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Yuan B, Clark CA, Wu B, Yang J, Drerup JM, Li T, Jin VX, Hu Y, Curiel TJ, Li R. Estrogen receptor beta signaling in CD8 + T cells boosts T cell receptor activation and antitumor immunity through a phosphotyrosine switch. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2020-001932. [PMID: 33462142 PMCID: PMC7816924 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-overlapping functions of the two estrogen receptor subtypes, ERα (Estrogen Receptor α)and ERβ (Estrogen Receptor β), in tumor cells have been studied extensively. However, their counterparts in host cells is vastly underinterrogated. Even less is known about how ERα and ERβ activities are regulated in a subtype-specific manner. We previously identified a phosphotyrosine residue (pY36) of human ERβ that is important for tumor ERβ to inhibit growth of breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. A role of this ERβ phosphotyrosine switch in regulating host ERβ remains unclear.Conventional gene editing was used to mutate the corresponding tyrosine residue of endogenous mouse ERβ (Y55F) in mouse embryonic stem cells. The derived homozygous mutant Esr2Y55F/Y55F mouse strain and its wild-type (WT) counterpart were compared in various transplant tumor models for their ability to support tumor growth. In addition, flow cytometry-based immunophenotyping was carried out to assess antitumor immunity of WT and mutant hosts. Adoptive transfer of bone marrow and purified CD8+ T cells were performed to identify the host cell type that harbors ERβ-dependent antitumor function. Furthermore, cell signaling assays were conducted to compare T cell receptor (TCR)-initiated signaling cascade in CD8+ T cells of WT and mutant mice. Lastly, the ERβ-selective agonist S-equol was evaluated for its efficacy to boost immune checkpoint blockade (ICB)-based anticancer immunotherapy.Disabling the ERβ-specific phosphotyrosine switch in tumor-bearing hosts exacerbates tumor growth. Further, a cell-autonomous ERβ function was defined in CD8+ effector T cells. Mechanistically, TCR activation triggers ERβ phosphorylation, which in turn augments the downstream TCR signaling cascade via a non-genomic action of ERβ. S-equol facilitates TCR activation that stimulates the ERβ phosphotyrosine switch and boosts anti-PD-1 (Programmed cell death protein 1) ICB immunotherapy. Our mouse genetic study clearly demonstrates a role of the ERβ phosphotyrosine switch in regulating ERβ-dependent antitumor immunity in CD8+ T cells. Our findings support the development of ERβ agonists including S-equol in combination with ICB immunotherapy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Curtis A Clark
- Department of Medicine, The Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Bogang Wu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Justin M Drerup
- Department of Medicine, The Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Tianbao Li
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Victor X Jin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Yanfen Hu
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Tyler J Curiel
- Department of Medicine, The Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Drerup JM, Deng Y, Pandeswara SL, Padrón ÁS, Reyes RM, Zhang X, Mendez J, Liu A, Clark CA, Chen W, Conejo-Garcia JR, Hurez V, Gupta H, Curiel TJ. CD122-Selective IL2 Complexes Reduce Immunosuppression, Promote Treg Fragility, and Sensitize Tumor Response to PD-L1 Blockade. Cancer Res 2020; 80:5063-5075. [PMID: 32948605 PMCID: PMC7669742 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The IL2 receptor (IL2R) is an attractive cancer immunotherapy target that controls immunosuppressive T regulatory cells (Treg) and antitumor T cells. Here we used IL2Rβ-selective IL2/anti-IL2 complexes (IL2c) to stimulate effector T cells preferentially in the orthotopic mouse ID8agg ovarian cancer model. Despite strong tumor rejection, IL2c unexpectedly lowered the tumor microenvironmental CD8+/Treg ratio. IL2c reduced tumor microenvironmental Treg suppression and induced a fragile Treg phenotype, helping explain improved efficacy despite numerically increased Tregs without affecting Treg in draining lymph nodes. IL2c also reduced Treg-mediated, high-affinity IL2R signaling needed for optimal Treg functions, a likely mechanism for reduced Treg suppression. Effector T-cell IL2R signaling was simultaneously improved, suggesting that IL2c inhibits Treg functions without hindering effector T cells, a limitation of most Treg depletion agents. Anti-PD-L1 antibody did not treat ID8agg, but adding IL2c generated complete tumor regressions and protective immune memory not achieved by either monotherapy. Similar anti-PD-L1 augmentation of IL2c and degradation of Treg functions were seen in subcutaneous B16 melanoma. Thus, IL2c is a multifunctional immunotherapy agent that stimulates immunity, reduces immunosuppression in a site-specific manner, and combines with other immunotherapies to treat distinct tumors in distinct anatomic compartments. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings present CD122-targeted IL2 complexes as an advancement in cancer immunotherapy, as they reduce Treg immunosuppression, improve anticancer immunity, and boost PD-L1 immune checkpoint blockade efficacy in distinct tumors and anatomic locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Drerup
