1
|
Image-guided Bronchoscopy: Established and Emerging Approaches. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2023; 208:98-100. [PMID: 37129567 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202205-1008rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
|
2
|
Oxygen Therapy Part 2 - Indications and Toxicity. NEJM EVIDENCE 2023; 2:EVIDra2300111. [PMID: 38320167 DOI: 10.1056/evidra2300111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Oxygen Therapy Part 2: Indications and ToxicityWemple et al. continue their review of oxygen therapy, discussing the acute and chronic indications for oxygen and the delivery of supplemental oxygen (and its potential adverse effects and toxicity).
Collapse
|
3
|
Pathophysiology of Hypoxemia in COVID-19 Lung Disease. Clin Chest Med 2023; 44:239-248. [PMID: 37085217 PMCID: PMC9682047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
As the pandemic has progressed, our understanding of hypoxemia in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lung disease has become more nuanced, although much remains to be understood. In this article, we review ventilation-perfusion mismatching in COVID-19 and the evidence to support various biologic theories offered in explanation. In addition, the relationship between hypoxemia and other features of severe COVID-19 lung disease such as respiratory symptoms, radiographic abnormalities, and pulmonary mechanics is explored. Recognizing and understanding hypoxemia in COVID-19 lung disease remains essential for risk stratification, prognostication, and choice of appropriate treatments in severe COVID-19.
Collapse
|
4
|
Oxygen Therapy Part 1 - History, Physiology, and Evaluation. NEJM EVIDENCE 2023; 2:EVIDra2300005. [PMID: 38320050 DOI: 10.1056/evidra2300005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
History, Physiology, and Evaluation of Oxygen TherapyOxygen is standard therapy for acute cardiopulmonary diseases, and long-term oxygen therapy is common in the outpatient setting. In part I of a two-part review, Wemple and colleagues discuss the physiology of tissue hypoxia, mechanisms of hypoxemia, and its clinical assessment.
Collapse
|
5
|
Immediate and Follow-up Imaging Findings after Cone-Beam CT-guided Transbronchial Lung Cryobiopsy. Radiol Cardiothorac Imaging 2023; 5:e220149. [PMID: 37124647 PMCID: PMC10141444 DOI: 10.1148/ryct.220149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate findings after transbronchial lung cryobiopsy (TBLC) using intraprocedural cone-beam CT (CBCT) and follow-up chest CT examinations. Materials and Methods A single-center, prospective cohort study was performed with 14 participants (mean age, 65 years ± 13 [SD]; eight male participants) undergoing CBCT-guided TBLC between August 2020 and February 2021 who underwent follow-up chest CT imaging. Intraprocedural CBCT and follow-up chest CT images were interpreted for changes compared with baseline CT images. Statistical analyses were performed using independent samples t test and analysis of variance. Results A total of 62 biopsies were performed, with 48 in the field of view of CBCT immediately after biopsy. All 48 biopsy sites had evidence of postprocedural hemorrhage, and 17 (35%) had pneumatoceles at the biopsy site. Follow-up CT images showed resolution of these findings. Solid nodules developed at 18 of the 62 (29%) biopsy sites. Conclusion Postbiopsy hemorrhage and pneumatoceles on intraprocedural CBCT images (which were clinically occult and resolved spontaneously) and new solid nodules on follow-up chest CT images were commonly observed after TBLC. These findings may help alleviate unnecessary follow-up imaging and tissue sampling.Keywords: Biopsy/Needle Aspiration, CT, Lungs, Lung Biopsy, Interventional Bronchoscopy© RSNA, 2023.
