1
|
Tchalova K, Lydon JE, Atkinson L, Fleming AS, Kennedy J, Lecompte V, Meaney MJ, Moss E, O'Donnell KA, O'Donnell KJ, Silveira PP, Sokolowski MB, Steiner M, Bartz JA. Variation in the mu-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) moderates the influence of maternal sensitivity on child attachment. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:181. [PMID: 38580654 PMCID: PMC10997775 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02888-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The endogenous opioid system is thought to play an important role in mother-infant attachment. In infant rhesus macaques, variation in the μ-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) is related to differences in attachment behavior that emerges following repeated separation from the mother; specifically, infants carrying at least one copy of the minor G allele of the OPRM1 C77G polymorphism show heightened and more persistent separation distress, as well as a pattern of increased contact-seeking behavior directed towards the mother during reunions (at the expense of affiliation with other group members). Research in adult humans has also linked the minor G allele of the analogous OPRM1 A118G polymorphism with greater interpersonal sensitivity. Adopting an interactionist approach, we examined whether OPRM1 A118G genotype and maternal (in)sensitivity are associated with child attachment style, predicting that children carrying the G allele may be more likely to develop an ambivalent attachment pattern in response to less sensitive maternal care. The sample consisted of 191 mothers participating with their children (n = 223) in the Maternal Adversity, Vulnerability and Neurodevelopment (MAVAN) project, a community-based, birth cohort study of Canadian mothers and their children assessed longitudinally across the child's development. Maternal sensitivity was coded from at-home mother-child interactions videotaped when the child was 18 months of age. Child attachment was assessed at 36 months using the Strange Situation paradigm. As predicted, G allele carriers, but not AA homozygotes, showed increasing odds of being classified as ambivalently attached with decreasing levels of maternal sensitivity. Paralleling earlier non-human animal research, this work provides support for the theory that endogenous opioids contribute to the expression of attachment behaviors in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Tchalova
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - J E Lydon
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - L Atkinson
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - A S Fleming
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J Kennedy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - V Lecompte
- L'Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - M J Meaney
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - E Moss
- L'Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - K A O'Donnell
- Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - K J O'Donnell
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - P P Silveira
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - M B Sokolowski
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - J A Bartz
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Auger E, Thai S, Birnie-Porter C, Lydon JE. On Creating Deeper Relationship Bonds: Felt Understanding Enhances Relationship Identification. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2024:1461672241233419. [PMID: 38476114 DOI: 10.1177/01461672241233419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Relational experiences play a critical role in shaping how individuals see themselves. In four studies (N=945) using person-perception, longitudinal, and experimental designs, we demonstrate that feeling understood changes individuals' self-concept by increasing the centrality of a specific relationship (relationship identification). Study 1 showed that participants perceived an individual to be more identified with their relationship when their partner was high (vs. low) in understanding. Study 2 extended these results by examining individuals in romantic relationships longitudinally. The results of Studies 1 and 2 were distinct for understanding compared to acceptance and caring. Studies 3 and 4 manipulated felt understanding. Recalling many versus few understanding instances (Study 3) and imagining a close other being low versus high in understanding (Study 4) led individuals to feel less understood, which reduced identification in their friendships and romantic relationships. Furthermore, Study 4 suggests that coherence may be one mechanism through which felt understanding increases relationship identification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Auger
- McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Collège Ahuntsic, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sabrina Thai
- Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Macdonald EP, Khullar TH, Vezina EL, Santucci K, Lydon JE, Rose AJ, Dirks MA. Say you'll be there: Associations between observed verbal responses, friendship quality, and perceptions of support in young adult friendships. J Soc Pers Relat 2023; 40:4001-4022. [PMID: 38058533 PMCID: PMC10695744 DOI: 10.1177/02654075231195115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Friendships are a primary source of social support during young adulthood; however, little is known about the factors associated with young adults feeling greater support during interactions with friends. We examined how micro-level verbal responses and macro-level judgments of friendship quality were associated with perceptions of support following an interaction between friends. Same-gender friend dyads (N = 132; 66.2% female; 18-24 years, M age = 19.63) took turns speaking about a problem, then participants rated their perceptions of support given and received following the task. We coded each participant's verbal responses while in the listening role. Actor Partner Interdependence Models (APIMs) revealed significant partner effects for negative engagement responses, such that greater negative engagement responses were linked with the partner perceiving poorer support both given and received. Models revealed significant actor effects for supportive responses, such that greater supportive responses predicted the actor perceiving better support both given and received. Additionally, models revealed significant actor effects of friendship quality predicting actors' perceiving better support both given and received. Finally, exploratory models revealed minimal interactions between a few types of verbal responses and positive friendship quality. Taken together, results suggest that (a) negative verbal responding styles may be more meaningfully associated with partners' perceptions of support in the moment than are supportive behaviours, whereas (b) supportive verbal responding styles may be more meaningfully associated with actors' perceptions of support in the moment, and (c) actors' judgments of friendship quality are strongly associated with their overall perceptions of support, and a critical factor to consider in future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ella L. Vezina
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MI, USA
| | - Katya Santucci
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - John E. Lydon
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Amanda J. Rose
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MI, USA
| | - Melanie A. Dirks
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tissera H, Visserman ML, Impett EA, Muise A, Lydon JE. Understanding the Links Between Perceiving Gratitude and Romantic Relationship Satisfaction Using an Accuracy and Bias Framework. Soc Psychol Personal Sci 2023; 14:900-910. [PMID: 37745832 PMCID: PMC10516740 DOI: 10.1177/19485506221137958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Perceiving a partner's gratitude has several benefits for romantic relationships. We aimed to better understand these associations by decomposing perceptions into accuracy and bias. Specifically, we examined whether accuracy and bias in perceiving a partner's experience (Study 1: Ndyads= 205) and expression (Study 2: Ndyads= 309) of gratitude were associated with romantic relationship satisfaction. Using the Truth and Bias Model of Judgment, we found that perceivers generally underestimated their partner's gratitude, and lower perceptions of gratitude were related to lower perceiver satisfaction. Perceivers reported greater satisfaction when they assumed their partner's gratitude was similar to their own. Partners reported greater satisfaction when perceivers accurately gauged their partners' gratitude experience (but not expression) and lower satisfaction when perceivers underestimated their gratitude expression (but not experience). Overall, by decomposing gratitude perceptions into accuracy and bias, we provide insight into how these components differentially relate to relationship satisfaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Amy Muise
