Enhancing genetic variability in Trigonella species through sodium azide induction: morpho-physiological and chromosomal amelioration

Plant breeding, aimed at enhancing desired traits, depends on genetic diversity. Mutation breeding is a powerful method of rapidly expanding genetic diversity, facilitating crop improvement, and ensuring food security. In a recent study, researchers evaluated the genetic variability of Trigonella species using different doses of sodium azide (SA) (0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, and 1.0%) through morphological, physiological, and cytogenetic studies. Morphological variations were observed in cotyledonary leaves, vegetative leaves, and overall plant growth and habit. Several quantitative parameters, such as plant height, fertile branches per plant, pods per plant (or clusters), seeds per pod, and seed yield, increased when treated with 0.2% and 0.4% SA compared to the control. Furthermore, the total chlorophyll content and carotenoids increased in the sample treated with 0.2% SA over the control but decreased with higher concentrations. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that stomatal aperture and seed dimensions increased at lower concentrations of sodium azide treatment. The study found a positive correlation between the different parameters studied in the Trigonella species, as indicated by high r-values. Based on their findings, it was concluded that the genotype of fenugreek can be improved by using 0.2% and 0.4% concentrations of sodium azide. However, the evaluation of observed variants in successive generations is a critical and necessary process to validate their potential as keystones for crop genetic improvements.

Synergistic effect of β-sitosterol and biochar application for improving plant growth of Thymus vulgaris under heat stress

Climate change has become the global concern due to its drastic effects on the environment. Agriculture sector is the backbone of food security which remains at the disposal of climate change. Heat stress is the is the most concerning effect of climate change which negatively affect the plant growth and potential yields. The present experiment was conducted to assess the effects of exogenously applied β-sitosterol (Bs at 100 mg/L) and eucalyptus biochar (Eb at 5%) on the antioxidants and nutritional status in Thymus vulgaris under heat stressed conditions. The pot experiment was conducted in completely randomize design in which thymus plants were exposed to heat stress (33 °C) and as a result, plants showed a substantial decline in morpho-physiological and biochemical parameters e.g., a reduction of 59.46, 75.51, 100.00, 34.61, 22.65, and 38.65% was found in plant height, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, dry shoot weight, dry root weight and leaf area while in Bs + Eb + heat stress showed 21.16, 56.81, 67.63, 23.09, 12.84, and 35.89% respectively as compared to control. In the same way photosynthetic pigments, transpiration rate, plant nutritional values and water potential increased in plants when treated with Bs and Eb in synergy. Application of Bs and Eb significantly decreased the electrolytic leakage of cells in heat stressed thymus plants. The production of reactive oxygen species was significantly decreased while the synthesis of antioxidants increased with the application of Bs and Eb. Moreover, the application Bs and Eb increased the concentration of minerals nutrients in the plant body under heat stress. Our results suggested that application of Bs along with Eb decreased the effect of heat stress by maintaining nutrient supply and enhanced tolerance by increasing the production of photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant activity.

Organic amendments improve salinity-induced osmotic and oxidative stress tolerance in Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.)Moench)

AIMS

Salinity adversely affects okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] plants by inducing osmotic and oxidative stresses. This study was designed to enhance salinity-induced osmotic and oxidative stress tolerance in okra plants by applying organic amendments.

METHODS

The effects of different organic amendments (municipal solid waste compost, farmyard manure (FYM) and press mud) on osmotic potential, water use efficiency, activities of antioxidant enzymes, total soluble sugar, total soluble proline, total soluble protein and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents of okra plants grown under saline conditions (50 mM sodium chloride) were evaluated in a pot experiment. The organic amendments were applied each at the rate of 5% and 10% per pot or in various combinations (compost + FYM, FYM + press mud and compost + press mud each at the rate of 2.5% and 5% per pot).

RESULTS

As compared to control, high total soluble sugar (60.41), total soluble proline (33.88%) and MDA (51%) contents and increased activities of antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (83.54%), catalase (78.61%), peroxidase (53.57%] in salinity-stressed okra plants, were indicative of oxidative stress. Salinity significantly reduced the osmotic potential (41.78%) and water use efficiency (4.75%) of okra plants compared to control. Under saline conditions, 5% (farmyard manure + press mud) was the most effective treatment, which significantly improved osmotic potential (27.05%), total soluble sugar (4.20%), total soluble protein (73.62%) and total soluble proline (23.20%) contents and superoxide dismutase activity (32.41%), compared to saline soil. Application of 2.5% (FYM + press mud), 5% press mud, and 10% compost significantly reduced MDA content (27%) and improved activities of catalase (38.64%) and peroxidase (48.29%), respectively, compared to saline soil, thus facilitated to alleviate oxidative stress in okra plants.

CONCLUSIONS

Using organic amendments (municipal solid waste compost, farmyard manure and press mud) was a cost-effective approach to improve salinity-induced osmotic and oxidative stress tolerance in okra plants.

