been elucidated. Previous studies have also shown that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which functions in an energy-sensing pathway in the cell, becomes activated in the absence of tuberin. Here we show that in Tsc2-null tumors and cell lines, AMPK activation correlates with an increase in p27 levels, and inhibition of AMPK signaling decreases p27 levels in these cells. In addition, activation of AMPK led to phosphorylation of p27 at the conserved terminal threonine residue of murine p27 (T197) in both in vitro kinase assays and in cells. Phosphorylation of p27 at T197 led to increased interaction between p27 and 14-3-3 proteins and increased the protein stability of p27. Furthermore, activation of AMPK signaling promoted the interaction between p27 and 14-3-3 proteins and increased the stability of the p27 protein in a manner that was dependent on T197. These data identify a conserved mechanism for the regulation of p27 stability via phosphorylation at the terminal threonine (mT197/hT198) and binding of 14-3-3 proteins, which when AMPK is activated results in stabilization of the p27 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D. Short
- Department of Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center-Research Division, Smithville, TX 78957
| | - Ruhee Dere
- Department of Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center-Research Division, Smithville, TX 78957
| | - Kevin D. Houston
- Department of Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center-Research Division, Smithville, TX 78957
| | - Sheng-Li Cai
- Department of Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center-Research Division, Smithville, TX 78957
| | - Jinhee Kim
- Department of Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center-Research Division, Smithville, TX 78957
| | - Judith M. Bergeron
- Department of Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center-Research Division, Smithville, TX 78957
| | - Jianjun Shen
- Department of Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center-Research Division, Smithville, TX 78957
| | - Jiyong Liang
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Mark T. Bedford
- Department of Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center-Research Division, Smithville, TX 78957
| | - Gordon B. Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Cheryl Lyn Walker
- Department of Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center-Research Division, Smithville, TX 78957
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Kim J, Jonasch E, Alexander A, Short JD, Cai S, Wen S, Tsavachidou D, Tamboli P, Czerniak BA, Do KA, Wu KJ, Marlow LA, Wood CG, Copland JA, Walker CL. Cytoplasmic sequestration of p27 via AKT phosphorylation in renal cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:81-90. [PMID: 19118035 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE p27 localization and expression has prognostic and predictive value in cancer. Little is known regarding expression patterns of p27 in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) or how p27 participates in disease progression or response to therapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN RCC-derived cell lines, primary tumors, and normal renal epithelial cells were analyzed for p27 expression, phosphorylation (T157 of the NLS), and subcellular localization. RCC-derived cell lines were treated with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors and effects on p27 localization were assessed. The potential contribution of cytoplasmic p27 to resistance to apoptosis was also evaluated. RESULTS p27 was elevated in tumors compared with matched controls, and cytoplasmic mislocalization of p27 was associated with increasing tumor grade. Cytoplasmic localization of p27 correlated with phosphorylation at T157, an AKT phosphorylation site in the p27 NLS. In RCC cell lines, activated PI3K/AKT signaling was accompanied by mislocalization of p27. AKT activation and phosphorylation of p27 was associated with resistance to apoptosis, and small interfering RNA knockdown of p27 or relocalization to the nucleus increased apoptosis in RCC cells. Treatment with the PI3K inhibitors LY294002 or wortmannin resulted in nuclear relocalization of p27, whereas mTOR inhibition by rapamycin did not. CONCLUSIONS In RCC, p27 is phosphorylated at T157 of the NLS, with increasing tumor grade associated with cytoplasmic p27. PI3K inhibition (which reduces AKT activity) reduces T157 phosphorylation and induces nuclear relocalization of p27, whereas mTOR inhibition does not. Clinical testing of these findings may provide a rational approach for use of mTOR and PI3K/AKT pathway inhibitors in patients with RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhee Kim
- Department of Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Short JD, Houston KD, Dere R, Cai SL, Kim J, Johnson CL, Broaddus RR, Shen J, Miyamoto S, Tamanoi F, Kwiatkowski D, Mills GB, Walker CL. AMP-activated protein kinase signaling results in cytoplasmic sequestration of p27. Cancer Res 2008; 68:6496-506. [PMID: 18701472 PMCID: PMC3011867 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-5756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Tuberin, the Tsc2 gene product, integrates the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (mitogenic) and LKB1/AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK; energy) signaling pathways, and previous independent studies have shown that loss of tuberin is associated with elevated AMPK signaling and altered p27 function. In Tsc2-null tumors and tumor-derived cells from Eker rats, we observed elevated AMPK signaling and concordant cytoplasmic mislocalization of p27. Cytoplasmic localization of p27 in Tsc2-null cells was reversible pharmacologically using inhibitors of the LKB1/AMPK pathway, and localization of p27 to the cytoplasm could be induced directly by activating AMPK physiologically (glucose deprivation) or genetically (constitutively active AMPK) in Tsc2-proficient cells. Furthermore, AMPK phosphorylated p27 in vitro on at least three sites including T170 near the nuclear localization signal, and T170 was shown to determine p27 localization in response to AMPK signaling. p27 functions in the nucleus to suppress cyclin-dependent kinase-2 (Cdk2) activity and has been reported to mediate an antiapoptotic function when localized to the cytoplasm. We found that cells with elevated AMPK signaling and cytoplasmic p27 localization exhibited elevated Cdk2 activity, which could be suppressed by inhibiting AMPK signaling. In addition, cells with elevated AMPK signaling and cytoplasmic p27 localization were resistant to apoptosis, which could be overcome by inhibition of AMPK signaling and relocalization of p27 to the nucleus. These data show that AMPK signaling determines the subcellular localization of p27, and identifies loss of integration of pathways controlling energy balance, the cell cycle, and apoptosis due to aberrant AMPK and p27 function as a feature of cells that have lost the Tsc2 tumor suppressor gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D. Short