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health San Antonio, Texas
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, Texas
| | - Yilun Deng
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, Texas
| | | | - Álvaro S Padrón
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, Texas
| | - Ryan M Reyes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health San Antonio, Texas
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R.China
| | - Jenny Mendez
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, Texas
| | - Aijie Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, Texas
| | - Curtis A Clark
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, Texas
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health San Antonio, Texas
| | | | | | - Vincent Hurez
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, Texas
| | - Harshita Gupta
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, Texas
| | - Tyler J Curiel
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, Texas.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health San Antonio, Texas
- Mays Family Cancer Center, University of Texas Health San Antonio, Texas
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Padrón Á, Hurez V, Gupta HB, Clark CA, Pandeswara SL, Yuan B, Svatek RS, Turk MJ, Drerup JM, Li R, Curiel TJ. Age effects of distinct immune checkpoint blockade treatments in a mouse melanoma model. Exp Gerontol 2018; 105:146-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Drerup JM, Pandeswara SL, Liu A, Clark CA, Padron AS, Chen W, Hurez V, Curiel TJ. Abstract 1608: CD122-selective IL-2/anti-IL-2 complexes reduce regulatory T cell function and promote CD8+ T cell polyfunctionality for durable ovarian cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-1608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) is an attractive target for cancer immunotherapy as it controls both immune-suppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs) and anti-tumor T cells. We tested depleting Tregs as immunotherapy using anti-CD25 (high-affinity IL-2R subunit) antibodies (αCD25) in ID8agg mouse ovarian cancer (OC). αCD25 reduced ascites and Treg numbers but failed to reduce tumor burden, possibly because it depleted newly activated anti-tumor T cells in tumor-draining lymph nodes. Thus, αCD25 could be novel malignant ascites palliation, but has limited stand-alone efficacy. We then tested IL-2/anti-IL-2 complexes (IL-2c) that selectively stimulate medium-affinity (CD122/CD132) IL-2R thought to expand anti-tumor T cells preferentially, but with little Treg effects. In contrast to several single agents we tested that failed to treat ID8agg (e.g., αCD25, αPD-L1, IL-2 fusion toxin denileukin diftitox), IL-2c alone durably reduced ID8agg tumor burden despite lowering the tumor microenvironmental CD8+/Treg ratio. Thus, we hypothesized that IL-2c improved CD8+ function, reduced Treg function, or both. IL-2c increased polyfunctional IFN-γ+TNF-α+ anti-tumor T cells as expected, an effect that persists weeks after drug clearance. IL-2c also increased anti-tumor T cell CD25 expression that increased IL-2 sensitivity and STAT5 phosphorylation, a likely mechanism for increased polyfunctionality. Unexpectedly, IL-2c reduced the Treg functional mediators CD25, TIGIT and granzyme B, and reduced Treg suppressive function. Thus, favorable Treg modifications are a novel IL-2c mechanism of action. Adding αCD25 to IL-2c to deplete Tregs further unexpectedly worsened IL-2c efficacy in ID8agg and reduced effector memory T cells and polyfunctional T cells in the tumor microenvironment, suggesting a previously unappreciated role for CD25 in IL-2c therapy. Similar data were seen in B16 melanoma, suggesting αCD25 reduction of IL-2c efficacy is not tumor or compartment-specific (ID8agg is peritoneal and B16 is subcutaneous). αPD-L1, an ineffective monotherapy in ID8agg, combined with IL-2c to promote complete responses, suggesting potential for potent, novel combinatorial approaches. Our data suggest that antagonizing high affinity IL-2R (such as to deplete Tregs with αCD25) has limited cancer immunotherapy utility without more specific Treg targeting. In contrast, stimulating medium-affinity IL-2R with CD122-selective IL-2c has great translational promise by simultaneously improving beneficial anti-tumor T cells and reducing detrimental Treg function.
