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de Bruijn Y, Emmen RAG, Mesman J. Color-evasiveness and white normativity: Examples set by parents in parent-child interactions in the Netherlands. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol 2024:2024-50855-001. [PMID: 38330367 DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Parents can set examples of social norms about ethnic diversity and interethnic relations in interaction with their children. The present study examined whether and how parents set norms of color-evasiveness and White normativity when playing a social categorization game with their children. METHOD In a sample of 141 White Dutch, 73 Turkish-Dutch, and 56 Black Dutch mothers of a 6- to 10-year-old child, behaviors reflecting color-evasiveness (avoiding skin color questions, asking about skin color late in the game, taking relatively long to formulate skin color questions) and White normativity (bias in ethnic-racial focus used) were observed. Two subsamples (mothers approximately 2 years later and fathers) were used to try to replicate results. RESULTS Color-evasiveness was most frequent among White Dutch mothers and during the version of the game including pictures of South West Asian/North African and Black adults, but did not depend on the ethnic-racial background of the researchers. All mothers who asked about skin color displayed patterns of ethnic-racial focus that reflect White normativity, by focusing on dark rather than light skin colors. This bias was irrespective of their own ethnic-racial background, ethnic-racial background of the researchers, and the version of the game. Patterns of color-evasiveness and White normativity were largely replicated in both subsamples. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that children might already learn societal norms that conflict with anti-racism in very basic parent-child interactions situations. Future research is needed to investigate how to foster more inclusive social norms such as color consciousness in the next generation and their parents. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ymke de Bruijn
- Faculty of Governance and Global Affairs, Leiden University College, Leiden University
| | - Rosanneke A G Emmen
- Faculty of Governance and Global Affairs, Leiden University College, Leiden University
| | - Judi Mesman
- Faculty of Governance and Global Affairs, Leiden University College, Leiden University
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de Vries EE, van der Pol LD, Groeneveld MG, Mesman J. Fathers' and mothers' sensitivity during free play with gendered toys. J Fam Psychol 2023; 37:1106-1114. [PMID: 37023270 DOI: 10.1037/fam0001083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
This study examined whether fathers' and mothers' sensitivity toward sons and daughters varies depending on whether they play with stereotypical girls' toys or boys' toys. In a sample of 144 predominantly White Dutch families with a child aged 4-6 years, fathers' and mothers' sensitivity was observed during two free play episodes while they played with their son or daughter. One play episode was with stereotypical boys' toys, and the other was with stereotypical girls' toys. Results showed that mothers' but not fathers' sensitivity scores, depended on whether they played with a son or daughter and whether they played with stereotypically boys' toys or girls' toys. Mothers were more sensitive to their daughters when they played with girls' toys than with boys' toys. In addition, mothers playing with daughters were more sensitive than mothers playing with sons when they played with girls' toys. Mothers' differential sensitivity during gender-typed play could be a gender socialization practice that subtly contributes to gender inequality in societal roles and careers, especially for daughters. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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van de Rozenberg TM, Kroes ADA, van der Pol LD, Groeneveld MG, Mesman J. Same-Sex Kissing and Having a Gay or Lesbian Child: A Bridge Too Far? Parent-Child Similarities in Homophobic Attitudes and Observed Parental Discomfort. J Homosex 2023:1-25. [PMID: 37643385 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2023.2233658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
This study examined parent-child similarities in homophobic attitudes and observed parental discomfort with coming-out vignettes in interactions with their adolescent children (14-18 years old). Based on gender schema theory and the family process model we expected parent-child similarities in homophobic attitudes to be stronger in same-gender dyads. Further, we expected that observed parental discomfort with coming-out vignettes would occur and is stronger when the gender of the parent, child, and character in the vignette match. We used questionnaires and observation data from 199 White Dutch families in the Netherlands. Our results showed that parents' homophobic attitudes were associated with their children's homophobic attitudes. For same-sex kissing and (imagining) having a gay son, these associations were stronger between parents and children of the same gender. Further, parental discomfort with coming-out vignettes occurred and was stronger when parents and children had the same gender, regardless of the gender of the vignette character. In conclusion, policies aiming at gay and lesbian inclusion should not be limited to accepting gay/lesbian identities, but also pay attention to the acceptance of same-sex intimacy expressions, having gay or lesbian family members, and normalizing discussions about gay/lesbian lives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lotte D van der Pol
- Governance of Global Affairs, Leiden University, LUC, Den Haag, The Netherlands
| | | | - Judi Mesman
- Governance of Global Affairs, Leiden University, LUC, Den Haag, The Netherlands
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Li W, Nefs HT, Emmen RA, Woudstra MLJ, Branger MC, Wang L, Alink LR, Mesman J. Does parental autonomy support mediate the relation between parent and infant executive function? A study of mothers and fathers in the Netherlands and China. Infant Behav Dev 2023; 71:101833. [PMID: 36990019 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2023.101833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Parenting skills, such as Autonomy Support (AS), have been proposed as a potential mechanism explaining the intergenerational contiguity of Executive Function (EF). However, few studies have focused on mothers and fathers among non-Western families. The current study investigated the role of maternal and paternal AS in the relation between parental EF and infant EF at 14 months of age among 123 Dutch and 63 Chinese first-time mothers and fathers and their infants. Multiple-group structural equation models were built for mothers and fathers separately with country as a grouping variable. Results showed that parental AS did not mediate the relation between parent EF and infant EF at 14 months. Mean-level differences were found in parental AS, maternal EF, and infant inhibition across countries, while no country differences were found in the relation between parent EF, AS and infant EF. Our findings suggested that individual differences in early EF may not be stable enough to be reliably predicted from parental factors across the Netherlands and China.
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Spinelli M, Preti E, Kassa TT, Asale MA, Goshu MA, Tsega TW, Gezie AM, Fasolo M, Mesman J. Cultural considerations in the assessment of sensitivity in low-income caregivers in Ethiopia. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1163773. [PMID: 37179883 PMCID: PMC10169662 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1163773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Caregiver sensitivity is associated with positive child outcomes, and improving sensitivity is often the aim of parenting-directed interventions. However, sensitivity was conceptualized in Western cultures, and its application in populations with different backgrounds is still limited. Objective This study aimed to foster a contextualized cultural understanding of the meaning and nature of sensitivity by assessing the possibility of evaluating sensitivity in a low-income population living in Ethiopia and describing the nature of (in)sensitive parenting. Moreover, the associations between sensitivity and discipline, the quality of the environment, and individual characteristics were explored. Methods Parental sensitivity was coded on naturalistic video-recorded observations of free interactions between 25 female primary caregivers and their children. Caregivers completed questionnaires on discipline strategies and the level of satisfaction with the environment (access to basic needs, quality of house condition, community and family support, quality of learning opportunities, and working conditions). Results The assessment of sensitivity in this population was possible, with caregivers showing the full range of sensitivity levels. A description of manifestations of sensitivity in this population is provided. A K-means cluster analysis evidenced that high sensitivity was associated with high satisfaction regarding housing conditions and family environment. No association between sensitivity and discipline emerged. Conclusion The findings show the feasibility of assessing sensitivity in this sample. The descriptions of observed behaviors contribute to understanding culturally specific aspects of sensitivity to consider when assessing sensitivity in similar populations. The study provides considerations and guidelines to inform the structure of culturally-based interventions to promote sensitive parenting in similar cultural and socioeconomic situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Spinelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Emanuele Preti
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Moges Ayele Asale
- School of Psychology, College of Education and Behavioral Studies, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mulat Asnake Goshu
- School of Psychology, College of Education and Behavioral Studies, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tigist Wuhib Tsega
- School of Psychology, College of Education and Behavioral Studies, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abebaw Minaye Gezie
- School of Psychology, College of Education and Behavioral Studies, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mirco Fasolo
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Judi Mesman