In vitro and in silico analysis of Solanum torvum fruit and methyl caffeate interaction with cholinesterases

Oxidative stress along with dysfunction in cholinergic neurotransmission primarily underlies cognitive impairment. A significant approach to mitigate cognitive dysfunction involves the inhibition of cholinesterases, namely acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Exploring the potential antioxidant and anticholinesterase effects of edible plants holds promise for their utilization as botanicals to enhance cognition. Solanum torvum fruit with vast biological properties are used as food. In the present study, butanolic extract of S. torvum fruits (BESTF) was prepared. Additionally, the study investigated into the properties of methyl caffeate (MC), a compound present in S. torvum, obtained in its pure form. In vitro antioxidant and anticholinesterases activity of BESTF and MC were determined. BESTF and MC showed potent antioxidant property. BESTF and MC dose-dependently inhibited AChE (IC50 values: 166.6 µg/ml and 680.6 µM, respectively) and BChE (IC50 values: 161.55 µg/ml and 413 µM, respectively). BESTF and MC inhibited AChE and BChE in competitive mode. Active site gorge of AChE/BChE was occupied by MC which formed interaction with amino acids present in catalytic site and PAS in in silico. Further, molecular dynamics simulations followed by free energy calculation, principal component analysis and dynamic cross-correlation matrix provided the compelling evidence that that MC maintained stable interactions during MD simulation with AChE and BChE. Collectively, the results from the present study underlines the cognitive-enhancing effect of BESTF and MC.

Acetic acid positively modulates proline metabolism for mitigating PEG-mediated drought stress in Maize and Arabidopsis

Introduction

Osmotic imbalance is one of the major consequences of drought stress, negatively affecting plant growth and productivity. Acetic acid has modulatory roles in osmotic balance in plants; however, the mechanistic insights into acetic acid-mediated osmotic adjustment under drought stress remains largely unknown.

Methods

Here, we investigated how seed priming and seedling root treatment with acetic acid enabled maize plants overcoming polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced drought effects.

Results

Maize seeds primed with acetic acid showed better growth performance when compared with unprimed seeds under PEG application. This growth performance was mainly attributed to improved growth traits, such as fresh weight, dry weight, length of shoots and roots, and several leaf spectral indices, including normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and chlorophyll absorption in reflectance index (MCARI). The levels of oxidative stress indicators hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) did not alter significantly among the treatments, but proline content as well as the expression of proline biosynthetic gene, Δ1-PYRROLINE-5-CARBOXYLATE SYNTHETASE 1 (P5CS1) was significantly elevated in plants receiving acetic acid under PEG-treatments. On the other hand, treating the seedlings root with acetic acid led to a significant recovery of maize plants from drought-induced wilting. Although growth traits remained unchanged among the treatments, the enhancement of leaf water content, photosynthetic rate, proline level, expression of P5CS1, and antioxidant enzyme activities along with reduced level of H2O2 and MDA in acetic acid-supplemented drought plants indicated a positive regulatory role of acetic acid in maize tolerance to drought. Moreover, the high expression of P5CS1 and the subsequent elevation of proline level upon acetic acid application were further validated using wild type and proline biosynthetic mutant p5cs1 of Arabidopsis. Results showed that acetic acid application enabled wild type plants to maintain better phenotypic appearance and recovery from drought stress than p5cs1 plants, suggesting a crosstalk between acetic acid and proline metabolism in plants under drought stress.

Discussion

Our results highlight the molecular and intrinsic mechanisms of acetic acid conferring plant tolerance to drought stress.

Mitigating Osmotic Stress and Enhancing Developmental Productivity Processes in Cotton through Integrative Use of Vermicompost and Cyanobacteria

There is an urgent demand for biostimulant amendments that can sustainably alleviate osmotic stress. However, limited information is available about the integrated application of vermicompost and a cyanobacteria extract on cotton plants. In 2020 and 2021, two field experiments were carried out in which twelve combinations of three irrigation intervals were employed every 14 days (Irrig.14), 21 days (Irrig.21), and 28 days (Irrig.28) along with four amendment treatments (a control, vermicompost, cyanobacteria extract, and combination of vermicompost + cyanobacteria extract) in salt-affected soil. The integrative use of vermicompost and a cyanobacteria extract resulted in an observed improvement in the physicochemical attributes; non-enzymatic antioxidants (free amino acids, proline, total soluble sugars, and phenolics); and antioxidant enzyme activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD) and a decrease in the levels of oxidative damage indicators (H₂O₂ and MDA). Significant augmentation in the content of chlorophyll a and b, carotenoid concentration, relative water content, stomatal conductance, and K⁺ was also observed. In conjunction with these findings, noticeable decreases in the content of Na⁺ and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and the degree of lipid peroxidation (MDA) proved the efficacy of this technique. Consequently, the highest cotton yield and productivity as well as fiber quality were achieved when vermicompost and a cyanobacteria extract were used together under increasing irrigation intervals in salt-affected soil. In conclusion, the integrated application of vermicompost and a cyanobacteria extract can be helpful for obtaining higher cotton productivity and fiber quality compared with the studied control and the individual applications of the vermicompost or the cyanobacteria extract under increasing irrigation intervals within salt-affected soil. Additionally, it can also help alleviate the harmful impact of these abiotic stresses.