Citation Format: Justin M. Drerup, Sri Lakshmi Pandeswara, Aijie Liu, Curtis A. Clark, Alvaro S. Padron, Wanjiao Chen, Vincent Hurez, Tyler J. Curiel. CD122-selective IL-2/anti-IL-2 complexes reduce regulatory T cell function and promote CD8+ T cell polyfunctionality for durable ovarian cancer immunotherapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1608. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-1608
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M. Drerup
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | | | - Aijie Liu
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Curtis A. Clark
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Alvaro S. Padron
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Wanjiao Chen
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Vincent Hurez
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Tyler J. Curiel
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
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Liu Y, Pandeswara S, Dao V, Padrón Á, Drerup JM, Lao S, Liu A, Hurez V, Curiel TJ. Biphasic Rapamycin Effects in Lymphoma and Carcinoma Treatment. Cancer Res 2016; 77:520-531. [PMID: 27737881 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
mTOR drives tumor growth but also supports T-cell function, rendering the applications of mTOR inhibitors complex especially in T-cell malignancies. Here, we studied the effects of the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin in mouse EL4 T-cell lymphoma. Typical pharmacologic rapamycin (1-8 mg/kg) significantly reduced tumor burden via direct suppression of tumor cell proliferation and improved survival in EL4 challenge independent of antitumor immunity. Denileukin diftitox (DD)-mediated depletion of regulatory T cells significantly slowed EL4 growth in vivo in a T-cell-dependent fashion. However, typical rapamycin inhibited T-cell activation and tumor infiltration in vivo and failed to boost DD treatment effects. Low-dose (LD) rapamycin (75 μg/kg) increased potentially beneficial CD44hiCD62L+ CD8+ central memory T cells in EL4 challenge, but without clinical benefit. LD rapamycin significantly enhanced DD treatment efficacy, but DD plus LD rapamycin treatment effects were independent of antitumor immunity. Instead, rapamycin upregulated EL4 IL2 receptor in vitro and in vivo, facilitating direct DD tumor cell killing. LD rapamycin augmented DD efficacy against B16 melanoma and a human B-cell lymphoma, but not against human Jurkat T-cell lymphoma or ID8agg ovarian cancer cells. Treatment effects correlated with IL2R expression, but mechanisms in some tumors were not fully defined. Overall, our data define a distinct, biphasic mechanisms of action of mTOR inhibition at doses that are clinically exploitable, including in T-cell lymphomas. Cancer Res; 77(2); 520-31. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Srilakshmi Pandeswara
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Vinh Dao
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Álvaro Padrón
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Justin M Drerup
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Shunhua Lao
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Aijie Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Vincent Hurez
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Tyler J Curiel
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas. .,Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
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Clark CA, Gupta HB, Sareddy G, Pandeswara S, Lao S, Yuan B, Drerup JM, Padron A, Conejo-Garcia J, Murthy K, Liu Y, Turk MJ, Thedieck K, Hurez V, Li R, Vadlamudi R, Curiel TJ. Tumor-Intrinsic PD-L1 Signals Regulate Cell Growth, Pathogenesis, and Autophagy in Ovarian Cancer and Melanoma. Cancer Res 2016; 76:6964-6974. [PMID: 27671674 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PD-L1 antibodies produce efficacious clinical responses in diverse human cancers, but the basis for their effects remains unclear, leaving a gap in the understanding of how to rationally leverage therapeutic activity. PD-L1 is widely expressed in tumor cells, but its contributions to tumor pathogenicity are incompletely understood. In this study, we evaluated the hypothesis that PD-L1 exerts tumor cell-intrinsic signals that are critical for pathogenesis. Using RNAi methodology, we attenuated PD-L1 in the murine ovarian cell line ID8agg and the melanoma cell line B16 (termed PD-L1lo cells), which express basal PD-L1. We observed that PD-L1lo cells proliferated more weakly than control cells in vitro As expected, PD-L1lo cells formed tumors in immunocompetent mice relatively more slowly, but unexpectedly, they also formed tumors more slowly in immunodeficient NSG mice. RNA sequencing analysis identified a number of genes involved in autophagy and mTOR signaling that were affected by PD-L1 expression. In support of a functional role, PD-L1 attenuation augmented autophagy and blunted the ability of autophagy inhibitors to limit proliferation in vitro and in vivo in NSG mice. PD-L1 attenuation also reduced mTORC1 activity and augmented the antiproliferative effects of the mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin. PD-L1lo cells were also relatively deficient in metastasis to the lung, and we found that anti-PD-L1 administration could block tumor cell growth and metastasis in NSG mice. This therapeutic effect was observed with B16 cells but not ID8agg cells, illustrating tumor- or compartmental-specific effects in the therapeutic setting. Overall, our findings extend understanding of PD-L1 functions, illustrate nonimmune effects of anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy, and suggest broader uses for PD-L1 as a biomarker for assessing cancer therapeutic responses. Cancer Res; 76(23); 6964-74. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis A Clark
