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Lim S, Kim C, Jafari S, Park J, Garcia SS, Demer JL. Postmortem Digital Image Correlation and Finite Element Modeling Demonstrate Posterior Scleral Deformations during Optic Nerve Adduction Tethering. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:452. [PMID: 38790319 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11050452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Postmortem human eyes were subjected to optic nerve (ON) traction in adduction and elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) to investigate scleral surface deformations. We incrementally adducted 11 eyes (age 74.1 ± 9.3 years, standard deviation) from 26° to 32° under normal IOP, during imaging of the posterior globe, for analysis by three-dimensional digital image correlation (3D-DIC). In the same eyes, we performed uniaxial tensile testing in multiple regions of the sclera, ON, and ON sheath. Based on individual measurements, we analyzed eye-specific finite element models (FEMs) simulating adduction and IOP loading. Analysis of 3D-DIC showed that the nasal sclera up to 1 mm from the sheath border was significantly compressed during adduction. IOP elevation from 15 to 30 mmHg induced strains less than did adduction. Tensile testing demonstrated ON sheath stiffening above 3.4% strain, which was incorporated in FEMs of adduction tethering that was quantitatively consistent with changes in scleral deformation from 3D-DIC. Simulated IOP elevation to 30 mmHg did not induce scleral surface strains outside the ON sheath. ON tethering in incremental adduction from 26° to 32° compressed the nasal and stretched the temporal sclera adjacent to the ON sheath, more so than IOP elevation. The effect of ON tethering is influenced by strain stiffening of the ON sheath.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongjin Lim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Changzoo Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kosin University, Busan 49267, Republic of Korea
| | - Somaye Jafari
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Joseph Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Stephanie S Garcia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Joseph L Demer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Kim CZ, Lim S, Demer JL. Biomechanics Explains Variability of Response of Small Hypertropia to Graded Vertical Rectus Tenotomy. Am J Ophthalmol 2024; 265:21-27. [PMID: 38614193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2024.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Small angle hypertropia in sagging eye syndrome is conveniently treated by graded vertical rectus tenotomy, yet an adjustable technique under topical anesthesia has been recommended because of variability of effect. We performed graded tenotomy in an experimental model to elucidate the reason for variability of response to this surgical procedure. DESIGN Experimental study. METHODS Thirty-two fresh bovine rectus musculotendon specimens were prepared including continuity with insertional sclera, and extending for a total 40 mm length to the proximal muscle bellies, and trimmed to 16 mm width. Specimens were anchored by the clamps at the scleral insertion and muscle belly ends within a physiological chamber. After preconditioning and elongation to 10% strain was imposed by a linear motor, tensile force was allowed to stabilize at a plateau state. Then 25%, 50%, 75%, 90%, and 100% marginal tenotomies were performed progressively as remnant forces were measured. RESULTS Tendon thickness averaged 0.29 ± 0.05 mm and width 19.71 ± 2.25 mm. On average, remnant force decreased linearly (R2 = 0.985) from 4.23 ± 1.34, 2.76 ± 0.88, 1.70 ± 0.73, 1.01 ± 0.49, 0.39 ± 0.10, and 0 N, at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 90%, and 100% tenotomy. However, there was marked individual variability in effect among specimens, with coefficients of variation of 32%, 32%, 43%, 49%, and 27%, respectively. CONCLUSION On average, there is a linear relationship between graded rectus tenotomy and percentage force reduction, but the effect among individual tendons is large, paralleling the reported variation in surgical effect. This explains and implies continued advisability of adjustable technique in this procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Zoo Kim
- From the Stein Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles (C.K., S.L., J.L.D.), Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Kosin University (C.K.), Busan, Korea
| | - Seongjin Lim
- From the Stein Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles (C.K., S.L., J.L.D.), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Joseph L Demer
- From the Stein Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles (C.K., S.L., J.L.D.), Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles (J.L.D.), Los Angeles, California, USA; Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles (J.L.D.), Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Jafari S, Park J, Lu Y, Demer JL. Finite element model of ocular adduction with unconstrained globe translation. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2024; 23:601-614. [PMID: 38418799 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-023-01794-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Details of the anatomy and behavior of the structures responsible for human eye movements have been extensively elaborated since the first modern biomechanical models were introduced. Based on these findings, a finite element model of human ocular adduction is developed based on connective anatomy and measured optic nerve (ON) properties, as well as active contractility of bilaminar extraocular muscles (EOMs), but incorporating the novel feature that globe translation is not otherwise constrained so that realistic kinematics can be simulated. Anatomy of the hemisymmetric model is defined by magnetic resonance imaging. The globe is modeled as suspended by anatomically realistic connective tissues, orbital fat, and contiguous ON. The model incorporates a material subroutine that implements active EOM contraction based on fiber twitch characteristics. Starting from the initial condition of 26° adduction, the medial rectus (MR) muscle was commanded to contract as the lateral rectus (LR) relaxed. We alternatively modeled absence or presence of orbital fat. During pursuit-like adduction from 26 to 32°, the globe translated 0.52 mm posteriorly and 0.1 mm medially with orbital fat present, but 1.2 mm posteriorly and 0.1 mm medially without fat. Maximum principal strains in the optic disk and peripapillary reached 0.05-0.06, and von-Mises stress 96 kPa. Tension in the MR orbital layer was ~ 24 g-force after 6° adduction, but only ~ 3 gm-f in the whole LR. This physiologically plausible simulation of EOM activation in an anatomically realistic globe suspensory system demonstrates that orbital connective tissues and fat are integral to the biomechanics of adduction, including loading by the ON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaye Jafari
- Stein Eye Institute, UCLA, University of California , 100 Stein Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7002, USA
| | - Joseph Park
- Stein Eye Institute, UCLA, University of California , 100 Stein Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7002, USA
| | - Yongtao Lu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Joseph L Demer
- Stein Eye Institute, UCLA, University of California , 100 Stein Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7002, USA.
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
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Moon S, Park J, Lim S, Suh SY, Le A, Demer JL. Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy Demonstrates Pediatric Optic Disc and Peripapillary Strain During Horizontal Eye Rotation. Curr Eye Res 2024; 49:437-445. [PMID: 38185657 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2023.2295789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Purpose: We employed automated analysis of scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO) to determine if mechanical strains imposed on disc, and retinal and choroidal vessels during horizontal duction in children differ from those of adults.Methods: Thirty-one children aged 11.3 ± 2.7 (standard deviation) years underwent SLO in central gaze, and 35° ab- and adduction. Automated registration with deep learning-based optical flow analysis quantified vessel deformations as horizontal, vertical, shear, and equivalent strains. Choroidal vessel displacements in lightly pigmented fundi, and central disc vessel displacements, were also observed.Results: As in adults, strain in vessels during horizontal duction was greatest at the disc and decreased with distance from it. Strain in the pediatric disc was similar to published values in young adults,1 but in the peripapillary region was greater and propagated significantly more peripherally to at least three disc radii from it. During adduction in children, the nasal disc was compressed and disc vessels distorted, but the temporal half experienced tensile strain, while peripapillary tissues were compressed. The pattern was similar but strains were less in abduction (p < .001). Choroidal vessels were visualized in 24 of the 62 eyes and shifted directionally opposite overlying retinal vessels.Conclusions: Horizontal duction deforms the normal pediatric optic disc, central retinal vessels, peripapillary retina, and choroid, shearing the inner retina over the choroid. These mechanical effects occur at the sites of remodeling of the disc, sclera, and choroid associated with typical adult features that later emerge later, including optic cup enlargement, temporal disc tilting, and peripapillary atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghyuk Moon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Joseph Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Seongjin Lim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Soh Youn Suh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alan Le
- Alcon Research, Ltd, Lake Forest, CA, USA
| | - Joseph L Demer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Demer
- Stein Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles
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Dallalzadeh LO, Villatoro GA, Chen L, Sim MS, Movaghar M, Robbins SL, Karlin JN, Khitri MR, Velez FG, Korn BS, Demer JL, Rootman DB, Granet DB, Kikkawa DO. Teprotumumab for Thyroid Eye Disease-related Strabismus. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2024:00002341-990000000-00336. [PMID: 38319994 DOI: 10.1097/iop.0000000000002611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess and quantify teprotumumab's effect on thyroid eye disease-related strabismus by change in measured horizontal and vertical deviations and change in extraocular motility. METHODS We reviewed a series of patients with thyroid eye disease-related strabismus treated with teprotumumab. Exclusion criteria included age under 18 years, strabismus of alternate etiology, or thyroid eye disease-related reconstructive surgery during the treatment course. Primary outcomes were absolute (prism diopters) and relative (%) differences in horizontal and vertical deviations in primary position at distance, as well as change in ductions of the more affected eye. Secondary outcomes included incidence and timing of strabismus surgery postteprotumumab. RESULTS Thirty-one patients were included, with mean age 63 years and thyroid eye disease duration 10 months. After teprotumumab, there was 6 prism diopters (39%) mean reduction in vertical deviation (p < 0.001), without significant change in mean horizontal deviation (p = 0.75). Supraduction, abduction, adduction, and infraduction significantly improved in the more restricted eye (p < 0.01, p < 0.01, p = 0.04, and p = 0.01, respectively). Thirty-five percent of patients underwent strabismus surgery posttreatment, at an average 10 months after last infusion. CONCLUSIONS Teprotumumab produced a statistically significant reduction in vertical but not horizontal strabismus angles in primary position at distance. Extraocular motility in all 4 ductions also improved. A substantial minority of patients still required strabismus surgery following teprotumumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liane O Dallalzadeh
- Division of Oculofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, U.S.A
- Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus Division, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
| | - George A Villatoro
- Division of Oculofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, U.S.A
| | - Lillian Chen
- Department of Medicine Statistics Core, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
| | - Myung S Sim
- Department of Medicine Statistics Core, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
| | - Mansoor Movaghar
- Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Adult Strabismus, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, U.S.A
| | - Shira L Robbins
- Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Adult Strabismus, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, U.S.A
| | - Justin N Karlin
- Orbital and Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery Division, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
| | - Monica R Khitri
- Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus Division, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
| | - Federico G Velez
- Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus Division, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
| | - Bobby S Korn
- Division of Oculofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, U.S.A
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, U.S.A
| | - Joseph L Demer
- Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus Division, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.; and
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
| | - Daniel B Rootman
- Orbital and Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery Division, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
| | - David B Granet
- Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Adult Strabismus, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, U.S.A
| | - Don O Kikkawa
- Division of Oculofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, U.S.A
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, U.S.A