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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van Berkel SR, Groeneveld MG, van der Pol LD, Linting M, Mesman J. Growing up together: Differences between siblings in the development of compliance separating within-family and between-family effects. Dev Psychol 2023; 59:655-668. [PMID: 36548041 DOI: 10.1037/dev0001486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study applies a within-family, age-snapshot design to investigate differences between siblings in the development of compliance during the preschool years by disaggregating situational, within-family, and between-family effects. The aim of the study was to investigate the relation between sibling differences in compliance and the within-family factors birth order and differential parenting, as well as interactions between these factors. Using observational data of 311 Dutch families (self-identified as culturally Dutch) with 2 children when each child was 3 and 4 years old (firstborns: 36.2 months old; SD = 3.6; 48% girls, second-borns (2 years later): 36.67 months old; SD = .62; 47% girls) and both parents. Three-level cross-classified multilevel models showed main effects of observed sibling noncompliance and differential verbal discipline on noncompliance. In addition, second-born children were more compliant than their firstborn siblings, but only when the firstborn was disciplined physically more often than his/her younger sibling. The results provide evidence that birth-order effects may partially be explained by differential parenting and suggest that differences between siblings cannot be fully understood without taking into account the influence of both direct and indirect sibling effects. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila R van Berkel
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University
| | - Marleen G Groeneveld
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University
| | - Lotte D van der Pol
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University
| | - Mariëlle Linting
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University
| | - Judi Mesman
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University
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7
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Yang Y, Emmen RAG, van Veen D, Mesman J. Perceived discrimination, ethnic identity, and ethnic-racial socialization in Chinese immigrant families before and after the COVID-19 outbreak: An exploratory natural experiment. Int J Intercult Relat 2022; 91:27-37. [PMID: 36106309 PMCID: PMC9463542 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Emerging research from the United States indicates that people with an East Asian background experience COVID-19-related racial discrimination. There is some (although not consistent) evidence that these discrimination experiences can in turn have psychological and behavioral consequences, such as strengthening one's ethnic identity and influencing parents' ethnic-racial socialization practices. The current study presents a unique natural experiment examining self-reported perceived discrimination experiences, ethnic identity, and ethnic-racial socialization among 80 Chinese immigrant mothers in the Netherlands before and after the COVID-19 outbreak (39 mothers recruited before the start of the COVID-19 pandemic and 41 during). The main findings from our exploratory analyses indicated an impact of the pandemic with higher (subtle) discrimination and stronger ethnic identity among Chinese immigrant mothers living in the Netherlands, highlighting how personal experiences related to intergroup processes have changed as a result of the COVID-19 crisis in the European context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Yang
- Institute of Societal Challenges, Faculty of Governance and Global Affairs, Leiden University, Turfmarkt 99, 2511DP The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Rosanneke A G Emmen
- Institute of Societal Challenges, Faculty of Governance and Global Affairs, Leiden University, Turfmarkt 99, 2511DP The Hague, the Netherlands
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333AK Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Daudi van Veen
- Institute of Societal Challenges, Faculty of Governance and Global Affairs, Leiden University, Turfmarkt 99, 2511DP The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Judi Mesman
- Institute of Societal Challenges, Faculty of Governance and Global Affairs, Leiden University, Turfmarkt 99, 2511DP The Hague, the Netherlands
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333AK Leiden, the Netherlands
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Groeneveld MG, van der Pol LD, de Vries EE, Mesman J. Triadic family conversations about gender: Children as driving forces and messiness in messages they receive. J Fam Psychol 2022; 36:1183-1193. [PMID: 34780202 DOI: 10.1037/fam0000931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to unravel the unique contributions of fathers, mothers, and preschoolers to conversations about gender during picture book reading, as well as examining the relationship between parents' gender messages and their stereotypes. The sample consisted of 142 families. During a home visit, triadic parent-child Gender Stereotypes Picture Book reading was filmed to code implicit and explicit forms of gender talk. A computer task (implicit attitudes) and questionnaire (explicit attitudes) were used to measure parents' gender stereotypes. As expected, the gender picture book evoked questions and statements about gender (mostly from mothers). Regarding implicit forms of gender talk (i.e., gender labeling and evaluating activities), we found no structural differences between the three family members in terms of expressing stereotypical or contra-stereotypical ideas. There were also no differences between boys and girls in (receiving and expressing) implicit gender messages about the pictures. Regarding conversations that included explicit forms of gender talk, we found a pattern in which children started most often with a stereotypical comment, followed by questions (mostly mothers), confirmations, and negations by the parents. It was remarkable that children frequently received mixed messages in response to their stereotypical comments, and that children tended to stick to their stereotypical opinion even when challenged by their parents. Parents' gender messages were not structurally related to their gender stereotypes. This study shows that children are a driving force of family conversations about gender, and reveals messiness in the gender messages children receive from their parents. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Pektas F, Emmen RAG, Mesman J. Ingroup and outgroup preference and rejection among young children of different ethnic groups in the Netherlands. Social Development 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fadime Pektas
- Leiden University College Faculty of Governance and Global Affairs Leiden University The Hague The Netherlands
| | - Rosanneke A. G. Emmen
- Leiden University College Faculty of Governance and Global Affairs Leiden University The Hague The Netherlands
- Institute of Education and Child Studies Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Judi Mesman
- Leiden University College Faculty of Governance and Global Affairs Leiden University The Hague The Netherlands
- Institute of Education and Child Studies Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
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10
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Fourment K, Espinoza C, Ribeiro ACL, Mesman J. Latin American Attachment studies: A narrative review. Infant Ment Health J 2022; 43:653-676. [PMID: 35661377 PMCID: PMC9546405 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.21995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Attachment theory´s core hypotheses (universality, normativity, sensitivity, and competence) are assumed to be applicable worldwide. However, the majority of studies on attachment theory have been conducted in Western countries, and the extent to which these core hypotheses are supported by research conducted in Latin America has never been systematically addressed. The purpose of this systematic narrative literature review is to provide an integrative discussion of the current body of empirical studies concerning attachment theory conducted in Latin American countries. For that purpose, a search was conducted in four electronic databases (Web of Science, PsycInfo, SciELO, and Redalyc) and 82 publications on attachment and/or sensitivity met inclusion criteria. None of the studies reported cases in which an attachment relationship was absent, and a predominance of secure attachment patterns was found, mainly for non-risk samples (NRS). Sensitivity levels were generally deemed adequate in NRS, and related to attachment quality. Attachment security and caregivers' sensitivity were positively associated with child outcomes. Attachment-based intervention studies mostly showed efficacy. In conclusion, Latin American research supports the key theoretical assumptions of attachment theory, mainly in samples of urban middle-class NRS. However, the field of attachment-related research would be enriched by also investing in Latin American studies on caregiving rooted in local concepts and theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Fourment
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Department of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Lima, Peru
| | - Camila Espinoza
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ana Carla Lima Ribeiro
- Graduate School of Social Psychology, University, of State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Judi Mesman
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Branger MC, Emmen RA, Woudstra MLJ, Alink LR, Mesman J. Narrative coherence across the transition to parenthood: Primiparous parents' representations of their child in relation to parental sensitivity. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2022; 226:103581. [PMID: 35367638 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Narrative coherence reflects parents' ability to provide a believable, clear, relevant, and internally consistent story about their child. Parents demonstrating more narrative coherence have been theorized to show higher parental sensitivity, but this has not been examined in a normative sample, nor across the transition to parenthood, and only once in fathers. The aim of this study was to examine stability and change in narrative coherence across the transition to parenthood in mothers and fathers, as well as the relation between pre- and postnatal narrative coherence and postnatal parental sensitivity. The sample consisted of 105 primiparous expecting parents. Narrative coherence was measured at 36-weeks pregnancy and when the child was 4 months old, using the Five Minute Speech Sample procedure. Parental sensitivity was observed in three episodes. Results demonstrated that narrative coherence was moderately stable (correlations) across the transition to parenthood in fathers only. Both mothers' and fathers' narrative coherence improved over time. Furthermore, mothers and fathers were overall equally coherent, and maternal and paternal narrative coherence were positively interrelated during pregnancy only. Lastly, our findings showed weak evidence for the theorized link between narrative coherence and parental sensitivity: only postnatal narrative coherence predicted paternal sensitivity, only during free play. Our findings give new insight in the development of narrative coherence across the transition to parenthood, and how it relates to actual parenting. More research is needed to confirm our findings and further explore this topic.