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Harshita B Gupta
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Gangadhara Sareddy
- Cancer Therapy & Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Srilakshmi Pandeswara
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Shunhua Lao
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Bin Yuan
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Justin M Drerup
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Alvaro Padron
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - José Conejo-Garcia
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kruthi Murthy
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Mary Jo Turk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Kathrin Thedieck
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands and Department for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Vincent Hurez
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Rong Li
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,Cancer Therapy & Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Ratna Vadlamudi
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,Cancer Therapy & Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Tyler J Curiel
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas. .,Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,Cancer Therapy & Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
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Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT All work referenced herein relates to treatment of epithelial ovarian carcinomas, as their treatment differs from ovarian germ cell cancers and other rare ovarian cancers, the treatments of which are addressed elsewhere. Fallopian tube cancers and primary peritoneal adenocarcinomatosis are also generally treated as epithelial ovarian cancers. The standard of care initial treatment of advanced stage epithelial ovarian cancer is optimal debulking surgery as feasible plus chemotherapy with a platinum plus a taxane agent. If this front-line approach fails, as it too often the case, several FDA-approved agents are available for salvage therapy. However, because no second-line therapy for advanced-stage epithelial ovarian cancer is typically curative, we prefer referral to clinical trials as logistically feasible, even if it means referring patients outside our system. Immune therapy has a sound theoretical basis for treating carcinomas generally, and for treating ovarian cancer in particular. Advances in understanding the immunopathogenic basis of ovarian cancer, and the immunopathologic basis for prior failures of immunotherapy for it and other carcinomas promises to afford novel treatment approaches with potential for significant efficacy, and reduced toxicities compared with cytotoxic agents. Thus, referral to early phase immunotherapy trials for ovarian cancer patients that fail conventional treatment merits consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Drerup
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
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Torres-Altoro MI, Mathur BN, Drerup JM, Thomas R, Lovinger DM, O'Callaghan JP, Bibb JA. Organophosphates dysregulate dopamine signaling, glutamatergic neurotransmission, and induce neuronal injury markers in striatum. J Neurochem 2011; 119:303-13. [PMID: 21848865 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07428.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The neurological effects of organophosphate (OP) pesticides, commonly used on foods and in households, are an important public health concern. Furthermore, subclinical exposure to combinations of organophosphates is implicated in Gulf War illness. Here, we characterized the effects of the broadly used insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) on dopamine and glutamatergic neurotransmission effectors in corticostriatal motor/reward circuitry. CPF potentiated protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent phosphorylation of the striatal protein dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein of M(r) 32 kDa (DARPP-32) and the glutamate receptor 1 (GluR1) subunit of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors in mouse brain slices. It also increased GluR1 phosphorylation by PKA when administered systemically. This correlated with enhanced glutamate release from cortical projections in rat striatum. Similar effects were induced by the sarin congener, diisopropyl fluorophosphate, alone or in combination with the putative neuroprotectant, pyridostigmine bromide and the pesticide N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET). This combination, meant to mimic the neurotoxicant exposure encountered by veterans of the 1991 Persian Gulf War, also induced hyperphosphorylation of the neurofibrillary tangle-associated protein tau. Diisopropyl fluorophosphate and pyrodostigmine bromide, alone or in combination, also increased the aberrant activity of the protein kinase, Cdk5, as indicated by conversion of its activating cofactor p35 to p25. Thus, consistent with recent findings in humans and animals, organophosphate exposure causes dysregulation in the motor/reward circuitry and invokes mechanisms associated with neurological disorders and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa I Torres-Altoro