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Kim C, Demer JL. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Globe Translation in Abducens Palsy. Am J Ophthalmol 2024; 258:8-13. [PMID: 37774994 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2023.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE It has been supposed that rectus muscle paralysis would cause proptosis due to the reduction in active posterior tension. This study aimed to test this proposition by evaluating globe translation during horizontal duction in patients with abducens palsy. DESIGN Prospective, single-center, fellow-eye controlled, case series. METHODS Horizontal globe rotation and translation were quantified using orbital magnetic resonance imaging of patients with isolated unilateral abducens nerve palsy without other ocular motility disorders. Unaffected fellow eyes served as the control group. Digital image analysis was performed. RESULTS The study included 5 female and 2 male patients with a mean ± standard deviation age of 52 ± 15 years. The average esotropia was 39.0 ± 9.6 diopters. Mean adduction was similar at 54.9 ± 10.4° in palsied eyes and 52.0 ± 7.1° in fellow eyes. However, abduction in palsied eyes was significantly less at 11.4 ± 7.1° than 37.1 ± 11.4° in fellow eyes (P = .0023). Average anterior translation in adduction was 0.46 ± 0.42 mm in palsied orbits, similar to 0.35 ± 0.47 mm in fellow orbits (P = .90). Anterior translation in abduction averaged 0.17 ± 0.53 mm in palsied orbits, similar to 0.27 ± 0.73 mm in fellow orbits (P = .80). Average medial translation in adduction at 0.32 ± 0.23 mm in palsied orbits was statistically similar to 0.12 ± 0.44 mm in fellow orbits (P = .54). Average lateral translation in abduction at 0.19 ± 0.18 mm in palsied orbits was similar to 0.33 ± 0.15 mm in control orbits (P = .38). CONCLUSION Abducens palsy does not alter normal eye translation during horizontal duction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changzoo Kim
- From the Stein Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology (C.K., J.L.D), University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Ophthalmology (C.K.), College of Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, Korea
| | - Joseph L Demer
- From the Stein Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology (C.K., J.L.D), University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Neurology (J.L.D.), University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA; Bioengineering Department (J.L.D.), University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Park J, Moon S, Lim S, Demer JL. Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy Demonstrates Disc and Peripapillary Strain During Horizontal Eye Rotation in Adults. Am J Ophthalmol 2023; 254:114-127. [PMID: 37343739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We used automated image analysis of scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO) to investigate mechanical strains imposed on disc, and retinal and choroidal vessels during horizontal duction in adults. DESIGN Deep learning analysis of optical images. METHODS The peripapillary region was imaged by SLO in central gaze, and 35° abduction and adduction, in younger and older healthy adults. Automated image registration was followed by deep learning-based optical flow analysis to track determine local tissue deformations quantified as horizontal, vertical, and shear strain maps relative to central gaze. Choroidal vessel displacements were observed when fundus pigment was light. RESULTS Strains in the retina and disc could be quantified in 22 younger (mean ± SEM, 26 ± 5 years) and 19 older (64 ± 10 years) healthy volunteers. Strains were predominantly horizontal and greater for adduction than for abduction. During adduction, maximum horizontal strain was tensile in the nasal hemi-disc, and declined progressively with distance from it. Strain in the temporal hemi-retina during adduction was minimal, except for compressive strain on the disc of older subjects. In abduction, horizontal strains were less and largely confined to the disc, greater in older subjects, and generally tensile. Vertical and shear strains were small. Nasal to the disc, choroidal vessels shifted nasally relative to overlying peripapillary retinal vessels. CONCLUSIONS Strain analysis during horizontal duction suggests that the optic nerve displaces the optic canal, choroid, and peripapillary sclera relative to the overlying disc and retina. This peripapillary shearing of the optic nerve relative to the choroid and sclera may be a driver of disc tilting and peripapillary atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Park
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (J.P., S.M., S.L., J.L.D.), Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sunghyuk Moon
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (J.P., S.M., S.L., J.L.D.), Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Ophthalmology (S.M.), Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjin Lim
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (J.P., S.M., S.L., J.L.D.), Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering (S.L.), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Joseph L Demer
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (J.P., S.M., S.L., J.L.D.), Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA; Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program (J.L.D.), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Neurology (J.L.D.), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Bioengineering (J.L.D.), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Lim S, Demer JL. Empirical Quantification of Optic Nerve Strain Due to Horizontal Duction. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:931. [PMID: 37627816 PMCID: PMC10451217 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10080931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to measure in vivo local strains in the optic nerve (ON) associated with horizontal duction in humans. Axial and coronal MRI were collected in target-controlled gazes in 24 eyes of 12 normal adults (six males and six females, 59 ± 16 years) during large (~28°) and moderate (~24°) ductions. The ON, globe, and extraocular muscles were manually identified, and the pixels were converted to point-sets that were registered across different imaging planes and eye positions. Shape of the ON was parameterized based on point-sets. Displacements and strains were computed by comparing deformed with initial ON configurations. Displacements were the largest in the most anterior region. However, strains from adduction were uniform along the length of the ON, while those during abduction increased with distance from the globe and were maximal near the orbital apex. For large gaze angles, ON strain during abduction was primarily due to bending near the orbital apex that is less transmitted to the eye, but during adduction the ON undergoes uniform stretching that transmits much greater loading to the posterior eye, implied by greater strain on the ON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongjin Lim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
- Ophthalmology Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Joseph L. Demer
- Ophthalmology Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Stein Eye Institute, Bioengineering Department, Neurology Department, Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Tenney AP, Di Gioia SA, Webb BD, Chan WM, de Boer E, Garnai SJ, Barry BJ, Ray T, Kosicki M, Robson CD, Zhang Z, Collins TE, Gelber A, Pratt BM, Fujiwara Y, Varshney A, Lek M, Warburton PE, Van Ryzin C, Lehky TJ, Zalewski C, King KA, Brewer CC, Thurm A, Snow J, Facio FM, Narisu N, Bonnycastle LL, Swift A, Chines PS, Bell JL, Mohan S, Whitman MC, Staffieri SE, Elder JE, Demer JL, Torres A, Rachid E, Al-Haddad C, Boustany RM, Mackey DA, Brady AF, Fenollar-Cortés M, Fradin M, Kleefstra T, Padberg GW, Raskin S, Sato MT, Orkin SH, Parker SCJ, Hadlock TA, Vissers LELM, van Bokhoven H, Jabs EW, Collins FS, Pennacchio LA, Manoli I, Engle EC. Noncoding variants alter GATA2 expression in rhombomere 4 motor neurons and cause dominant hereditary congenital facial paresis. Nat Genet 2023; 55:1149-1163. [PMID: 37386251 PMCID: PMC10335940 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01424-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary congenital facial paresis type 1 (HCFP1) is an autosomal dominant disorder of absent or limited facial movement that maps to chromosome 3q21-q22 and is hypothesized to result from facial branchial motor neuron (FBMN) maldevelopment. In the present study, we report that HCFP1 results from heterozygous duplications within a neuron-specific GATA2 regulatory region that includes two enhancers and one silencer, and from noncoding single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) within the silencer. Some SNVs impair binding of NR2F1 to the silencer in vitro and in vivo and attenuate in vivo enhancer reporter expression in FBMNs. Gata2 and its effector Gata3 are essential for inner-ear efferent neuron (IEE) but not FBMN development. A humanized HCFP1 mouse model extends Gata2 expression, favors the formation of IEEs over FBMNs and is rescued by conditional loss of Gata3. These findings highlight the importance of temporal gene regulation in development and of noncoding variation in rare mendelian disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan P Tenney
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Silvio Alessandro Di Gioia
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Bryn D Webb
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wai-Man Chan
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Elke de Boer
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sarah J Garnai
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brenda J Barry
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Tammy Ray
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Kosicki
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Caroline D Robson
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhongyang Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas E Collins
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alon Gelber
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brandon M Pratt
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuko Fujiwara
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Arushi Varshney
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Monkol Lek
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Peter E Warburton
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Advanced Genomics Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carol Van Ryzin
- Metabolic Medicine Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tanya J Lehky
- EMG Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher Zalewski
- Audiology Unit, Otolaryngology Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kelly A King
- Audiology Unit, Otolaryngology Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carmen C Brewer
- Audiology Unit, Otolaryngology Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Audrey Thurm
- Neurodevelopmental and Behavioral Phenotyping Service, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joseph Snow
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Flavia M Facio
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Invitae Corporation, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Narisu Narisu
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lori L Bonnycastle
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amy Swift
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter S Chines
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jessica L Bell
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Suresh Mohan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mary C Whitman
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sandra E Staffieri
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - James E Elder
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joseph L Demer
- Stein Eye Institute and Departments of Ophthalmology, Neurology, and Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alcy Torres
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center, Boston University Aram V. Chobanian & Edward Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elza Rachid
- Department of Ophthalmology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Christiane Al-Haddad
- Department of Ophthalmology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rose-Mary Boustany
- Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine/Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - David A Mackey
- Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Angela F Brady
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Northwick Park Hospital, Harrow, UK
| | - María Fenollar-Cortés
- Unidad de Genética Clínica, Instituto de Medicina del Laboratorio. IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Melanie Fradin
- Service de Génétique Clinique, CHU Rennes, Centre Labellisé Anomalies du Développement, Rennes, France
| | - Tjitske Kleefstra
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Center of Excellence for Neuropsychiatry, Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry, Venray, the Netherlands
| | - George W Padberg
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Salmo Raskin
- Centro de Aconselhamento e Laboratório Genetika, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Mario Teruo Sato
- Department of Ophthalmology & Otorhinolaryngology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Stuart H Orkin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen C J Parker
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tessa A Hadlock
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lisenka E L M Vissers
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ethylin Wang Jabs
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Francis S Collins
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Len A Pennacchio
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Irini Manoli
- Metabolic Medicine Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Engle
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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11
