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Kawanishi N, Kinoshita Y, Kambayashi Y, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Yamanaka T, Cullinane A, Nemoto M. Performance of a microfluidic immunofluorescence assay kit for equine influenza virus antigen detection. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 131:104956. [PMID: 37879453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Equine influenza virus (EIV) infection is one of the most important respiratory diseases in the equine industry around the world. Rapid diagnosis, facilitated by point-of-care testing, is essential to implement movement restrictions and control disease outbreaks. This study evaluated a microfluidic immunofluorescence assay kit, which detects influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 antigens in human specimens with a 12 min turnaround time, for its potential use in detecting EIV. The microfluidic immunofluorescence assay kit succeeded in detecting 11 EIV strains. Using the real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction as a reference assay, the microfluidic immunofluorescence assay kit showed a sensitivity of 60.7% when evaluating nasopharyngeal swab samples of three horses experimentally infected with EIV. Comparing with the other two rapid antigen detection kits based on immunochromatography and silver amplification immunochromatography, the microfluidic immunofluorescence assay kit exhibited higher sensitivity than the former assay (53.6%) and the same sensitivity as the latter (60.7%). The microfluidic immunofluorescence assay kit did not detect nine non-EIV viruses including one equine coronavirus strain and seven bacteria, suggesting a high specificity for EIV antigens. Similar to other rapid antigen detection kits, the microfluidic immunofluorescence assay kit could be an effective diagnostic tool to detect EIV in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanako Kawanishi
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yuta Kinoshita
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Bannai
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Koji Tsujimura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamanaka
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Ann Cullinane
- Virology Unit, Irish Equine Centre, Naas, Kildare, Ireland
| | - Manabu Nemoto
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
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Bannai H, Kambayashi Y, Nemoto M, Yamanaka T, Tsujimura K. Comparison of 4 agar gel immunodiffusion kits for serologic detection of equine infectious anemia virus antibodies. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023; 35:430-432. [PMID: 37129383 PMCID: PMC10331386 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231171567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Using 85 sera collected from horses that had been experimentally infected with equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) and 200 field sera collected from racehorses in Japan, we compared 4 agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) kits for serologic detection of EIAV antibodies from Idexx, VMRD, IDvet, and the National Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, China (NECVB). The positive control lines were sufficiently clear in all kits for evaluation to be made, with slight differences in sharpness: NECVB was the sharpest, followed by VMRD, IDvet, and Idexx. The test results for all 285 samples agreed among the 4 kits, with 62 positives and 223 negatives. The sensitivities and specificities of VMRD, IDvet, and NECVB compared with the Idexx kit were 100%, and the kappa coefficient values between the kits were 1.0 for all combinations. We concluded that the testing capacity of these 4 kits was virtually identical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Bannai
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | | | - Manabu Nemoto
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamanaka
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Koji Tsujimura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
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Ochi A, Bannai H, Aonuma H, Kanuka H, Uchida-Fujii E, Kinoshita Y, Ohta M, Kambayashi Y, Tsujimura K, Ueno T, Nemoto M. Surveillance of Getah virus in mosquitoes and racehorses from 2016 to 2019 at a training center in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan, a site of several previous Getah virus outbreaks. Arch Virol 2023; 168:35. [PMID: 36609628 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05631-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes and EDTA-treated blood samples from febrile racehorses were investigated for Getah virus infection from 2016 to 2019 at the Miho Training Center, where several outbreaks of Getah virus have occurred. We collected 5557 mosquitoes and 331 blood samples from febrile horses in this study. The most frequently captured mosquito species was Culex tritaeniorhynchus (51.9%), followed by Aedes vexans nipponii (14.2%) and Anopheles sinensis (11.2%). Getah virus was detected in mosquitoes (Aedes vexans nipponii) in 2016 (strain 16-0810-26) but not in 2017-2019. Six of 74 febrile horses in 2016 and one of 69 in 2019 tested positive for Getah virus; none of the horses tested positive in 2017 or 2018. Phylogenetic and sequence analysis showed that strain 16-0810-26 was closely related to strains that had been isolated from horses and a pig around the training center in 2014-2016 but have not been detected in samples collected at the training center since 2017. In contrast, the strain isolated from the infected horse in 2019 (19-I-703) was genetically distinct from the strains isolated from horses and a pig in 2014-2016 and was more closely related to a strain isolated in 1978 at the training center. The source of strain 19-I-703 is unclear, but the virus was not detected in other horses sampled in 2019. In summary, we found that the distribution of mosquito species present at the training center had not changed significantly since 1979, and although a small outbreak of Getah virus infection occurred among horses at the training center in 2016, limited Getah virus activity was detected in mosquitoes and horses at the training center from 2017 to 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Ochi
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Bannai
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Hiroka Aonuma
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kanuka
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eri Uchida-Fujii
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Yuta Kinoshita
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Minoru Ohta
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kambayashi
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Koji Tsujimura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Takanori Ueno
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Manabu Nemoto
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan.