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Gao D, Liu J, Xu L, Mesman J, van Geel M. Early Adolescent Social Anxiety: Differential Associations for Fathers' and Mothers' Psychologically Controlling and Autonomy-Supportive Parenting. J Youth Adolesc 2022; 51:1858-1871. [PMID: 35639303 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-022-01636-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Although psychologically controlling and autonomy-supportive parenting are important indicators of social anxiety during early adolescence, less research has explored distinct roles of father and mother parenting, especially in interdependent-oriented culture. This 3-year longitudinal study examined the reciprocal associations between such parenting and early adolescent social anxiety from multi-informants in the Chinese context. A sample of 1,140 Chinese early adolescents (51.1% boys; Mage = 10.50 years) and their parents participated at Wave 1. The results did not reveal reciprocal relations between fathers' reported parenting and social anxiety, but indicated paternal parenting effects from boys' perceptions of autonomy support to social anxiety, and child effects from social anxiety to girls' perceived psychological control. Maternal parenting effects were present for boys' perceptions of autonomy support and girls' perceptions of psychological control. The findings highlight the distinct roles of father and mother parenting across child gender and suggest differentiated relations of parenting to social anxiety during early adolescence in the Chinese context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Gao
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Junsheng Liu
- Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Luyan Xu
- Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Judi Mesman
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Mitch van Geel
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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Mesman J, de Bruijn Y, van Veen D, Pektas F, Emmen RAG. Maternal color-consciousness is related to more positive and less negative attitudes toward ethnic-racial outgroups in children in White Dutch families. Child Dev 2022; 93:668-680. [PMID: 35543415 PMCID: PMC9324943 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A prerequisite to anti-racist socialization in families is acknowledging ethnic-racial (power) differences, also known as color-consciousness. In a sample of 138 White Dutch families from the urban Western region of the Netherlands with children aged 6-10 years (53% girls), observations and questionnaires on maternal color-consciousness and measures of children's attitudes toward Black and Middle-Eastern ethnic-racial outgroups were collected in 2018-2019. Variable-centered analyses showed that maternal color-conscious socialization practices were related to less negative child outgroup attitudes only. Person-centered analysis revealed a cluster of families with higher maternal color-consciousness and less prejudiced child attitudes, and a cluster with the opposite pattern. The mixed results emphasize the importance of multiple methods and approaches in advancing scholarship on anti-racism in the family context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judi Mesman
- Leiden University College, Leiden University, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Ymke de Bruijn
- Leiden University College, Leiden University, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Daudi van Veen
- Leiden University College, Leiden University, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Fadime Pektas
- Leiden University College, Leiden University, The Hague, The Netherlands
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Toscano C, Soares I, Baptista J, Moutinho V, Mesman J. The Quality of Interactive Behaviors in the Context of Prematurity: Fathers, Mothers, Daughters, and Sons. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2022; 43:e218-e226. [PMID: 34657089 DOI: 10.1097/dbp.0000000000001025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the quality of interaction between preterm-born preschoolers and their mothers and fathers, focusing on the role of child and parental sex. METHODS Participants included 88 preterm-born children (<37 wk gestational age) and 44 full-term-born children (≥37 wk gestational age) aged 3 1/2 years and their parents. Mother-child and father-child dyads were observed during a structured interactive task. Children's cooperation-compliance and negativity-hostility behaviors were coded using the Coding System for Mother-Child Interactions, and parents' sensitive behavior was coded using the Ainsworth Sensitivity Scale. RESULTS There was no association between preterm birth and the quality of child and parents' interactive behaviors. In the full-term group, fathers exhibited lower levels of sensitive behavior than mothers, but in the preterm group, both parents exhibited similar levels of sensitive behavior. Preterm boys exhibited more interactive difficulties than preterm girls, but there was no significant effect of child sex on full-term children's interactive behaviors. Children exhibited more compliance-cooperation and less negativity-hostility toward fathers than toward mothers. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that prematurity in itself does not affect the quality of parent-preterm child interactive behaviors as the children enter the preschool period. Preterm boys seem to be at higher risk for interactive difficulties than girls, and thus, child sex should be considered when monitoring and examining the development of preterm children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Toscano
- Psychology Research Center (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Isabel Soares
- Psychology Research Center (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Joana Baptista
- Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Moutinho
- Psychology Research Center (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Judi Mesman
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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Fourment K, Nóblega M, Mesman J. Attachment theory's core hypotheses in rural Andean Peru. Attach Hum Dev 2022; 24:605-623. [PMID: 35389327 DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2022.2060272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
This is the first study aiming to test two universality claims of attachment theory within a rural Andean sample from Cusco, Peru. A total of 69 mothers and their children (6 to 36 months) participated. Child attachment security was assessed with the Attachment Q-set (AQS), maternal sensitivity was measured during three naturalistic episodes (free interaction, bathing, and feeding) with the Ainsworth sensitivity scale and the Maternal Behavior Q-sort (MBQS), and a cumulative maternal risk variable was calculated. Results revealed that most children displayed less characteristic secure base behaviors in the interactions with their mothers, compared to other reference samples. Furthermore, an association between maternal sensitivity and child attachment security was found, and a negative relation between maternal sensitivity and the cumulative risk variable. These results support some of the attachment theory's universality claims, and suggest new avenues for research on assessment issues in rural samples in the Global South.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Fourment
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Lima, Peru
| | - Magaly Nóblega
- Department of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Lima, Peru
| | - Judi Mesman
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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16
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van Vliet MS, Mesman J, Schultink JM, Vereijken CMJL, Martens VEG, van der Veek SMC. Maternal sensitivity during mealtime and free play: Differences and explanatory factors. Infancy 2022; 27:630-644. [PMID: 35332653 DOI: 10.1111/infa.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mealtime is a parent-toddler interaction that occurs multiple times a day. This study examined whether observed maternal sensitivity differed between a mealtime and free-play setting, aiming to explain differences between the two situations by studying moderating effects of children's eating behavior. The sample consisted of 103 first-time mothers and their 18-month-old children. Maternal sensitivity was assessed by coding videotaped interactions of free-play sessions and mealtimes, using the Ainsworth Sensitivity Scale (range 1-9). Additionally, child eating behavior during the meal was coded and also assessed through the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire-Toddlers. First, a small but significant amount of stability was found between sensitivity during mealtime and sensitivity during play (r = 0.24). Second, mothers were more sensitive during free play (mean = 7.11) than during mealtime (mean = 6.52). Third, observed child eating behavior was related to maternal sensitivity during mealtime, with more food enjoyment being associated with higher levels of sensitivity, and more challenging child behavior with lower levels of sensitivity. Finally, when children showed a high degree of challenging behavior during the meal, there was more discrepancy between sensitivity during mealtime and free play. Our results highlight the importance of taking context into account when observing parental sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel S van Vliet
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Judi Mesman
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke M Schultink
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Toscano C, Soares I, Baptista J, Moutinho V, Rippe RCA, Mesman J. Maternal and paternal overprotection of children born preterm: Relations to child and parental factors. J Fam Psychol 2022; 36:312-317. [PMID: 33793277 DOI: 10.1037/fam0000848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlates of observed overprotective behaviors of mothers and fathers of preterm-born preschoolers. Participants included 85 children born prematurely (gestational age <37 weeks) and their parents, assessed when children were 12, 24, and 42 months old. Observed overprotection was measured through the standardized observation of a parent-child interaction. The examined correlates included parent-reported perception of their protective behavior, parental gender, child neonatal risk, child development, parent-reported perception of child vulnerability, parent-reported psychological distress, and family's socioeconomic disadvantage. Results revealed that the correlation between parent-reported and observed parental overprotection was not significant for mothers and fathers. There was a significant positive association between maternal and paternal observed overprotection and no significant differences between mothers' and fathers' overprotection levels. Lower child developmental level and more socioeconomic disadvantage at child's 12 months of age were significant predictors of observed overprotective behaviors. Findings suggest the importance of targeting parents of preterm-born children with socioeconomic disadvantages and whose children have a lower developmental level for providing support to both mothers and fathers in the development of more adaptive parenting strategies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Toscano
- Psychology Research Center (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho
| | - Isabel Soares
- Psychology Research Center (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho
| | - Joana Baptista
- Centro de Investigação e de Intervenção Social (CIS-IUL), Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL)
| | - Vanessa Moutinho
- Psychology Research Center (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho
| | | | - Judi Mesman
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University
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18
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van Vliet MS, Schultink JM, Jager G, de Vries JH, Mesman J, de Graaf C, Vereijken CM, Weenen H, de Wild VW, Martens VE, Houniet H. The Baby’s First Bites RCT: Effects of vegetable exposure and sensitive feeding on toddler health outcomes and maternal feeding behavior. Appetite 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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19
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Bruijn Y, Emmen RAG, Mesman J. Navigating diversity: Maternal ideologies and associations with child interethnic prejudice in the Netherlands. Social Development 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ymke Bruijn
- Leiden University College Faculty of Governance and Global Affairs Leiden University The Hague The Netherlands
| | - Rosanneke A. G. Emmen
- Leiden University College Faculty of Governance and Global Affairs Leiden University The Hague The Netherlands
- Institute of Education and Child Studies Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Judi Mesman
- Leiden University College Faculty of Governance and Global Affairs Leiden University The Hague The Netherlands
- Institute of Education and Child Studies Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
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20