Composted Bagasse and/or Cyanobacteria-Based Bio-Stimulants Maintain Barley Growth and Productivity under Salinity Stress

Soil and water salinity are among the most fatal environmental challenges that threaten agricultural production worldwide. This study investigated the potential impact(s) of soil amendment using composted bagasse and/or foliar application of cyanobacteria-based bio-stimulants (Arthrospira platensis, also known as Spirulina platensis) to combat the harmful effect(s) of using saline water to irrigate barley plants grown in salt-affected soils during 2020/2021 and 2021/2022. Briefly, the dual application of composted bagasse and cyanobacteria-based bio-stimulants significantly improved the soil properties, buffered the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), and enhanced the activity of soil enzymes (urease and dehydrogenase). Moreover, both treatments and their combination notably augmented the water relations of barley plants under salinity stress. All treatments significantly decreased stomatal conductance (gs) and relative water content (RWC) but increased the electrolyte leakage (EL) and balanced the contents of Na⁺ and K⁺, and their ratio (K⁺/Na⁺) of barley leaves under salinity stress compared with those irrigated with fresh water during the 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 seasons. Additionally, composted bagasse and cyanobacteria-based bio-stimulants diminished the oxidative stress in barley plants under salinity stress by improving the activity of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POX). Consequently, the combination of composted bagasse and cyanobacteria extract resulted in superior yield-related traits such as spike length, number of grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, straw yield, and harvest index. Collectively, our findings suggest that the integrative application of composted bagasse and cyanobacteria is promising as a sustainable environmental strategiy that can be used to improve soil properties, plant growth, and productivity of not only barley plants but also maybe other cereal crops irrigated with saline water in salt-affected soil.

In Vitro Propagation of Three Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Varieties Using Immature Female Inflorescences

Immature female inflorescences are promising materials for use as explants for the tissue culture of date palm. Four types of MS media were used in this study during the four micropropagation stages-starting media (SM), maturation media (MM), multiplication media (PM) and rooting media (RM)-to micropropagate three elite date palm varieties, Amri, Magdoul and Barhy using the immature female inflorescences as explant. The highest percentage of callus induction in all the varieties studied was obtained on the SM1 (9 µM 2,4-D + 5.7 µM IAA + 10 µM NAA). Culturing on the MM1 (4.5 µM 2,4-D + 9.8 µM 2-iP + 1.5 AC) allowed us to obtain the best value in terms of callus weight. After culturing on the PM1 (4.4 µM BA + 9.8 µM 2-iP) produced the highest numbers of somatic embryos and shoots. The explants on RM2 (0.5 µM NAA + 1.25 µM IBA + 3 g AC) showed the highest root numbers and root lengths, while the highest shoot length was achieved on RM3 (0.5 µM NAA + 0.5 µM IBA + 3 g AC). The Amri variety presented the best response among the three varieties in all parameters, followed by the Magdoul and Barhy varieties. In all the stages of micropropagation, the analysis of variance revealed highly significant variations among varieties and culture media, and a significant difference in the number of roots during the rooting stage. The results also showed non-significant differences in the interaction between varieties and culture media, except for shoot length in the rooting stage. The results also reveal the broad sense heritability ranging from low to high for the measured parameters. It can be concluded that the immature female inflorescences can be used as a productive explant source for successful date palm micropropagation using the SM1, MM1, PM1 and RM2 culture media. It can also be concluded that the success of date palm micropropagation not only depends on the concentrations of growth regulators, but also on their types.

Stimulating the Growth, Anabolism, Antioxidants, and Yield of Rice Plants Grown under Salt Stress by Combined Application of Bacterial Inoculants and Nano-Silicon

The growth and development of rice face many issues, including its exposure to high soil salinity. This issue can be alleviated using new approaches to overwhelm the factors that restrict rice productivity. The objective of our investigation was the usage of the rhizobacteria (Pseudomonas koreensis and Bacillus coagulans) as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) and nano-silicon, which could be a positive technology to cope with the problems raised by soil salinity in addition to improvement the morpho-physiological properties, and productivity of two rice varieties (i.e., Giza 177 as salt-sensitive and Giza 179 as salt-tolerant). The findings stated that the application of combined PGPRs and nano-Si resulted in the highest soil enzymes activity (dehydrogenase and urease), root length, leaf area index, photosynthesis pigments, K⁺ ions, relative water content (RWC), and stomatal conductance (gs) while resulted in the reduction of Na⁺, electrolyte leakage (EL), and proline content. All these improvements are due to increased antioxidant enzymes activity such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD), which decreased hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and malondialdehyde (MDA) under soil salinity in rice plants compared to the other treatments. Combined application of PGPRs and nano-Si to Giza 177 significantly surpassed Giza 179, which was neither treated with PGPR nor nano-Si in the main yield components (number of grains/panicles, 1000 grain weight, and grain yield as well as nutrient uptake. In conclusion, both PGPRs and nano-Si had stimulating effects that mitigated the salinity-deleterious effects and encouraged plant growth, and, therefore, enhanced the grain yield.