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Qureshi A, Lim S, Suh SY, Mutawak B, Chitnis PV, Demer JL, Wei Q. Deep-Learning-Based Segmentation of Extraocular Muscles from Magnetic Resonance Images. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:699. [PMID: 37370630 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10060699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the performance of four deep learning frameworks of U-Net, U-NeXt, DeepLabV3+, and ConResNet in multi-class pixel-based segmentation of the extraocular muscles (EOMs) from coronal MRI. Performances of the four models were evaluated and compared with the standard F-measure-based metrics of intersection over union (IoU) and Dice, where the U-Net achieved the highest overall IoU and Dice scores of 0.77 and 0.85, respectively. Centroid distance offset between identified and ground truth EOM centroids was measured where U-Net and DeepLabV3+ achieved low offsets (p > 0.05) of 0.33 mm and 0.35 mm, respectively. Our results also demonstrated that segmentation accuracy varies in spatially different image planes. This study systematically compared factors that impact the variability of segmentation and morphometric accuracy of the deep learning models when applied to segmenting EOMs from MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amad Qureshi
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Seongjin Lim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Neurology and Bioengineering, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Soh Youn Suh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Neurology and Bioengineering, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Bassam Mutawak
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Parag V Chitnis
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Joseph L Demer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Neurology and Bioengineering, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Qi Wei
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
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12
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Demer JL, Clark RA. Letter Regarding Adade and Das "Investigation of Selective Innervation of Extraocular Muscle Compartments". Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:38. [PMID: 37378976 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.7.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
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13
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Lim S, Tran A, Garcia SS, Demer JL. Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Demonstrates Strain and Volume Effects on Optic Disk and Peripapillary Vasculature Caused by Horizontal Duction. Curr Eye Res 2023; 48:518-527. [PMID: 36843550 PMCID: PMC10121887 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2023.2172185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The optic nerve mechanically loads the eye during ocular rotation, thus altering the configuration of the disk and peripapillary tissues. We used optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography (OCTA) to investigate mechanical strains and volume changes in disk and peripapillary blood vessels during horizontal duction. METHODS Structural OCT and OCTA were performed centered on optic disks; imaging was repeated in central gaze, and in 30° ab- and adduction. By an algorithm employing point-set registration of 3 D features, we developed a novel approach for measuring disk strains, and strains and volumes of the blood vessels associated with horizontal duction. Repeatability was demonstrated in each gaze position. RESULTS 19 eyes of 10 healthy adults of average age 37 ± 15 (standard deviation, SD) years were imaged. The method was validated by demonstrating numerically consistent vascular volumes and strains for repeated imaging under identical conditions. Compared with central gaze, vascular volume increased by 5.2 ± 4.1% in adduction. Adduction and abduction caused strains of 3.0 ± 1.6% and 2.6 ± 1.8% in the optic disk, whereas blood vessels showed greater strains of 8.1 ± 1.3% and 8.2 ± 1.7%. Decomposition of strain components depending on directionality and regions demonstrated that adduction induces significant net tensile strains, suggesting traction exerted by the optic nerve. The decomposition also showed that nasotemporal compressive strains are larger in temporal hemidisks than nasal hemidisks. The Bruch's membrane opening was significantly compressed horizontally in adduction by 1.1% (p = .009). CONCLUSION This novel analysis combining structural OCT and OCTA demonstrates that optic disk compression during adduction is associated with disk and vascular strains much larger than reported for intraocular pressure elevation and pulsatile perfusion, as well as compressing the disk and increasing peripapillary vascular volume. These changes may be relevant to the pathogenesis of optic nerve and retinal vascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongjin Lim
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Andrew Tran
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Stephanie S. Garcia
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles
- Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Joseph L. Demer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles
- Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles
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14
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Demer JL, Clark RA. Reply to Comment on: Masquerading superior oblique palsy. Am J Ophthalmol 2023; 248:177. [PMID: 36516919 PMCID: PMC10038912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L. Demer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Bioengineering Interdepartmental Programs, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- David Geffen Medical School at University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Robert A. Clark
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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15
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Song D, Lim S, Park J, Demer JL. Linear viscoelasticity of human sclera and posterior ocular tissues during tensile creep. J Biomech 2023; 151:111530. [PMID: 36933327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite presumed relevance to ocular diseases, the viscoelastic properties of the posterior human eye have not been evaluated in detail. We performed creep testing to characterize the viscoelastic properties of ocular regions, including the sclera, optic nerve (ON) and ON sheath. METHODS We tested 10 pairs of postmortem human eyes of average age 77 ± 17 years, consisting of 5 males and 5 females. Except for the ON that was tested in native shape, tissues were trimmed into rectangles. With physiologic temperature and constant wetting, tissues were rapidly loaded to tensile stress that was maintained by servo feedback as length was monitored for 1,500 sec. Relaxation modulus was computed using Prony series, and Deborah numbers estimated for times scales of physiological eye movements. RESULTS Correlation between creep rate and applied stress level was negligible for all tissues, permitting description as linear viscoelastic materials characterized by lumped parameter compliance equations for limiting behaviors. The ON was the most compliant, and anterior sclera least compliant, with similar intermediate values for posterior sclera and ON sheath. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated that linear behavior eventually become dominant after long time. For the range of typical pursuit tracking, all tissues exhibit Debora numbers less than 75, and should be regarded as viscoelastic. With a 6.7 Deborah number, this is especially so for the ON during pursuit and convergence. CONCLUSIONS Posterior ocular tissues exhibit creep consistent with linear viscoelasticity necessary for describing biomechanical behavior of the ON, its sheath, and sclera during physiological eye movements and eccentric ocular fixations. Running Head: Tensile Creep of Human Ocular Tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dooseop Song
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Seongjin Lim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Joseph Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Joseph L Demer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, United States; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, United States; Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, United States.
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16
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Abstract
PURPOSE We evaluated patients with hypertropia compatible with a diagnosis of superior oblique (SO) palsy to ascertain whether the 3-step test (3ST) can distinguish SO atrophy characteristic of trochlear nerve pathology from masquerading conditions. DESIGN Prospective cross-sectional study. METHODS In an academic practice, we performed quasi-coronal plane, surface coil magnetic resonance imaging in 83 patients clinically diagnosed with SO palsy. We evaluated alignment, SO cross-sectional area, SO contractility, and rectus muscle pulley positions. RESULTS A total of 57 patients with mean age 39 years (SD = 21 years) had unilateral SO palsy manifested by SO atrophy (22 congenital and 35 acquired). There was normal SO size in 26 patients with an average age of 39 years (SD =16 years) considered masquerades (8 congenital and 18 acquired). Maximum palsied SO cross-section averaged 9.5 ± 3.8 mm2, less than 18.4 ± 3.9 mm2 contralaterally (P < 10-24). In masquerades, maximum hypertropic SO cross-section was 20.7 ± 3.1 mm2, which was not different from the hypotropic SO or the contralesional muscle in SO palsy. Head tilt testing in masquerades was indistinguishable from SO palsy. In SO palsy, central hypertropia averaged 13.2 ± 9.4Δ, increasing to 21.1 ± 14.0Δ in ipsilateral tilt, and decreasing to 4.3 ± 5.3Δ in contralateral tilt. In masquerades, central hypertropia averaged 13.1 ± 8.7Δ, and was 17.7 ± 11.1Δ in ipsilateral and decreasing to 4.9 ± 5.1Δ in contralateral tilt. Upright hypertropia was larger at 17.7 ± 9.9Δ in congenital than 12.0 ± 8.4Δ in acquired SO palsy (P = 0025) but was indistinguishable from congenital masquerades. Contractile change in SO cross-section was bilaterally similar in masquerades. Relevant coordinates of rectus pulleys were similar bilaterally in masquerades. CONCLUSIONS The 3ST pattern characteristic of unilateral SO palsy may be mimicked in all respects by masquerades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Demer
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (J.L.D., R.A.C.), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Stein Eye Institute (J.L.D.), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Bioengineering Department (J.L.D.), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Neurology (J.L.D.), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Robert A Clark
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (J.L.D., R.A.C.), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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17
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Wei Q, Clark RA, Demer JL. Can Binocular Alignment Distinguish Hypertropia in Sagging Eye Syndrome From Superior Oblique Palsy? Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:13. [PMID: 36136043 PMCID: PMC9513738 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.10.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Although the three-step test (3ST) is typically used to diagnose superior oblique palsy (SOP), sagging eye syndrome (SES) has clinical similarities. We sought to determine if alignment measurements can distinguish unilateral SOP from hypertropia in SES. Methods We studied hypertropic subjects who underwent surface-coil magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrating either SO cross-section reduction indicative of congenital or acquired palsy (SOP group) or lateral rectus muscle sag (SES group). Alignment was measured by Hess screen and prism-cover testing. Multiple supervised machine learning methods were employed to evaluate diagnostic accuracy. Rectus pulley coordinates were determined in SES cases fulfilling the 3ST. Results Twenty-three subjects had unilateral SOP manifested by SO atrophy. Eighteen others had normal SO size but MRI findings of SES. Maximum cross-section of the palsied SO was much smaller than contralaterally and in SES (P < 2 × 10-5). Inferior oblique cross-sections were similar in SOP and SES. In both SOP and SES, hypertropia increased in contralateral and decreased in ipsilateral gaze and was greater in ipsilateral than contralateral head tilt. In SES, nine subjects (50%) fulfilled the 3ST and had greater infraplacement of the lateral than medial rectus pulleys in the hypotropic orbit. Supervised machine learning of alignment data distinguished the diagnoses with areas under the receiver operating curves up to 0.93, representing excellent yet imperfect differential diagnosis. Conclusions Because the 3ST is often positive in SES, clinical alignment patterns may confound SES with unilateral SOP, particularly acquired SOP. Machine learning substantially but imperfectly improves classification accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wei
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States
| | - Robert A. Clark
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States
- UCLA Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Joseph L. Demer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States
- UCLA Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States
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18