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van Vliet MS, Schultink JM, Jager G, de Vries JHM, Mesman J, de Graaf C, Vereijken CMJL, Weenen H, de Wild VWT, Martens VEG, Houniet H, van der Veek SMC. The Baby's First Bites RCT: Evaluating a Vegetable-Exposure and a Sensitive-Feeding Intervention in Terms of Child Health Outcomes and Maternal Feeding Behavior During Toddlerhood. J Nutr 2021; 152:386-398. [PMID: 34791320 PMCID: PMC8826930 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parenting interventions during the first years of life on what and/or how to feed infants during complementary feeding can promote healthy eating habits. OBJECTIVES An intervention promoting repeated exposure to a variety of vegetables [repeated vegetable exposure (RVE); what] and an intervention promoting responding sensitively to child signals during mealtime [video-feedback intervention to promote positive parenting-feeding infants (VIPP-FI); how] were compared, separately and combined (COMBI), with an attention control condition (AC). Primary outcomes were vegetable consumption and self-regulation of energy intake; secondary outcomes were child anthropometrics and maternal feeding practices (sensitive feeding, pressure to eat). METHODS Our 4-arm randomized controlled trial included 246 first-time Dutch mothers and their infants. Interventions started when infants were 4-6 mo old and ended at age 16 mo. The present study evaluated effects at 18 (t18) and 24 (t24) mo of age. Vegetable acceptance was assessed using three 24-h dietary recalls, self-regulation of energy intake by an eating-in-the-absence-of-hunger experiment and mother-report, and maternal feeding behavior by observation and mother-report. RESULTS Linear mixed model and ANOVA analyses revealed no follow-up group differences regarding child vegetable intake or self-regulatory behavior. The proportion of children with overweight was significantly lower in the COMBI group, compared with the VIPP-FI group at t18 (2% compared with 16%), and with the AC group at t24 (7% compared with 20%), although this finding needs to be interpreted cautiously due to the small number of infants with overweight and nonsignificant effects on the continuous BMI z-score measure (P values: 0.29-0.82). Finally, more sensitive feeding behavior and less pressure to eat was found in the VIPP-FI and COMBI groups, compared with the RVE and AC groups, mostly at t18 (significant effect sizes: d = 0.23-0.64). CONCLUSIONS Interventions were not effective in increasing vegetable intake or self-regulation of energy intake. Future research might usefully focus on risk groups such as families who already experience problems around feeding.This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03348176.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel S van Vliet
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke M Schultink
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerry Jager
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanne H M de Vries
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Judi Mesman
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cees de Graaf
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hugo Weenen
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Victoire W T de Wild
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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21
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Flameling LJ, Mesman J. Using video observation in the family context: The association between camera-related behaviors and parental sensitivity. Infancy 2021; 27:115-134. [PMID: 34626071 DOI: 10.1111/infa.12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Research on parental sensitivity often relies on video observation of parent-infant dyads. However, to date, no study has assessed both infants' and parents' interactions with the camera, and how this relates to parental sensitivity levels. This exploratory study micro-coded camera-related behaviors (CRB) by 4-month olds and their mothers and fathers on a 1-s time base, and examined the associations between those behaviors and parental sensitivity in 75 Dutch families. While parents' CRB made up only 0.8% of total interaction time, infants' made up 12%. Multi-level time-series analyses showed that infants' CRB predicted mothers'. Infants' CRB predicted fathers' CRB, and vice versa. Maternal sensitivity was significantly lower when children looked at the camera for over one-third of total interaction time (Cohen's d = 1.26). These findings indicate further research is required to better understand how video observation might threaten ecological validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jacob Flameling
- Faculty of Governance and Global Affairs, Leiden University College The Hague, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Judi Mesman
- Faculty of Governance and Global Affairs, Leiden University College The Hague, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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22
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Pitillas C, Berástegui A, Halty A, Rodríguez P, Kamara M, Mesman J. Enhancing maternal sensitivity in contexts of urban extreme poverty in Sierra Leone: A pilot study. Infant Ment Health J 2021; 42:812-822. [PMID: 34529840 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.21945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This pilot study presents preliminary data on the efficacy of Strong Bonds, Strong Pikin (SBSP), a brief intervention program that aims to enhance sensitivity among mothers who care for their preschool children in a slum settlement in Freetown (Sierra Leone). SBSP adapts principles of attachment theory to intervention within a non-Western cultural setting, where families suffer from extreme poverty. A combination of psychoeducation, group work, video-feedback, and storytelling defines the methodology of the program. Maternal sensitivity, parenting stress, and the use of violent discipline practices were measured before (pretest) and after the intervention (posttest) in a sample of 43 mothers who participated in the program. Analyses showed a significant increase in observed maternal sensitivity, as well as a decrease in mother-reported parenting stress, child problems, and use of violent discipline practices from pretest to posttest. These results are discussed in terms of the potential value of culturally sensitive, attachment-centered interventions with caregivers who raise their children in non-Western settings affected by economic vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Pitillas
- University Institute of Family Studies, Comillas Pontifical University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Berástegui
- University Institute of Family Studies, Comillas Pontifical University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amaia Halty
- University Institute of Family Studies, Comillas Pontifical University, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Judi Mesman
- Leiden University College, The Hague, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.,Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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23
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Kroes ADA, der Pol LDV, Groeneveld MG, Mesman J. Big news stories and longitudinal data collection: A prominent child sexual abuse case negatively affects parents’ attitudes toward male caregivers. International Journal of Behavioral Development 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/01650254211042418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of news media can influence attitudes toward specific groups, but the influence of news media on longitudinal data collection has not yet been researched. We present a method to index media attention on a specific topic, as well as a case study on a big child sexual abuse (CSA) story and its effect on parents’ attitudes toward male childcare professionals in a longitudinal study with fathers and mothers of 207 Dutch families. Questionnaire data on attitudes toward gender-differentiated parenting were collected in four annual waves between 2010 and 2014. NexisUni® Academic database was used to index articles on CSA to chart patterns of media attention before and during that time span. There was an immediate increase in media attention, the amount of articles on CSA doubled, as well as a prolonged increase in attention which culminated during the second wave of the study. In the first wave, 97 of the families participated before the CSA case became known, and 110 participated afterward. Parents who participated after the first news about the case came out reported a more negative attitude toward hiring a male babysitter than those who participated before it. This effect was stronger for mothers. The negative effect on attitude endured during the subsequent waves for all fathers and for those mothers who participated before the news broke. Findings indicate that big news stories influence attitudes that lasts over time and can therefore influence longitudinal data. Further analysis suggests that the influence of news stories is gendered, as mothers showed a recovery in their attitudes over time while fathers did not. We recommend further research on the effect of news on attitude and behavioral measures in longitudinal research.
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24
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van Vliet MS, Mesman J, Schultink JM, de Vries JHM, Vereijken CMJL, Rippe RCA, van der Veek SMC. Baby's first bites: Association between observed maternal feeding behavior and infant vegetable intake and liking. Appetite 2021; 165:105316. [PMID: 34023447 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Positive experiences with the introduction of solid food in infancy may lead to positive associations with feeding in both parent and infant. During this transitional period, parental feeding behavior and infant eating behavior might mutually reinforce each other. A feeding style that is found to be associated with positive child eating behavior, is sensitive feeding. In the present study we tested bidirectional prospective relations between mother and infant behavior in a cross-lagged model using observations of two feeds on two consecutive days on which the first bites of solid food were offered. The sample consisted of 246 first-time mothers and their infants, whose feeding interactions were videotaped during two home visits. Maternal sensitive feeding behavior (consisting of responsiveness to child feeding cues, general sensitivity and non-intrusiveness) and maternal positive and negative affect were coded. In addition, infant vegetable intake was weighed and vegetable liking was reported by mother. Results showed at least some stability of maternal feeding behavior and infant vegetable intake and liking from the first to the second feed. In addition, during the second feed maternal sensitive feeding and positive affect were associated with infant vegetable intake (r=.34 and r=.14) and liking (r=.33 and r=.39). These associations were mostly absent during the first feed. Finally, infant vegetable liking during the first feed positively predicted maternal sensitive feeding behavior during the second feed (β=.25), suggesting that the infant's first response might influence maternal behavior. Taken together, mother and infant seem more attuned during the second feed than during the first feed. Future studies might include multiple observations over a longer time period, or micro-coding. Such insights can inform prevention programs focusing on optimizing feeding experiences during the weaning period.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S van Vliet
- Leiden University, Institute of Education and Child Studies, P.O. Box 9555, 2300, RB, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - J Mesman
- Leiden University, Institute of Education and Child Studies, P.O. Box 9555, 2300, RB, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - J M Schultink
- Wageningen University, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, P.O. Box 17, 6700, AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - J H M de Vries
- Wageningen University, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, P.O. Box 17, 6700, AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - C M J L Vereijken
- Danone Nutricia Research, Nutrition and Behaviour Science, P.O. Box 80141, 3508, TC, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - R C A Rippe
- Leiden University, Institute of Education and Child Studies, P.O. Box 9555, 2300, RB, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - S M C van der Veek
- Leiden University, Institute of Education and Child Studies, P.O. Box 9555, 2300, RB, Leiden, the Netherlands
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25
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Woudstra MLJ, Emmen RAG, Alink LRA, Wang L, Branger MCE, Mesman J. Attitudes about child maltreatment in China and the Netherlands. Child Abuse Negl 2021; 112:104900. [PMID: 33385929 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Definitions of child maltreatment vary between studies, and few are informed by research in non-Western countries. OBJECTIVE We examined attitudes about child maltreatment in China and the Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING The sample consisted of 304 participants from three groups (mothers, fathers, and teachers) and two countries (China and the Netherlands). METHODS Participants completed the Maltreatment Q-sort in which 90 items reflecting four types of child maltreatment (physical abuse, emotional abuse, physical neglect, and emotional neglect) are divided in 9 stacks of 10 cards from least (1) to most (9) damaging to the child. RESULTS The average within-country (r = .57) and within-group (r = .58) agreement about the order of harmfulness of the behaviors did not differ from the average between-country (r = .49) and between-group (r = .53) agreement. Physical abuse was seen as the most harmful form of child maltreatment and emotional neglect as the least harmful form (pƞ2 = .88). Higher thresholds were found for labeling the behaviors as child maltreatment, and the perceived need for intervention by a professional than for the need for intervention by a non-professional (pƞ2 = .67). These thresholds were higher for Chinese than for Dutch participants (pƞ2 = .31). CONCLUSIONS The areas of agreement found are promising because successful collaboration within and between countries and groups could lead to more successful prevention and intervention of child maltreatment. The difference between China and the Netherlands however, stresses the importance of cultural sensitivity when implementing child maltreatment prevention and intervention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Lan J Woudstra
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, the Netherlands.