Effect of Organic Manures on Growth, Yield, Leaf Nutrient Uptake and Soil Properties of Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa Chev.) cv. Allison

In recent decades, organic kiwifruit farming has come up as a feasible method for high-quality kiwi production without using chemical fertilizers. The primary objective of this research was to investigate how the sole application of organic and the combined application of organic manures affected the growth, yields, and quality of Allison kiwifruit, as well as the soil's physicochemical characteristics. The field trial was conducted on cv. Allison to determine the efficacy of organic manures (OM) on growth, nutrient absorption, production and soil health. The experiment involved eight treatments, viz.: T₁: 100% Dairy manure (DM); T₂: 100% Vermicompost (VC); T₃: 100% chicken manure (CM); T₄: 50% DM + 50% CM; T₅: 50% DM + 50% VC; T₆: 50% CM + 50% VC; T₇: DM + CM + VC in equal proportions; and T₈: Recommended nutrients inorganic NPK + 40 kg DM. A randomized complete block design comprising three replicas was used in this investigation. The use of inorganic fertilizers (NPK) in combination with DM enhanced Spad Values Chlorophyll, fruit production, leaf number, leaf area, and stem diameter while also improving the soil's chemical characteristics. The flower initiation was recorded with DM and Vermicompost (50:50). Furthermore, when compared to inorganic fertilizer treatment, OM treatment significantly improved fruit quality by improving fruit chemical composition in terms of soluble solids contents and leaf nutrient status, as well as improving soil's physical properties with DM and Vermicompost (50:50). The study's outcome revealed that OM had a significant impact on flowering time, fruit SSC, leaf nutritional status, and soil physical characteristics. In comparison to organic treatments, recommended fertilizer dosages (NPK + DM) improved plant growth, fruit yield, and soil chemical characteristics.

Postharvest physiology and biochemistry of Valencia orange after coatings with chitosan nanoparticles as edible for green mold protection under room storage conditions

Because of their unique features, nanomaterials have been proposed and have gained acceptance in postharvest applications in fruit. Increasing the storage life and improving the quality of Valencia oranges was investigated using nano-chitosan. A chitosan nanoparticle was prepared by using high-energy ball milling. Chitosan nanoparticles were characterized by Dynamic light scattering, FTIR spectroscopy and Surface morphology by transmission electron microscopy. Fully mature Valencia oranges were harvested and then coated with one of these concentrations (0.2, 0.4, and 0.8% nano-chitosan) and control. The fruits were stored under room storage conditions for 75 days. The quality parameters (fruit weight losses, fruit decay percentage, fruit firmness, total acidity, total soluble solids percentage and T.S.S./acid ratio, ascorbic acid content) were taken in biweekly intervals after 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 days. Beside the in vitro testing of antifungal activity of chitosan nanoparticles. According to the findings of the two succeeding seasons, the nano-chitosan 0.8% treatment showed the best effects and had the lowest rate of fruit weight loss, fruit deterioration, and T.S.S./acid ratio in comparison to the other treatments in both seasons. Furthermore, the 0.8% nano-chitosan reveled the highest levels of fruit hardness and fruit pulp firmness. Fruit weight loss, fruit deterioration, TSS, and TSS/acid ratio, as well as other metrics, were steadily elevated prior to the storage time. The best results were obtained when Valencia oranges fruits were treated with 0.8% nano-chitosan for 75 days at room temperature.

Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria and Silica Nanoparticles Stimulate Sugar Beet Resilience to Irrigation with Saline Water in Salt-Affected Soils

