[Analysis of 10 years' data of systematic male reproductive system ultrasonography in diagnosis of azoospermia etiology]

OBJECTIVE

To explore the value of systematic male reproductive system ultrasonography in the diagnosis of azoospermia etiology.

METHODS

Retrospective analysis and classification statistics were conducted on the data of azoospermia cases who underwent systematic male reproductive system ultrasound examination at the First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University from January 2013 to January 2023.

RESULTS

A total of 375 cases were included in the group, of which 303 cases could be diagnosed by ultrasound, including 161 cases of obstructive causes, 110 cases of non obstructive causes, and 32 cases of mixed causes. Obstructive causes mainly include bilateral absence or underdevelopment of the seminal vesicles and vas deferens, non obstructive causes mainly include bilateral simple testicular dysplasia, and the most common combined causes are bilateral absence or underdevelopment of the seminal vesicles and vas deferens combined with bilateral testicular dysplasia. The main causes involved a single organ in 174 cases, with 82 cases, 43 cases, and 4 cases involving 2-4 organs, respectively. In addition, there are multiple accompanying ultrasound manifestations of non primary causes.

CONCLUSION

Systematic ultrasound examination can comprehensively evaluate the male reproductive system, effectively diagnose the causes of most azoospermia, and provide valuable imaging evidence for clinical treatment.

[Mechanism of Xiaoluanwan(II) in treating mouse epididymitis through the regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome]

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of Xiaoluanwan(II) in treating lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced epididymitis and its impact on the NLRP3 inflammasome.

METHODS

The murine epididymitis model was established through local injection of LPS. The study included a control group (n=5), a model group (n=5), a model group treated with Xiaoluanwan(II) (Ⅱ) (n=5), and a saline group treated with Xiaoluanwan(II) (n=5). After 14 consecutive days of oral administration of Xiaoluanwan(II) or physiological saline, pathological changes in the epididymal tissues, expression levels of NLRP3 inflammasome and Caspase-1, as well as associated protein levels were examined.

RESULTS

Compared to the model group, Xiaoluanwan(II) significantly alleviated inflammatory cell infiltration and lesions, as evidenced by a reduction in the protein expression levels of NLRP3, Caspase-1, Cleaved-Caspase-1, IL-1β, IL-18, GSDMD, and p-p38 MAPK (P<0.05 or P<0.01), thereby mitigating the inflammatory response.

CONCLUSION

Xiaoluanwan(II) alleviates epididymal inflammation and ameliorates mouse epididymal epithelial injury by modulating the NLRP3-mediated cell pyroptosis pathway.

[A new procedure of penoplasty for concealed penis reduces postoperative preputial edema]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the advantage of a new procedure of penoplasty by T-shaped incision and three-point fixation (TSI+TPF) in reducing postoperative preputial edema in the treatment of concealed penis.

METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed 244 cases of concealed penis treated in our center between June 2014 and June 2017, 185 by TSI+TPF penoplasty and the other 59 by modified Devine surgery (MDS). We compared the incidence of postoperative preputial edema between the two groups of patients.

RESULTS

The incidence rate of preputial edema was obviously lower in the TSI+TPF penoplasty than in the MDS group at 2 (28.1% vs 33.9%) and 4 weeks after surgery (11.4% vs 20.3%), though with no statistically significant difference, and that of moderate to severe edema was significantly lower in the former than in the latter at 4 weeks (1.1% vs 6.8%, P < 0.05). And no long-term residual edema was observed after TSI+TPF penoplasty.

CONCLUSIONS

Penoplasty by T-shaped incision and three-point fixation can effectively reduce the incidence of postoperative preputial edema, especially that of moderate to severe edema, in the treatment of concealed penis.