- York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tissera H, Lydon JE, Human LJ. Is what is beautiful good and still more accurately understood? A replication and extension of Lorenzo et al. (2010). Eur J Pers 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070221099688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Is what is beautiful good and more accurately understood? Lorenzo et al. (2010) explored this question and found that more attractive targets (as per consensus) were judged more positively and accurately. Perceivers’ specific (idiosyncratic) ratings of targets’ attractiveness were also related to more positive and accurate impressions, but the latter was only true for highly consensually attractive targets. With a larger sample ( N = 547), employing a round-robin study design, we aimed to replicate and extend these findings by (1) using a more reliable accuracy criterion, (2) using a direct measure of positive personality impressions, and (3) exploring attention as a potential mechanism of these links. We found that targets’ consensual attractiveness was not significantly related to the positivity or the accuracy of impressions. Replicating the original findings, idiosyncratic attractiveness was related to more positive impressions. The association between idiosyncratic attractiveness and accuracy was again dependent on consensual attractiveness, but here, idiosyncratic attractiveness was associated with lower accuracy for less consensually attractive targets. Perceivers’ attention helped explain these associations. These results partially replicate the original findings while also providing new insight: What is beautiful to the beholder is good but is less accurately understood if the target is consensually less attractive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hasagani Tissera
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - John E Lydon
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lauren J Human
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tissera H, Lydon JE. Knowing How You See Me: Exploring Meta‐Accuracy of Personality, Emotions and Values and Their Links with Relationship Well‐Being Among Young Adults. J Pers 2022; 90:873-886. [DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hasagani Tissera
- Department of Psychology McGill University 2001 McGill College Avenue Montreal QC Canada H3A 1G1
| | - John E. Lydon
- Department of Psychology McGill University 2001 McGill College Avenue Montreal QC Canada H3A 1G1
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Szekely E, Jolicoeur-Martineau A, Atkinson L, Levitan RD, Steiner M, Lydon JE, Fleming AS, Kennedy JL, Wazana A. The Interplay Between Prenatal Adversity, Offspring Dopaminergic Genes, and Early Parenting on Toddler Attentional Function. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:701971. [PMID: 34413728 PMCID: PMC8370126 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.701971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Few studies have explored the complex gene-by-prenatal environment-by-early postnatal environment interactions that underlie the development of attentional competence. Here, we examined if variation in dopamine-related genes interacts with prenatal adversity to influence toddler attentional competence and whether this influence is buffered by early positive maternal behavior. Methods: From the Maternal Adversity, Vulnerability and Neurodevelopment cohort, 134 participants (197 when imputing missing data) had information on prenatal adversity (prenatal stressful life events, prenatal maternal depressive symptoms, and birth weight), five dopamine-related genes (DAT1, DRD4, DRD2, COMT, BDNF), observed maternal parenting behavior at 6 months and parent-rated toddler attentional competence at 18 and 24 months. The Latent Environmental and Genetic Interaction (LEGIT) approach was used to examine genes-by-prenatal environment-by-postnatal environment interactions while controlling for sociodemographic factors and postnatal depression. Results: Our hypothesis of a three-way interaction between prenatal adversity, dopamine-related genes, and early maternal parenting behavior was not confirmed. However, consistent two-way interactions emerged between prenatal adversity and dopamine-related genes; prenatal adversity and maternal parenting behavior, and dopamine-related genes and maternal parenting behavior in relation to toddler attentional competence. Significant interaction effects were driven by the DAT1, COMT, and BDNF genotypes; prenatal stressful life events; maternal sensitivity, tactile stimulation, vocalization, and infant-related activities. Conclusions: Multiple dopamine-related genes affected toddler attentional competence and they did so in interaction with prenatal adversity and the early rearing environment, separately. Effects were already visible in young children. Several aspects of early maternal parenting have been identified as potential targets for intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Szekely
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexia Jolicoeur-Martineau
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.,MILA-Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Computer Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Leslie Atkinson
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert D Levitan
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Meir Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - John E Lydon
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alison S Fleming
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Ashley Wazana
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre for Child Development and Mental Health, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Szekely E, Neumann A, Sallis H, Jolicoeur-Martineau A, Verhulst FC, Meaney MJ, Pearson RM, Levitan RD, Kennedy JL, Lydon JE, Steiner M, Greenwood CMT, Tiemeier H, Evans J, Wazana A. Maternal Prenatal Mood, Pregnancy-Specific Worries, and Early Child Psychopathology: Findings From the DREAM BIG Consortium. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2021; 60:186-197. [PMID: 32278003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2020.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Few studies have attempted to identify how distinct dimensions of maternal prenatal affective symptoms relate to offspring psychopathology. We defined latent dimensions of women's prenatal affective symptoms and pregnancy-specific worries to examine their association with early offspring psychopathology in three prenatal cohorts. METHOD Data were used from three cohorts of the DREAM-BIG consortium: Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC [N = 12,515]), Generation R (N = 6,803), and the Canadian prenatal cohort Maternal Adversity, Vulnerability, and Neurodevelopment (MAVAN [N = 578]). Maternal prenatal affective symptoms and pregnancy-specific worries were assessed using different measures in each cohort. Through confirmatory factor analyses, we determined whether comparable latent dimensions of prenatal maternal affective symptoms existed across the cohorts. We used structural equation models to examine cohort-specific associations between these dimensions and offspring psychopathology at 4 to 8 years of age (general psychopathology, specific internalizing and externalizing previously derived using confirmatory factor analyses). Cohort-based estimates were meta-analyzed using inverse variance-weighing. RESULTS Four prenatal maternal factors were similar in all cohorts: a general affective symptoms factor and three specific factors-an anxiety/depression factor, a somatic factor, and a pregnancy-specific worries factor. In meta-analyses, both the general affective symptoms factor and pregnancy-specific worries factor were independently associated with offspring general psychopathology. The general affective symptoms factor was further associated with offspring specific internalizing problems. There were no associations with specific externalizing problems. CONCLUSION These replicated findings of independent and adverse effects for prenatal general affective symptoms and pregnancy-specific worries on child mental health support the need for specific interventions in pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Szekely