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Ivanir and Trobe have claimed that hypertropia (HT) that is greater in upgaze than downgaze, or equal to it, is characteristic of decompensated congenital superior oblique (SO) palsy and never present in ischemic, traumatic, or tumorous SO palsy. The reliability of this claim was tested in patients with SO palsy confirmed by MRI demonstration of subnormal ipsilesional SO size. METHODS Quasi-coronal, surface coil MRI was performed in target-controlled central gaze to identify patients with a unilateral reduction in SO cross section indicative of palsy. Nine patients gave an unequivocal history or had markedly increased vertical fusional amplitudes indicative of congenital onset (mean age 38 ± 16 years, SD). Seven patients had unequivocal acquired onset (age 47 ± 14 years and symptom duration 5.4 ± 4.8 years), including 2 with demonstrated trochlear Schwannoma and 5 with onset after severe head trauma. Fifteen patients had gradually progressive onset unequivocally not congenital yet not associated with any identifiable precipitating event (age 52 ± 20 years and symptom duration 13 ± 14 years). RESULTS Maximum SO cross section averaged 8.6 ± 3.9 mm2 in congenital palsy, not significantly different from 11.3 ± 3.5 mm2 in acquired palsy (P = 0.08) either unequivocally or progressively acquired, but significantly less than about 19 mm2 contralesionally in SO palsy (P < 10-4). Although mean central gaze HT was greater at 20.6 ± 8.0Δ in 9 cases of congenital than that in 22 acquired cases at 11.4 ± 6.8Δ (P = 0.002), HT was 8.4 ± 16.3Δ less in upgaze than downgaze in congenital SO palsy and 3.7 ± 11.2Δ less in acquired SO palsy. In congenital palsy, 33% of patients had HT greater in upgaze than downgaze while in 67% HT was greater in downgaze (by up to 42Δ). In acquired SO palsy, HT was greater in upgaze than downgaze or equal to it in 8 cases (36%, P = 0.87, X2). In acquired SO palsy, HT was greater in upgaze than downgaze in 37% and greater in downgaze than upgaze in 59% of cases. The HT was equal in upgaze and centralgaze in no congenital and 3 acquired cases of SO palsy. Trends were similar in unequivocal acquired and progressive acquired (noncongenital) SO palsy (P > 0.4). CONCLUSIONS Hypertropia is not characteristically greater in upgaze than downgaze in congenital SO palsy proven by SO atrophy on MRI. In fact, average HT is greater in downgaze than upgaze in both acquired and congenital palsy, sometimes strikingly so in the latter. The finding of HT greater in upgaze than downgaze, or equal to it, does not reliably indicate that SO palsy is congenital, nor does maximum SO cross section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Demer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Stein Eye Institute, Bioengineering Department, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
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19
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Abstract
While most cases of superior oblique (SO) hypofunction represent contractile weakness due to denervation, sometimes the lesion is exclusively in the tendon. This study sought to distinguish the pattern of incomitant strabismus caused by deficiency of SO oculorotary force caused by tendon abnormalities versus that of neurogenic palsy. Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of 7 cases of unilateral SO tendon interruption or extirpation were compared with 11 cases of age matched unilateral SO palsy having intact tendons. We compared angles of misalignment with high-resolution MRI in central gaze and deorsumversion. Muscle bellies in neurogenic palsy were markedly atrophic with maximal cross sections averaging 6.5 ± 2.7 mm2, in contrast with 13.5 ± 3.0 mm2 contralesionally (P < .0001). In contrast, SO muscle bellies ipsilateral to tendon interruption had maximum cross sections averaging 15.1 ± 3.0 mm2 occurring more posterior than on the contralesional side whose maximum averaged 12.1 ± 2.4 mm2. While cross sections of SO bellies ipsilateral to tendon interruption exhibited normal contractile increase in infraduction (P < .0005), there was nevertheless strabismus with incomitance similar to that in SO atrophy. Binocular alignment was statistically similar (P > .5) in the two groups for all diagnostic positions, including head tilt, except in deorsumversion, where cases with SO tendon abnormalities averaged 20.5 ± 6.9Δ ipsilateral hypertropia, significantly more than 8.5 ± 6.6Δ in neurogenic SO atrophy (P = .001). The average difference in hypertropia Hypertropia averaged 9D greater in deorsumversion than central gaze in tendon abnormalities, but 4.1Δ less in SO atrophy (P< .019). In contralesional version, average overelevation in adduction was 1.7 (scale of 0-4) in tendon abnormalities, and 2.6 in SO atrophy (P = .23), while average underdepression in adduction was -2.3 in cases of tendon abnormalities and -1.6 in SO atrophy (P = .82). Repair of the SO tendon in three cases was effective, while alternative procedures were performed when repair was infeasible. While both denervation and tendon interruption impair SO oculorotary function, interruption causes greater hypertropia in infraversion. Surgical tightening of interrupted SO tendons may have particularly gratifying effects. Posterior SO thickening and large hypertropia in infraversion suggest SO tendon interruption that may guide a surgical strategy of tendon repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Aleassa
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles.,Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles.,Jordanian Royal Medical Services, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Alan Le
- Alcon Research, Ltd, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Joseph L Demer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles.,Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles.,Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles.,Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles.,David Geffen Medical School, University of California, Los Angeles
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20
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Solanes F, Demer JL. Clinical and imaging features of congenital and acquired isolated inferior rectus muscle hypofunction. J AAPOS 2021; 25:11.e1-11.e9. [PMID: 33601045 PMCID: PMC8169540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inferior rectus (IR) underaction may arise from various causes that are distinguishable through imaging. We investigated clinical and imaging characteristics of congenital and acquired causes of IR underaction. METHODS Cases of IR underaction were selected from data prospectively collected in a study of orbital imaging in strabismic patients. RESULTS Review identified 3 cases of congenital IR underaction (2 with bilateral IR aplasia and 1 with unilateral IR hypoplasia), 12 acquired cases, including 4 due to denervation (2 idiopathic, 1 after multiple strabismus surgeries, 1 after head trauma), and 8 cases of direct IR damage (5 with orbital trauma and 3 with previous surgery, including 2 sinus surgery and 1 laser blepharoplasty). Of the 23 cases, 11 adults had high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging, and 2 children had computed tomography. Imaging identified the anatomic diagnosis in congenital cases; in acquired cases, imaging helped to identify atrophy and exclude alternative orbital causes; and in direct mechanical damage, imaging clarified the mechanism of underaction, extent of IR damaged, and the degree of retained contractility. Patients with congenital IR absence or hypoplasia exhibited A pattern exotropia that was typically absent in isolated acquired denervation or direct IR damage. CONCLUSIONS Orbital imaging demonstrates a variety of abnormalities in patients with congenital or acquired IR hypofunction, helping to clarify the underlying mechanism and guide management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Solanes
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen Medical School at the University of California, Los Angeles; Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen Medical School at the University of California, Los Angeles; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Joseph L Demer
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen Medical School at the University of California, Los Angeles; Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen Medical School at the University of California, Los Angeles; Bioengineering Department, David Geffen Medical School at the University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology, David Geffen Medical School at the University of California, Los Angeles.
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Robbins L, Goseki T, Law SK, Nouri-Mahdavi K, Caprioli J, Coleman AL, Giaconi JA, Demer JL, Velez FG, Pineles SL. Strabismus After Ahmed Glaucoma Valve Implantation. Am J Ophthalmol 2021; 222:1-5. [PMID: 32818449 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2020.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Most reports of strabismus after glaucoma drainage device implantation study larger devices and rarely note the incidence of strabismus after Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) implantation. It is unknown if the pattern of strabismus is similar with smaller devices. We investigated characteristics of strabismus after AGV implantation. DESIGN Retrospective review. METHODS Institutional study of 732 patients at our institution undergoing AGV implantation between 2013 and 2018. Rate and characteristics of strabismus were the primary outcome; age, gender, and location of AGVs were also analyzed. RESULTS We identified 29 patients who developed new-onset strabismus postoperatively after initial AGV implantation, for 4% incidence of strabismus. Twenty-one (72%) of these had diplopia. AGVs were implanted superotemporally in 21, superonasally in 5, inferotemporally in 1, and inferonasally in 2. Three patients were esotropic, 11 were exotropic, 4 had hypertropia, 2 had hypotropia, and 9 patients had combined horizontal/vertical strabismus (esotropia/hypotropia [n = 1] or exotropia/hypertropias [n = 8]). Exotropia was the most common type of strabismus in both the superotemporal and superonasal (60%) AGV groups. Superotemporal AGVs were more commonly associated with ipsilateral hypertropia (43%) than superonasal AGVs. Treatments included strabismus surgery (n = 14), prisms (n = 6), or an occlusive lens (n = 1). DISCUSSION In the largest single-center series of patients undergoing initial AGV implantation, the overall incidence of postoperative strabismus was 4%. This is comparable to strabismus incidence following implantation of other types of glaucoma drainage devices, even larger devices. The possibility of this complication should be discussed with patients prior to surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Robbins
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Toshiaki Goseki
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Simon K Law
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kouros Nouri-Mahdavi
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Joseph Caprioli
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anne L Coleman
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Joann A Giaconi
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Joseph L Demer
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Federico G Velez
- Doheny Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stacy L Pineles
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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22
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Abstract
Purpose In order to clarify the role of the optic nerve (ON) as a load on ocular rotation, we developed a finite element model (FEM) of incremental adduction induced by active contractility of extraocular muscles (EOMs), with and without tethering by the ON. Methods Three-dimensional (3-D) horizontal rectus EOM geometries were obtained from magnetic resonance imaging of five healthy adults, and measured constitutive tissue properties were used. Active and passive strain energies of EOMs were defined using ABAQUS (Dassault Systemes) software. All deformations were assumed to be caused by EOM twitch activation that rotated the eye about a fixed center. The medial rectus (MR) muscle was commanded to additionally contract starting from 26 degrees adducted position, and the lateral rectus (LR) to relax, further adducting the eye either with or without loading by the ON. Tridimensional heat maps were generated to represent the stress and strain distributions. Results Tensions in the EOMs were physiologically plausible during incremental adduction. Force in the MR increased from 10 gm at 26 degrees adduction to approximately 28 gm at 32 degrees adduction. Under identical MR contraction, adduction with ON loading reached 32 degrees but 36 degrees without it. Maximum and minimum principal strains within the MR were 16% and 22%, respectively, but when ON loading was included, resulting stress and strain were concentrated at the optic disc. Conclusions This physiologically plausible method of simulating EOM activation can provide realistic input to model biomechanical behavior of active and passive tissues in the orbit to clarify biomechanical consequences of ON traction during adduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaye Jafari
- Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Yongtao Lu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Joseph Park
- Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Joseph L Demer
- Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, United States.,Biomedical Engineering Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, United States.,Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
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23
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Demer JL, Clark RA. Functional Anatomy of Muscle Mechanisms: Compensating Vertical Heterophoria. Am J Ophthalmol 2021; 221:137-146. [PMID: 32918906 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of extraocular muscle function was used to evaluate the role of newly recognized mechanisms underlying compensation of large heterophoria by vertical fusional vergence (VFV). DESIGN Prospective case series. METHODS At one academic center, 8 adults with large hyperphoria and supernormal VFV underwent MRI during monocular and binocular fixation of a centered, near target. Contractility of the rectus and superior oblique (SO) extraocular muscles in hypertropic and hypotropic eyes was determined from changes in posterior partial volume (PPV). RESULTS Five of 8 patients could sustain binocular fusion in the scanner. In those patients, VFV corrected approximately 5-degree misalignment, approximately 5-fold greater than normal VFV. Vertical strabismus was compensated mainly by significant contractility of the lateral more than the medial compartment of the inferior rectus (IR) in both eyes (P < .005). The superior rectus (SR) and inferior oblique muscles had no significant contractile contribution, although the hypotropic SO relaxed significantly. The IR lateral compartment and SR medial compartment significantly co-relaxed when binocular fusion was attained from monocular target fixation (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS Although VFV protects patients from small muscle imbalances over the lifespan, even enhanced VFV may be inadequate to avert diplopia. Compensation of hyperphoria by VFV is accomplished mainly by IR muscle relaxation in the hypotropic eye, principally in its selectively innervated lateral compartment, whereas the SO contributes little. Fusion involves compartmentally selective co-relaxation in hypotropic eye vertical rectus muscles. Taken together, these overall findings suggest a physiologic basis to prefer therapeutic surgical weakening of the medial IR in the hypotropic eye.