Combined stressors (high soil salinity and saline water irrigation) severely reduce plant growth and sugar beet yield. Seed inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and/or foliar spraying with silica nanoparticles (Si-NP) is deemed one of the most promising new strategies that have the potential to inhibit abiotic stress. Herein, sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) plants were treated with two PGPR (Pseudomonas koreensis MG209738 and Bacillus coagulans NCAIM B.01123) and/or Si-NP, during two successive seasons 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 to examine the vital role of PGPR, Si-NP, and their combination in improving growth characteristics, and production in sugar beet plants exposed to two watering treatments (fresh water and saline water) in salt-affected soil. The results revealed that combined stressors (high soil salinity and saline water irrigation) increased ion imbalance (K⁺/Na⁺ ratio; from 1.54 ± 0.11 to 1.00 ± 0.15) and declined the relative water content (RWC; from 86.76 ± 4.70 to 74.30 ± 3.20%), relative membrane stability index (RMSI), stomatal conductance (gs), and chlorophyll content, which negatively affected on the crop productivity. Nevertheless, the application of combined PGPR and Si-NP decreased oxidative stress indicators (hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation) and sodium ions while increasing activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD; up to 1.9-folds), catalase (CAT; up to 1.4-folds), and peroxidase (POX; up to 2.5-folds) enzymes, and potassium ions resulting in physiological processes, root yield, and sugar yield compared to non-treated controls under combined stressors (high soil salinity and saline water irrigation). It is worth mentioning that the singular application of PGPR improved root length, diameter, and yield greater than Si-NP alone and it was comparable to the combined treatment (PGPR+Si-NP). It was concluded that the combined application of PGPR and Si-NP has valuable impacts on the growth and yield of sugar beet growing under combined stressors of high soil salinity and saline water irrigation.

Potassium Humate and Plant Growth-Promoting Microbes Jointly Mitigate Water Deficit Stress in Soybean Cultivated in Salt-Affected Soil

Lack of high-quality irrigation water and soil salinity are two main environmental factors that affect plant development. When both stressors are combined, the soil becomes sterile and constrains plant productivity. Consequently, two field trials were designed to assess whether plant growth-promoting microbes (PGPMs; Bradyrhizobium japonicum (USDA 110) and Trichoderma harzianum) and potassium humate (K-humate) can stimulate soybean growth, productivity, and seed quality under two different watering regimes as follows: (i) well-watered (WW), where plants were irrigated at 12-day intervals (recommended), and (ii) water stress (WS), where plants were irrigated at the 18-day intervals in salt-affected soil during 2020 and 2021 seasons. Results revealed that coupled application of PGPMs and K-humate resulted in a substantial improvement in K⁺ levels in the leaves compared to Na⁺ levels, which has a direct positive impact on an enhancement in the antioxidants defense system (CAT, POX, SOD), which caused the decline of the oxidative stress indicators (H₂O₂, MDA, and EL%) as well as proline content under water stress in salt-affected soil. Hence, a significant increase in root length, nodule weight, soybean relative water content (RWC), stomatal conductance, photosynthetic pigments, net photosynthetic rate, soluble protein, seed carbohydrate content as well as the number of pods plant^-1 and seed yield was reported. In conclusion, the combined application of PGPMs and K-humate might be recommended to maximize the soybean growth and productivity under harsh growth conditions (e.g., water stress and soil salinity).

Alleviate the Drought Stress on Triticum aestivum L. Using the Algal Extracts of Sargassum latifolium and Corallina elongate Versus the Commercial Algal Products

Herein, two seaweed extracts (Sargassum latifolium and Corallina elongate), and two commercial seaweed products (Canada power and Oligo-X) with a concentration of 5% were used to alleviate the drought stress on wheat plants. The extract of C. elongate had the highest capacity to ameliorate the deleterious effects of water scarcity followed by S. latifolium and the commercial products. The drought stress reduced wheat shoots length and the contents of pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids), carbohydrates, and proteins. While the highest increment in the total carbohydrates and protein contents of the wheat shoot after two stages, 37-and 67-days-old, were noted in drought-stressed plants treated with C. elongate extract with values of (34.6% and 22.8%) and (51.9% and 39.5%), respectively, compared to unstressed plants. Decreasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, peroxidase, superoxidase dismutase, and polyphenol oxidase in drought-stressed plants treated with algal extracts indicated amelioration of the response actions. Analysis of phytohormones in wheat plants exhibited increasing GA3 and IAA contents with percentages of (20.3-13.8%) and (72.7-25%), respectively. Interestingly, all morphological and metabolic characteristics of yield were improved due to the algal treatments compared with untreated drought-stressed plants. Overall, the algal extracts, especially those from seaweed of C. elongate, could represent a sustainable candidate to overcome the damage effects of water deficiency in the wheat plant.

Magnetic Iron-Improved Growth, Leaf Chemical Content, Yield, and Fruit Quality of Chinese Mandarin Trees Grown under Soil Salinity Stress