- Department of Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | - Kevin D. Houston
- Department of Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | - Ruhee Dere
- Department of Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | - Sheng-Li Cai
- Department of Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | - Jinhee Kim
- Department of Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | - Charles L. Johnson
- Department of Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | - Russell R. Broaddus
- Department of Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | - Jianjun Shen
- Department of Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | - Susie Miyamoto
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Fuyuhiko Tamanoi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics University of California, Los Angeles
| | - David Kwiatkowski
- Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School
| | - Gordon B. Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | - Cheryl Lyn Walker
- Department of Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Department of Carcinogenesis UT MD Anderson Cancer Center 1808 Park Road 1C, PO Box 389 Smithville, TX 78957 Phone: 512−237−9550 Fax: 512−237−2475
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Cai SL, Tee AR, Short JD, Bergeron JM, Kim J, Shen J, Guo R, Johnson CL, Kiguchi K, Walker CL. Activity of TSC2 is inhibited by AKT-mediated phosphorylation and membrane partitioning. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 173:279-89. [PMID: 16636147 PMCID: PMC2063818 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200507119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Loss of tuberin, the product of TSC2 gene, increases mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, promoting cell growth and tumor development. However, in cells expressing tuberin, it is not known how repression of mTOR signaling is relieved to activate this pathway in response to growth factors and how hamartin participates in this process. We show that hamartin colocalizes with hypophosphorylated tuberin at the membrane, where tuberin exerts its GTPase-activating protein (GAP) activity to repress Rheb signaling. In response to growth signals, tuberin is phosphorylated by AKT and translocates to the cytosol, relieving Rheb repression. Phosphorylation of tuberin at serines 939 and 981 does not alter its intrinsic GAP activity toward Rheb but partitions tuberin to the cytosol, where it is bound by 14-3-3 proteins. Thus, tuberin bound by 14-3-3 in response to AKT phosphorylation is sequestered away from its membrane-bound activation partner (hamartin) and its target GTPase (Rheb) to relieve the growth inhibitory effects of this tumor suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Li Cai
- Department of Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, 78957, USA
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Abstract
JunD, a member of the Jun family of nuclear transcription proteins, dimerizes with Fos family members or other Jun proteins (c-Jun or JunB) to form the activator protein 1 (AP-1) transcription factor. The junD gene contains no introns and generates a single mRNA. Here we show that two predominant JunD isoforms are generated by alternative initiation of translation, a 39-kDa full-length JunD protein (JunD-FL) by initiation at the first AUG codon downstream of the mRNA 5' cap and a shorter, 34-kDa JunD protein (DeltaJunD) by initiation at a second in-frame AUG codon. The JunD mRNA contains a long, G/C-rich 5'-untranslated region that is predicted to be highly structured and is important for regulating the ratio of JunD-FL and DeltaJunD protein expression. A third functional out-of-frame AUG directs translation from a short open reading frame positioned between the JunD-FL and DeltaJunD start sites. In addition, three non-AUG codons also support translation, an ACG codon (in-frame with JunD) and a CUG are positioned in the 5'-untranslated region, and a CUG codon (also in-frame with JunD) is located downstream of the short open reading frame. Mutation of these start sites individually had no affect on DeltaJunD protein levels, but mutation of multiple upstream start sites led to an increase in DeltaJunD protein levels, indicating that these codons can function cumulatively to suppress DeltaJunD translation. Finally, we show that the JunD mRNA does not possess an internal ribosome entry site and is translated in a cap-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Short
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry and the Southwest Cancer Center at University Medical Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430, USA
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Short JD, Wolfe JP. Evidence for large gap anisotropy in superconducting Pb from phonon imaging. Phys Rev Lett 2000; 85:5198-5201. [PMID: 11102220 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.85.5198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We report the first ballistic phonon images of superconducting Pb. Unusual absorption lines are observed for phonon wave vectors in 111 planes. We show that a highly anisotropic energy gap can lead to sharply defined directions of phonon attenuation. Overhauser and Daemen [Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 1885 (1988)] postulated a spin-density-wave ground state for Pb that leads to directions of strongly reduced gap. By applying their idea to the actual Fermi surface of Pb, we predict phonon attenuation directions consistent with the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- JD Short