| | - Rosanneke A G Emmen
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, the Netherlands
| | - Lenneke R A Alink
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, the Netherlands
| | - Lamei Wang
- College of Psychology, Shenzhen University, China
| | | | - Judi Mesman
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, the Netherlands
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26
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Kitagawa M, Iwamoto S, Umemura T, Kudo S, Kazui M, Matsuura H, Mesman J. Attachment-based intervention improves Japanese parent-child relationship quality: A pilot study. Curr Psychol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-01297-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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27
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Abstract
This study represents the first video observation of parenting practices conducted in Yemen, where women are generally fully veiled, showing only their eyes, in the presence of strangers. A total of 62 mothers and children (aged 2-6 years) were filmed in their homes for 15 minutes during free interaction. The mothers' veils did not hamper the coding of sensitivity. Consistent with the socioeconomically deprived context, average sensitivity levels were low, but over 25% of mothers were rated as (very) sensitive. Mothers with a higher educational level and those experiencing more social support were more sensitive. About half of the mothers had their child perform household chores, which was related to lower sensitivity. Observations revealed frequent looking at the camera. Almost half of the mothers verbally expressed insecurity about the videotaping, and a third expressed awareness of being filmed. Interestingly however, these behaviors were unrelated to Ainsworth ratings of maternal sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadija Alsarhi
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rahma
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mariëlle Prevoo
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lenneke Alink
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Judi Mesman
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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28
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Abstract
In the current study, we observed 12 mothers with a 4-21-month-old infant for around 3 hours during their daily activities such as feeding, bathing, and soothing in the multiple-caregiver cultural contexts of rural Peru. Overall, sensitivity levels were high, with an average of 7.33 (out of 9), and seven of the twelve mothers scoring in the high range (scores 7-9), and the remaining five in the good-enough range (scores 5-6). A qualitative description of sensitive responsiveness is presented through representative examples. Notable patterns were flexibility in caregiving routines that allow for very child-centered maternal behavior; mothers' ability to multitask, combining household and agricultural work with high sensitive responsiveness to their infants' signals; the presence of multiple caregivers that ensured that the infants were well attended when mothers were temporarily unavailable; and what seems to be a culturally normative tendency to be sensitively responsive to very young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Fourment
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Attachment Relationships and Social Emotional Development Research Group, Psychology Department, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Lima, Peru
| | - Magaly Nóblega
- Attachment Relationships and Social Emotional Development Research Group, Psychology Department, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Lima, Peru
| | - Gabriela Conde
- Attachment Relationships and Social Emotional Development Research Group, Psychology Department, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Lima, Peru
| | - Juan Nuñez Del Prado
- Attachment Relationships and Social Emotional Development Research Group, Psychology Department, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Lima, Peru
| | - Judi Mesman
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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29
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Lima Ribeiro AC, Seidl-de-Moura ML, Fernandes Mendes DML, Mesman J. Maternal sensitivity in interactions with their 2-month-old infants in Rio de Janeiro - Brazil. Attach Hum Dev 2020; 23:188-198. [PMID: 33032486 DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2020.1828543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports on a study of maternal sensitivity in 22 primiparous women and their infants from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Sociodemographic risk was assessed through an interview, and videotaped naturalistic home observations were used to assess maternal sensitivity, and its relation with warmth, verbal and physical engagement, and camera awareness. A K-means cluster analysis was performed to examine patterns of risk in relation to maternal sensitivity. Compared to the 15 mothers with higher sensitivity scores, the seven mothers with lower sensitivity scores were characterized by lower educational levels, lower income, lower age, slum residence, unplanned and unwanted pregnancies, and later onset of prenatal care. Whether father was resident did not appear to distinguish between the lower and higher sensitivity groups. The pattern of social-contextual risk for Brazilian mothers showing less sensitive caregiving to their infants provide direction for future research in this cultural context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carla Lima Ribeiro
- Graduate School of Social Psychology, University of State of Rio De Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Judi Mesman
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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30
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Abstract
This integrative discussion of the special issue on video observations of sensitive caregiving in different cultural communities provides a reflection on the seven empirical studies that comprise this special issue. The two main aims of this special issue are highlighted in terms of their overall conclusions: (1) video observations can be useful and reliable tools to assess sensitivity in non-Western cultural contexts; (2) caregiver sensitivity can be observed across very different cultural contexts and can be expressed in various culture-specific ways; (3) the Ainsworth sensitivity scale is particularly useful for capturing sensitivity regardless of modality. Further, the limitations of the set of studies as well as opportunities for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judi Mesman
- Center for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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31
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Asanjarani F, Abadi FD, Ghomi M, Woudstra ML, Mesman J. Video observations of maternal sensitivity in urban and Rural Iran: an exploratory study. Attach Hum Dev 2020; 23:164-175. [PMID: 33016815 DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2020.1828532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Aiming to contribute to the cross-cultural understanding of the nature and meaning of the sensitivity construct, this exploratory study observed 26 mothers and their 18-60-month-old children in rural (15) and urban Iran (11) for 30 minutes of free interaction in the home context. This first study to use video observations of parenting in Iran showed that mothers were generally comfortable with being filmed, intercoder reliability could be established for the Ainsworth sensitivity scale, and the full range of sensitivity scores was observed. Qualitative descriptions of representative interactions are provided to illustrate stylistic differences between rural and urban mothers. Urban mothers tended to engage in verbal interactions centered around toys, whereas rural mothers and children often engaged in chores related to the family's livelihoods such as tending animals, and generally talked less. Both sensitivity and insensitivity were observed in playful and chore-based activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faramarz Asanjarani
- Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Milad Ghomi
- Freelance Researcher, Arak University, Arak, Iran
| | - Mi-Lan Woudstra
- Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Judi Mesman
- Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Dawson N, Bain K, Mesman J. Observing maternal sensitivity in a South African township: an exploratory study into behavioral features using different measures. Attach Hum Dev 2020; 23:150-163. [PMID: 33016856 DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2020.1828531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that sensitive responsiveness is manifested differently in varying cultural contexts. This exploratory study examines a sample of 50 South African mothers in the context of a socioeconomically deprived Township, and investigates differences between the Ainsworth sensitivity scale (that does not specify particular manifestations of sensitivity) and the Maternal Behavior Q-sort (MBQ) mini, that assesses a more specified array of behaviors. Results showed a significant but modest association between the two measures, and maternal education was related to the MBQ-mini but not the Ainsworth scores. This pattern of results appears to be due to the higher salience of social games and verbal teaching in the MBQ-mini than in the Ainsworth scale. Such behaviors are less common in South African parenting, where more physical forms of responsiveness seem more typical. A local "South African" sort was developed to capture culture-specific manifestations of sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Dawson
- School of Human and Community Development, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Ububele Educational and Psychotherapy Trust, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Katherine Bain
- School of Human and Community Development, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Judi Mesman
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Abstract
This introduction to the special issue on video observations of sensitive caregiving in different cultural communities provides a general theoretical and methodological framework for the seven empirical studies that are at the heart of this special issue. It highlights the cross-cultural potential of the sensitivity construct, the importance of research on sensitivity "off the beaten track," the advantages and potential challenges of the use of video in diverse cultural contexts, and the benefits of forming research teams that include local scholars. The paper concludes with an overview of the seven empirical studies of sensitivity in this special issue with video observations from Brazil, Indonesia, Iran, Kenya, Peru, South Africa, and Yemen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judi Mesman
- Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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Rahma, Alsarhi K, Prevoo MJL, Alink LRA, Mesman J. Sensitive parenting in urban slums in Makassar, Indonesia: the roles of experienced child maltreatment and sociodemographic risk. Attach Hum Dev 2020; 23:199-211. [PMID: 33016811 DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2020.1828546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In the context of urban slums in Makassar in Indonesia, this study aimed to test whether maternal sensitivity was associated with maternal history of childhood maltreatment, and whether this association was mediated by current partner conflict and current cumulative sociodemographic risk. A total of 98 mothers and their 2-4 year-old children were videotaped in a naturalistic observation. Maternal sensitivity was coded using the Ainsworth scales. In addition, mothers were interviewed to assess childhood trauma, current partner conflict, and current sociodemographic risk. There was a significant negative correlation between maternal experienced childhood maltreatment and observed maternal sensitivity. Current partner conflict and sociodemographic did not mediate the association between childhood maltreatment and maternal sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahma
- Institute for Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Khadija Alsarhi
- Institute for Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mariëlle J L Prevoo
- Institute for Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lenneke R A Alink
- Institute for Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Judi Mesman
- Institute for Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Abstract
The Gusii in rural Kenya represent a particularly interesting community for the study of sensitivity, as they have previously been described as not showing sensitive care. This study focuses on the observation of sensitivity in seven families with a 7-to 23-month-old infant, with extensive naturalistic video observations (ca. 2-4 hours per infant) described qualitatively and quantitatively. Sensitivity ratings showed substantial individual variation, ranging from low (2) to high (8). Sensitivity was mostly expressed non-verbally in the form of (subtle) physical responsiveness by a variety of caregivers, and seen to a high extent during infant feeding. Insensitivity was seen when caregivers were occupied with chores, and during infant bathing. Both warmth and harshness were observed, but infrequently. Results are discussed in terms of the nature of sensitive caregiving among the Gusii, and factors that might explain within-group differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judi Mesman
- Institute for Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nobert Basweti
- Department of African Languages, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Department of Communication Skills and Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joseph Misati
- Department of Community Development & Environmental Planning, The Cooperative University of Kenya, Kenya
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36
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Geeraerts SB, Endendijk JJ, Deković M, Huijding J, Deater-Deckard K, Mesman J. Inhibitory Control Across the Preschool Years: Developmental Changes and Associations with Parenting. Child Dev 2020; 92:335-350. [PMID: 32767761 PMCID: PMC7891350 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The normative developmental course of inhibitory control between 2.5 and 6.5 years, and associations with maternal and paternal sensitivity and intrusiveness were tested. The sample consisted of 383 children (52.5% boys). During four annual waves, mothers and fathers reported on their children’s inhibitory control using the Children's Behavior Questionnaire. During the first wave, mothers’ and fathers’ sensitivity and intrusiveness were observed and coded with the Emotional Availability Scales. Inhibitory control exhibited partial scalar invariance over time, and increased in a decelerating rate. For both mothers and fathers, higher levels of sensitivity were associated with a higher initial level of children's inhibitory control, whereas higher levels of intrusiveness predicted a slower increase in children's inhibitory control.
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Beckerman M, van Berkel SR, Mesman J, Huffmeijer R, Alink LRA. Are Negative Parental Attributions Predicted by Situational Stress?: From a Theoretical Assumption Toward an Experimental Answer. Child Maltreat 2020; 25:352-362. [PMID: 31594397 PMCID: PMC7370638 DOI: 10.1177/1077559519879760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In an experimental within-subjects research design, we studied the theoretical assumption that stress predicts negative parental attributions, which until now was mainly studied using cross-sectional study designs. During home visits to 105 families, mothers and fathers were subjected to two experimental conditions and two control conditions. In the experimental conditions, parents completed the Parental Attributions of Child behavior Task (PACT, a computerized attribution task) under two different stressful conditions (i.e., cognitive load and white noise); in the control conditions, the PACT was completed without additional stressors. Furthermore, parents completed questionnaires about existing risk factors (i.e., partner-related stress, parenting stress, and abuse risk). There were no main effects of induced stress on attributions for fathers and mothers, but we found that a combination of induced situational stress (cognitive load) and high risk resulted in the most negative parental attributions in mothers. The discussion focuses on intensity and origin of stressors, comparison between mother and father attributions, implications for interventions, and possible future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Beckerman
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, the Netherlands
| | | | - Judi Mesman
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, the Netherlands
| | - Rens Huffmeijer
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, the Netherlands
| | - Lenneke R. A. Alink
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, the Netherlands
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Hughes C, Devine RT, Mesman J, Blair C. Understanding the terrible twos: A longitudinal investigation of the impact of early executive function and parent-child interactions. Dev Sci 2020; 23:e12979. [PMID: 32353921 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Impairments in both executive function and parent-child interactions are associated with child externalizing behavior, but few studies have tested the uniqueness of these associations in the first years of life. Addressing these gaps, the current study involved an international sample (N = 438; 218 boys) who, at 14 and 24 months, completed an innovative battery of executive function tasks and were filmed at home in dyadic interaction with their mothers, enabling detailed observational ratings of maternal support. In addition, parents rated infant temperament at 4 months and externalizing behavior at 14 and 24 months. Cross-lagged longitudinal analysis showed a unidirectional developmental association between executive function at 14 months and externalizing behavior at 24 months. In addition, infant negative affect moderated the inverse association between maternal support at 14 months and externalizing behavior at 24 months. The benefits of maternal support were only evident for children with low levels of negative affect in infancy. We discuss this finding in relation to theoretical models that highlight child effects (e.g. models of vantage sensitivity).
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Woudstra ML, van Ginkel J, Branger M, Emmen R, Alink L, Asanjarani F, Carcamo R, Hsiao C, Mels C, Selcuk B, Soares I, Wang L, Yavuz M, Mesman J. Dataset on maternal attitudes about child maltreatment in nine countries using a Q-sort methodology. Data Brief 2020; 30:105396. [PMID: 32258272 PMCID: PMC7096741 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.105396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Analyses of the present data are reported in the article "Crossing Boundaries: A Pilot Study of Maternal Attitudes about Child Maltreatment in Nine Countries" [8]. Data were collected during home visits using the Maltreatment Q-Sort (MQS). A total of 466 mothers from nine different countries gave their opinion about child maltreatment by sorting 90 cards with parenting behaviors taken from the literature that reflect four types of child maltreatment, into 9 evenly distributed stacks (with 10 cards each) from least to most harmful for the child. This data article provides an overview of the content of the 90 items, which type of maltreatment they reflect, and the source of the items. The percentage of mothers labelling each of the MQS items as maltreatment is also presented. In addition, instructions are included about the administration of the MQS as well as data-entry and analyses of Q-sort data, accompanied by example datasets and syntaxes. This can serve as a manual for researchers interested in using Q-sort data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-lan Woudstra
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, the Netherlands
| | | | - Marjolein Branger
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, the Netherlands
| | - Rosanneke Emmen
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, the Netherlands
| | - Lenneke Alink
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, the Netherlands
| | - Faramarz Asanjarani
- Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Celia Hsiao
- Department of Paediatrics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Cindy Mels
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Catholic University of Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Bilge Selcuk
- Department of Psychology, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Isabel Soares
- School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Lamei Wang
- College of Psychology and Sociology, Shenzhen University, China
| | - Melis Yavuz
- Department of Psychology, MEF University, Turkey
| | - Judi Mesman
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, the Netherlands
- Corresponding author.