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Drerup JM, Hayashi K, Cui H, Mettlach GL, Long MA, Marvin M, Sun X, Goldberg MS, Lutter M, Bibb JA. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity phenotype in mice lacking the cyclin-dependent kinase 5 cofactor p35. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 68:1163-71. [PMID: 20832057 PMCID: PMC2997929 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may result from delayed establishment of corticolimbic circuitry or perturbed dopamine (DA) neurotransmission. Despite the widespread use of stimulants to treat ADHD, little is known regarding their long-term effects on neurotransmitter levels and metabolism. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) regulates DA signaling through control of synthesis, postsynaptic responses, and vesicle release. Mice lacking the Cdk5-activating cofactor p35 are deficient in cortical lamination, suggesting altered motor/reward circuitry. METHODS We employed mice lacking p35 to study the effect of altered circuitry in vivo. Positron emission tomography measured glucose metabolism in the cerebral cortex using 2-deoxy-2-[¹⁸F] fluoro-d-glucose as the radiotracer. Retrograde dye tracing and tyrosine hydroxylase immunostains assessed the effect of p35 knockout on the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC), especially in relation to mesolimbic circuit formation. We defined the influence of Cdk5/p35 activity on catecholaminergic neurotransmission and motor activity via examination of locomotor responses to psychostimulants, monoamine neurotransmitter levels, and DA signal transduction. RESULTS Here, we report that mice deficient in p35 display increased glucose uptake in the cerebral cortex, basal hyperactivity, and paradoxical decreased locomotion in response to chronic injection of cocaine or methylphenidate. Knockout mice also exhibited an increased susceptibility to changes in PFC neurotransmitter content after chronic methylphenidate exposure and altered basal DAergic activity in acute striatal and PFC slices. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that dysregulation of Cdk5/p35 activity during development may contribute to ADHD pathology, as indicated by the behavioral phenotype, improperly established mesolimbic circuitry, and aberrations in striatal and PFC catecholaminergic signaling in p35 knockout mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M. Drerup
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
,Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Kanehiro Hayashi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Huxing Cui
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Gabriel L. Mettlach
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Michael A. Long
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Marian Marvin
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA
| | - Xiankai Sun
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Matthew S. Goldberg
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA
| | - Michael Lutter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - James A. Bibb
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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Yu KO, Tillitt DE, Byczkowski JZ, Burton GA, Channel SR, Drerup JM, Flemming CD, Fisher JW. In vivo/in vitro comparison of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB77). Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1996; 141:434-8. [PMID: 8975768 DOI: 10.1006/taap.1996.0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The rat hepatoma cell line, H4IIE, serves as a useful tool to assess potential biological effects such as induction of cytochrome P4501A1 expression. The objectives of this study were twofold: to investigate the kinetic time course and dosimetry of PCB77 in rat hepatoma cells dosed with PCB77 and in liver of rats given i.p. doses of PCB77, and to compare in vitro and in vivo P4501A1 enzyme induction responses. For the 4-day time-course study, H4IIE cells were exposed with two doses of [14C]PCB77 (0.9 and 3 microg/plate) and harvested at 15 and 30 min, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 hr, and 1, 2, 3, and 4 days. PCB77-derived radioactivity was detected in the cells as early as 15 min postdosing. For the dose-response study, the cells were dosed with various concentrations of PCB77 (0.00316-5.37 microg/plate) and harvested on Day 3 since ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity in vitro reached its maximum on the third day postdosing. Time-course and dose-response studies revealed that only 1-3% of the total delivered dose was found in the cells, with the remainder in the media and adhering to the culture plates. For the dose-response study in vivo, male Fischer rats were dosed with a single i.p. injection of various concentrations of PCB77 (0.1-50 mg/kg body wt) and euthanized on Day 3. PCB77-derived radioactivity and EROD induction in vivo were measured. When EROD activity and PCB77-derived radioactivity in the rat hepatoma cells and in the rat liver were compared on an equivalent weight basis, there was a significant correlation (r2 = 0.985) between them. Prior to this study, no information on quantitative dosimetry and EROD activities of PCB77 has been reported to validate the in vitro assay with in vivo data.