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24
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Goseki T, Suh SY, Robbins L, Pineles SL, Demer JL, Velez FG. Reply to: Comment on Prevalence of Sagging Eye Syndrome in Adults with Binocular Diplopia. Am J Ophthalmol 2021; 221:324-325. [PMID: 33097177 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2020.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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25
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Chen JY, Le A, Caprioli J, Giaconi JA, Nouri-Mahdavi K, Law SK, Bonelli L, Coleman AL, Demer JL. Orbital Fat Volume After Treatment with Topical Prostaglandin Agonists. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:46. [PMID: 32455434 PMCID: PMC7405708 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.5.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Topical prostaglandin analogs (PGAs) are common treatment for primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) but reportedly may cause adnexal fat atrophy. We asked if patients with POAG treated with PGAs have abnormalities in orbital fat volume (OFV). Methods We studied 23 subjects with POAG who had never experienced intraocular pressure (IOP) exceeding 21 mm Hg and were treated long term with PGAs, in comparison with 21 age-matched controls. Orbital volume, non-fat orbital tissue volume, and OFV were measured using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. Results Subjects with POAG had been treated with PGAs for 39 ± 19 months (SD) and were all treated within the 4 months preceding study. In the region from trochlea to orbital apex, OFV in POAG was significantly less at 9.8 ± 1.9 mL than in the control subjects at 11.1 ± 1.3 mL (P = 0.019). However, between the globe-optic nerve junction (GONJ) and trochlea, OFV was similar in both groups. Width and cross sectional area of the bony orbit were significantly smaller in POAG than in controls (P < 0.0001). Posterior to the GONJ, the average orbital cross-sectional area was 68.2 mm2 smaller, and the orbital width averaged 1.5 mm smaller throughout the orbit, in patients with POAG than in controls. Conclusions Patients with POAG who have been treated with PGAs have lower overall OFV than controls, but OFV in the anterior orbit is similar in both groups. Lower overall OFV in POAG may be a primary association of this disorder with a horizontally narrower bony orbit, which may be a risk factor for POAG at nonelevated IOPs.
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26
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Clark RA, Suh SY, Caprioli J, Giaconi JA, Nouri-Mahdavi K, Law SK, Bonelli L, Coleman AL, Demer JL. Adduction-Induced Strain on the Optic Nerve in Primary Open Angle Glaucoma at Normal Intraocular Pressure. Curr Eye Res 2020; 46:568-578. [PMID: 32911989 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2020.1817491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE/AIM The optic nerve (ON) becomes taut during adduction beyond ~26° in healthy people and patients with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), but only retracts the globe in POAG. We used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to investigate this difference. MATERIALS AND METHODS MRI was obtained in 2-mm quasi-coronal planes in central gaze, and smaller (~23-25°) and larger (~30-31°) adduction and abduction in 21 controls and 12 POAG subjects whose intraocular pressure never exceeded 21 mmHg. ON cross-sections were analyzed from the globe to 10 mm posteriorly. Area centroids were used to calculate ON path lengths and changes in cross-sections to calculate elongation assuming volume conservation. RESULTS For both groups, ON path was nearly straight (<102.5% of minimum path) in smaller adduction, with minimal further straightening in larger adduction. ON length was redundant in abduction, exceeding 103% of minimum path for both groups. For normals, the ON elongated 0.4 ± 0.5 mm from central gaze to smaller adduction, and 0.4 ± 0.5 mm further from smaller to larger adduction. For POAG subjects, the ON did not elongate on average from central gaze to smaller adduction and only 0.2 ± 0.4 mm from smaller to larger adduction (P = .045 vs normals). Both groups demonstrated minimal ON elongation not exceeding 0.25 mm from central gaze to smaller and larger abduction. The globe retracted significantly more during large adduction in POAG subjects than normals (0.6 ± 0.7 mm vs 0.2 ± 0.5 mm, P = .027), without appreciable retraction in abduction. For each mm increase in globe axial length, ON elongation in large adduction similarly increased by 0.2 mm in each group. CONCLUSIONS The normal ON stretches to absorb force and avert globe retraction in adduction. In POAG with mild to severe visual field loss, the relatively inelastic ON tethers and retracts the globe during adduction beyond ~26°, transfering stress to the optic disc that could contribute to progressive neuropathy during repeated eye movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Clark
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.,Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Soh Youn Suh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.,Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Joseph Caprioli
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.,Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - JoAnn A Giaconi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.,Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Kouros Nouri-Mahdavi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.,Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Simon K Law
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.,Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Laura Bonelli
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.,Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Anne L Coleman
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.,Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.,Department of Epidemiology Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Joseph L Demer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.,Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.,Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.,Bioengineering Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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27
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Clark RA, Demer JL. The Effect of Axial Length on Extraocular Muscle Leverage. Am J Ophthalmol 2020; 216:186-192. [PMID: 32247775 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2020.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Magnetic resonance imaging was used to determine the effect of axial length (AL) on globe rotational axis and horizontal extraocular muscle leverage during horizontal duction. DESIGN Prospective observational case series. METHODS At a single academic center, 36 orthophoric adults with a wide range of ALs underwent high-resolution axial orbital magnetic resonance imaging in target-controlled adduction and abduction. ALs were measured in planes containing maximum globe cross-sections. Area centroids were calculated to determine globe centers. Rotational axes in orbital coordinates were calculated from displacements of lens centers and globe-optic nerve attachments. Lever arms were calculated as distances between published extraocular muscle insertions and rotational axes. RESULTS ALs averaged 26.3 ± 0.3 mm (standard error [range 21.5-33.4 mm]). Rotational axes from adduction to abduction averaged 1.1 ± 0.2 mm medial and 1.1 ± 0.2 mm anterior to the globe's geometric center in adduction. Linear regression demonstrated no significant correlation between AL and rotational axis horizontal (R2 = 0.06) or anteroposterior (R2 = 0.07) position. Medial rectus (MR) lever arms averaged 12.0 ± 0.2 mm and lateral rectus (LR) lever arms averaged 12.8 ± 0.2 mm. Both MR (R2 = 0.24, P < .001) and LR (R2 = 0.32, P < .001) lever arms significantly increased by about 0.3 mm per 1.0-mm of increased AL, with a corresponding reduction in predicted per-millimeter effect of surgical repositioning of their insertions. CONCLUSIONS Regardless of AL, the globe rotates about a point nasal and anterior to its geometric center, giving the LR more leverage than the MR. This eccentricity may diminish the effect of tendon repositioning in moderate to highly myopic patients, with reductions in per-mill imeter dose/response predicted with longer AL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Clark
- Department of Ophthalmology, Interdepartmental Programs, David Geffen Medical School, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Joseph L Demer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Interdepartmental Programs, David Geffen Medical School, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Neurology, Interdepartmental Programs, David Geffen Medical School, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Interdepartmental Programs, David Geffen Medical School, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Interdepartmental Programs, David Geffen Medical School, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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28
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Shin A, Park J, Le A, Poukens V, Demer JL. Bilaminar Mechanics of the Human Optic Nerve Sheath. Curr Eye Res 2020; 45:854-863. [PMID: 31821056 PMCID: PMC7286774 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2019.1701689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE/AIM The adult human optic nerve (ON) sheath has recently been recognized to be bilaminar, consisting of inner layer (IL) and outer layer (OL). Since the ON and sheath exert tension on the globe in large angle adduction as these structures transmit reaction force of the medial rectus muscle to the globe, this study investigated the laminar biomechanics of the human ON sheath. MATERIALS AND METHODS Biomechanical characterization was performed in ON sheath specimens from 12 pairs of fresh, post-mortem adult eyes. Some ON sheath specimens were tested completely, while others were separated into IL and OL. Uniaxial tensile loading under physiological temperature and humidity was used to characterize a linear approximation as Young's modulus, and hyperelastic non-linear behavior using the formulation of Ogden. Micro-indentation was performed by imposing small compressive deformations with small, hard spheres. Specimens of the same sheaths were paraffin embedded, sectioned at 10 micron thickness, and stained with van Gieson's stain for anatomical correlation. RESULTS Mean (± standard error of the mean, SEM) tensile Young's modulus of the inner sheath at 19.8 ± 1.6 MPa significantly exceeded that for OL at 9.7 ± 1.2 MPa; the whole sheath showed intermediate modulus of 15.4 ± 1.1 MPa. Under compression, the inner sheath was stiffer (7.9 ± 0.5 vs 5.2 ± 0.5 kPa) and more viscous (150.8 ± 10.6 vs 75.6 ± 6 kPa s) than outer sheath. The inner sheath had denser elastin fibers than outer sheath, correlating with greater stiffness. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that maximum tensile stiffness occurs in the elastin-rich ON sheath IL that inserts near the lamina cribrosa where tension in the sheath exerted during adduction tethering may be concentrated adjacent the ON head.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Shin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School & Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Joseph Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Alan Le
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Vadims Poukens
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Joseph L. Demer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles
- Biomedical Engineering Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles
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29
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Demer JL, Clark RA. Letter to the Editor of IOVS From Joseph L. Demer and Robert A. Clark Regarding Joel M. Miller, “EOM Pulleys and Sequelae: A Critical Review”. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:10. [PMID: 32503051 PMCID: PMC7415297 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.6.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L. Demer
- University of California -Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Robert A. Clark
- Stein Eye Institute, University of California -Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States. E-mail:
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30
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Gunzenhauser RC, Tsui I, Velez FG, Fung SS, Demer JL, Suh SY, Sarraf D, Pineles SL. Comparison of Pre-Treatment vs. Post-Treatment Retinal Vessel Density in Children with Amblyopia. J Binocul Vis Ocul Motil 2020; 70:79-85. [PMID: 32412887 DOI: 10.1080/2576117x.2020.1760695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior studies have reported a lower retinal vessel density (RVD) in amblyopic vs. non-amblyopic eyes. No studies have shown if amblyopic eye RVD changes following patching therapy. We assessed for RVD differences between pre-treatment vs. post-treatment amblyopic eyes. METHODS Participants were included if they were <10 years old with unilateral amblyopia. All subjects were required to visit the pediatric eye clinic for examination. Exclusion criteria included: deprivation amblyopia, bilateral amblyopia, nystagmus, media opacity, intraocular inflammation, or any retinal disease. All participants underwent optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) before and after refraction and patching treatment. Outcomes included superficial (SCP) and deep (DCP) capillary plexus RVD. RESULTS 12 patients (12 amblyopic eyes) were included. Mean (SD) age, gestational age (GA), birth weight (BW), and follow-up time were: 6.5 (1.7) years, 39.4 weeks (1.4 w), 3271 g (262 g), and 114 days (46d), respectively. There was a significant increase in the RVD of the DCP in 3 × 3-mm scans after treatment, specifically in the whole image (52.6 ± 5.75 vs 56.5 ± 2.48%, p = .046) and superior hemisphere regions (52.47 ± 6.17 vs 56.73 ± 2.27%, p = .048). CONCLUSIONS Amblyopic eye RVD potentially increases after amblyopia treatment in specific regions of the retina. Further research is required to refine this clinical parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Gunzenhauser
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Irena Tsui