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Hughes C, T Devine R, Foley S, D Ribner A, Mesman J, Blair C. Couples becoming parents: Trajectories for psychological distress and buffering effects of social support. J Affect Disord 2020; 265:372-380. [PMID: 32090762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Becoming a parent is a time of both joy and stress. Associations between exposure to postnatal depression and negative child outcomes underscore the importance of understanding trajectories and correlates of perinatal depression and anxiety. METHODS In a study of 438 expectant couples (from the UK, USA and Netherlands) tracked across four time-points (third trimester, 4, 14 and 24 months), we used dyadic latent growth curve modeling (LGCM) of self-reported symptoms of anxiety and depression (CES-D, GHQ, STAI) to investigate the affective impact of becoming a parent. RESULTS Confirmatory factor analyses of anxious-depressive symptoms revealed a single latent factor with measurement invariance across time and parent. Dyadic LGCM intercepts showed greater prenatal problems in mothers compared with fathers. LGCM slopes revealed stable maternal problems but worsening paternal problems. Both intercepts and slopes showed significant within-couple associations. Controlling for prenatal salivary cortisol levels and perinatal couple relationship quality, support from friends attenuated mothers' psychological distress and support from family reduced fathers' psychological distress across the transition to parenthood. LIMITATIONS Our sample was low risk (i.e., predominantly well-educated and affluent and no history of serious mental illness), limiting the generalizability of findings. In addition, the inverse association between psychological distress and social support may, in part, reflect the use of self-report for both measures. CONCLUSIONS The international dyadic longitudinal design strengthens conclusions regarding variation in trajectories of psychological distress in both mothers and fathers. Crucially, social support appears pivotal in enabling new parents to flourish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Hughes
- Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, Free School Lane, Cambridge CB2 3RQ, UK.
| | | | - Sarah Foley
- Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, Free School Lane, Cambridge CB2 3RQ, UK; Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, UK
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Abstract
Interethnic prejudice in children has been studied mostly in the United States, but less often in Europe, where the public discourse is increasingly negative about ethnic minorities, especially the Muslim minority. This study examined in-group favoritism (White preference) and out-group rejection of children of Middle Eastern descent (representing the Muslim minority) among White children in the Netherlands. Social preference for and rejection of children of Middle Eastern descent are compared with preference for and rejection of Black children. Social preference and rejection were measured using a task in which participants were presented with pictures of children with different ethnic appearances, and asked to select who they wanted to (not) play with, (not) sit next to, and invite for their birthday party. In addition, maternal implicit prejudice against people of Middle Eastern descent and explicit attitudes toward their children’s interethnic contact were assessed. The study included 140 children aged 6 to 8 years ( M = 7.26, SD = 0.77) and their mothers. The results reveal both in-group favoritism and out-group rejection. The Middle Eastern out-group was preferred less than the Black out-group. Reporting absolutely no reservations about children’s interethnic contact by mothers was associated with less rejection of children of Middle Eastern descent. Findings reveal that young children already show interethnic prejudice and that particularly people of Middle Eastern descent are devalued. The results show that maternal acceptance of child interethnic contact seems to play a role, and provide starting points for further investigation of the relation between parental and child interethnic attitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rosanneke A. G. Emmen
- Leiden University, The Hague, The Netherlands
- Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Judi Mesman
- Leiden University, The Hague, The Netherlands
- Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Mesman J, Branger M, Woudstra ML, Emmen R, Asanjarani F, Carcamo R, Hsiao C, Mels C, Selcuk B, Soares I, van Ginkel J, Wang L, Yavuz M, Alink L. Crossing boundaries: A pilot study of maternal attitudes about child maltreatment in nine countries. Child Abuse Negl 2020; 99:104257. [PMID: 31743808 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Definitions of child maltreatment vary widely between studies, and even more so between different cultural contexts. OBJECTIVE In this pilot study, we examine between-country variations in maternal notions about what constitutes child maltreatment. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING The sample consisted of 466 mothers recruited in Chile, China, Greece, Iran, the Netherlands, Portugal, South Africa, Turkey, and Uruguay. METHODS All mothers completed a new Q-sort measure, ranking 90 parenting behaviors linked to subtypes of maltreatment (emotional neglect, emotional abuse, physical neglect, and physical abuse) from least to most detrimental to child development. RESULTS Between-country agreement regarding the harmfulness of the parenting behaviors was high (r = .45), but there were different patterns of reported harmfulness of subtypes of maltreatment (although driven mostly by deviating patterns in the South African sample). Further, there were significant country effects on the number and type of behaviors labeled as maltreatment (pƞ2 = .15), and the number of items labeled as requiring intervention (pƞ2 = .19). CONCLUSIONS Variations in conceptions of maltreatment need to be studied in larger more representative samples and taken into account in the assessment and treatment of child maltreatment across cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judi Mesman
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, The Netherlands.
| | - Marjolein Branger
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Mi-Lan Woudstra
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Rosanneke Emmen
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Faramarz Asanjarani
- Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Celia Hsiao
- Department of Paediatrics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Cindy Mels
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Catholic University of Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Bilge Selcuk
- Department of Psychology, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Isabel Soares
- School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | | | - Lamei Wang
- College of Psychology and Sociology, Shenzhen University, China
| | - Melis Yavuz
- Department of Psychology, MEF University, Turkey
| | - Lenneke Alink
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, The Netherlands
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Ribeiro-Accioly ACL, Seidl-de-Moura ML, Fernandes Mendes DML, Mesman J. Maternal sensitivity in interactions with their 2-month-old infants in Rio de Janeiro - Brazil. Attach Hum Dev 2019; 23:761-770. [PMID: 31842693 DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2019.1702706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports on a study of maternal sensitivity in 22 primiparous women and their infants from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A semi-structured interview was conducted about sociodemographic risk, as and videotaped home observations to assess maternal sensitivity, and its relation with warmth, verbal and physical engagement, and camera awareness. A K-means cluster analysis was performed to examine patterns of risk in relation to maternal sensitivity. Compared to the 15 mothers with higher sensitivity scores, the seven mothers with lower sensitivity scores were characterized by lower educational levels, lower income, lower age, living in a slum, unplanned and unwanted pregnancies, and later onset of prenatal care. Whether father was resident did not appear to distinguish between the lower and higher sensitivity groups. The pattern of social-contextual risk for Brazilian mothers showing less sensitive caregiving to their infants provide a clear direction for future research in this cultural context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Judi Mesman
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Li W, Woudstra MLJ, Branger MCE, Wang L, Alink LRA, Mesman J, Emmen RAG. The effect of the still-face paradigm on infant behavior: A cross-cultural comparison between mothers and fathers. Infancy 2019; 24:893-910. [PMID: 32677359 DOI: 10.1111/infa.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Most still-face paradigm (SFP) studies have been done in Western families with infant-mother dyads. The present study investigated the SFP pattern in 123 Dutch and 63 Chinese 4-month-old infants with mothers and fathers. The classic SFP effect was found for positive affect and gaze in both countries. For negative affect, Chinese infants showed a different SFP pattern than Dutch infants. With fathers, infants displayed a less pronounced SFP pattern for positive affect and an increase from the still face to the reunion for negative affect. Only a minority of infants showed the expected SFP pattern across episodes. Our findings support that infant emotion expression is influenced by parent gender and cultural context. An interesting avenue for further study is the exploration of the origins of within- and between-gender and culture differences in affective communication between parents and infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mi-Lan J Woudstra
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein C E Branger
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lamei Wang
- College of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lenneke R A Alink
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Judi Mesman
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rosanneke A G Emmen
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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de Vries EE, van der Pol LD, Vermeer HJ, Groeneveld MG, Fiers T, Mesman J. Testosterone and Fathers’ Parenting Unraveled: Links with the Quantity and Quality of Father-Child Interactions. Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40750-019-00118-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
Individual differences in quality of father involvement in caregiving might in part be explained by fathers’ testosterone (T) levels. We examined the links between fathers’ (n = 32) salivary T levels, amount of time spent with their child (12–30 months of age), type of father-child interaction, and fathers’ sensitivity.
Methods
During two home visits, video observations of father-child interactions were conducted to measure fathers’ sensitivity during a challenging and harmonious interaction. Fathers’ saliva was collected several times throughout the day on a working day and on the home visit days, including right before and after each father-child interaction.
Results
Fathers’ T secretion throughout the day was lower on home visit days (i.e., days with a higher amount of time spent with their child) than on a working day. For both challenging and harmonious father-child interactions, mean T levels did not differ before and after father-child interactions. However, individual changes in fathers’ T levels during the father-child interactions did predict fathers’ sensitivity. Specifically, the more T increased during the challenging interaction, or decreased during the harmonious interaction, the more sensitive the father was during that interaction as well as during a subsequent interaction.
Conclusions
Parenting quality is most optimal when fathers’ T system reacts in the expected direction given the context of the father-child interaction, i.e., a T decrease during a harmonious interaction and a T increase during a challenging interaction. Our study underscores the importance of examining the interplay between biology, behavior, and caregiving context in fathers’ parenting.