Chinese mandarin fruits are an inexpensive and rich source of vitamin C. They have potential benefits in treating acute respiratory infections and mitigating inflammation in critical patients with COVID-19. In Egypt, citrus is the most important fruit tree but is sensitive to salinity stress, resulting in poor vegetative tree growth and reductions in productivity and fruit quality. Magnetic iron has emerged as a promising approach in the citrus tree industry, since it improves vegetative growth, yield, and fruit quality and alleviates salinity stress in Chinese mandarin trees grown in soils suffering from high salt stress. This research is aimed at studying the influence of adding magnetic iron (as soil treatment) on tree canopy growth, yield, and fruit quality of 'Chinese' mandarin trees. Therefore, the treatments were as follows: 0, 250, 500, and or 750 g of magnetic iron.tree^-1. Our results indicated that all applications of magnetic iron significantly improved tree canopy volume, leaf total chlorophyll, relative water content, yield (kg.tree^-1), and the fruit physical and chemical characteristics of Chinese mandarin. In contrast, leaf Na and Cl content, (%), proline, and total phenolic content were decreased by magnetic iron soil treatments. In respect to vegetative growth, our results indicated that adding magnetic iron at the concentration 750 g.tree^-1 caused the best values of tree canopy volume. A similar trend was noticed regarding yield. The increase in yield attained was nearly 19%; the best values were obtained when magnetic iron were used at 750 g.tree^-1. In conclusion, the application of magnetic iron can lead to improved fruit production and fruit quality of Chinese mandarin trees grown in salinity stress conditions.

Detection of Superior Rice Genotypes and Yield Stability under Different Nitrogen Levels Using AMMI Model and Stability Statistics

Sustainable agriculture is a prerequisite for food and environmental security. Chemical fertilization, especially nitrogenous fertilization, is considered the most consumed for field crops. In rice crops, plants consume much less than half of the applied N-fertilizer. In the current investigation, multiple N environments were generated by applying different N doses of urea fertilizer to a permanent transplanted field for two successive summer growing seasons at the rice research and training center, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt. A set of 55 genotypes consisting of 25 Jabonica, 4 Tropical Japonica, 20 Indica, and 6 Indica/Japonica were transplanted under no N (0N), Low N (LN), medium N (MN), and High N (HN) (i.e., 0, 48, 96, and 165 Kg N ha^-1, respectively). Highly significant differences were detected among the tested genotypes. AMMI analysis of variance revealed the existence of the genotype via nitrogen interaction (GNI) on yield performance. The GNI principal components (IPCA); IPCA1 and IPCA2 scores were significant and contributed values of 71.1 and 21.7%, respectively. The highest-ranked genotypes were MTU1010, IR22, SK2046, SK2058, IR66, and Yabani LuLu based on their grain yield means (30.7, 29.9, 29.5, 29.3, 28.8, and 28.5 g plant^-1). These genotypes were grouped into the same subcluster (SCL) according to the stability analysis ranking matrix. Based on AMMI analysis and biplots, MTU1010 and Yabani LuLu showed yield stability across environments. Meanwhile, the which-won-where biplot showed that IR22 was superior under unfavorable N-levels and MTU1010 was stable across the different environments. These findings are considered to be of great importance to breeders for initiating low-nitrogen-input breeding programs for sustainable agriculture.

Hydrogel Improved Growth and Productive Performance of Mango Trees under Semi-Arid Condition

Nowadays, the production of new mango cultivars is increased in many countries worldwide. The soil application of hydrogel represents a novel approach in the fruit trees industry. This investigation aims to study the effect of adding hydrogel (as soil conditioner) on the growth and yield of Shelly cv. mango trees. The experimental groups were assigned to a control group and three other treated groups, including 250, 500, or 750 g hydrogel∙tree-1. The results demonstrated that all applications of hydrogel composite had higher vegetative growth parameters, yield, and fruit quality characteristics of Shelly cv. mango trees compared to the control. The treatment of 750 g hydrogel∙tree-1 had higher values of vegetative growth parameters such as the leaf area, shoot length and tree canopy volume, compared to the control group and the other treatments. Similarly, higher values for yield and fruit quality were observed in the treatment of 750 g hydrogel∙tree-1. In conclusion, different amounts of hydrogel agent can improve the production and fruit quality of Shelly cv. mango trees in arid and semi-arid conditions in a dose-dependent manner.

Impact of Plantago ovata Forsk leaf extract on morpho-physio-biochemical attributes, ions uptake and drought resistance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings

The present study was conducted to examine the potential role of Plantago ovata Forsk leaf extract (POLE) which was applied at various concentration levels (control, hydropriming, 10, 20, 30, and 40% POLE) to the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings. Drought stressed was applied at 60% osmotic potential (OM) to the T. aestivum seedlings to study various parameters such as growth and biomass, photosynthetic pigments and gas exchange characteristics, oxidative stress and response of various antioxidants and nutritional status of the plants. Various growth parameters such as gaseous exchange attributes, antioxidants and nutritional status of T. aestivum were investigated in this study. It was evident that drought-stressed condition had induced a negative impact on plant growth, photosynthetic pigment, gaseous exchange attributes, stomatal properties, and ion uptake by different organs (roots and shoots) of T. aestivum. The decrease in plant growth resulted from oxidative stress and overcome by the antioxidant (enzymatic and non-enzymatic) compounds, since their concentration increased in response to dehydration. Seed priming with POLE positively increased plant growth and photosynthesis, by decreasing oxidative stress indicators and increasing activities of antioxidant (enzymatic and non-enzymatic) compounds, compared to the plants which were grown without the application of POLE. Our results also depicted that optimum concentration of POLE for T. aestivum seedlings under drought condition was 20%, while further increase in POLE (30 and 40%) induced a non-significant (P < 0.05) effect on growth (shoot and root length) and biomass (fresh and dry weight) of T. aestivum seedling. Here we concluded that the understanding of the role of seed priming with POLE in the increment of growth profile, photosynthetic measurements and nutritional status introduces new possibilities for their effective use in drought-stressed condition and provides a promising strategy for T. aestivum tolerance against drought-stressed condition.