Collapse
|
6
|
Performance and reliability of two frequently used point-of-care blood gas analyzers at 423 and 4,559 m. Clin Biochem 2023; 116:38-41. [PMID: 36935067 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Blood gas analyzers (BGA) aid medical decision-making. Their specified performance criteria are based on sea level conditions. However, millions of people are living at high altitude (HA) where the performance of BGAs is poorly characterized. We investigated the effect of exposure to 4,559 m on the reliability and robustness of two BGAs widely used at HA. METHODS In this prospective study arterial blood samples from 13 volunteers (2 female) with susceptibility to the development of high-altitude pulmonary edema were collected once near sea level at 423 m (nSL423) and three times at high altitude (HA4,559). Samples were measured in triplicate with the cartridge BGAs Rapidpoint 500 (SIE; Siemens Healthcare) and the ABL90 (RAD; Radiometer) to calculate coefficients of variation (CV) and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) within a mixed model. RESULTS At nSL423 and HA4,559, 3% and 17% of all data were not reported with SIE, mainly due to clotting of the sample caused by delays because of the frequent automated calibration routines. No data were missing with RAD. ICCs were not significantly lower (mean (min-max) 0.87 (0.68-0.98) vs. 0.94 (0.84-1.00); p = 0.217) with SIE at nSL423, but significantly lower at HA4,559 (0.87 (0.49-1.00) vs. 0.99 (0.96-1.00); p = 0.025). All CVs, except that for arterial oxygen saturation at HA4,559,were higher with SIE . CONCLUSION In this study, the reliability of RAD was superior to SIE at nSL423 and HA4,559. In contrast to RAD, the performance of SIE declined at HA4,559. SIE was more prone to not reporting all variables, especially at HA4559.
Collapse
|
7
|
Systemic arterial gas embolism (SAGE) as a complication of bronchoscopic lung biopsy: a case report and systematic literature review. J Thorac Dis 2022; 13:6439-6452. [PMID: 34992823 PMCID: PMC8662492 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-21-717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Systemic arterial gas embolism (SAGE) is a rare yet serious and underrecognized complication of bronchoscopic procedures. A recent case of presumed SAGE after transbronchial needle aspiration prompted a systematic literature review of SAGE after biopsy procedures during flexible bronchoscopy. Methods We performed a systematic database search for case reports and case series pertaining to SAGE after bronchoscopic lung biopsy; reports or series involving only bronchoscopic laser therapy or argon plasma coagulation (APC) were excluded. Patient data were extracted directly from published reports. Results A total of 29 unique patient reports were assessed for patient demographics, specifics of the procedure, clinical manifestations, diagnostic findings, and clinical outcomes. Cases of SAGE occurred after multiple types of bronchoscopic biopsy and under both positive and negative pressure ventilation. The most common clinical findings were neurologic, followed by cardiac manifestations; temporal patterns included acute onset of cardiac or neurologic emergencies immediately after biopsy, or delayed awakening post-procedure. There was a high mortality rate among cases (28%), with residual neurologic deficits also common (24%). Discussion SAGE is an underrecognized but severe adverse effect of bronchoscopic lung biopsy, which often presents with acute coronary or cerebral ischemia or delayed awakening from sedation. It is important for all physicians who perform bronchoscopic biopsies to be aware of the clinical manifestations and therapeutic management of SAGE in order to mitigate morbidity and mortality among patients undergoing these procedures.
