1
|
Jaswal K, Behnsen J. Robbing the thief. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:1597-1599. [PMID: 37827119 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella employs an arsenal of different tools to obtain iron. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Spiga et al. add to these mechanisms, revealing that commensal Bacteroides species use a specialized lipoprotein to acquire catecholate siderophores from Enterobacteriaceae, only to have them reacquired by Salmonella.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Jaswal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Judith Behnsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Devlin JR, Behnsen J. Bacterial Chitinases and Their Role in Human Infection. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0054922. [PMID: 37255426 PMCID: PMC10353426 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00549-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been widely appreciated that numerous bacterial species express chitinases for the purpose of degrading environmental chitin. However, chitinases and chitin-binding proteins are also expressed by pathogenic bacterial species during infection even though mammals do not produce chitin. Alternative molecular targets are therefore likely present within the host. Here, we will describe our current understanding of chitinase/chitin-binding proteins as virulence factors that promote bacterial colonization and infection. The targets of these chitinases in the host have been shown to include immune system components, mucins, and surface glycans. Bacterial chitinases have also been shown to interact with other microorganisms, targeting the peptidoglycan or chitin in the bacterial and fungal cell wall, respectively. This review highlights that even though the name "chitinase" implies activity toward chitin, chitinases can have a wide diversity of targets, including ones relevant to host infection. Chitinases may therefore be useful as a target of future anti-infective therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason R. Devlin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Judith Behnsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jaswal K, Todd OA, Behnsen J. Neglected gut microbiome: interactions of the non-bacterial gut microbiota with enteric pathogens. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2226916. [PMID: 37365731 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2226916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A diverse array of commensal microorganisms inhabits the human intestinal tract. The most abundant and most studied members of this microbial community are undoubtedly bacteria. Their important role in gut physiology, defense against pathogens, and immune system education has been well documented over the last decades. However, the gut microbiome is not restricted to bacteria. It encompasses the entire breadth of microbial life: viruses, archaea, fungi, protists, and parasitic worms can also be found in the gut. While less studied than bacteria, their divergent but important roles during health and disease have become increasingly more appreciated. This review focuses on these understudied members of the gut microbiome. We will detail the composition and development of these microbial communities and will specifically highlight their functional interactions with enteric pathogens, such as species of the family Enterobacteriaceae. The interactions can be direct through physical interactions, or indirect through secreted metabolites or modulation of the immune response. We will present general concepts and specific examples of how non-bacterial gut communities modulate bacterial pathogenesis and present an outlook for future gut microbiome research that includes these communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Jaswal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Olivia A Todd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Judith Behnsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Santus W, Rana AP, Devlin JR, Kiernan KA, Jacob CC, Tjokrosurjo J, Underhill DM, Behnsen J. Mycobiota and diet-derived fungal xenosiderophores promote Salmonella gastrointestinal colonization. Nat Microbiol 2022; 7:2025-2038. [PMID: 36411353 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01267-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The fungal gut microbiota (mycobiota) has been implicated in diseases that disturb gut homeostasis, such as inflammatory bowel disease. However, little is known about functional relationships between bacteria and fungi in the gut during infectious colitis. Here we investigated the role of fungal metabolites during infection with the intestinal pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, a major cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. We found that, in the gut lumen, both the mycobiota and fungi present in the diet can be a source of siderophores, small molecules that scavenge iron from the host. The ability to use fungal siderophores, such as ferrichrome and coprogen, conferred a competitive growth advantage to Salmonella strains expressing the fungal siderophore receptors FhuA or FhuE in vitro and in a mouse model. Our study highlights the role of inter-kingdom cross-feeding between fungi and Salmonella and elucidates an additional function of the gut mycobiota, revealing the importance of these understudied members of the gut ecosystem during bacterial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Santus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amisha P Rana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jason R Devlin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kaitlyn A Kiernan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Carol C Jacob
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joshua Tjokrosurjo
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - David M Underhill