Sinularin exerts anti-tumor effects against human renal cancer cells relies on the generation of ROS

Sinularin, a soft corals-derived natural product, exerts anti-tumorigenic activity in various types of human cancer cells. However, the action of Sinularin and its mechanism in renal carcinoma is not well understood. In the current study, we demonstrated that Sinularin inhibited the viability of human renal cancer cells 786-O and ACHN in a dose- and time-dependent manner, but did not show significant toxicity against non-malignant HRCEpic cells. Cell cycle analysis revealed that Sinularin induced G2/M arrest significantly. In addition, Sinularin could induce apoptosis in cells along with caspase-3/-9 activation, release of mitochondrial proteins, up-regulation of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins and inhibition of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins. Sinularin could also repress the activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Moreover, Sinularin triggered the activation of MAPKs and p38 activation was essential for the anti-tumor effect of Sinularin. The generation of ROS (reactive oxygen species) was critical for Sinularin-induced apoptosis since ROS scavenger NAC (N-acetyl cysteine) could block the Sinularin-triggered apoptosis. In conclusion, all the results indicated that Sinularin may be applied as a therapeutic natural agent for human renal cancer.

[Minimally invasive small incision direct anterior total hip arthroplasty in the lateral decubitus position: complications and early outcome]

Objective: To analyze the feasibility, perioperative complications and early outcomes of minimally invasive small incision in direct anterior approach total hip arthroplasty in lateral decubitus position. Methods: From January 2015 to January 2017, 212 patients (228 hips) received minimally invasive small incision (approximately 8 cm in length) direct anterior approach total hip arthroplasty in modified lateral decubitus position and approach. Sixteen cases underwent bilateral hip arthroplasty separately. All procedures were performed by the same surgeon in the Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Provincial Hospital. Twenty-eight patients (28 hips) were set as the complicated case group. The rest 184 patients (200 hips) had no previous hip surgeries, severe deformity and limited motion of the hip, were set as the standard group, and were divided into the first 100 cases group and the second 100 cases group in sequence. The difference between the standard group and complicated case group were analyzed. Also we compared the difference between the first 100 cases and the second 100 cases. Perioperative complications, postoperative function and radiological evaluation were recorded and statistically analyzed. The t test was applied to compare the data between groups. Results: All the patients were followed-up for 13 to 25 months[(18±5) months]. Intraoperative complications and postoperative complications happened in 9 and 34 patients respectively. The anterior dislocation occurred in 2 cases. The standard group showed significant superior outcomes when compared with complicated case group in the surgical time[(42±19) vs (67±16) min, t=-2.628, P=0.027], blood loss[(222±94) vs (579±120) ml, t=-8.371, P=0.000], postoperative Harris hip score[90±5 vs 83±7, t=2.390, P=0.024]and the rate of surgical complication (15.0% vs 46.4%, χ(2)=15.854, P=0.000). The complication rate tended to decrease in the second 100 cases when compared with that in the first 100 cases (11.0% vs 19.0%, χ(2)=3.922, P=0.037). Meanwhile, the second 100 cases showed significant excellent outcomes when compared with the first 100 cases in the mean surgical time[(34±15) vs (48±10) min, t=4.217, P=0.002]and blood loss[(182±52) vs (254±40) ml, t=2.889, P=0.018]. Conclusions: It suggests that there is a learning curve with the minimally invasive small incision direct anterior approach total hip arthroplasty in lateral decubitus position. The risk of intraoperative femoral fractures is slightly high, especially for cases with osteoporosis, stiffness and limited range of movement. Surgeons in early learning curve period should grasp the surgical indications and master the technical points.

[Penoplasty with T-shaped incision and three-point fixation for concealed penis]

OBJECTIVE

To search for a safe and effective method of penoplasty with low incidence of complications for concealed penis by evaluating penoplasty with T-shaped incision and three-point fixation in comparison with modified Devine's technique.

METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed 169 cases of concealed penis treated in our center by penoplasty with T-shaped incision and three-point fixation (group A, n = 110) or modified Devine's surgery (group B, n = 59). We compared the operation time, postoperative complications, and recurrence rate between the two groups of patients.

RESULTS

Operations were successfully completed in all the cases, the urinary catheters removed at 3 days and the elastic bandages applied for 2 to 4 weeks. The patients were followed up for 4 to 12 months. The penis was satisfactorily exposed. The operative time was significantly shorter in group A than in B (［52.8 ± 6.9］ vs ［61.5 ± 10.6］ min, P < 0.001), the postoperative complication rate was obviously lower in the former than in the latter (prepuce edema: 17.27% ［19/110］ vs 33.89% ［20/59］, P = 0.021; bleeding: 0.90% ［1/110］ vs 3.38% ［2/59］, P = 0.552; skin necrosis: 0.90% ［1/110］ vs 5.08% ［3/59］, P = 0.123; skin infection: 0.90% ［1/110］ vs 5.08% ［3/59］, P = 0.123), and so was the recurrence rate (0.90% ［1/110］ vs 6.77% ［4/59］, P = 0.032).