Collapse
|
8
|
Exercise-Induced Desaturations and Functional Limitation in Post-COVID-19 Lung Disease: Cause or Correlate? Respir Care 2021; 66:1783-1785. [PMID: 34686586 PMCID: PMC9993539 DOI: 10.4187/respcare.09621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
9
|
Validity of Peripheral Oxygen Saturation Measurements with the Garmin Fēnix ® 5X Plus Wearable Device at 4559 m. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21196363. [PMID: 34640680 PMCID: PMC8513012 DOI: 10.3390/s21196363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Decreased oxygen saturation (SO2) at high altitude is associated with potentially life-threatening diseases, e.g., high-altitude pulmonary edema. Wearable devices that allow continuous monitoring of peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), such as the Garmin Fēnix® 5X Plus (GAR), might provide early detection to prevent hypoxia-induced diseases. We therefore aimed to validate GAR-derived SpO2 readings at 4559 m. SpO2 was measured with GAR and the medically certified Covidien Nellcor SpO2 monitor (COV) at six time points in 13 healthy lowlanders after a rapid ascent from 1130 m to 4559 m. Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis served as the criterion measure and was conducted at four of the six time points with the Radiometer ABL 90 Flex. Validity was assessed by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), and Bland–Altman plots. Mean (±SD) SO2, including all time points at 4559 m, was 85.2 ± 6.2% with GAR, 81.0 ± 9.4% with COV, and 75.0 ± 9.5% with ABG. Validity of GAR was low, as indicated by the ICC (0.549), the MAPE (9.77%), the mean SO2 difference (7.0%), and the wide limits of agreement (−6.5; 20.5%) vs. ABG. Validity of COV was good, as indicated by the ICC (0.883), the MAPE (6.15%), and the mean SO2 difference (0.1%) vs. ABG. The GAR device demonstrated poor validity and cannot be recommended for monitoring SpO2 at high altitude.
Collapse
|
10
|
The Pathophysiology and Dangers of Silent Hypoxemia in COVID-19 Lung Injury. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2021; 18:1098-1105. [PMID: 33621159 PMCID: PMC8328372 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.202011-1376cme] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has been unprecedented on many levels, not least of which are the challenges in understanding the pathophysiology of these new critically ill patients. One widely reported phenomenon is that of a profoundly hypoxemic patient with minimal to no dyspnea out of proportion to the extent of radiographic abnormality and change in lung compliance. This apparently unique presentation, sometimes called "happy hypoxemia or hypoxia" but better described as "silent hypoxemia," has led to the speculation of underlying pathophysiological differences between COVID-19 lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) from other causes. We explore three proposed distinctive features of COVID-19 that likely bear on the genesis of silent hypoxemia, including differences in lung compliance, pulmonary vascular responses to hypoxia, and nervous system sensing and response to hypoxemia. In the context of known principles of respiratory physiology and neurobiology, we discuss whether these particular findings are due to direct viral effects or, equally plausible, are within the spectrum of typical ARDS pathophysiology and the wide range of hypoxic ventilatory and pulmonary vascular responses and dyspnea perception in healthy people. Comparisons between lung injury patterns in COVID-19 and other causes of ARDS are clouded by the extent and severity of this pandemic, which may underlie the description of "new" phenotypes, although our ability to confirm these phenotypes by more invasive and longitudinal studies is limited. However, given the uncertainty about anything unique in the pathophysiology of COVID-19 lung injury, there are no compelling pathophysiological reasons at present to support a therapeutic approach for these patients that is different from the proven standards of care in ARDS.
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
The creation of dedicated sepsis guidelines and their broad dissemination over the past 2 decades have contributed to significant improvements in sepsis care. These successes have spurred the creation of bundled care mandates by major healthcare payers, such as the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services. However, despite the likely benefits of guideline-directed sepsis bundles, mandated treatments in sepsis may lead to unintended consequences as the standard of care in sepsis improves. In particular, the heterogeneous spectrum of presentation and disease severity in sepsis, as well as the complexity surrounding the benefits of specific interventions in sepsis, argues for an individualized and titrated approach to interventions: an approach generally not afforded by care mandates. In this review, we review the risks and benefits of mandated care for sepsis, with particular emphasis on the potential adverse consequences of common bundle components such as early empiric antibiotics, weight-based fluid administration, and serum lactate monitoring. Unlike guideline-directed care, mandated care in sepsis precludes providers from tailoring treatments to heterogeneous clinical scenarios and may lead to unintended harms for individual patients.