- McGill University Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexander Neumann
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hannah Sallis
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Frank C Verhulst
- Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark, and the Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael J Meaney
- McGill University Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Douglas Mental Health Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, and Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Rebecca M Pearson
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Robert D Levitan
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James L Kennedy
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John E Lydon
- McGill University Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Celia M T Greenwood
- McGill University Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jonathan Evans
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley Wazana
- McGill University Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Centre for Child Development and Mental Health, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kerr LG, Tissera H, McClure MJ, Lydon JE, Back MD, Human LJ. Blind at First Sight: The Role of Distinctively Accurate and Positive First Impressions in Romantic Interest. Psychol Sci 2020; 31:715-728. [PMID: 32459577 DOI: 10.1177/0956797620919674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Viewing other people with distinctive accuracy-the degree to which personality impressions correspond with targets' unique characteristics-often predicts positive interpersonal experiences, including liking and relationship satisfaction. Does this hold in the context of first dates, or might distinctive accuracy have negative links with romantic interest in such evaluative settings? We examined this question using two speed-dating samples (Sample 1: N = 172, N = 2,407 dyads; Sample 2: N = 397, N = 1,849 dyads). Not surprisingly, positive impressions of potential dating partners were strongly associated with greater romantic interest. In contrast, distinctively accurate impressions were associated with significantly less romantic interest. This association was even stronger for potential partners whose personalities were less romantically appealing, specifically, those lower in extraversion. In sum, on a first date, distinctive accuracy tends to be paired with lower romantic interest. The potential implications of distinctive accuracy for romantic interest and of romantic interest for distinctive accuracy are discussed.
Collapse
|
10
|
Tissera H, Auger E, Séguin L, Kramer MS, Lydon JE. Happy prenatal relationships, healthy postpartum mothers: a prospective study of relationship satisfaction, postpartum stress, and health. Psychol Health 2020; 36:461-477. [PMID: 32449394 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2020.1766040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Major life transitions, such as the arrival of a new baby, can be stressful, and therefore, costly to one's health. Being in a satisfying romantic relationship has been previously linked with better health, perhaps because it provides access to a bank of psychosocial resources. The objective of the present research was two-fold. First, we examined whether prenatal relationship satisfaction benefitted mothers' postpartum health. Second, we examined whether this association was mediated by reduced postpartum stress. Design: Pregnant women (N = 431) were drawn from a larger prospective pregnancy and birth cohort study. Main Outcome Measures: Participants reported on their relationship satisfaction, perceived stress, and perceived health at two time points: 24-26 weeks of gestation and 6 months postpartum. Results: Greater prenatal romantic satisfaction predicted enhanced perceived postpartum health, and reduced perceived postpartum stress appeared to mediate this link. Conclusion: This research demonstrates that greater prenatal relationship satisfaction is associated with better postpartum health and provides evidence for one potential mechanism for this link: the reduction of perceived postpartum stress. Thus, assessments of women's prenatal relationship satisfaction may help identify those who are at higher risk of experiencing poor postpartum health. Implications for interventions are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emilie Auger
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Louise Séguin
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Michael S Kramer
- Departments of Pediatrics and of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - John E Lydon
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lydon JE. A liquid crystal model for mitotic cell division - and the enigma of centriole involvement in mitosis in animals but not plants. Liquid Crystals Today 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1358314x.2020.1726065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John E. Lydon
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, The University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Unternaehrer E, Cost KT, Jonas W, Dhir SK, Bouvette-Turcot AA, Gaudreau H, Dass SH, Lydon JE, Steiner M, Szatmari P, Meaney MJ, Fleming AS. Once and Again : History of Rearing Experiences and Psychosocial Parenting Resources at Six Months in Primiparous Mothers. Hum Nat 2019; 30:448-476. [PMID: 31749065 DOI: 10.1007/s12110-019-09355-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Animal and human studies suggest that parenting style is transmitted from one generation to the next. The hypotheses of this study were that (1) a mother's rearing experiences (G1) would predict her own parenting resources (G2) and (2) current maternal mood, motivation to care for her offspring, and relationship with her parents would underlie this association. In a subsample of 201 first-time mothers participating in the longitudinal Maternal Adversity, Vulnerability and Neurodevelopment project, we assessed a mother's own childhood maltreatment and rearing experiences (G1) using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and the Parental Bonding Instrument. At 6 months postpartum, mothers completed questionnaires on parenting stress (G2), symptoms of depression, maternal motivation, and current relationship with their own parents. The sample consisted of mostly high socioeconomic status mothers recruited from Montréal (n = 135) or Hamilton (n = 66), Canada, with an age range from 18 to 43 years (M = 29.41, SD = 4.85 years). More severe maltreatment and less supportive rearing by the mother's parents (G1) predicted increased parenting stress at 6 months (G2). These associations were mediated through distinct psychosocial pathways: maltreatment (G1) on parenting stress (G2) through symptoms of depression (Z = 2.297; p = .022); maternal rearing (G1) on parenting stress (G2) through maternal motivation (Z = -2.155; p = .031) and symptoms of depression (Z = -1.842; p = .065); and paternal rearing (G1) on parenting stress (G2) through current relationship with the father (Z = -2.617; p = .009). Maternal rearing experiences predict a mother's own parenting resources though distinct psychosocial pathways, including depressed mood, maternal motivation, and social support.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Unternaehrer
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada. .,Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, McGill University, Montréal, Canada. .,Department of Psychology, University of Constance, Constance, Germany.