- Physics Department and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Short JD. Psychological effects of stress from restructuring and reorganization. Assessment, intervention, and prevention strategies. AAOHN J 1997; 45:597-604; quiz 605-6. [PMID: 9397692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
1. Demands from the economy, market competition, and the political arena have led to restructuring, reorganization, and change in the workplace. 2. Work behaviors indicative of stress are costly to organizations. 3. Strategies for intervention and prevention should be directed at both managers and workers and can result in cost savings for the organizations. 4. A collaborative approach in which occupational health nurses work with other services inside the organization, and with community organizations and services outside the organization, is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Short
- Department of Baccalaureate and Graduate Nursing, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, KY, USA
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Abstract
Part two of a two-part study was conducted to obtain data on the influence activities and mentoring relationships of administrators of schools of nursing. The deans and directors of the American Association of Colleges of Nursing member schools were mailed a questionnaire that included sections on the above topics incorporated from Vance's questionnaire and a scale for rating mentoring functions. A response rate of 73.5 per cent was obtained. A majority of the subjects had entry-level preparation at the baccalaureate level and had obtained a doctorate. Despite a majority of the subjects reporting involvement in mentoring relationships, the percentage of those having a mentor while in the dean or director position was only 27 per cent. The positions of the mentors were most often supervisors from the academic area. A Student's t test determined that psychosocial functions of a mentoring relationship were more important than career functions, although both functions had a relatively high mean score. The subjects also reported involvement in a variety of professional activities of influence, such as publishing, presenting, consulting, and conducting research. The suggestion was made that perhaps multiple mentors and other avenues may be needed to prepare for the scholarly, professional, and administrative expectations of the role.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Short
- Department of Baccalaureate and Graduate Nursing, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond 40475, USA
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Abstract
Part one of a two-part study was conducted with administrators of schools of nursing to determine the perceived importance of various resources in their goal achievement. The deans and directors of the American Association of Colleges of Nursing member schools were mailed a questionnaire that included the scale of Sources of Influence and sections on personal and career characteristics. A response rate of 73.5 per cent was obtained. The most important resource was communication skills; 99.1 per cent of the subjects indicated that this resource was highly important. The top resources also included interpersonal skills, creativity in thinking, ability to mobilize groups, and intellectual ability. The results were remarkably similar to earlier studies that used different subject groups. Similarities in the rankings were noted in the top-ranked resources as well as the lower-ranked personal traits, work or professional organization positions, and mentoring. The resources that are of a supportive or prescribed nature appeared to be less important than the resources that can be controlled and developed. For nurse administrators, particular emphasis should be placed on the development and enhancement of communication skills and the other thinking and relating types of skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Short
- Department of Baccalaureate and Graduate Nursing, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond 40475, USA
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Short JD, Slusher IL. Adolescent pregnancy. Ky Nurse 1994; 42:36-7. [PMID: 7934083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Abstract
A pilot study based on the interdependence mode of the Roy adaptation model was conducted to evaluate interdependence needs in the new family. The interdependence mode consists of giving and receiving behaviors in the categories of significant other, support systems (friendships), support systems (extended family), and a person's experience of feeling alone. A questionnaire addressing these categories was administered to 10 newly delivered mothers on a family-centered maternity unit. The lower mean scores for the categories of extended family and feeling alone suggest the need for further evaluation in these categories. A foundation was laid for further study of interdependence needs and family nursing, but more research using larger, random samples is needed.
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Slusher IL, Short JD, Kolar KR, Marable S, Watlington LW. State of the art of nursing research and theory development in adolescent health. Issues Compr Pediatr Nurs 1993; 16:1-11. [PMID: 8244792 DOI: 10.3109/01460869309078262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A literature review was conducted to ascertain the state of the art of nursing research and theory development in adolescent health. A conceptual framework and data collection tool were developed to guide evaluation of the research reports. Adolescent health literature reported within the past 10 years (June 1982 to June 1992) was reviewed. Of 124 adolescent health articles identified in literature searches, 46.0% (n = 57) met inclusion criteria and were included in the literature review. A developmental approach, which included the purposes of theory and research (Chinn & Jacobs, 1987), was used to determine the state of the art of nursing research and theory development. Nursing research and theory development in adolescent health were determined to be at a level between adolescence and young adulthood, reflecting beginning maturity.
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