Collapse
|
12
|
Coronavirus Disease 2019 Test Correlation Between Nasopharyngeal Swab and BAL in Asymptomatic Patients. Chest 2020; 159:2488-2490. [PMID: 33217415 PMCID: PMC7670233 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
|
13
|
Radiology-pathology Correlation in Recovered COVID-19, Demonstrating Organizing Pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 202:598-599. [PMID: 32609531 PMCID: PMC7427386 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202004-1278im] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
14
|
Evaluation of a novel 5-group classification system of sepsis by vasopressor use and initial serum lactate in the emergency department. Intern Emerg Med 2018; 13:257-268. [PMID: 28132131 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-017-1607-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Prognostication in sepsis is limited by disease heterogeneity, and measures to risk-stratify patients in the proximal phases of care lack simplicity and accuracy. Hyperlactatemia and vasopressor dependence are easily identifiable risk factors for poor outcomes. This study compares incidence and hospital outcomes in sepsis based on initial serum lactate level and vasopressor use in the emergency department (ED). In a retrospective analysis of a prospectively identified dual-center ED registry, patients with sepsis were categorized by ED vasopressor use and initial serum lactate level. Vasopressor-dependent patients were categorized as dysoxic shock (lactate >4.0 mmol/L) and vasoplegic shock (≤4.0 mmol/L). Patients not requiring vasopressors were categorized as cryptic shock major (lactate >4.0 mmol/L), cryptic shock minor (>2.0 and ≤4.0 mmol/L), and sepsis without lactate elevation (≤2.0 mmol/L). Of 446 patients included, 4.9% (n = 22) presented in dysoxic shock, 11.7% (n = 52) in vasoplegic shock, 12.1% (n = 54) in cryptic shock major, 30.9% (n = 138) in cryptic shock minor, and 40.4% (n = 180) in sepsis without lactate elevation. Group mortality rates at 28 days were 50.0, 21.1, 18.5, 12.3, and 7.2%, respectively. After adjusting for potential confounders, odds ratios for mortality at 28 days were 15.1 for dysoxic shock, 3.6 for vasoplegic shock, 3.8 for cryptic shock major, and 1.9 for cryptic shock minor, when compared to sepsis without lactate elevation. Lactate elevation is associated with increased mortality in both vasopressor dependent and normotensive infected patients presenting to the emergency department (ED). Cryptic shock mortality (normotension + lactate >4 mmol/L) is equivalent to vasoplegic shock mortality (vasopressor requirement + lactate <4 mmol/L) in our population. The odds of normotensive, infected patients decompensating is three to fourfold higher with hyperlactemia. The proposed Sepsis-3 definitions exclude an entire group of high-risk ED patients. A simple classification in the ED by vasopressor requirement and initial lactate level may identify high-risk subgroups of sepsis. This study may inform prognostication and triage decisions in the proximal phases of care.
Collapse
|
15
|
Acetazolamide and N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of chronic mountain sickness (Monge's disease). Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2017; 246:1-8. [PMID: 28720395 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Patients suffering from chronic mountain sickness (CMS) have excessive erythrocytosis. Low -level cobalt toxicity as a likely contributor has been demonstrated in some subjects. We performed a randomized, placebo controlled clinical trial in Cerro de Pasco, Peru (4380m), where 84 participants with a hematocrit (HCT) ≥65% and CMS score>6, were assigned to four treatment groups of placebo, acetazolamide (ACZ, which stimulates respiration), N-acetylcysteine (NAC, an antioxidant that chelates cobalt) and combination of ACZ and NAC for 6 weeks. The primary outcome was change in hematocrit and secondary outcomes were changes in PaO2, PaCO2, CMS score, and serum and urine cobalt concentrations. The mean (±SD) hematocrit, CMS score and serum cobalt concentrations were 69±4%, 9.8±2.4 and 0.24±0.15μg/l, respectively for the 66 participants. The ACZ arm had a relative reduction in HCT of 6.6% vs. 2.7% (p=0.048) and the CMS score fell by 34.9% vs. 14.8% (p=0.014) compared to placebo, while the reduction in PaCO2 was 10.5% vs. an increase of 0.6% (p=0.003), with a relative increase in PaO2 of 13.6% vs. 3.0%. NAC reduced CMS score compared to placebo (relative reduction of 34.0% vs. 14.8%, p=0.017), while changes in other parameters failed to reach statistical significance. The combination of ACZ and NAC was no better than ACZ alone. No changes in serum and urine cobalt concentrations were seen within any treatment arms. ACZ reduced polycythemia and CMS score, while NAC improved CMS score without significantly lowering hematocrit. Only a small proportion of subjects had cobalt toxicity, which may relate to the closing of contaminated water sources and several other environmental protection measures.