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,F. Widjaja Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Judith Behnsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Devlin JR, Santus W, Mendez J, Peng W, Yu A, Wang J, Alejandro-Navarreto X, Kiernan K, Singh M, Jiang P, Mechref Y, Behnsen J. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium chitinases modulate the intestinal glycome and promote small intestinal invasion. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010167. [PMID: 35482787 PMCID: PMC9049507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is one of the leading causes of food-borne illnesses worldwide. To colonize the gastrointestinal tract, S. Typhimurium produces multiple virulence factors that facilitate cellular invasion. Chitinases have been recently emerging as virulence factors for various pathogenic bacterial species, and the S. Typhimurium genome contains two annotated chitinases: STM0018 (chiA) and STM0233. However, the role of these chitinases during S. Typhimurium pathogenesis is unknown. The putative chitinase STM0233 has not been studied previously, and only limited data exists on ChiA. Chitinases typically hydrolyze chitin polymers, which are absent in vertebrates. However, chiA expression was detected in infection models and purified ChiA cleaved carbohydrate subunits present on mammalian surface glycoproteins, indicating a role during pathogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that expression of chiA and STM0233 is upregulated in the mouse gut and that both chitinases facilitate epithelial cell adhesion and invasion. S. Typhimurium lacking both chitinases showed a 70% reduction in invasion of small intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. In a gastroenteritis mouse model, chitinase-deficient S. Typhimurium strains were also significantly attenuated in the invasion of small intestinal tissue. This reduced invasion resulted in significantly delayed S. Typhimurium dissemination to the spleen and the liver, but chitinases were not required for systemic survival. The invasion defect of the chitinase-deficient strain was rescued by the presence of wild-type S. Typhimurium, suggesting that chitinases are secreted. By analyzing N-linked glycans of small intestinal cells, we identified specific N-acetylglucosamine-containing glycans as potential extracellular targets of S. Typhimurium chitinases. This analysis also revealed a differential abundance of Lewis X/A-containing glycans that is likely a result of host cell modulation due to the detection of S. Typhimurium chitinases. Similar glycomic changes elicited by chitinase deficient strains indicate functional redundancy of the chitinases. Overall, our results demonstrate that S. Typhimurium chitinases contribute to intestinal adhesion and invasion through modulation of the host glycome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason R. Devlin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - William Santus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jorge Mendez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Wenjing Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Aiying Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Junyao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xiomarie Alejandro-Navarreto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kaitlyn Kiernan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Manmeet Singh
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Peilin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Judith Behnsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Behnsen J, Zhi H, Aron AT, Subramanian V, Santus W, Lee MH, Gerner RR, Petras D, Liu JZ, Green KD, Price SL, Camacho J, Hillman H, Tjokrosurjo J, Montaldo NP, Hoover EM, Treacy-Abarca S, Gilston BA, Skaar EP, Chazin WJ, Garneau-Tsodikova S, Lawrenz MB, Perry RD, Nuccio SP, Dorrestein PC, Raffatellu M. Siderophore-mediated zinc acquisition enhances enterobacterial colonization of the inflamed gut. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7016. [PMID: 34853318 PMCID: PMC8636617 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27297-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is an essential cofactor for bacterial metabolism, and many Enterobacteriaceae express the zinc transporters ZnuABC and ZupT to acquire this metal in the host. However, the probiotic bacterium Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (or "Nissle") exhibits appreciable growth in zinc-limited media even when these transporters are deleted. Here, we show that Nissle utilizes the siderophore yersiniabactin as a zincophore, enabling Nissle to grow in zinc-limited media, to tolerate calprotectin-mediated zinc sequestration, and to thrive in the inflamed gut. We also show that yersiniabactin's affinity for iron or zinc changes in a pH-dependent manner, with increased relative zinc binding as the pH increases. Thus, our results indicate that siderophore metal affinity can be influenced by the local environment and reveal a mechanism of zinc acquisition available to commensal and pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Behnsen
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hui Zhi
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Allegra T Aron
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Vivekanandan Subramanian
- University of Kentucky PharmNMR Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536-0596, USA
| | - William Santus
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael H Lee
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Romana R Gerner
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Daniel Petras
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Janet Z Liu
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Keith D Green
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536-0596, USA
| | - Sarah L Price
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Jose Camacho
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Hannah Hillman
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Joshua Tjokrosurjo
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Nicola P Montaldo
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Evelyn M Hoover
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Sean Treacy-Abarca
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin A Gilston
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, and Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Eric P Skaar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Walter J Chazin
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, and Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sylvie Garneau-Tsodikova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536-0596, USA
| | - Matthew B Lawrenz
- Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Robert D Perry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Sean-Paul Nuccio
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Pieter C Dorrestein
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Manuela Raffatellu