Integrative Application of Foliar Yeast Extract and Gibberellic Acid Improves Morpho-Physiological Responses and Nutrient Uptake of Solidago virgaurea Plant in Alkaline Soil

Alkaline soils have fertility issues due to poor physical qualities, which have a negative impact on crop growth and output. Solidago is used in flower arrangements, bouquet filler, and traditional medicine. The possible biological fertilizers’ eco-friendly and cost-effective nature favours farmers because of the vital role in soil productivity and environmental sustainability. A field experiment was performed during two successive seasons to explore the effect of applying yeast extract (YE) at (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 g/L) and/or gibberellic acid (GA3) at (control, 100, 200, and 300 ppm) on the morpho-physiological parameters, macronutrients, and biochemical constituents of Solidago virgaurea. The results emphasize that YE (1.5 g/L) and/or GA3 (300 ppm) treatments show the highest significant increase in plant growth (i.e., plant height, no. of branches, fresh and dry weight of shoots); photosynthetic efficiency (i.e., chlorophyll (a), chlorophyll (b) and total carotenoids); macronutrient content (i.e., N, P, and K); and biochemical constituents (i.e., total soluble sugars, total phenolic, total flavonoids, and total glycosides). The study results recommend using YE and GA3 in combination at concentrations of 1.5 g/L and 300 ppm, respectively, to improve Solidago production sustainability under alkaline soil conditions.

Sodium Chloride (NaCl)-Induced Physiological Alteration and Oxidative Stress Generation in Pisum sativum (L.): A Toxicity Assessment

Salinity stress has a deleterious impact on plant development, morphology, physiology, and biochemical characteristics. Considering the NaCl-induced phytotoxicity, current investigation was done to better understand the salt-tolerant mechanisms using Pisum sativum L. (pea) as a model crop. Generally, NaCl resulted in a progressive decrease in germinative attributes and physiological and biochemical parameters of P. sativum (L.). The 400 mM NaCl level had a higher detrimental effect and reduced the germination rate, plumule, radicle length, and seedling vigor index (SVI) by 78, 89, 84, and 77%, respectively, under in vitro. Furthermore, after 400 mM NaCl exposure, physiological and enzymatic profiles like root dry biomass (71%) chl-a (66%), chl-b (54%), total chlorophyll (45%), and nitrate reductase activity (NRA) (59%) of peas were decreased. In addition, a NaCl dose-related increase in soluble protein (SP) and sugar (SS), Na⁺ and K⁺ ions, and stressor metabolites was recorded. For instance, at 400 mM NaCl, SP, SS, Na⁺ ion, K⁺ ion, root proline, and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were significantly and maximally elevated by 65, 33, 84, 79, 85, and 89%, respectively, compared to the control (0 mM NaCl). Data analysis indicated that greater doses of pesticides dramatically increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and induced membrane damage through production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), as well as increased cell injury. To deal with NaCl-induced oxidative stress, plants subjected to higher salinity stress showed a considerable build-up in antioxidant levels. As an example, ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were maximally and significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased by 68, 80, 74, and 58%, respectively, after 400 mM NaCl exposure. The propidium iodide (PI)-stained and NaCl-treated plant roots corroborated the damaging effect of salinity-induced stress on the cell membrane, which was observed under a confocal laser microscope (CLSM). The cells exposed to 400 mM NaCl had maximum fluorescence intensity, indicating that higher level of salts can cause pronounced cell damage and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The increases in superoxide ion (O₂ ^-) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) content in NaCl-treated plant tissues indicated the elevation of ROS with increasing salt levels. This finding revealed that salt stress can cause toxicity in plants by causing alteration in metabolic activity, oxidative injury, and damage to cell membrane integrity.

Comparative effectiveness of EDTA and citric acid assisted phytoremediation of Ni contaminated soil by using canola (Brassica napus)

Phytoremediation is an ecofriendly technique to clean heavy metals from contaminated soil by the use of high biomass producing plant species. Chelators can help to improve this biological technique by increasing metal solubility. Therefore, a pot experiment was conducted to determine the effect of the chelators EDTA and citric acid (CA) in phytoremediation of Ni contaminated soil by using Brassica napus (canola). Two cultivars of B. napus, Con-II (tolerant) and Oscar (sensitive), were selected after screening and exposed to NiSO4 at 30 ppm at the time of sowing. CA (10 mM) and EDTA (1.5 mM) were applied either alone or in combination with each other after two weeks of Ni treatments. Different parameters like morpho-physiological and biochemical data were recorded after 15 days of chelate application. The results highlighted the successful use of chelating agents (CA and EDTA) not only to ameliorate Ni stress but also to enhance Ni accumulation which is prerequisite for phytoremediation. The basal application of 10 mMCA and 1.5 mM EDTA concentration proved to be effective for the growth of plants. The combination of chelating agents failed to show any synergistic effects.