Collapse
|
16
|
|
17
|
Lactate Clearance Predicts Survival Among Patients in the Emergency Department with Severe Sepsis. West J Emerg Med 2015; 16:1118-26. [PMID: 26759665 PMCID: PMC4703153 DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2015.10.27577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Lactate clearance has been implicated as a predictor of mortality among emergency department (ED) patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. We aimed to validate prior studies showing that lactate clearance during the ED stay is associated with decreased mortality. Methods Retrospective dual-centered cross-sectional study using patients identified in the Yale-New Haven Hospital Emergency Medicine sepsis registry with severe sepsis or septic shock who had initial lactate levels measured in the ED and upon arrival (<24 hours) to the hospital floor. Lactate clearance was calculated as percent of serum lactate change from ED to floor measurement. We compared mortality and hospital interventions between patients who cleared lactate and those who did not. Results 207 patients (110 male; 63.17±17.9 years) were included. Two reviewers extracted data with 95% agreement. One hundred thirty-six patients (65.7%) had severe sepsis and 71 patients (34.3%) had septic shock. There were 171 patients in the clearance group and 36 patients in the non-clearance group. The 28-day mortality rates were 15.2% in the lactate clearance group and 36.1% in the non-clearance group (p<0.01). Vasopressor support was initiated more often in the non-clearance group (61.1%) than in the clearance group (36.8%, p<0.01) and mechanical ventilation was used in 66.7% of the non-clearance group and 36.3% of the clearance group (p=0.001). Conclusion Patients who do not clear their lactate in the ED have significantly higher mortality than those with decreasing lactate levels. Our results are confirmatory of other literature supporting that lactate clearance may be used to stratify mortality-risk among patients with severe sepsis or septic shock.
Collapse
|
18
|
Cause of an Elevated Lactate Level. JAMA 2015; 313:2381. [PMID: 26080348 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2015.5043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
|
19
|
Nitric Oxide (NO) in normal and hypoxic vascular regulation of the spiny dogfish,Squalus acanthias. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 303:154-60. [PMID: 15662661 DOI: 10.1002/jez.a.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a potent vasodilator in terrestrial vertebrates, but whether vascular endothelial-derived NO plays a role in vascular regulation in fish remains controversial. To explore this issue, a study was made of spiny dogfish sharks (Squalus acanthias) in normoxia and acute hypoxia (60 min exposure to seawater equilibrated with 3% oxygen) with various agents known to alter NO metabolism or availability. In normoxia, nitroprusside (a NO donor) reduced blood pressure by 20%, establishing that vascular smooth muscle responds to NO. L-arginine, the substrate for NO synthase, had no hemodynamic effect. Acetylcholine, which stimulates endothelial NO and prostaglandin production in mammals, reduced blood pressure, but also caused marked bradycardia. L-NAME, an inhibitor of all NO synthases, caused a small 10% rise in blood pressure, but cell-free hemoglobin (a potent NO scavenger and hypertensive agent in mammals) had no effect. Acute hypoxia caused a 15% fall in blood pressure, which was blocked by L-NAME and cell-free hemoglobin. Serum nitrite, a marker of NO production, rose with hypoxia, but not with L-NAME. Results suggest that NO is not an endothelial-derived vasodilator in the normoxic elasmobranch. The hypertensive effect of L-NAME may represent inhibition of NO production in the CNS and nerves regulating blood pressure. In acute hypoxia, there is a rapid up-regulation of vascular NO production that appears to be responsible for hypoxic vasodilation.