| | - Katherine Tombeau Cost
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,University of Toronto Mississauga, Toronto, Canada
| | - Wibke Jonas
- University of Toronto Mississauga, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sabine K Dhir
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.,Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.,Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Andrée-Anne Bouvette-Turcot
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.,Batshaw Youth and Family Center, Montréal, Canada
| | - Hélène Gaudreau
- Department of Psychology, Université de Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Shantala Hari Dass
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.,Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - John E Lydon
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Peter Szatmari
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael J Meaney
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.,Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Unternaehrer E, Cost KT, Bouvette-Turcot AA, Gaudreau H, Massicotte R, Dhir SK, Hari Dass SA, O'Donnell KJ, Gordon-Green C, Atkinson L, Levitan RD, Wazana A, Steiner M, Lydon JE, Clark R, Fleming AS, Meaney MJ. Dissecting maternal care: Patterns of maternal parenting in a prospective cohort study. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12784. [PMID: 31442354 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Parental care has a strong impact on neurodevelopment and mental health in the offspring. Although numerous animal studies have revealed that the parental brain is a highly complex system involving many brain structures and neuroendocrine systems, human maternal parenting as a multidimensional construct with cognitive, emotional, and behavioural components has not been characterised comprehensively. This unique multi-method analysis aimed to examine patterns of self-reported and observed parenting from 6 to 60 months postpartum in a cohort of 496 mothers (mean maternal age = 32 years). Self-report questionnaires assessed motivational components of mothering, parenting stress, parenting-related mood, maternal investment, maternal parenting style, mother-child relationship satisfaction, and mother-child bonding at multiple time points. Observed parenting variables included the Ainsworth Sensitivity Scales at 6 and 18 months, the Behavioral Evaluation Strategies Taxonomies at 6 months, an Etch-A-Sketch cooperation task at 48 months, and the Parent-Child Early Relationship Assessment at 60 months. To examine whether different latent constructs underlie these measures of maternal parenting, we conducted an exploratory factor analysis. Self-report measures of parenting correlated only weakly with behavioural observations. Factor analysis on a subsample (n = 197) revealed four latent factors that each explained from 7% to 11% of the variance in the data (32% total variance explained). Based on the loadings of the instruments, the factors were interpreted as: Supportive Parenting, Self-Enjoyment Parenting, Overwhelmed Parenting, and Affectionate Parenting. These factor scores showed specific associations with maternal education and depressive symptoms, as well as with child outcomes, including maternally reported internalising and externalising behavioural problems, school readiness, and child-reported symptoms of mental health. These findings parallel the complexity of the parental brain, suggesting that maternal parenting consists of multiple components, each of which is associated with different maternal characteristics and child outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Unternaehrer
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Constance, Constance, Germany
| | | | - Andrée-Anne Bouvette-Turcot
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Hélène Gaudreau
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Rachel Massicotte
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sabine K Dhir
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Shantala A Hari Dass
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Kieran J O'Donnell
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Robert D Levitan
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ashley Wazana
- Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - John E Lydon
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Roseanne Clark
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Alison S Fleming
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Michael J Meaney
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gleeson HF, Liu H, Kaur S, Srigengan S, Görtz V, Mandle R, Lydon JE. Self-assembling, macroscopically oriented, polymer filaments; a doubly nematic organogel. Soft Matter 2018; 14:9159-9167. [PMID: 30394481 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01638k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale phase separation and self-organisation in liquid crystals leads to the formation of remarkable hierarchical structures. There are several examples of heliconical nanofilament structures including in the nematic twist-bend (NTB) phase, the B4 phase and liquid crystal gels formed from the B4 phase. Both the formation of the polymer-like structures that permeate the soft-solids and their hierarchical structures are fascinating, not least because of the analogies that can be drawn with naturally-occurring structures. Here, we report a remarkably simple binary system formed from a non-symmetric BC molecule and the rod-like liquid crystal, 5CB. The pure bent-core system exhibits both nematic and dark conglomerate liquid crystal phases. At very low concentrations of the BC material (5-10%) this binary system spontaneously self-assembles into a soft solid formed from nanoscale filaments that are aligned by their nematic environment. Macroscopically, the soft solid shows behaviour that can be associated with both polymers and gels. Interestingly, the sub-micron scale structure of the filaments appears remarkably similar to some organised fibrous structures in nature (e.g. chitin, cellulose, insect cuticle, plant cell walls) something we attribute to self-assembly and self-organisation in an aligned liquid crystalline environment. The nanoscale structure of the filaments shows no features that can be associated with heliconical ordering down to length scales of tens of nanometers. However, the X-ray data suggest that a metastable rectangular columnar phase which is highly ordered in one dimension initially forms, changing to a hexagonal lattice on a timescale of tens of minutes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen F Gleeson
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Evolutionary psychologists propose that humans evolved a first line of defense against pathogens: the behavioral immune system (BIS). The BIS is thought to be functionally flexible such that the likelihood and magnitude of BIS activation depends on the individual's perceived vulnerability to disease (PVD). Because conspecifics are sources of infection, the BIS has implications for affiliation. By priming and measuring chronic levels of PVD, we examined PVD's relation to affiliation in zero-acquaintance situations in the laboratory, online, and during speed-dating events. Elevated BIS activation was associated with decreased attraction and affiliative behavior in situations that varied in the trade-off between social reward and potential risk of infection. These results were not due to attachment style, personality traits, or disgust sensitivity. This suggests that in social interactions, approach motivation associated with the need to belong may be weighed against avoidance motivation associated with the need to protect the self from disease.