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Affiliation(s)
- K O Yu
- Toxicology Division, Armstrong Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433-7400, USA
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Godin CS, He J, Drerup JM, Wyman J. Effect of propylene glycol 1,2-dinitrate on cerebral blood flow in rats: a potential biomarker for vascular headache? Toxicol Lett 1995; 75:59-68. [PMID: 7863538 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4274(94)03156-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Two measurable indices of toxicity that can be correlated with exposure to propylene glycol dinitrate (PGDN) were evaluated along with its metabolism. Propylene glycol dinitrate was administered by rapid i.v. injection to male Fischer-344 rats. These rats demonstrated a dose-response of blood pressure (BP) to doses of PGDN ranging from 0.1 to 30 mg/kg; the maximum fall in systolic BP occurred within 1 min of dosing. The i.v. administration of PGDN to separate groups of animals resulted in an increase in cerebral blood flow that was correlated with the dose, but a clear dose-response was not obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Godin
- ManTech Environmental Technology, Inc., Dayton, OH
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Godin CS, Drerup JM, Vinegar A. Conditions influencing the rat liver microsomal metabolism of 2,2,-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HCFC-123). Drug Metab Dispos 1993; 21:551-3. [PMID: 8100516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C S Godin
- ManTech Environmental Technology Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45437-0009
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Godin CS, Kimmel EC, Drerup JM, Leahy HF, Pollard DL. Effect of exposure route on measurement of blood pressure by tail cuff in F-344 rats exposed to OTTO Fuel II. Toxicol Lett 1993; 66:147-55. [PMID: 8430434 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4274(93)90089-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Male Fischer-344 rats demonstrated a dose-response of blood pressure (BP) to increasing doses of propylene glycol dinitrate (PGDN), the major constituent of OTTO Fuel II (OFII) following administration by subcutaneous injection. Dermal application of the same doses to separate groups of rats resulted in variable responses of BP that were unrelated to dose. A nose-only exposure system was developed but no effect on BP was observed in rats exposed to a nearly saturated atmosphere of PGDN (approx. 750 mg/m3 at 25 degrees C). This study has indicated both the difficulties associated with the use of tail cuff measurement of BP and the need for either a more sensitive or more specific biomarker of effect for exposure to nitrate esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Godin
- ManTech Environmental Technology Inc., Dayton, OH 45437-0009
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Godin CS, Flemming CD, Drerup JM, Wall HG. Evaluation of the promotion potential of chlorotrifluoroethylene trimer acid in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicol Lett 1993; 66:63-72. [PMID: 8093986 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4274(93)90080-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The promoting effect of chlorotrifluoroethylene trimer acid (TRA), a metabolite of the 6-carbon oligomer of Halocarbon 3.1 oil, was investigated using a bioassay designed to detect enzyme-altered foci. These oligomers, as well as their carboxylic acid metabolites, have been shown to cause hepatomegaly and an increased rate of hepatic peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation following administration by oral and inhalation routes. Groups of 2/3 partially hepatectomized male Sprague-Dawley rats were initiated with a single dose of diethylnitrosamine (10 mg/kg). Two weeks later phenobarbital (0.5% in the drinking water) was provided to animals in the positive control group. At the same time, three other groups received an initial dose of TRA by intraperitoneal injection (98, 9.8 and 0.98 mg/kg). Biweekly intraperitoneal injections of TRA (12.3, 1.2, and 0.12 mg/kg) were continued for 9 months. Quantitative sterological analysis revealed that TRA exposure resulted in a significant dose-dependent increase in the number of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase-positive foci.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Godin
- ManTech Environmental Technology, Inc., Dayton, OH 45437-0009
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