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
B7-1 is a co-stimulatory molecule that signals T-cells that recognize antigen to proliferate and differentiate into effector T-cells. The same cell must present antigen and express co-stimulatory molecules, such as B7-1, to activate naive T-cells. Thus, tissues that do not express co-stimulatory molecules would not be expected to induce immune responses, while expression of a co-stimulator on tissue cells may convert them into effective antigen-presenting cells and induce autoimmunity. To test this, transgenic mice have been generated that express B7-1 on the beta-cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. On a B6 genetic background, B7-1 expression on beta-cells does not predispose to diabetes. B6 mice are resistant to diabetes. However, when B7-1 is expressed on the beta-cells of B6 mice backcrossed once to the genetically susceptible NOD strain, the onset of diabetes is accelerated and the autoimmune attack intensified. This illustrates that B7-1 is a very potent co-stimulatory molecule in vivo and that its presence on the surface of tissue cells can potentiate the autoimmune process.
Collapse
|
21
|
Self peptides isolated from MHC glycoproteins of non-obese diabetic mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 1994; 152:2279-88. [PMID: 8133041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse spontaneously develops an insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus that resembles human type I diabetes. This disease can be transferred by purified T cells or cloned T cell lines, implicating an autoimmune T cell attack on the pancreatic beta cells of the islets of Langerhans. As all T cell responses involve recognition of peptides bound to MHC molecules displayed at the cell surface, we have examined self peptides binding to the MHC molecules on spleen cells of the NOD mouse. Peptides eluted from the MHC class I molecule Kd have sequences that conform to known motifs for peptides binding this molecule in other strains of mice. The NOD mouse expresses the unique MHC class II molecule I-Ag7. Peptides eluted from I-Ag7 have sequences that implicate an acidic residue in the C terminus of the peptide as important for binding. The role of this residue in binding has been confirmed by direct peptide-binding analysis. This C-terminal acidic amino acid may interact with an arginine residue in the MHC class II alpha-chain that is exposed when beta-chain residue 57 is mutated to serine, or to the unique beta-chain residue histidine 56. These data may provide valuable insights into the nature of autoantigenic peptides presented by NOD mouse MHC molecules by defining the nature of I-Ag7-peptide binding.
Collapse
|
22
|
Self peptides isolated from MHC glycoproteins of non-obese diabetic mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1994. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.152.5.2279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse spontaneously develops an insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus that resembles human type I diabetes. This disease can be transferred by purified T cells or cloned T cell lines, implicating an autoimmune T cell attack on the pancreatic beta cells of the islets of Langerhans. As all T cell responses involve recognition of peptides bound to MHC molecules displayed at the cell surface, we have examined self peptides binding to the MHC molecules on spleen cells of the NOD mouse. Peptides eluted from the MHC class I molecule Kd have sequences that conform to known motifs for peptides binding this molecule in other strains of mice. The NOD mouse expresses the unique MHC class II molecule I-Ag7. Peptides eluted from I-Ag7 have sequences that implicate an acidic residue in the C terminus of the peptide as important for binding. The role of this residue in binding has been confirmed by direct peptide-binding analysis. This C-terminal acidic amino acid may interact with an arginine residue in the MHC class II alpha-chain that is exposed when beta-chain residue 57 is mutated to serine, or to the unique beta-chain residue histidine 56. These data may provide valuable insights into the nature of autoantigenic peptides presented by NOD mouse MHC molecules by defining the nature of I-Ag7-peptide binding.
Collapse
|
23
|
Maximizing relaxation between hyperfractionated radiation treatments. Oncol Nurs Forum 1989; 16:726-7. [PMID: 2674913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|