Collapse
|
16
|
Bouvette-Turcot AA, Unternaehrer E, Gaudreau H, Lydon JE, Steiner M, Meaney MJ. The joint contribution of maternal history of early adversity and adulthood depression to socioeconomic status and potential relevance for offspring development. J Affect Disord 2017; 207:26-31. [PMID: 27685851 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined the interactive effects of maternal childhood adversity and later adulthood depression on subsequent socioeconomic status (SES). METHODS Our community sample ranged from 230 to 243 mothers (across measures) drawn from a prospective, longitudinal cohort study. Maternal childhood adversity scores were derived using an integrated measure derived from the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and the Parental Bonding Index (PBI). Maternal depression was measured in the prenatal period with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). SES measures included maternal highest level of education and family income as obtained prenatally. RESULTS The analyses yielded significant interaction effects between maternal childhood adversity and prenatal depression that predicted income, prenatally. Women who reported higher levels of childhood adversity combined with higher levels of self-reported depressive symptoms were significantly more likely to live in low SES environments. Results also showed that level of education was predicted by childhood adversity independent of maternal symptoms of depression. CONCLUSION The results suggest that SES is influenced by a life course pathway that begins in childhood and includes adversity-related mental health outcomes. Since child health and development is influenced by both maternal mental health and SES, this pathway may also contribute to the intergenerational transmission of the risk for psychopathology in the offspring. The results also emphasize the importance of studying potential precursors of low SES, a well-documented environmental risk factor for poor developmental outcomes in the offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrée-Anne Bouvette-Turcot
- Sackler Program for Epigenetics & Psychobiology at McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics & Mental Health, Montreal, Canada; Douglas Mental Health University Institute of McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Eva Unternaehrer
- Sackler Program for Epigenetics & Psychobiology at McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics & Mental Health, Montreal, Canada; Douglas Mental Health University Institute of McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Hélène Gaudreau
- Sackler Program for Epigenetics & Psychobiology at McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics & Mental Health, Montreal, Canada; Douglas Mental Health University Institute of McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - John E Lydon
- Department of Psychology, Mcgill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Meir Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Women's Health Concerns Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Michael J Meaney
- Sackler Program for Epigenetics & Psychobiology at McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics & Mental Health, Montreal, Canada; Douglas Mental Health University Institute of McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore.
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Intimates typically are positively biased in their relationship evaluations. Given this fact, how can intimates regulate their esteem needs about their relationships and still function effectively, without risking later regret and disappointment? We address this issue by first reviewing work showing that because bias and accuracy are independent, they can co-exist. We next show how bias and accuracy are subject to different evaluative motives, relationship evaluations, and situations. It is argued that the pursuit of important goals is a time when people are motivated to feel good about their relationships. This is a time when relationship judgments are positively biased and relatively inaccurate. However, important choice points in the relationship are times when people are motivated to both accurately understand their relationships and to feel good about their relationships. These dual needs can be simultaneously met by becoming more accurate in epistemic-related relationship judgments while being more positively biased in esteem-related relationship judgments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faby M Gagné
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Even couples in healthy romantic relationships experience conflict at times. We examine whether relationship identification (the extent to which the relationship is incorporated into the self) predicts immediate reactivity to partner transgressions and also promotes global resilience over time. METHOD Sixty-three couples participated in a 2-week event-contingent diary study. RESULTS On a daily basis, experiencing more partner transgressions than usual predicted decreases in relationship well-being and increases in negative affect. This within-person association was stronger for those high in relationship identification. However, after 2 weeks, changes in global relationship evaluations of low identifiers, but not of high identifiers, were contingent on the accumulation of partner transgressions and the degree of negative affect in response to these daily transgressions. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that internalizing a relationship into the self does not blind intimates to immediate negative events but rather provides a basis for their global relationship evaluations that is not contingent on recent events.
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
The authors theorized that adversity elicits relationship maintenance responses when level of adversity is calibrated with level of commitment. To test this, the authors examined the commitment-devaluation effect: Those committed to a close relationship are thought to devalue attractive alternatives. Two levels of adversity were operationalized. Participants evaluated an attractive alternative (moderate threat), or participants evaluated the same target after learning that the target was attracted to them (high threat). Unmarried and low on a relationship commitment scale was considered low commitment; unmarried but high or married but low on the scale were considered moderately committed. Finally married and high on the scale was considered high commitment. Under moderate threat, moderately committed rated the alternative as less attractive than those low and high in commitment. Under high threat, those high in commitment rated the alternative as less attractive than those low and moderately committed. Gender differences and comparisons with single people were examined.
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Two studies integrated and advanced mindset and relationship illusions research. In Study 1, mindset influenced perceived partner superiority and goal domain moderated this effect. When focusing on a nonrelationship goal, an implemental mindset increased idealistic partner perceptions. When focusing on a relationship goal, a deliberative mindset increased idealistic partner perceptions. In Study 2, effects for mindset about relationship goals were moderated by relationship commitment. High-commitment participants defended against the threat of a deliberative mindset by increasing their positive views of their partner. Low-commitment participants did not defend against deliberation about a relationship goal. No such differences were found for relationship implementals; both high- and low-commitment individuals increased their glowing partner views when in an implemental mindset.
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Previous work revealed gender differences in relationship illusions. Women, and not men, perceived their dating partners more favorably than their partners' self-perceptions. In two studies, the authors replicated these findings and showed they are moderated by relationship commitment but not by relationship satisfaction. Dating men low in commitment devalued their partners' virtues, whereas those high in commitment exaggerated their partners' virtues compared to their partners' self-perceptions. In contrast, dating women showed relationship illusions irrespective of their commitment. In Study 2, similar results were obtained with relationship-specific identification. Moreover, men's commitment mediated the effect of identification with the relationship. This suggests that gender differences in relationship identities exist at a general level and that men need to identify with and then commit to a specific relationship before they exhibit pro-relationship thinking, which women exhibit as general dispositions.
