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Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the process of identifying marijuana exposure in a children's hospital emergency department and compare the cost of diagnostic testing and procedures. METHODS A retrospective chart review was performed on patients 31 days to 20 years old with a positive marijuana toxicology screen result between November 2009 and December 2014. Primary outcomes included time to provider recognition of marijuana exposure, number of diagnostic tests and procedures performed, and length of hospital stay. Patients were analyzed based on time of exposure recognition (forthcoming compared with not forthcoming of marijuana exposure) and age (children <12 years compared with adolescents >12 years). RESULTS There were 37 children and 38 adolescents included. Mean time to exposure recognition was 2.3 ± 4.3 hours in children compared with 0.4 ± 0.9 hours in adolescents (P = 0.02). Patients who were not forthcoming of marijuana exposure experienced more than twice as many diagnostic tests or procedures compared with children who were forthcoming of marijuana exposure (mean, 8.91 vs 4 tests, P < 0.0001) and more than a 4-fold higher cost of potentially avoidable diagnostic tests/procedures. Length of hospital stay was significantly longer in children (18.34 ± 2.39 hours) compared with adolescents (4.22 ± 0.52 hours; P ≤ 0.0001). Few parents or guardians were able to disclose characteristics of the marijuana product. CONCLUSION Delay in recognition of marijuana exposure is associated with high resource utilization, unnecessary medical costs, and prolonged length of stay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferras Bashqoy
- From the UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, CA
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MacBrayne CE, Williams MC, Obermeier H, Child J, Heizer JW, Millard M, Pearce K, Dugan C, Parker SK. Anti-infective Waste in a Pediatric Institution: Pinpointing Problems in the Process. Hosp Pharm 2020; 55:220-223. [PMID: 32742009 DOI: 10.1177/0018578719844164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: At Children's Hospital Colorado (CHCO), there are approximately 40 000 inpatient anti-infective orders every year resulting over 100 000 dispenses. Significant quantities of anti-infectives are wasted, incurring roughly $100 000 in waste annually. Identifying areas for improvement will result in cost savings and ameliorate the impact of drug shortages. Summary: This descriptive report discusses the reasons for anti-infective waste at a free-standing, quaternary-care, pediatric hospital. The anti-infectives with the highest cost in waste ($) included meropenem ($38 084), micafungin ($21 690), amphotericin B liposome ($15 913). An internal audit of CHCO anti-infective waste revealed that drugs are wasted for the following reasons: patient discharge, medication order discontinuation or change, and misplaced doses. Conclusion: The CHCO Antimicrobial Stewardship Program and the Pharmacy have proposed 4 process improvement measures that will target anti-infective waste to reduce pharmaceutical waste and hospital costs. These measures may be applicable to other drug classes that likely suffer from a similar proportion of waste.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manon C Williams
- Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.,University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Haley Obermeier
- Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.,University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jason Child
- Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | - Casey Dugan
- Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sarah K Parker
- Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.,University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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Davenport B, Li Y, Heizer JW, Schmitz C, Perraud AL. Signature Channels of Excitability no More: L-Type Channels in Immune Cells. Front Immunol 2015; 6:375. [PMID: 26257741 PMCID: PMC4512153 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the concept of Ca(2+) as a universal messenger is well established, it was assumed that the regulatory mechanisms of Ca(2+)-signaling were divided along the line of electric excitability. Recent advances in molecular biology and genomics have, however, provided evidence that non-excitable cells such as immunocytes also express a wide and diverse pool of ion channels that does not differ as significantly from that of excitable cells as originally assumed. Ion channels and transporters are involved in virtually all aspects of immune response regulation, from cell differentiation and development to activation, and effector functions such as migration, antibody-secretion, phagosomal maturation, or vesicular delivery of bactericidal agents. This comprises TRP channel family members, voltage- and Ca(2+)-gated K(+)- and Na(+)-channels, as well as unexpectedly, components of the CaV1-subfamily of voltage-gated L-type Ca(2+)-channels, originally thought to be signature molecules of excitability. This article provides an overview of recent observations made in the field of CaV1 L-type channel function in the immune context, as well as presents results we obtained studying these channels in B-lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bennett Davenport
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health , Denver, CO , USA ; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver , Denver, CO , USA
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health , Denver, CO , USA ; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver , Denver, CO , USA
| | - Justin W Heizer
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health , Denver, CO , USA ; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver , Denver, CO , USA
| | - Carsten Schmitz
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health , Denver, CO , USA ; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver , Denver, CO , USA
| | - Anne-Laure Perraud
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health , Denver, CO , USA ; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver , Denver, CO , USA
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Knowles H, Heizer JW, Li Y, Chapman K, Ogden CA, Andreasen K, Shapland E, Kucera G, Mogan J, Humann J, Lenz LL, Morrison AD, Perraud AL. Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 2 (TRPM2) ion channel is required for innate immunity against Listeria monocytogenes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:11578-83. [PMID: 21709234 PMCID: PMC3136283 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1010678108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is inherent to immune responses. ROS are crucially involved in host defense against pathogens by promoting bacterial killing, but also as signaling agents coordinating the production of cytokines. Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 2 (TRPM2) is a Ca(2+)-permeable channel gated via binding of ADP-ribose, a metabolite formed under conditions of cellular exposure to ROS. Here, we show that TRPM2-deficient mice are extremely susceptible to infection with Listeria monocytogenes (Lm), exhibiting an inefficient innate immune response. In a comparison with IFNγR-deficient mice, TRPM2(-/-) mice shared similar features of uncontrolled bacterial replication and reduced levels of inducible (i)NOS-expressing monocytes, but had intact IFNγ responsiveness. In contrast, we found that levels of cytokines IL-12 and IFNγ were diminished in TRPM2(-/-) mice following Lm infection, which correlated with their reduced innate activation. Moreover, TRPM2(-/-) mice displayed a higher degree of susceptibility than IL-12-unresponsive mice, and supplementation with recombinant IFNγ was sufficient to reverse the unrestrained bacterial growth and ultimately the lethal phenotype of Lm-infected TRPM2(-/-) mice. The severity of listeriosis we observed in TRPM2(-/-) mice has not been reported for any other ion channel. These findings establish an unsuspected role for ADP-ribose and ROS-mediated cation flux for innate immunity, opening up unique possibilities for immunomodulatory intervention through TRPM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Knowles
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Justin W. Heizer
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Yuan Li
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Kathryn Chapman
- Molecular and Cellular Technologies, Platform Technologies and Science, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom; and
| | - Carol Anne Ogden
- Innate Immunity Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426
| | - Karl Andreasen
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Ellen Shapland
- Molecular and Cellular Technologies, Platform Technologies and Science, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom; and
| | - Gary Kucera
- Molecular and Cellular Technologies, Platform Technologies and Science, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom; and
| | - Jennifer Mogan
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Jessica Humann
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Laurel L. Lenz
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Alastair D. Morrison
- Molecular and Cellular Technologies, Platform Technologies and Science, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom; and
| | - Anne-Laure Perraud
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80206
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