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, University of California , Los Angeles, California.,Department of Ophthalmology, Doheny Eye Institute, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Federico G Velez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Doheny Eye Institute, University of California , Los Angeles, California.,Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Eye Center, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Simon Sm Fung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Joseph L Demer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Soh Y Suh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - David Sarraf
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Stacy L Pineles
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, University of California , Los Angeles, California
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31
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Lee YH, Maniglia M, Velez F, Demer JL, Seitz AR, Pineles S. Short-term Perceptual Learning Game Does Not Improve Patching-Resistant Amblyopia in Older Children. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2020; 57:176-184. [PMID: 32453851 DOI: 10.3928/01913913-20200306-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate self-administered, at-home use of a perceptual learning-based video game consisting of target detection of stimuli in different sizes, spatial frequency, orientation, and contrast as a potential dichoptic therapy to improve binocular function in amblyopic patients resistant to patching. METHODS Children (ages 8 to 18 years) with strabismic and/or anisometropic amblyopia were recruited from a single institution. All participants (n = 25) were prescribed 6 weeks of patching for 2 hours per day, and those whose visual acuity did not improve were randomized to binocular perceptual learning (n = 7), monocular perceptual learning (n = 8), or patching (n = 10) groups for 8 weeks in this prospective cohort study. After an 8-week long period of treatment cessation, during which participants stopped patching or perceptual learning, participants in the patching group were randomized to binocular or monocular perceptual learning training; those in the perceptual learning groups remained the same. Visual function was assessed by visual acuity, low contrast acuity, reading speed, stereoacuity, and binocularity; compliance was evaluated by exercise logs. RESULTS There were no significant improvements in visual function parameters, which did not vary by treatment group. However, some visual outcomes, such as binocular summation and reading speed, correlated positively with compliance to perceptual learning therapy. CONCLUSIONS At-home, self-administered use of this perceptual learning-based video game-based visual training does not consistently add therapeutic benefit to those with amblyopia resistant to patching. Future investigation is required to determine whether methods to increase compliance will lead to more reliable outcomes. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2020;57(3):176-184.].
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32
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Abstract
PURPOSE/AIM We aimed to characterize the connective tissue microanatomy, elastin abundance, and fiber orientation in the human optic nerve sheath, also known as the optic nerve dura mater, for correlation with its biomechanical properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seven whole human orbits aged 4-93 years, and five isolated human optic nerve sheaths aged 26-75 years were formalin fixed, paraffin embedded, coronally sectioned, stained by Masson trichrome and van Gieson's elastin methods, and analyzed quantitatively for elastin fiber abundance and orientation. Elastin area fraction was defined as area stained for elastin divided by total area. RESULTS While unilaminar in children, the adult ON sheath exhibited distinct inner and outer layers. Collagen was denser and more compact in the inner layer. Elastin area fraction was significantly greater at 6.0 ± 0.4% (standard error of mean) in the inner than outer layer at 3.6 ± 0.4% (P < 10-5). Elastin fibers had three predominant orientations: longitudinal, diagonal, and circumferential. Of circumferential fibers, 63 ± 4.7% were in the inner and 37 ± 4.7% in the outer layer (P < 10-4). Longitudinal and diagonal fibers were uniformly distributed in both layers. Elastin density and sheath thickness increased significantly with age (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS The adult human optic nerve sheath is bilaminar, with each layer containing elastin fibers oriented in multiple directions consistent with isotropic properties. Differences in laminar elastin density and orientation may reflect greater tensile loading in the inner than in the outer layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Le
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California , Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Stein Eye Institute, University of California , Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Andrew Shin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph Park
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California , Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Stein Eye Institute, University of California , Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Vadims Poukens
- Department of Ophthalmology and Stein Eye Institute, University of California , Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Joseph L Demer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Stein Eye Institute, University of California , Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of California , Los Angeles, California, USA.,Neuroscience, University of California , Los Angeles, California, USA.,Bioengineering Interdepartmental Programs, University of California , Los Angeles, California, USA.,David Geffen Medical School, University of California , Los Angeles, California, USA
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Demer JL, Clark RA, Suh SY, Giaconi JA, Nouri-Mahdavi K, Law SK, Bonelli L, Coleman AL, Caprioli J. Optic Nerve Traction During Adduction in Open Angle Glaucoma with Normal versus Elevated Intraocular Pressure. Curr Eye Res 2020; 45:199-210. [PMID: 31453714 PMCID: PMC7398593 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2019.1660371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose/Aim: We used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to investigate effects of intraocular pressure (IOP), race, and other factors on optic nerve (ON) traction in adduction, a phenomenon proposed as neuropathic in open angle glaucoma (OAG).Materials and Methods: Thirty-five patients with OAG (26 with maximal untreated IOP ≤21 mmHg, 9 with IOP >21mmHg) and 48 controls underwent axial and quasi-coronal MRI in central gaze and large (27-33°) abduction and adduction. Some underwent MRI at smaller ductions (21-28°). Effects of presence vs. absence of OAG; within OAG whether maximum IOP level was ≤21 mmHg vs. >21 mmHg; adduction angle; race; age; and gender on ON path length and globe translation were analyzed using generalized estimating equations to account for possible intereye correlations of individual subjects.Results: Average visual field mean deviation (±standard error of mean, SEM) was -8.2 ± 1.2 dB in OAG with normal IOP, and -6.1 ± 1.4 in high IOP. In central gaze, ON path in OAG was significantly more redundant than in controls but in both groups the ON became significantly and almost equally straighter in small (~21°) or large (~27°) adduction than in central gaze. With progressive adduction only, globes retracted in OAG (P < 0.005) but not in controls; this was only weakly related to globe size and not to IOP elevation. Globe retraction in adduction was significant only in OAG, and in that group was significantly greater in Asian than white patients (P < 0.02).Conclusions: Although ON tethering in adduction is normal, progressive adduction is associated with abnormal globe retraction in OAG regardless of IOP level. This phenomenon is more prominent in Asians who have OAG. Traction in adduction may cause repetitive strain injury to the ON and peripapillary sclera, thus contributing to the optic neuropathy of glaucoma independent of IOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L. Demer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles
- Stein Eye Institute; University of California, Los Angeles
- Biomedical Engineering Interdepartmental Program; University of California, Los Angeles
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program; University of California, Los Angeles
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Robert A. Clark
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles
- Stein Eye Institute; University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Soh Youn Suh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - JoAnn A. Giaconi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles
- Stein Eye Institute; University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Kouros Nouri-Mahdavi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles
- Stein Eye Institute; University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Simon K. Law
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles
- Stein Eye Institute; University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Laura Bonelli
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles
- Stein Eye Institute; University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Anne L. Coleman
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles
- Stein Eye Institute; University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Joseph Caprioli
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles
- Stein Eye Institute; University of California, Los Angeles
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Abstract
Purpose The optic nerve becomes tethered in adduction in most people, which deforms the disc. We investigated the effect of horizontal ocular duction and subject age on choroidal volume at the macular side of the optic disc. Methods In 25 younger (18-33 years) and 15 older (50-73 years) normal subjects, the disc and the peripapillary choroid were imaged with optical coherence tomography (OCT) in central gaze and 35° adduction and abduction. The choroid temporal to the optic disc underlying the region between the Bruch's membrane opening and fovea was segmented into regions that were multiples of the disc radius for determination of local choroidal thickness. Regional volume changes from central gaze were determined in adduction and abduction. Results In adduction, regional choroidal volume decreased by 42.4 ± 3.4 nanoliters (nL) (standard error of the mean) in younger (P < 0.0001) and 6.2 ± 2.6 nL in older (P < 0.02) subjects. Relative volume reduction in adduction was 7.5% ± 0.6% in younger (P < 0.001) and 1.3% ± 0.6% in older (P < 0.02) subjects. Volume reduction was greatest near the disc and significant up to three disc radii from it in younger and 1 radius in older subjects but was insignificant in abduction. Conclusions Horizontal duction compresses the temporal peripapillary choroid, more in adduction than in abduction and more in younger than older subjects. This reflects duction-related peripapillary tissue deformation probably related, at least in part, to optic nerve tethering in adduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Y Chen
- Computational and Systems Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Alan Le
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States.,Bioengineering Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States.,Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Lindsay M De Andrade
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States.,Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Toshiaki Goseki
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States.,Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Joseph L Demer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States.,Bioengineering Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States.,Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States.,David Geffen Medical School, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
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Goseki T, Suh SY, Robbins L, Pineles SL, Velez FG, Demer JL. Prevalence of Sagging Eye Syndrome in Adults with Binocular Diplopia. Am J Ophthalmol 2020; 209:55-61. [PMID: 31526795 PMCID: PMC6911643 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sagging eye syndrome (SES), horizontal and/or vertical strabismus caused by orbital connective tissue degeneration, was first defined 10 years ago. This study investigated SES and other causes of acquired binocular diplopia in adults presenting to a single institution since the description of SES. DESIGN Retrospective observational case series. METHODS Medical records were reviewed of all new patients over the age of 40 who presented to the Stein Eye Institute with binocular diplopia between January 2015 and December 2018. Clinical causes of diplopia were tabulated in patients grouped by age and sex. In patients with SES, we tabulated binocular alignment, types of treatment, and surgical outcomes. RESULTS There were 945 patients of mean age 66.5 years, of whom 514 (54.4%) were female. The most common cause of diplopia was SES (31.4%). The 297 patients with SES were older at 71.2 years (P < 0.0001) and more predominantly female at 59.9% than other patients (52.0%; P = 0.023). The relative proportion of SES patients among all diplopic patients increased with age from 4.7% under age 50 years to 60.9% over the age of 90. Age-related distance esotropia was present in 35% and cyclovertical strabismus in 65% of cases of SES. Strabismus surgery was performed in 50% of cases of SES. Mean esotropia at distance decreased from 6.9 ± 0.7Δ preoperatively to 0.3 ± 0.3Δ postoperatively. Preoperative hypertropia decreased from 3.0 ± 0.3Δ to 0.7 ± 0.2Δ postoperatively. Surgery resolved diplopia in all cases. CONCLUSIONS It is important to recognize that SES is a very common cause of adult binocular diplopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Goseki
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; UCLA Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Soh Youn Suh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; UCLA Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Laura Robbins