Collapse
|
22
|
Pilkington NW, Lydon JE. The Relative Effect of Attitude Similarity and Attitude Dissimilarity on Interpersonal Attraction: Investigating the Moderating Roles of Prejudice and Group Membership. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167297232001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Heterosexual male undergraduates rated the interpersonal attractiveness and perceived attitude similarity of heterosexual and homosexual targets who were either attitudinally similar, ambiguous (i.e., no-attitude-information controls), or dissimilar to the participant. The relative effect of attitude similarity and dissimilarity information on attraction judgments was moderated by the perceiver's prejudice level but not by the target's group membership: Dissimilarity decreased low-prejudice (LP) individuals' attraction toward heterosexual and homosexual targets. Conversely, similarity increased high-prejudice (HP) participants' attraction toward both targets. Dissimilarity also decreased HPs' attraction toward heterosexual targets. Attraction effects for LPs were independent of perceived attitude similarity in the no-attitude control conditions and were more consistent with the person-positivity bias. For HPs, judgments of homosexual targets were partially mediated by perceived attitude dissimilarity. Findings are discussed in the context of the similarity-attraction principle, the repulsion hypothesis, and theories of intergroup discrimination.
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
A person-perception study was conducted to examine the influence of intimacy and commitment on the acceptability of premarital sex and contraceptive preparedness. Ninety-six women rated a female target's personality and behavior after reading a diary entry describing a couple's initial sexual encounter. The nature of the couple's relationship and who provided the condom were manipulated between participants. Women inferred a committed relationship when intimacy was present. Women rated the target, and her behavior, as more acceptable when she had sex in a relationship with commitment. When she provided a condom, the target was perceived as less nice in the noncommitted than in the committed relationship. When her partner provided the condom, however, commitment level did not influence personality ratings.
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
A social perception study was conducted to examine the effect of the sexual double standard on impressions of a female target. As part of a “social memory” study, 57 female undergraduates read a fictitious woman's diary describing a sexual encounter where the woman provided a condom, the man provided a condom, or the couple had unprotected intercourse. Participants made behavioral judgments and interpersonal judgments about the couple, and rated the female target on several personality traits. Women rated the target's behavior more negatively, and as more inappropriate, when she provided a condom, than when her partner provided a condom. Participants also assumed that the target's partner would feel less positive about her when she provided a condom than if he provided a condom or if they had unprotected intercourse. These results are discussed with respect to the continued existence of the sexual double standard, and its impact on women's contraceptive behavior.
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
The motivation-management model suggests that people are equipped with a variety of motivated strategies to mitigate against relationship threats such as conflicts of interests and partner transgressions. We propose that such strategies are more likely to be enacted when the nature of the threat is calibrated with the motivational basis for relationship maintenance. We examine how value dissimilarity may pose an identity threat that triggers reaffirming and bolstering one’s positive views of the partner and the relationship, namely, compensatory relationship enhancement. We experimentally manipulated feedback to dating couples about value similarity regarding a possible pregnancy decision (similar vs. control vs. dissimilar) and assessed relationship evaluations pre- and postmanipulation. Using multilevel modeling, we found that individuals highly identified with their relationship increased their baseline positive relationship evaluations in response to the threat of value dissimilarity.
Collapse
|
26
|
Bartz JA, Lydon JE, Kolevzon A, Zaki J, Hollander E, Ludwig N, Bolger N. Differential Effects of Oxytocin on Agency and Communion for Anxiously and Avoidantly Attached Individuals. Psychol Sci 2015; 26:1177-86. [PMID: 26122122 DOI: 10.1177/0956797615580279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin promotes prosocial behavior, especially in those individuals who are low in affiliation (e.g., avoidantly attached individuals), but can exacerbate interpersonal insecurities in those preoccupied with closeness (e.g., anxiously attached individuals). One explanation for these opposing observations is that oxytocin induces a communal, other-orientation. Becoming more other oriented should help those people who focus on the self to the exclusion of others, but could be detrimental to those who are other focused but have little sense of an agentic self. Using a within-subjects design, we administered intranasal oxytocin and placebo to 40 males and measured their agency (self-orientation) and communion (other-orientation). Oxytocin produced a slight increase in communion for the average participant; however, as predicted, avoidantly attached individuals were especially likely to perceive themselves as more communal ("kind," "warm," "gentle," etc.) after receiving oxytocin than after receiving the placebo. There was no main effect of oxytocin on agency for the average participant; however, anxiously attached individuals showed a selective decrease in agency ("independent," "self-confident," etc.) following administration of oxytocin. These data help explain the complex social effects of oxytocin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jamil Zaki
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University
| | - Eric Hollander
- Department of Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center
| | - Natasha Ludwig
- Department of Psychiatry, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
O’Donnell KA, Gaudreau H, Colalillo S, Steiner M, Atkinson L, Moss E, Goldberg S, Karama S, Matthews SG, Lydon JE, Silveira PP, Wazana AD, Levitan RD, Sokolowski MB, Kennedy JL, Fleming A, Meaney MJ. The maternal adversity, vulnerability and neurodevelopment project: theory and methodology. Can J Psychiatry 2014; 59:497-508. [PMID: 25565695 PMCID: PMC4168812 DOI: 10.1177/070674371405900906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the theory and methodology of the multi-wave, prospective Maternal Adversity, Vulnerability and Neurodevelopment (MAVAN) study. The goal of MAVAN is to examine the pre- and postnatal influences, and their interaction, in determining individual differences in mental health. METHOD MAVAN is a community-based, birth cohort study of pregnant Canadian mothers and their offspring. Dyads are assessed longitudinally, with multiple assessments of both mother and child in home and laboratory across the child's development. Study measures, including assessments of cognitive and emotional function, are described. The study uses a candidate gene approach to examine gene-environment interdependence in specific developmental outcomes. Finally, the study includes measures of both brain-based phenotypes and metabolism to explore comorbidities associated with child obesity. One of the unique features of the MAVAN protocol is the extensive measures of the mother-child interaction. The relation between these measures will be discussed. RESULTS Evidence from the MAVAN project shows interesting results about maternal care, families, and child outcomes. In our review, preliminary analyses showing the correlations between measures of maternal care are reported. As predicted, early evidence suggests that maternal care measures are positively correlated, over time. CONCLUSIONS This review provides evidence for the feasibility and value of laboratory-based measures embedded within a longitudinal birth cohort study. Though retention of the samples has been a challenge of MAVAN, they are within a comparable range to other studies of this nature. Indeed, the trade-off of somewhat greater participant burden has allowed for a rich database. The results yielded from the MAVAN project will not only describe typical development but also possible targets for intervention. Understanding certain endophenotypes will shed light on the pathogenesis of various mental and physical disorders, as well as their interrelation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hélène Gaudreau