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Chiba University-UC San Diego Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy, and Vaccines (CU-UCSD cMAV), La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Diaz-Ochoa VE, Lam D, Lee CS, Klaus S, Behnsen J, Liu JZ, Chim N, Nuccio SP, Rathi SG, Mastroianni JR, Edwards RA, Jacobo CM, Cerasi M, Battistoni A, Ouellette AJ, Goulding CW, Chazin WJ, Skaar EP, Raffatellu M. Salmonella Mitigates Oxidative Stress and Thrives in the Inflamed Gut by Evading Calprotectin-Mediated Manganese Sequestration. Cell Host Microbe 2017; 19:814-25. [PMID: 27281571 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils hinder bacterial growth by a variety of antimicrobial mechanisms, including the production of reactive oxygen species and the secretion of proteins that sequester nutrients essential to microbes. A major player in this process is calprotectin, a host protein that exerts antimicrobial activity by chelating zinc and manganese. Here we show that the intestinal pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium uses specialized metal transporters to evade calprotectin sequestration of manganese, allowing the bacteria to outcompete commensals and thrive in the inflamed gut. The pathogen's ability to acquire manganese in turn promotes function of SodA and KatN, enzymes that use the metal as a cofactor to detoxify reactive oxygen species. This manganese-dependent SodA activity allows the bacteria to evade neutrophil killing mediated by calprotectin and reactive oxygen species. Thus, manganese acquisition enables S. Typhimurium to overcome host antimicrobial defenses and support its competitive growth in the intestine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir E Diaz-Ochoa
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4025, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4120, USA
| | - Diana Lam
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4025, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4120, USA
| | - Carlin S Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4025, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4120, USA
| | - Suzi Klaus
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4025, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4120, USA
| | - Judith Behnsen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4025, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4120, USA
| | - Janet Z Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4025, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4120, USA
| | - Nicholas Chim
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA
| | - Sean-Paul Nuccio
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4025, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4120, USA
| | - Subodh G Rathi
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-8725, USA
| | - Jennifer R Mastroianni
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9092, USA
| | - Robert A Edwards
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4800, USA
| | - Christina M Jacobo
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4025, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4120, USA
| | - Mauro Cerasi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, 00173 Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Battistoni
- Department of Biology, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, 00173 Roma, Italy
| | - André J Ouellette
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9092, USA
| | - Celia W Goulding
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3958, USA
| | - Walter J Chazin
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-8725, USA
| | - Eric P Skaar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-2363, USA; Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Manuela Raffatellu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4025, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4120, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li S, Vinci A, Behnsen J, Cheng C, Jellbauer S, Raffatellu M, Sousa KM, Edwards R, Nguyen NT, Stamos MJ, Pigazzi A. Bariatric surgery attenuates colitis in an obese murine model. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2016; 13:661-668. [PMID: 28185763 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2016.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) represent chronic inflammatory conditions. Bariatric surgery improves some obesity-related co-morbidities, but the effects of bariatric surgery on IBD have not been well studied. OBJECTIVES To examine if bariatric surgery may attenuate colitis in an obese murine model of IBD and study the mechanisms underlying the postsurgical amelioration of intestinal inflammation. SETTING University of California Irvine, Department of Surgery and Microbiology laboratories. METHODS Obese mice were assigned to one of 2 bariatric procedures [Duodenojejunal Bypass (DJB n = 6), Sleeve Gastrectomy (SG n = 8)]. Sham-operated mice were (Sham n = 8) were used as a control. After recovering from surgery, IBD was induced by administration of 2% dextran sodium sulfate. Fecal samples were collected before and after IBD induction for microbiome analysis. Pathologic analyses and immunohistochemical staining were performed on colon. RESULTS Survival after DJB and SG was higher relative to Sham mice. Histologically, DJB mice had significantly less intestinal inflammation. The observed improvements were not related to a difference in weight among the groups. Farnesoid X receptor staining in the colon was observed quantitatively more in DJB than in SG and sham mice. A statistically significant increase in the number of Lactobacillales was observed in the stool of mice after DJB. CONCLUSION These results suggest that bariatric surgery, in particular DJB, reduces the severity of colitis in a chemically-induced IBD murine model. The anticolitis effects of DJB may be associated with Farnesoid X receptor regulation and gut microbiome rearrangements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiri Li
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Alessio Vinci
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Judith Behnsen
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Chunmei Cheng
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Stefan Jellbauer
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Manuela Raffatellu
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Kyle M Sousa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Coast University, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Robert Edwards
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Ninh T Nguyen
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | | | - Alessio Pigazzi