CONCLUSIONS

Penoplasty with T-shaped incision and three-point fixation deserves to be popularized clinically for its advantages of minor invasion, clear exposure, reliable penile fixation, low incidence of postoperative complications and recurrence, and satisfactory outcomes.

[Etiological factors for calculus-associated seminal vesiculitis: Analysis of calculus composition in 6 cases]

OBJECTIVE

To explore the etiological factors for calculus-associated seminal vesiculitis by analyzing the composition of seminal vesicle calculus samples.

METHODS

This retrospective study included 6 cases of recurrent hematospermia diagnosed with seminal vesicle calculus by non-contrast pelvic CT. The patients were aged 28 to 69 years, with persistent or recurrent hematospermia for 3 months to 6 years, and 5 of them with a history of acute urethritis. All the patients underwent seminal vesiculoscopy, which confirmed calculus-associated seminal vesiculitis. The calculus samples were obtained with a spiral dislodge and their composition was determined with a second-generation infrared calculus composition analyzer. The patients were followed up for 2 to 12 weeks postoperatively, during which non-contrast pelvic CT was employed for observation of recurrent calculus in the reproductive tract.

RESULTS

Pelvic CT scanning indicated recurrence of seminal vesicle calculus in 3 cases at 12 weeks postoperatively, of which, 2 were accompanied with recurrent hematospermia, both observed at 4 weeks after operation. As for the composition of the calculus, the infrared calculus composition analyzer revealed struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate) in 5 cases and a mixture of calcium oxalate dihydrate, calcium oxalate monohydrate, and carbonate apatite in the other one.

CONCLUSIONS

Seminal vesicle calculi are most commonly composed of struvite, and infection is the main etiological factor for calculus-associated seminal vesiculitis.

Chinese Shang Ring Male Circumcision: A Review

Chinese Shang Ring adult male circumcision (SC) is a safe and effective procedure which is easy to learn and to perform. By a specially designed small device, male circumcision (MC) can be performed in 5 min. Compared with conventional adult MC (CC), SC has shorter operation time, less blood loss, less pain score, higher appearance satisfaction rate, and lower complication rate. SC was first developed in China. As recent studies have demonstrated that MC reduced the risk of acquiring human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection via vaginal intercourse in African countries, SC was introduced into Africa to fight HIV. Other sexually transmitted diseases such as human papillomavirus infection may also be prevented by SC. In conclusion, Chinese Shang Ring, a small device, provides an easy, quick, safe, and effective method to perform adult MC.

[Direct anterior approach versus posterolateral approach for total hip arthroplasty in the lateral decubitus position]

Objective: To compare the clinical efficacy of the direct anterior approach (DAA) and the posterolateral approach (PLA) for total hip arthroplasty (THA) in the lateral decubitus position. Methods: From July to December, 2014, 104 patients randomly divided into two equal groups of the DAA group and the PLA group underwent unilateral primary THA procedures.All procedures were performed by the same surgeon in the Department of Orthopaedics, the Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University.General data, perioperative index, postoperative function and radiological evaluation were recorded and statistically analyzed. Results: The patients had an average follow-up of 14 (range, 10-16) months.No significant differences were detected with respect to the operation time, incision length, preoperative Hb concentration and transfusion rate between two groups (P> 0.05 for all comparisons). However, there were significant differences associated with the intraoperative bleeding, postoperative drainage and postoperative Hb concentration in the two groups(P<0.05 for all comparisons). The DAA group showed significant superior outcomes compared with the PLA group in the Harris hip scores [(83.6±7.1) vs (79.8±6.6), P<0.05], WOMAC[ (28.9±6.1) vs (36.1±6.9), P<0.001], and VAS pain scores[ (2.2±0.9) vs (2.9±1.1), P<0.05]at 1 month after surgery. No differences were seen between the study groups in the evaluation of radiography and the incidence of adverse event (P> 0.05 for all comparisons). Conclusions: Compared with the posterolateral approach, the present study shows the exciting results in patients underwent the DAA THA in the lateral decubitus position at early follow-up.The advantages of THA using the DAA include less operative trauma, alleviation of postoperative pain, and faster postoperative rehabilitation. It is a safe, reliable and effective surgery approach.