- Study Coordinator, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Sara Colalillo
- Student, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Meir Steiner
- Professor Emeritus, McMaster University; Founding Director, Women’s Health Concerns Clinic, St Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario
- Professor, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | | | - Ellen Moss
- Professor, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Susan Goldberg
- Professor [formerly], University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Sherif Karama
- Assistant Professor, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec; Researcher, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec
| | | | | | - Patricia P Silveira
- Professor, Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ashley D Wazana
- Assistant Professor, McGill University; Director, The Center for Child Development and Mental Health, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Robert D Levitan
- Professor, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
- Professor, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario
| | | | - James L Kennedy
- Professor, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
- Professor, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Alison Fleming
- Professor, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
- Professor, Fraser Mustard Institute for Human Development, University of Toronto, Mississauga, Ontario
| | - Michael J Meaney
- Professor, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec
- Associate Director, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec; Adjunct Senior Investigator, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lydon JE. The prehistory of discotic mesophases – a personal account of the study of the mesophase of di isobutylsilane diol. Liquid Crystals Today 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/1358314x.2014.887507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
29
|
McClure MJ, Lydon JE. Anxiety doesn’t become you: How attachment anxiety compromises relational opportunities. J Pers Soc Psychol 2014; 106:89-111. [DOI: 10.1037/a0034532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
30
|
McClure MJ, Bartz JA, Lydon JE. Uncovering and Overcoming Ambivalence: The Role of Chronic and Contextually Activated Attachment in Two-Person Social Dilemmas. J Pers 2013; 81:103-17. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2012.00788.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
31
|
Linardatos L, Lydon JE. Relationship-specific identification and spontaneous relationship maintenance processes. J Pers Soc Psychol 2011; 101:737-53. [DOI: 10.1037/a0023647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
32
|
Linardatos L, Lydon JE. A Little Reminder Is All It Takes: The Effects of Priming and Relational Self-construal on Responses to Partner Transgressions. Self and Identity 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/15298861003633736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
33
|
|
34
|
McClure MJ, Lydon JE, Baccus JR, Baldwin MW. A Signal Detection Analysis of Chronic Attachment Anxiety at Speed Dating: Being Unpopular Is Only the First Part of the Problem. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2010; 36:1024-36. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167210374238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Initiating a romantic relationship invokes an approach—avoidance conflict between the desire for affiliation and the fear of rejection; optimally, people should selectively approach potential partners who reciprocate their interest. This may be difficult for anxiously attached people: They may be unpopular, and their ambivalence could lead to either a fearfully selective approach at the cost of missed opportunities or an unselective, indiscriminate approach at the cost of increasing rejection. Using a speed-dating paradigm, data were collected from 116 participants, and a signal detection framework was applied to examine the outcomes. For anxious participants, speed-dating attendance was motivated by loneliness. At speed dating, they were unpopular and unselective; they missed fewer opportunities but made more failed attempts. Anxious men made fewer matches than nonanxious men, whereas anxious women were buffered by having a response bias toward saying “yes” to potential partners. Attachment anxiety predicted outcomes above and beyond the powerful impact of attractiveness.
Collapse
|
35
|
Pierce T, Lydon JE, Yang S. Enthusiasm and Moral Commitment: What Sustains Family Caregivers of Those With Dementia. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 2010. [DOI: 10.1207/s15324834basp2301_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
|
36
|
Usborne E, Lydon JE, Taylor DM. Goals and Social Relationships: Windows Into the Motivation and Well-Being of “Street Kids”. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2009.00472.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
37
|
Lydon JE, Menzies-Toman D, Burton K, Bell C. If-then contingencies and the differential effects of the availability of an attractive alternative on relationship maintenance for men and women. J Pers Soc Psychol 2008; 95:50-65. [DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.95.1.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
38
|
Burton KD, Lydon JE, D'Alessandro DU, Koestner R. The differential effects of intrinsic and identified motivation on well-being and performance: prospective, experimental, and implicit approaches to self-determination theory. J Pers Soc Psychol 2007; 91:750-62. [PMID: 17014297 DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.91.4.750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Self-determination theory research has demonstrated that intrinsic and identified self-regulations are associated with successful adaptation. However, few distinctions are typically made between these regulations and their outcomes. In the present studies, the associations between intrinsic and identified motivations and outcomes of psychological well-being and academic performance are compared in educational settings. In Study 1, intrinsic self-regulation predicted psychological well-being, independent of academic performance. In contrast, identified regulation predicted academic performance. Additionally, the more that students demonstrated an identified academic regulation, the more that their psychological well-being was contingent on performance. In Study 2a, priming intrinsic self-regulation led to greater psychological well-being 10 days later. In Study 2b, an implicit measure of identified regulation predicted academic performance 6 weeks later. Results indicate the need to address important distinctions between intrinsic and identified regulations.