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Behnsen J, Perez-Lopez A, Nuccio SP, Raffatellu M. Exploiting host immunity: the Salmonella paradigm. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:112-20. [PMID: 25582038 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens have evolved clever strategies to evade and in some cases exploit the attacks of an activated immune system. Salmonella enterica is one such pathogen, exploiting multiple aspects of host defense to promote its replication in the host. Here we review recent findings on the mechanisms by which Salmonella establishes systemic and chronic infection, including strategies involving manipulation of innate immune signaling and inflammatory forms of cell death, as well as immune evasion by establishing residency in M2 macrophages. We also examine recent evidence showing that the oxidative environment and the high levels of antimicrobial proteins produced in response to localized Salmonella gastrointestinal infection enable the pathogen to successfully outcompete the resident gut microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Behnsen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697-4025, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697-4025, USA
| | - Araceli Perez-Lopez
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697-4025, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697-4025, USA
| | - Sean-Paul Nuccio
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697-4025, USA
| | - Manuela Raffatellu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697-4025, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697-4025, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Behnsen J, Jellbauer S, Wong CP, Edwards RA, George MD, Ouyang W, Raffatellu M. The cytokine IL-22 promotes pathogen colonization by suppressing related commensal bacteria. Immunity 2014; 40:262-73. [PMID: 24508234 PMCID: PMC3964146 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is highly induced in response to infections with a variety of pathogens, and its main functions are considered to be tissue repair and host defense at mucosal surfaces. Here we showed that IL-22 has a unique role during infection in that its expression suppressed the intestinal microbiota and enhanced the colonization of a pathogen. IL-22 induced the expression of antimicrobial proteins, including lipocalin-2 and calprotectin, which sequester essential metal ions from microbes. Because Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium can overcome metal ion starvation mediated by lipocalin-2 and calprotectin via alternative pathways, IL-22 boosted its colonization of the inflamed intestine by suppressing commensal Enterobacteriaceae, which are susceptible to the antimicrobial proteins. Thus, IL-22 tipped the balance between pathogenic and commensal bacteria in favor of a pathogen. Taken together, IL-22 induction can be exploited by pathogens to suppress the growth of their closest competitors, thereby enhancing pathogen colonization of mucosal surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Behnsen
- Department of Microbiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Stefan Jellbauer
- Department of Microbiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Christina P Wong
- Department of Microbiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Robert A Edwards
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Michael D George
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Wenjun Ouyang
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Manuela Raffatellu
- Department of Microbiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
In this issue of Immunity, Zelante et al. (2013) and Qiu et al. (2013) provide mechanistic insights into functional interactions between commensal microbes and innate lymphoid cells via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Behnsen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4025, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Probiotics are beneficial components of the microbiota that have been used for centuries because of the health benefits they confer to the host. Only recently, however, has the contribution of probiotics to modulation of immunological, respiratory, and gastrointestinal functions started to be fully appreciated and scientifically evaluated. Probiotics such as Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 and lactic acid bacteria are currently used to, or have been evaluated for use to, prevent or treat a range of intestinal maladies including inflammatory bowel disease, constipation, and colon cancer. Engineering these natural probiotics to produce immunomodulatory molecules may help to further increase the benefit to the host. In this article, we will discuss some of the mechanisms of action of probiotics as well as advances in the rational design of probiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Behnsen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
The saprophytic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus is a mold which is ubiquitously present in the environment. It produces large numbers of spores, called conidia that we constantly inhale with the breathing air. Healthy individuals normally do not suffer from true fungal infections with this pathogen. A normally robust resistance against Aspergillus is based on the presence of a very effective immunological defense system in the vertebrate body. Inhaled conidia are first encountered by lung-resident alveolar macrophages and then by neutrophil granulocytes. Both cell types are able to effectively ingest and destroy the fungus. Although some responses of the adaptive immune system develop, the key protection is mediated by innate immunity. The importance of phagocytes for defense against aspergillosis is also supported by large numbers of animal studies. Despite the production of aggressive chemicals that can extracellularly destroy fungal pathogens, the main effector mechanism of the innate immune system is phagocytosis. Very recently, the production of extracellular neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) consisting of nuclear DNA has been added to the armamentarium that innate immune cells use against infection with Aspergillus. Phagocyte responses to Aspergillus are very broad, and a number of new observations have added to this complexity in recent years. To summarize established and newer findings, we will give an overview on current knowledge of the phagocyte system for the protection against Aspergillus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mike Hasenberg
- Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Behnsen J, Lessing F, Schindler S, Wartenberg D, Jacobsen ID, Thoen M, Zipfel PF, Brakhage AA. Secreted Aspergillus fumigatus protease Alp1 degrades human complement proteins C3, C4, and C5. Infect Immun 2010; 78:3585-94. [PMID: 20498262 PMCID: PMC2916278 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01353-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic human pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus is a major cause of fungal infections in immunocompromised patients. Innate immunity plays an important role in the defense against infections. The complement system represents an essential part of the innate immune system. This cascade system is activated on the surface of A. fumigatus conidia and hyphae and enhances phagocytosis of conidia. A. fumigatus conidia but not hyphae bind to their surface host complement regulators factor H, FHL-1, and CFHR1, which control complement activation. Here, we show that A. fumigatus hyphae possess an additional endogenous activity to control complement activation. A. fumigatus culture supernatant efficiently cleaved complement components C3, C4, C5, and C1q as well as immunoglobulin G. Secretome analysis and protease inhibitor studies identified the secreted alkaline protease Alp1, which is present in large amounts in the culture supernatant, as the central molecule responsible for this cleavage. An alp1 deletion strain was generated, and the culture supernatant possessed minimal complement-degrading activity. Moreover, protein extract derived from an Escherichia coli strain overproducing Alp1 cleaved C3b, C4b, and C5. Thus, the protease Alp1 is responsible for the observed cleavage and degrades a broad range of different substrates. In summary, we identified a novel mechanism in A. fumigatus that contributes to evasion from the host complement attack.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Behnsen
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Department of Infection Biology, Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Franziska Lessing
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Department of Infection Biology, Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Susann Schindler
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Department of Infection Biology, Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Dirk Wartenberg
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Department of Infection Biology, Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Ilse D. Jacobsen
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Department of Infection Biology, Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Marcel Thoen
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Department of Infection Biology, Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter F. Zipfel
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Department of Infection Biology, Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Axel A. Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Department of Infection Biology, Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Brakhage AA, Bruns S, Thywissen A, Zipfel PF, Behnsen J. Interaction of phagocytes with filamentous fungi. Curr Opin Microbiol 2010; 13:409-15. [PMID: 20627805 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2010.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Revised: 04/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytosis of conidia by macrophages and destruction of hyphae by neutrophils are key processes in the defense against infections caused by filamentous fungi. Impairment in phagocytic function leads to increased susceptibility for an infection with Aspergillus species. The fact that a Th1-based immune response to an infection with Aspergillus species results in an improved prognosis for survival underlines the importance of the phagocytic response. Recognition of conidia by macrophages occurs after shedding of the hydrophobic rodlet layer during swelling and germination. Whereas Aspergillus conidia are killed by various immune effector cells, hyphae are in particular targeted and killed by neutrophils. Moreover, both conidia and hyphae are trapped in neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) that form a containment to localize the infection and to prevent systemic spreading of the fungus in the host. In addition, A. fumigatus interferes with the innate immunity, with both the complement system and defense mechanisms of phagocytes, thereby evading at least in part the innate immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Axel A Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Behnsen J, Hartmann A, Brakhage AA, Zipfel PF. Complement system and virulence of Aspergillus fumigatus. Mol Immunol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.06.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
17
|
Behnsen J, Narang P, Hasenberg M, Gunzer F, Bilitewski U, Klippel N, Rohde M, Brock M, Brakhage AA, Gunzer M. Environmental dimensionality controls the interaction of phagocytes with the pathogenic fungi Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans. PLoS Pathog 2007; 3:e13. [PMID: 17274685 PMCID: PMC1790725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2006] [Accepted: 12/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal pathogens Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans are major health threats for immune-compromised patients. Normally, macrophages and neutrophil granulocytes phagocytose inhaled Aspergillus conidia in the two-dimensional (2-D) environment of the alveolar lumen or Candida growing in tissue microabscesses, which are composed of a three-dimensional (3-D) extracellular matrix. However, neither the cellular dynamics, the per-cell efficiency, the outcome of this interaction, nor the environmental impact on this process are known. Live imaging shows that the interaction of phagocytes with Aspergillus or Candida in 2-D liquid cultures or 3-D collagen environments is a dynamic process that includes phagocytosis, dragging, or the mere touching of fungal elements. Neutrophils and alveolar macrophages efficiently phagocytosed or dragged Aspergillus conidia in 2-D, while in 3-D their function was severely impaired. The reverse was found for phagocytosis of Candida. The phagocytosis rate was very low in 2-D, while in 3-D most neutrophils internalized multiple yeasts. In competitive assays, neutrophils primarily incorporated Aspergillus conidia in 2-D and Candida yeasts in 3-D despite frequent touching of the other pathogen. Thus, phagocytes show activity best in the environment where a pathogen is naturally encountered. This could explain why "delocalized" Aspergillus infections such as hematogeneous spread are almost uncontrollable diseases, even in immunocompetent individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Behnsen
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Priyanka Narang
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mike Hasenberg
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Frank Gunzer
- Department of Physics, The German University of Cairo, New Cairo City, Egypt
| | | | - Nina Klippel
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Matthias Brock
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Axel A Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Gunzer
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|