[Application value of Toshiba 320-row dynamic volumetric CT angiography in the diagnosis of venous erectile dysfunction]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the application value of Toshiba 320-row dynamic volumetric CT angiography in the diagnosis of venous erectile dysfunction (VED).

METHODS

We enrolled in this study 33 patients diagnosed with ED by audiovisual sexual stimulation screening in the outpatient department. Penile erection was induced in the patients by injection of 2 mg phentolamine plus 30 mg papaverine into the corpus cavernosum, followed by that of contrast agent of iobitridol through the vein and corpus cavernosum successively. Then 320-row dynamic volumetric CT angiography was performed and the images of the corpus cavernosum in the arterial and venous phases were collected and processed.

RESULTS

Different degrees of abnormal venous drainage were observed in 29 of the patients, including 7 cases (24.1%) of back deep venous leakage, 6 cases (20.7%) of foot venous leakage, 3 cases (10.3%) of dorsal superficial venous leakage, 1 case (3.5%) of intervertebral venous leakage, 2 cases (6.9%) of cavernous venous leakage, and 10 cases (34.5%) of mixed venous leakage. Ten of the patients underwent surgery, dorsal deep penile vein ligation in 2 cases, dorsal deep vein embedding plus foot vein ligation in 4, and foot vein ligation in the other 4. Eight of the patients were followed up for 3－12 months post-operatively, during which 2 achieved obvious erectile improvement, while the other 6 gained normal penile erection.

CONCLUSIONS

Toshiba 320-row dynamic volumetric CT angiography is a reliable method for the diagnosis of VED, which displays the precise location of venous leakage for clinical treatment, with the advantages of clearer images, lower doses of contrast agent and radiation, and faster examination than X-ray penile angiography.

Cementless Total Hip Arthroplasty With a High Hip Center for Hartofilakidis Type B Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip: Results of Midterm Follow-Up

BACKGROUND

Acetabular reconstruction in adults with Hartofilakidis type B developmental dysplasia of the hip is a major technical challenge. The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate hip function and radiographic outcomes regarding high hip center at midterm follow-up.

METHODS

From January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2009, 37 patients who had Hartofilakidis type B developmental dysplasia of the hip underwent a primary total hip arthroplasty using a high hip center technique. Functional, radiographic, and survivorship outcomes were evaluated.

RESULTS

Of the 37 patients, 31 patients (83.8%) were available for the mean follow-up of 6.1 years (range, 1.5-7.6 years). Thirty-one cementless cups were located at an average vertical distance of 38.1 ± 3.3 mm and at a mean horizontal distance of 35.5 ± 3.4 mm. The mean ratio of the height of the hip center was 2.4% (range, 2.0%-2.9%). The Harris Hip Scores were improved from 50.3 points (range, 38-63 points) preoperatively to 92.3 points (range, 85-100 points) at the final follow-up (P < .001). Four patients continued to present with Trendelenburg gait pattern at the last follow-up. With use of revision for any reason and aseptic loosening as the end point, the 5-year survival rates were 90.3% (95% CI, 79.9%-100%) and 93.3% (95% CI, 84.3%-100%), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The high hip center technique in conjunction with a cementless acetabular component seems to be a valuable alternative to achieve satisfactory midterm outcomes for Hartofilakidis type B developmental dysplasia of the hip.

siRNAs target sites selection of ezrin and the influence of RNA interference on ezrin expression and biological characters of osteosarcoma cells