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Four studies investigated attachment in the context of new relationship development. Anxiously attached individuals overwhelmingly used communal norms and avoided using exchange norms when interacting with a potential close other; however, when a potential close other used communal norms, anxious individuals experienced increased interpersonal anxiety. Anxious individuals also used discrete communal behaviors to diagnose relationship potential. By contrast, secure individuals were more comfortable in potential communal situations. Moreover, implicit thoughts about closeness were associated with improved performance on a mental concentration task for secure individuals, whereas implicit closeness thoughts were associated with poorer performance for anxious individuals. Finally, avoidant individuals disliked the potential close other when the other used communal norms and downplayed relational motives for the other's communal behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Bartz
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, PQ, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Burton KD, Lydon JE, D'Alessandro DU, Koestner R. The differential effects of intrinsic and identified motivation on well-being and performance: prospective, experimental, and implicit approaches to self-determination theory. J Pers Soc Psychol 2006. [PMID: 17014297 DOI: 10.1037/0022–3514.91.4.750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Self-determination theory research has demonstrated that intrinsic and identified self-regulations are associated with successful adaptation. However, few distinctions are typically made between these regulations and their outcomes. In the present studies, the associations between intrinsic and identified motivations and outcomes of psychological well-being and academic performance are compared in educational settings. In Study 1, intrinsic self-regulation predicted psychological well-being, independent of academic performance. In contrast, identified regulation predicted academic performance. Additionally, the more that students demonstrated an identified academic regulation, the more that their psychological well-being was contingent on performance. In Study 2a, priming intrinsic self-regulation led to greater psychological well-being 10 days later. In Study 2b, an implicit measure of identified regulation predicted academic performance 6 weeks later. Results indicate the need to address important distinctions between intrinsic and identified regulations.
Collapse
|
41
|
Bartz JA, Lydon JE. Close relationships and the working self-concept: implicit and explicit effects of priming attachment on agency and communion. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2005; 30:1389-401. [PMID: 15448304 DOI: 10.1177/0146167204264245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Two studies investigated how contextually activating attachment relationships influences the working self-concept in terms of agency and communion. In Study 1, 245 participants were primed with a secure, avoidant, or anxious-ambivalent relationship and the implicit accessibility of agency and communion was assessed using word fragments. Activating a secure relationship increased the accessibility of communion, whereas activating an anxious-ambivalent relationship increased the accessibility of agency. In Study 2, 123 participants were primed with a secure, preoccupied, avoidant-dismissive, or avoidant-fearful relationship and explicit self-perceptions of agency and communion traits were assessed using the Extended Personality Attributes Questionnaire (EPAQ). Gender interacted with the attachment prime, such that men primed with a secure relationship reported higher communion than did men primed with an avoidant (dismissive or fearful) relationship, whereas women primed with an anxious (preoccupied or fearful) relationship reported higher agency than did women primed with a secure relationship.
Collapse
|
42
|
|
43
|
|
44
|
Lydon JE, Fitzsimons GM, Naidoo L. Devaluation versus enhancement of attractive alternatives: a critical test using the calibration paradigm. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2004; 29:349-59. [PMID: 15273012 DOI: 10.1177/0146167202250202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The calibration paradigm was used to test the competing hypotheses that (a) commitment motivates unduly negative evaluations of attractive alternatives (devaluation) versus (b) low commitment motivates exaggerated positive evaluations of attractive alternatives (enhancement). Single participants and dating participants low and high in relationship commitment were presented with an attractive, available person of the opposite sex and asked to judge the person's romantic appeal from their own perspective or from the perspective of their friends. Contrary to predictions based on the enhancement hypothesis, single and low-commitment participants did not provide higher ratings from their own perspective. In support of devaluation and calibration hypotheses, committed participants did provide lower ratings from their own perspective. Singles did not rate the target less attractive in a third condition in which the target was unavailable. However, dating participants, regardless of commitment level, rated the unavailable alternative negatively, consistent with social comparison processes and interdependence theory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John E Lydon
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 1205 Dr. Penfield Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1B1, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Lydon JE. Shopping in analogia. Biochem Mol Biol Educ 2004; 32:91-92. [PMID: 21706700 DOI: 10.1002/bmb.2004.494032020326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John E Lydon
- School of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Taylor DM, Lydon JE, Bougie É, Johannesen K. "Street Kids": Towards an Understanding of Their Motivational Context. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des Sciences du comportement 2004. [DOI: 10.1037/h0087211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
47
|
Abstract
The personal/group discrimination discrepancy involves disadvantaged group members rating discrimination directed at their group considerably higher than ratings of discrimination aimed at themselves personally as members of that group. This robust phenomenon has been found in samples of women, African Americans, and aboriginal people. In the present study, the authors used a sample of Inuit from a remote Arctic community to confirm the perceived discrepancy. However, ratings for perceived group discrimination were surprisingly low. The authors argue that geographical isolation may have led Inuit to be unaware of the impact of discrimination on their lives. In support of this argument, findings showed that group discrimination ratings were higher for Inuit who did have contact with mainstream Canadian culture. Implications for the traditional contact hypothesis are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail G Poore
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Ouebec, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Gagné FM, Lydon JE. Mind-set and close relationships: when bias leads to (In)accurate predictions. J Pers Soc Psychol 2001; 81:85-96. [PMID: 11474728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
The authors investigated whether mind-set influences the accuracy of relationship predictions. Because people are more biased in their information processing when thinking about implementing an important goal, relationship predictions made in an implemental mind-set were expected to be less accurate than those made in a more impartial deliberative mind-set. In Study 1, open-ended thoughts of students about to leave for university were coded for mind-set. In Study 2, mind-set about a major life goal was assessed using a self-report measure. In Study 3, mind-set was experimentally manipulated. Overall, mind-set interacted with forecasts to predict relationship survival. Forecasts were more accurate in a deliberative mind-set than in an implemental mind-set. This effect was more pronounced for long-term than for short-term relationship survival. Finally, deliberatives were not pessimistic; implementals were unduly optimistic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F M Gagné
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Pierce T, Lydon JE. Global and specific relational models in the experience of social interactions. J Pers Soc Psychol 2001; 80:613-31. [PMID: 11316225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Two studies demonstrated that global and relationship-specific models of self and other are correlated but not redundant constructs. Relationship-specific models were operationalized in terms of significant role relationships (Study 1) and salient relationships (i.e., frequent interactions; Study 2). Longitudinal analyses (Study 1) suggested that specific models generalized to global ones over time and that global models had a small but significant effect in shaping specific models over time. Through an event-sampling method, Study 2 assessed the quality and intimacy of daily interactions over a 7-day period. In hierarchical linear modeling analyses, both global and specific relational models explained the experience of daily interactions within relationships. This research highlighted that relational or attachment models can be considered global and specific representational structures, reflecting relational and individual differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Pierce
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
|