Multivariate Analysis of Agronomic Traits in Newly Developed Maize Hybrids Grown under Different Agro-Environments

Developing high-yielding maize hybrids is essential under the fast-growing global population and abrupt global climate change. Planting density is one of the imperative components for enhancing maize productivity. This study assessed newly developed maize hybrids under three planting densities on two sowing dates. The evaluated hybrids were 40 maize genotypes comprised of 36 F1-developed hybrids and 4 commercial high-yielding check hybrids. The developed hybrids were generated from selected maize inbred lines according to their adaptive traits to high planting density, such as prolificacy, erect leaves, short plants, early silking, anthesis-silking interval, and small tassel size. The applied planting densities were high, intermediate, and low, with 95,000, 75,000, and 55,000 plants/ha, respectively, under timely and late sowing. The high planting density displayed the uppermost grain yield compared with the intermediate and low densities at both sowing dates. The developed hybrid G36 exhibited the highest agronomic performance under high planting density at timely and late sowing. Additionally, G38, G16, G37, G23, G5, G31, G18, G7, G2, G20, G29, and G17 displayed high agronomic traits at both sowing dates. Joint regression and AMMI analyses revealed significant genotype, agro-environment, and genotype × agro-environment interaction effects for grain yield. The AMMI biplot displayed that G39 was closest to the ideal stable hybrid, and the hybrids G36, G18, G38, G17, G2, and G37 were considered desirable stable hybrids. Moreover, the GGE biplot indicated that a high planting density at an optimal sowing date could be considered a representative environment for discriminating high-yielding maize hybrids. The designated promising hybrids are recommended for further inclusion in maize breeding due to their stability and high yields.

Collaborative Impact of Compost and Beneficial Rhizobacteria on Soil Properties, Physiological Attributes, and Productivity of Wheat Subjected to Deficit Irrigation in Salt Affected Soil

Plant growth and crop productivity under unfavorable environmental challenges require a unique strategy to scavenge the severely negative impacts of these challenges such as soil salinity and water stress. Compost and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have many beneficial impacts, particularly in plants exposed to different types of stress. Therefore, a field experiment during two successive seasons was conducted to investigate the impact of compost and PGPR either separately or in a combination on exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), soil enzymes (urease and dehydrogenase), wheat physiology, antioxidant defense system, growth, and productivity under deficient irrigation and soil salinity conditions. Our findings showed that exposure of wheat plants to deficit irrigation in salt-affected soil inhibited wheat growth and development, and eventually reduced crop productivity. However, these injurious impacts were diminished after soil amendment using the combined application of compost and PGPR. This combined application enhanced soil urease and dehydrogenase, ion selectivity, chlorophylls, carotenoids, stomatal conductance, and the relative water content (RWC) whilst reducing ESP, proline content, which eventually increased the yield-related traits of wheat plants under deficient irrigation conditions. Moreover, the coupled application of compost and PGPR reduced the uptake of Na and resulted in an increment in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POX) activities that lessened oxidative damage and improved the nutrient uptake (N, P, and K) of deficiently irrigated wheat plants under soil salinity. It was concluded that to protect wheat plants from environmental stressors, such as water stress and soil salinity, co-application of compost with PGPR was found to be effective.

Controlled release of phosphorous fertilizer bound to carboxymethyl starch-g-polyacrylamide and maintaining a hydration level for the plant

A controlled release fertilizer system based on phosphate bound-carboxymethyl starch-graft-polyacrylamide (P-CMS-g-PAM) has been prepared in order to deliver the phosphate fertilizer to the plant at a constant rate thereby. This system aims to increase fertilizer phosphorus use efficiency (FPUE) and maintain a hydration level for the plant at the same time. Two types of starch phosphate monoesters were prepared using mono-ammonium (MAP) and di-ammonium phosphate (DAP). First, starch was converted to carboxymethyl starch and then was phosphorylated with mono-ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and di-ammonium dihydrogen phosphate. After phosphorylation, the samples were grafted with acrylamide in the presence of methylene bisacrylamide as a crosslinking agent. The prepared systems of P-CMS-g-PAM were differently characterized by Fourier transformer infrared (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and phosphorous analysis. The swelling behavior was investigated. The kinetics of grafting reaction were also studied. The release behavior of phosphate bound was studied at pH 7 and 25 °C. The mechanism of the phosphate release from P-CMS-g-PAM was examined using the Korsmeyer-Peppas model.