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Branger MCE, Emmen RAG, Woudstra MLJ, Alink LRA, Mesman J. Context matters: Maternal and paternal sensitivity to infants in four settings. J Fam Psychol 2019; 33:851-856. [PMID: 31318265 DOI: 10.1037/fam0000562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To date, results have been inconsistent in whether mothers show higher parental sensitivity to their infant than fathers do. The context in which sensitivity is measured may play a role in these inconsistent findings, but this has not been examined yet. The aim of the current study was to test context as a source of variability in parental sensitivity, comparing maternal and paternal sensitivity to infants in four different observational settings. Participants included 109 families with their 4-month-old infants. Parental sensitivity was observed during a routine caregiving session, free play episode, and the baseline and reunion of the Still Face Procedure. Results demonstrated that parental sensitivity showed weak to strong stability (correlations) across the four contexts. Furthermore, overall levels of parental sensitivity were higher in more naturalistic contexts (routine caregiving > free play > Still Face). Lastly, mothers and fathers were overall equally sensitive across contexts. Our findings highlight the importance of taking context into account when observing parental sensitivity in research as well as practice. Furthermore, future research should examine the emergence of possible differences in maternal and paternal sensitivity over time. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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van der Veek SMC, de Graaf C, de Vries JHM, Jager G, Vereijken CMJL, Weenen H, van Winden N, van Vliet MS, Schultink JM, de Wild VWT, Janssen S, Mesman J. Baby's first bites: a randomized controlled trial to assess the effects of vegetable-exposure and sensitive feeding on vegetable acceptance, eating behavior and weight gain in infants and toddlers. BMC Pediatr 2019; 19:266. [PMID: 31370830 PMCID: PMC6670176 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-019-1627-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The start of complementary feeding in infancy plays an essential role in promoting healthy eating habits. Evidence shows that it is important what infants are offered during this first introduction of solid foods: e.g. starting exclusively with vegetables is more successful for vegetable acceptance than starting with fruits. How infants are introduced to solid foods also matters: if parents are sensitive and responsive to infant cues during feeding, this may promote self-regulation of energy intake and a healthy weight. However, the effectiveness of the what and the how of complementary feeding has never been experimentally tested in the same study. In the current project the what and how (and their combination) are tested in one study to determine their relative importance for fostering vegetable acceptance and self-regulation of energy intake in infants. METHODS A four-arm randomized controlled trial (Baby's First Bites (BFB)) was designed for 240 first-time Dutch mothers and their infants, 60 per arm. In this trial, we compare the effectiveness of (a) a vegetable-exposure intervention focusing on the what in complementary feeding; (b) a sensitive feeding intervention focusing on the how in complementary feeding, (c) a combined intervention focusing on the what and how in complementary feeding; (d) an attention-control group. All mothers participate in five sessions spread over the first year of eating solid foods (child age 4-16 months). Primary outcomes are vegetable consumption, vegetable liking and self-regulation of energy intake. Secondary outcomes are child eating behaviors, child anthropometrics and maternal feeding behavior. Outcomes are assessed before, during and directly after the interventions (child age 18 months), and when children are 24 and 36 months old. DISCUSSION The outcomes are expected to assess the impact of the interventions and provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying the development of vegetable acceptance, self-regulation and healthy eating patterns in infants and toddlers, as well as the prevention of overweight. The results may be used to improve current dietary advice given to parents of their young children on complementary feeding. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial was retrospectively registered during inclusion of participants at the Netherlands National Trial Register (identifier NTR6572 ) and at ClinicalTrials.gov ( NCT03348176 ). Protocol issue date: 1 April 2018; version number 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. M. C. van der Veek
- Institute of Education and Child Studies (trial sponsor), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9555, 2300 RB Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - C. de Graaf
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - J. H. M. de Vries
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - G. Jager
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - H. Weenen
- Danone Nutricia Research, P.O. Box 80141, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - N. van Winden
- Nutricia Early Life Nutrition, P.O. Box 445, 2700 AK Zoetermeer, The Netherlands
| | - M. S. van Vliet
- Institute of Education and Child Studies (trial sponsor), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9555, 2300 RB Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J. M. Schultink
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - V. W. T. de Wild
- Institute of Education and Child Studies (trial sponsor), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9555, 2300 RB Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - S. Janssen
- Institute of Education and Child Studies (trial sponsor), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9555, 2300 RB Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J. Mesman
- Institute of Education and Child Studies (trial sponsor), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9555, 2300 RB Leiden, The Netherlands
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48
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van der Pol LD, Groeneveld MG, van Berkel SR, Endendijk JJ, Hallers-Haalboom ET, Mesman J. Fathers: The interplay between testosterone levels and self-control in relation to parenting quality. Horm Behav 2019; 112:100-106. [PMID: 30978338 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the potential interaction effect between fathers' basal testosterone levels and their ability to control their impulses in relation to their quality of parenting. Participants included 159 fathers and their preschoolers. Evening and morning salivary samples were analyzed with isotope dilution-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (ID-LC-MS/MS) to determine basal testosterone (T) levels. During a home-visit, fathers' self-control was measured with a computerized Go/NoGo task, and their sensitivity and respect for child autonomy was observed in a free-play session. We found that higher T levels in the evening were related to less respect for child autonomy, but only in fathers with low self-control. Further, higher T in the evening was related to more sensitive parenting, yet only in fathers with high self-control. These findings indicate that different aspects of fathers' quality of parenting are differently affected by the interaction between T and self-control. Further research is needed to clarify the interplay between fathers' neuro-endocrine system functioning and their trait characteristics in relation to the development of father-child relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Judi Mesman
- Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, the Netherlands.
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49
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Alsarhi K, Rahma, Prevoo MJL, Alink LRA, Mesman J. Maternal Harsh Physical Parenting and Behavioral Problems in Children in Religious Families in Yemen. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:E1485. [PMID: 31035515 PMCID: PMC6540290 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16091485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined maternal religiosity as an underlying cultural factor in the effect of harsh physical parenting on child behavioral problems. Data was collected via a discipline observational task, religiosity-based vignettes, and a questionnaire in a group of 62 mothers and their children in slum areas in Yemen. Moderation and mediation models were tested, where the role of maternal religiosity as a predictor and a moderator in the association between harsh physical parenting and child behavioral problems was explored. Findings showed no direct association between harsh physical parenting, maternal religiosity, and child behavioral problems. However, maternal religiosity was found to significantly moderate the relationship between harsh physical parenting and child behavioral problems such that the positive association between harsh physical parenting and child behavior problems was stronger when parents were more religious. Implications of the moderating role of maternal religiosity on the association between harsh physical parenting and child behavioral problems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadija Alsarhi
- Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, 2333AK Leiden, The Netherlands; (R.); (M.J.L.P.); (L.R.A.A.); (J.M.)
| | - Rahma
- Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, 2333AK Leiden, The Netherlands; (R.); (M.J.L.P.); (L.R.A.A.); (J.M.)
- Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Mariëlle J. L. Prevoo
- Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, 2333AK Leiden, The Netherlands; (R.); (M.J.L.P.); (L.R.A.A.); (J.M.)
| | - Lenneke R. A. Alink
- Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, 2333AK Leiden, The Netherlands; (R.); (M.J.L.P.); (L.R.A.A.); (J.M.)
| | - Judi Mesman
- Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, 2333AK Leiden, The Netherlands; (R.); (M.J.L.P.); (L.R.A.A.); (J.M.)
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50
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Wang L, Emmen RAG, Mesman J. Beliefs About Sensitive Parenting Among Chinese Cross-Generational Caregivers: The Mediating Role of Education. Int J Aging Hum Dev 2019; 90:385-402. [PMID: 30868914 DOI: 10.1177/0091415019836103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated beliefs about sensitive parenting of cross-generational caregivers from urban and rural areas of China. A total sample of 135 urban and rural mothers and grandmothers sorted the Maternal Behavior Q-Sort to indicate their view of the ideal mother. These sorts were compared with the expert sort reflecting the highly sensitive mother as defined in attachment theory. Generally, the caregivers from both generations and both urban and rural residence showed beliefs convergent with the notion of sensitivity. The variation in their sensitivity beliefs could be predicted by the caregivers' generation and this relation was mediated by the caregivers' education levels. The mothers' higher educational level predicted views that were more in line with the experts' view of sensitivity. Caregivers' education levels also mediated between their urban or rural residence and sensitivity beliefs. The possible implications for differences in parental care and grandparental care in the Chinese cultural context are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamei Wang
- 47890 1 Joint International Research Laboratory of Child Development and Health, College of Psychology and Sociology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rosanneke A G Emmen
- 4496 Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, the Netherlands
| | - Judi Mesman
- 4496 Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, the Netherlands
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