Ezrin, one of the ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) protein family which act as membrane organizers and linkers between plasma membrane and cytoskeleton, has attracted much attention as a crucial factor for tumor metastasis. Overexpression of ezrin has been correlated with the metastatic potential of several cancers especially for osteosarcoma. Short interfering RNA (siRNA) downregulate gene expression through an enzyme-mediated process named RNA interference (RNAi). RNAi has rapidly come to be recognized as a powerful tool for the study of gene function and a potential target therapy. In the present study, the human osteosarcoma cell line MG63 was cultured. Three siRNAs targeting ezrin mRNA were designed by the multiple computational methods and then were sythesized. These siRNAs were transfected into osteosarcoma cells. Then the expression of ezrin mRNA and protein in osteosarcoma cells was detected. The cellular proliferation and apoptosis was evaluated. C726–U730, C1653–A1661 and G1749–A1771 were selected to be the suitable target sites through the multiple computational methods because of their ideal secondary structures and hybridization thermodynamics. siRNAs against G1749–A1771 downregulated the expression level of ezrin mRNA and protein, inhibit the cellular proliferation and promoted the cellular apoptosis effectively. There is a significant correlation between the multiple computational methods and the efficacy of the corresponding siRNAs. siRNAs targeting ezrin may have therapeutic potential as inhibitors of osteosarcoma metastasis.

A randomized clinical study of circumcision with a ring device versus conventional circumcision

PURPOSE

We investigated the safety and efficacy of Shang Ring™ male circumcision and conventional sleeve resection circumcision in a randomized study.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

During the same period, 479 cases of Shang Ring circumcision and 354 of sleeve resection circumcision were performed. Complete followup data were evaluated on the 2 groups. Operative time, pain score, blood loss, postoperative complications, wound healing time and treatment costs were compared.

RESULTS

There was no statistically significant difference in average age and foreskin status between the 2 groups preoperatively (p >0.05). Compared to the conventional group, there were shorter operative time, less blood loss and a lower intraoperative pain score in the ring group (p <0.05). In addition, ring male circumcision showed a lower complication rate than conventional circumcision (6.89% vs 13.28%, p = 0.002). However, wound healing time in the ring group was longer than in the conventional group (mean ± SD 19.86 ± 5.24 vs 13.42 ± 2.35 days, p <0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Shang Ring male circumcision is a safe, efficient procedure with a relatively low complication rate and high patient satisfaction. It may be worthwhile to popularize this method, especially in countries where the general population has low to limited resources.

[Expression of CAR in myocardial of viral myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy]

OBJECTIVE

In order to improve accuracy and reliability of forensic diagnosis of sudden cardiac death, pathogenesis and relationship between the viral myocarditis (VMC) and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) were investigated.

METHODS

Improved immunohistochemical technique was used to detect the expression of the CAR in myocardium samples, including 22 deceased with VMC, 20 deceased with DCM and 16 control deceased.

RESULTS

The brown staining on the cell membrane of myocardium showed positive result. There was a prominent CAR expression in VMC group and DCM group, which were statistically significant difference compared with control group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

The CAR expression showed significantly higher in VMC and DCM groups. The viral infection can result in myocardial necrosis and impaired cardiac functions. These abnormalities can trigger a cascade of events that contributed to the progress of VMC to DCM.

Clinical study of Lipo PGE1-inhibiting platelet activation in acute rejection after kidney transplantation

To observe the efficacy of the platelet activation inhibitor Lipo PGE1 therapy in the recovery of graft function after an acute rejection episode after kidney transplantation. Forty patients with acute rejection after kidney transplantation were randomly assigned into groups treated with or without Lipo PGE1. The expression levels of CD61, CD63, and PAC-1 on platelet surfaces were assayed by flow cytometry. The recovery time for graft function and 1-year patient and graft survival rates were recorded. Compared with controls, the expression levels of CD61, CD63, and PAC-1 were lower among acute rejection patients who received Lipo PGE1 therapy. The recovery time for graft function was shorter and the 1-year patient and graft survival rates higher. Lipo PGE1 therapy in patients with acute rejection episodes may inhibit platelet activation thereby benefiting graft functional recovery. The 1-year survival rates of patients and grafts might be increased if the expression levels of CD61, CD63, and PAC-1 on the platelet surfaces was decreased by Lipo PGE1 therapy.

Relationship between the expression levels of CD61, CD63, and PAC-1 on platelet surface in peripheral blood and the transplanted kidney function

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the relationships between the expression levels of CD61, CD63, and PAC-1 on the platelet surface and the incidences of acute rejection and tubular necrosis as well as the recovery of graft function after renal transplantation.

METHODS

The expression levels of CD61, CD63, and PAC-1 on platelet surfaces were assayed by flow cytometry in 86 patients with different stages of uremia before and after transplantation. Patients were divided into three groups: 29 patients with normal graft function, 30 with acute rejection, and 27 with acute tubular necrosis. Patients with acute rejection were randomly assigned into groups treated with or without anticoagulants.