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; UCLA Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Stacy L Pineles
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; UCLA Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Federico G Velez
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joseph L Demer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; UCLA Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Neurology, David Geffen Medical School at University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA; Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, David Geffen Medical School at University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA; Bioengineering Interdepartmental Program, David Geffen Medical School at University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA; David Geffen Medical School at University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Ugradar S, Le A, Lesgart M, Goldberg RA, Rootman D, Demer JL. Biomechanical and Morphologic Effects of Collagen Cross-Linking in Human Tarsus. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2019; 8:25. [PMID: 31832279 PMCID: PMC6900964 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.8.6.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the feasibility of increasing the stiffness of human tarsal tissue following treatment with riboflavin and ultraviolet A (UVA) to induce cross-linking of collagen fibers. Methods In this case control study, 18 right and left upper eyelids were excised en bloc from 18 fresh-frozen cadavers. One side served as the control while the samples from the opposite side were cross-linked. Four 2 × 6-mm vertical strips of central tarsus were cut from the superior to inferior border of each tarsal plate. Sample tissue was irradiated with UVA at 6 mW/cm2 for 18 minutes. A microtensile load cell and an optical coherence tomography scanner allowed calculation of stiffness (Young's modulus). Six cross-linked samples and corresponding controls were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson trichrome stains. Four controls and four cross-linked samples were also reviewed with a transmission electron microscope. Results Mean Young's modulus in the linear region for controls was 28 ± 9 MPa and was much higher at 138 ± 8 MPa for cross-linked samples (P < 0.001), yielding a 493% mean stiffness increase. Staining with H&E and Masson did not reveal any histologic changes. Transmission electron microscopy showed a decrease in average diameter of 50 randomly selected collagen fibers from 47.2 ± 1.9 nm prior to cross-linking to 34.2 ± 1.1 nm post cross-linking (P < 0.001). Qualitatively, the collagen fibers appeared more closely packed following cross-linking. Conclusions The findings of this study suggest that collagen cross-linking is a viable and effective modality for increasing the stiffness of human tarsal plates. Translational Relevance This work provides proof that collagen cross-linking produces stiffening of the human tarsal plate and may be used in disorders that cause eyelid laxity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoaib Ugradar
- Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alan Le
- Bioengineering Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael Lesgart
- Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Daniel Rootman
- Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Doheny Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joseph L Demer
- Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Bioengineering Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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37
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Clark RA, Choy AE, Demer JL. Reply. J AAPOS 2019; 23:363-364. [PMID: 31580893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Clark
- Department of Ophthalmology and Stein Eye Institute, David GeffenMedical School at University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Andrew E Choy
- Department of Ophthalmology and Stein Eye Institute, David GeffenMedical School at University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Joseph L Demer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Stein Eye Institute, David GeffenMedical School at University of California, Los Angeles
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Abstract
Purpose: Corneal collagen cross-linking by ultraviolet light activation of riboflavin has been used clinically to enhance corneal stiffness. We sought to determine if cross-linking differentially affects scleral regions.Methods: Adjacent, parallel strips of sclera were cut from superolateral, superomedial, inferolateral, and inferomedial quadrants of posterior and equatorial sclera of 12 human cadaver eyes. One of each pair served as control while the other was cross-linked by immersion in 0.1% riboflavin and 365 nm exposure at 6 mW/cm2 irradiance for 30 min. Behavior of strips was characterized using a microtensile load cell. Preloaded strips were imaged using orthogonally mounted cameras and optical coherence tomography to determine specimen dimensions including cross-sectional area. Tension was measured during 0.1 mm/s constant rate elongation.Results: Young's modulus (YM), the slope of the relationship relating tensile stress to strain, was calculated at 8% strain, and increased significantly after cross-linking (P < .001). In posterior sclera, mean (± standard error of mean, SEM) YM is increased in the superolateral, superomedial, inferolateral, and inferomedial quadrants by 46 ± 15%, 32 ± 11%, 67 ± 20%, and 53 ± 11%, respectively. In equatorial sclera, YM is increased by 139 ± 43%, 68 ± 27%, 143 ± 92%, and 68 ± 14%, respectively. The YM of pooled equatorial quadrants increased significantly more than that of the pooled posterior quadrants.Conclusions: Scleral collagen cross-linking by ultraviolet activation of riboflavin differentially increases scleral YM more in the equatorial than posterior sclera, and most in the lateral, equatorial sclera. Cross-linking might be used to arrest progressive myopia or to prevent staphyloma formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bola A Gawargious
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alan Le
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Neuroscience and Bioengineering Interdepartmental Programs, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michael Lesgart
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shoaib Ugradar
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Joseph L Demer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Neuroscience and Bioengineering Interdepartmental Programs, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,David Geffen Medical School, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Abstract
Current models of ocular mechanics do not fully account for potentially large globe translations associated with eye rotation. Such combined motion can be measured using magnetic resonance imaging in axial planes. We imaged orbits of normal volunteers fixating horizontally eccentric targets. These data indicate that the human eye acts as if it rotates eccentrically about a varying point typically anterior to the geometric globe center, but significantly lateral in abduction and medial in adduction. Assumed eccentricity of the ocular rotational center would vary the torque lever arms for the horizontal rectus muscles, with an appreciably smaller relative lever arm for the medial rectus muscle in adduction than would be the case for oculocentric rotation. Such variation in ocular rotational center might alter muscle torque without commensurate change in muscle tension, as appears to happen in convergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Demer
- Stein Eye Institute and Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - Robert A Clark
- Stein Eye Institute and Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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40
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Abstract
The ocular motor plant, consisting of the globe, extraocular muscles (EOMs), and connective tissue suspension, constitutes an intricate and non-linear actuator of eye movements. The pulley system of the rectus EOMs constitutes a non-linear inner gimbal actuated by the orbital layers of these EOMs that renders the sequence of ocular rotations effectively commutative to the central controller, and can be rotated by the outer gimbal driven by the oblique EOMs. Optic nerve (ON) length is insufficient to permit large angle adduction without tethering by the ON and sheath, creating at and beyond this threshold a large additional load on the medial rectus muscle. Finite element modeling suggests that adduction may eventually cause repetitive strain injury to the ON and glaucomatous optic nerve damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Demer
- Stein Eye Institute and Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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Abstract
We employed magnetic resonance imaging to quantify human extraocular muscle (EOM) contractility during intermittent convergent and divergent strabismus with each eye viewing monocularly at 20 cm compared with centered target fusion. Contractility, indicated by posterior partial volume change, was analyzed in transverse rectus and in medial and lateral superior oblique (SO) muscle compartments. In five subjects with intermittent esotropia, abduction of the deviated eye to monocular target fixation was associated with significant whole lateral rectus (LR) contraction, but with medial rectus (MR) relaxation that was significantly greater in the superior than inferior compartment. Esotropic eye abduction to binocular fusion was associated with similar relaxation in the two MR compartments, but with greater contraction in the LR's superior than inferior compartment. The whole diverging eye SO muscle relaxed. In three subjects with intermittent exotropia, converging eye fusional adduction was associated with significant whole LR relaxation and with MR contraction attributable to significantly greater contraction in the superior than inferior compartment. In adduction of the exotropic eye to monocular target fixation but not fusional adduction, the whole SO exhibited significant relaxation. Rectus pulley positions were not significantly altered by fusion of either form of intermittent strabismus. Globe rotational axis was eccentric in intermittent strabismus, rolling the eye so that rectus EOM lever arms facilitated vergence. These results confirm, and extend to fusion of intermittent horizontal strabismus, differential compartmental function in horizontal rectus EOMs and suggest a novel role for the SO in compensation of both intermittent esotropia and exotropia. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Disjunctive eye movements normally permit binocular fixation in near visual space but also compensate for mechanical imbalances in binocular alignment developing over the life span. Magnetic resonance imaging of the extraocular muscles demonstrates important differential function in muscle compartments during compensation of large-angle intermittent convergent and divergent strabismus in humans. Eye translation during rotation also enhances vergence compensation of intermittent strabismus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Demer
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen Medical School, University of California , Los Angeles, California.,Department of Neurology, David Geffen Medical School, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Robert A Clark
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen Medical School, University of California , Los Angeles, California
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Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the clinical and intraoperative findings of an anatomic abnormality in children that resembles sagging eye syndrome documented in older adults and that led to recurrent esotropia after surgery. METHODS We reviewed records of 4 patients with substantial recurrent esotropia after bilateral medial rectus recession who required subsequent surgery combining lateral rectus resection with correction of the anatomic abnormality affecting the lateral rectus path. Binocular alignment was sequentially analyzed. RESULTS Three young patients (2-3 years of age) presented with acquired esotropia but minimal cycloplegic refractive error. The fourth patient (14 years of age) initially had moderate hyperopia and partially accommodative esotropia, but subsequently developed marked bilateral overelevation in adduction. In all patients, esotropia recurred within 5Δ of preoperative deviation after bilateral medial rectus recession. Surgical exposure demonstrated that bilateral lateral rectus paths were inferiorly displaced more than one-half tendon width from their normal paths near the globe's equator, despite normal scleral insertions. Equatorial myopexy and lateral rectus resection resulted in stable esotropia correction. CONCLUSIONS Lateral rectus sag in children creates a type of acquired esotropia and overelevation in adduction poorly responsive to standard surgery but correctable with lateral rectus resection and equatorial myopexy that normalizes the lateral rectus path through permanent scleral fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Clark
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen Medical School at University of California, Los Angeles; Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen Medical School at University of California, Los Angeles; Long Beach Memorial Medical Center, Long Beach, California
| | - Andrew E Choy
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen Medical School at University of California, Los Angeles; Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen Medical School at University of California, Los Angeles; Long Beach Memorial Medical Center, Long Beach, California
| | - Joseph L Demer
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen Medical School at University of California, Los Angeles; Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen Medical School at University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology, David Geffen Medical School at University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neuroscience, David Geffen Medical School at University of California, Los Angeles; Bioengineering Interdepartmental Programs, David Geffen Medical School at University of California, Los Angeles.