RESULTS

The expression levels of CD61, CD63, and PAC-1 on platelet surfaces significantly increased (P <.05) among patients with acute rejection, as compared with those with normal graft function or acute tubular necrosis. Compared with controls, the expression levels of CD61, CD63, and PAC-1 were lower among acute rejection patients who, received anticoagulant therapy. The recovery time for graft function shorter and, the 1-year patients and graft survival rates higher.

CONCLUSIONS

The pretransplant expression levels of CD61, CD63, and PAC-1 on platelet surface were significantly higher among patients with acute rejection, suggesting that this complication rather than acute tubular necrosis may be related to platelet activation. Patients with acute rejection displayed benefit from anticoagulant therapy.

Electrocatalytic reduction of S-nitrosoglutathione at electrodes modified with an electropolymerized film of a pyrrole-derived viologen system and their application to cellular S-nitrosoglutathione determinations

The preparation, electrochemical characterization, and analytical applications of glassy carbon (GC) electrodes modified with electropolymerized films of the cation N,N'-di(3-pyrrol-1-yl-propyl)-4,4'-bipyridine (DPPB) are described. Electropolymerized films of DPPB on GC electrodes exhibit two one-electron redox processes centered at -0.45 and -0.85 V, respectively. S-Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) can be electrocatalytically reduced at electrodes modified with electropolymerized films of DPPB at approximately -0.4 V vs sodium-saturated calomel electrode, which represents a dramatic diminution of about 600 mV in the overpotential in comparison with the reaction carried out at a bare GC electrode. The kinetics of the catalytic reaction have been characterized using cyclic voltammetry and rotated disk electrode techniques from which a value of (1.3 +/- 0.2) x 10(3)M-1 s-1 was obtained. Using electrodes modified with an electropolymerized film of DPPB we have carried out preliminary studies of the determination of intracellular GSNO concentrations in two strains of the bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides.

[Epidermoid cysts of testicle: a report of 4 cases]

Epidermoid cysts of testicle is a kind of rare benign tumors of testicle, about 1% of all testicle tumors. In this paper, we described 4 cases of epidermoid cysts of testicle. Based on clinical manifestations, features of B-ultrasound, and other information, epidermoid cysts's histogenesis, pathology and classification were discussed. B-ultrasound is a powerful technique to derive a definite diagnosis before operation. Patients can be cured only by orchiectomy, and much attention should be paid to possible canceration.

[Primary cancer of the ureter: report of 31 cases]

Thirty-one cases of ureteral carcinoma have been treated from 1973 to 1988. 23 patients were male and 8 female. The average age was 57.1, and usually occurred in the fourth to sixth decade (77.4%). The growth was over grade T2 in 74.2%. All tumors were located in the middle and lower third of the ureter. A tendency to increasing incidence in this lesions was found, owing to the advance in diagnostic technique. The causes of delay diagnosis were discussed. The importance of retrograde pyelography including total ureter and direct biopsy through ureteroscopy are stressed. Nephroureterectomy with excision of a bladder cuff is the preferred technique.

[Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder. Report of 19 cases]

Nineteen patients of squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder were admitted to our hospital from 1976 to 1987. It was 3.8% (19/503) of total patients of epithelium neoplasma of the bladder admitted during the same time. The symptoms, diagnosis, aetiology, clinical types and treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder are discussed.

O-acetyl sialomucin and differentiation of stomach cancer: a histochemical study

In one hundred surgical specimens with stomach cancer, 78 cases contained intestinal metaplasia (IM) in the outer margin mucosa nearby carcinoma focus, while the remaining 22 had no IM. IM was histochemically classified into small intestinal type, sulphomucin colonic type (S), O-acetyl sialo-sulphomucin colonic type (OS) and O-acetyl sialomucin colonic type (O). The incidence of OS and O in well differentiated carcinoma (WCa) (22/27) was obviously higher than in poorly and undifferentiated carcinomas (PUCa) (17/51) (X2 = 14.5011, P less than 0.001). This suggests that O-acetyl sialomucin in IM may be correlated with the differentiation of gastric cancer, that is, OS may often be transformed into WCa if malignant change of IM occurs.