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Abstract
Purpose Repetitive strain to the optic nerve (ON) due to tethering in adduction has been recently proposed as an intraocular pressure-independent mechanism of optic neuropathy in primary open-angle glaucoma. Since strabismus may alter adduction, we investigated whether gaze-related ON straightening and associated globe translation differ in horizontal and vertical strabismus. Methods High-resolution orbital magnetic resonance imaging was obtained in 2-mm thick quasi-coronal planes using surface coils in 25 subjects (49 orbits) with esotropia (ET, 19 ± 3.6Δ SEM), 11 (15 orbits) with exotropia (XT, 33.7 ± 7.3Δ), 7 (12 orbits) with hypertropia (HT, 14.6 ± 3.2Δ), and 31 normal controls (62 orbits) in target-controlled central gaze, and in maximum attainable abduction and adduction. Area centroids were used to determine ON path sinuosity and globe positions. Results Adduction angles achieved in ET (30.6° ± 0.9°) and HT (27.2° ± 2.3°) did not significantly differ from normal (28.3° ± 0.7°), but significantly less adduction was achieved in XT (19.0° ± 2.5°, P = 0.005). ON sheath tethering in adduction occurred in ET and HT similarly to normal, but did not in XT. The globe translated significantly less than normal, nasally in adduction in XT and temporally in abduction in ET and HT (P < 0.02, for all). Globe retraction did not occur during abduction or adduction in any group. Conclusions Similar to normal subjects, the ON and sheath become tethered without globe retraction in ET and HT. In XT, adduction tethering does not occur, possibly due to limited adduction angle. Thus, therapeutic limitation of adduction could be considered as a possible treatment for ON sheath tethering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soh Youn Suh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Robert A Clark
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States.,Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States.,David Geffen Medical School at University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Joseph L Demer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States.,Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States.,David Geffen Medical School at University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States.,Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States.,Bioengineering Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States
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El-Abedin Rajab GZ, Demer JL. Long-term results of surgical excision of conjunctival retention cyst using trypan blue with methylcellulose. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 2019; 14:28-31. [PMID: 30815620 PMCID: PMC6377388 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Conjunctival retention cysts may recur if not completely removed. However, the cyst wall often ruptures during surgical excision, making complete removal difficult. In order to ensure complete cyst excision, we used a method of staining the inner cyst wall using trypan blue augmented by Methyl cellulose. Observation Interventional study. Staining was performed by injecting trypan blue using an insulin needle. Then the needle was kept in place and methyl cellulose was injected to make the cyst content viscous to avoid its collapse after removing the needle. By using this technique, it was possible to excise the lesion as a whole. Three patients were included (unilateral). Two patients had cysts that were secondary to trachoma and were followed for up to 2 years without recurrence. A third patient had a conjunctival cyst following strabismus surgery was not successfully removed. Conclusion This method is simple and effective for complete excision of conjunctival retention cysts exception for cysts post strabismus surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph L Demer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Neurology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Bioengineering Interdepartmental Program, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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45
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Clark RA, Demer JL. Reply. Am J Ophthalmol 2019; 198:265-266. [PMID: 30503014 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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46
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Demer JL. Childhood Self-perceptions in Children With Amblyopia. JAMA Ophthalmol 2019; 137:174-175. [DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2018.5543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L. Demer
- Stein Eye Institute, Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles
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47
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Clark RA, Demer JL. Retraction notice to "The Globe's Eccentric Rotational Axis: Why Medial Rectus Surgery Is More Potent than Lateral Rectus Surgery" (Ophthalmology. 2018;125:1234-1238). Ophthalmology 2018; 126:175. [PMID: 30577912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Clark
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los
Angeles, California
- Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles,
California
- David Geffen Medical School at the University of
California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Joseph L. Demer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los
Angeles, California
- Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles,
California
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los
Angeles, California
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of
California, Los Angeles, California
- Bioengineering Interdepartmental Program, University of
California, Los Angeles, California
- David Geffen Medical School at the University of
California, Los Angeles, California
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Clark RA, Demer JL. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Globe-Tendon Interface for Extraocular Muscles: Is There an "Arc of Contact"? Am J Ophthalmol 2018; 194:170-181. [PMID: 30030978 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine if the "arc of contact" is an accurate approximation of the globe-tendon interface for the biomechanical modeling of extraocular muscle (EOM) force transfer onto the globe. METHODS At a single academic institution, 18 normal and 14 strabismic subjects were prospectively recruited for surface-coil enhanced magnetic resonance imaging at 312- or 390-μm resolution in axial planes for horizontal EOMs (23 subjects, 26 orbits) and sagittal planes for vertical EOMs (13 subjects, 22 orbits) during large ipsiversive ductions. The measured angle at insertion and the predicted angle assuming an "arc of contact" were compared using paired t tests. RESULTS For normal EOMs, the measured angle at insertion was significantly greater than predicted assuming an "arc of contact" for the medial rectus (MR) (5.0 ± 4.8 degrees vs 0.0 ± 0.0 degrees, P = .03), lateral rectus (LR) (4.9 ± 3.0 degrees vs 0.0 ± 0.0 degrees, P = .02), inferior rectus (7.4 ± 4.8 degrees vs 1.2 ± 2.6 degrees, P = .00003), and superior rectus (0.6 ± 1.1 degrees vs 0.0 ± 0.0 degrees, P = .04). In strabismic subjects, the measured angle was significantly greater for the MR in abducens palsy (9.9 ± 4.3 degrees vs 0.5 ± 0.7 degrees, P = .0007) and after MR resection (9.0 ± 6.9 degrees vs 1.2 ± 2.4 degrees, P = .02), but not after LR recession (2.9 vs 0.0 degrees). Single subjects had comparable angles after MR recession, but markedly different angles after MR and LR posterior fixation. CONCLUSIONS Contrary to the "arc of contact" biomechanical model, normal and postsurgical EOMs are significantly non-tangent to the globe at their scleral insertions. The "arc of contact" should be replaced in biomechanical modeling by the experimentally measured angles at tendon insertions. NOTE: Publication of this article is sponsored by the American Ophthalmological Society.
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Abstract
We employed magnetic resonance imaging to quantify human extraocular muscle contractility during centered target fusion and fusional divergence repeated with each eye viewing monocularly at 20 cm through 8Δ and at 400 cm through 4Δ base in prism. Contractility, indicated by posterior partial volume (PPV) change, was analyzed in transverse rectus and in medial and lateral superior oblique (SO) muscle compartments and by cross-sectional area change in the inferior oblique (IO). At 20 cm, 3.1 ± 0.5° (SE) diverging eye abduction in 10 subjects was associated with 4.2 ± 1.5% whole lateral rectus (LR) PPV increase ( P < 0.05) and 1.7 ± 1.1% overall medial rectus (MR) PPV decrease attributable to 3.1 ± 1.8% reduction in the superior compartment ( P < 0.025), without change in its inferior compartment or in muscles of the aligned eye. At 400 cm, 2.2 ± 0.5° diverging eye abduction in nine subjects was associated with 6.1 ± 1.3% whole LR PPV increase ( P < 10-5) but no change in MR, with compartmentally similar relaxation in the LR and MR of the aligned eye. Unlike convergence, there were no IO or SO contractile changes for divergence to either target nor any change in rectus pulley positions. Results confirm and extend to proximal divergence the unique role of the superior MR compartment, yet no MR role for far divergence. Corelaxation of aligned eye LR and MR combined with failure of MR relaxation during divergence is consistent with the limited behavioral range of divergence. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Magnetic resonance imaging shows that the lateral rectus muscle must overcome continued contraction by its opponent the medial rectus when humans diverge their visual axes to achieve single, binocular vision. While the upper but not lower compartment of the medial rectus assists by relaxing for near targets, it does not do so when targets are far away. This behavior violates Sherrington's law of reciprocal action of antagonists and conventional assumptions about the ocular motor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Demer
- Department of Ophthalmology University of California , Los Angeles, California.,Department of Neurology, David Geffen Medical School, University of California , Los Angeles, California
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- Department of Ophthalmology University of California , Los Angeles, California
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Chang MY, Velez FG, Demer JL, Bonelli L, Quiros PA, Arnold AC, Sadun AA, Pineles SL. Reply. Ophthalmology 2018; 125:e63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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