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Bannai H, Kambayashi Y, Nemoto M, Ohta M, Tsujimura K. Experimental challenge of horses after prime-boost immunization with a modified live equid alphaherpesvirus 1 vaccine administered by two different routes. Arch Virol 2023; 168:27. [PMID: 36596958 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05638-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The immune response and protective efficacy of a modified equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) vaccine administered by two different routes were tested in horses. Horses that received intramuscular (IM) priming and an intranasal (IN) booster with a 28-day interval (IM-IN group [n = 6]), IN priming and IM booster (IN-IM group [n = 5]), or no vaccination (control group [n = 6]) were challenged with EHV-1 strain 10-I-224 28 days after the second vaccination. Both vaccinated groups had significantly higher serum virus-neutralizing titers than the control group, with increased levels of serum IgGa, IgGb, and IgA antibodies (p < 0.05). The nasal antibody response was dominated by the IgGa and IgGb subclasses in both vaccinated groups, with no IgA antibody response. After challenge infection, three of six control horses were pyretic for 1-4 days post-inoculation (dpi), whereas none in the vaccinated groups were pyretic during this period. The number of horses that were pyretic at 5-10 dpi was 4 out of 6 for the controls, 3 out of 6 for the IM-IN group, and 2 out of 5 for the IN-IM group. Nasal virus replication in the IN-IM group (3-4 dpi) and IM-IN group (3 dpi) was significantly lower than in the control group (p < 0.05). All of the control horses showed viremia, whereas two horses in the IM-IN group and one in the IN-IM group did not. In conclusion, although IM-IN or IN-IM vaccination did not elicit a mucosal IgA response, it provided partial protection at a level similar to that of the conventional program, likely due to systemic antibodies and mucosal IgG subclass responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Bannai
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan.
| | - Yoshinori Kambayashi
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Manabu Nemoto
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Minoru Ohta
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Koji Tsujimura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
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Ohta M, Kambayashi Y, Mita H, Kuroda T, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Yamanaka T, Garvey M, Cullinane A, Yamayoshi S, Kawaoka Y, Nemoto M. Protective efficacy of a reverse genetics-derived inactivated vaccine against equine influenza virus in horses. Vaccine 2022; 40:6362-6366. [PMID: 36175213 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Updating vaccine strains is essential to control equine influenza. We evaluated the protective efficacy of an inactivated equine influenza vaccine derived from viruses generated by reverse genetics (RG) in horses in an experimental viral challenge study. Wild-type (WT) virus (A/equine/Tipperary/1/2019) and virus generated by RG (consisting of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes from A/equine/Tipperary/1/2019 and six other genes from high-growth A/Puerto Rico/8/34) were inactivated by formalin for vaccine use. Twelve 1-year-old naïve horses with no antibodies against equine influenza virus were assigned to three groups (each n = 4): control, WT, and RG. They were vaccinated twice, 4 weeks apart, and were challenged with A/equine/Tipperary/1/2019 2 weeks after the second vaccination. All four horses in the control group and one horse in the WT group had pyrexia for multiple days and respiratory illness, and one horse in the RG group had pyrexia for 2 days without respiratory illness. The mean rectal temperatures and the mean concentrations of serum amyloid A in the WT and RG groups were significantly lower than those in the control group, with no significant differences between them. The WT and RG vaccines significantly reduced viral shedding relative to the control. The protective efficacy of the RG-derived inactivated vaccine against equine influenza virus is comparable to that of the vaccine derived from WT viruses in horses. The RG technique can make it easy to update equine influenza vaccine strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Ohta
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Mita
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Taisuke Kuroda
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Bannai
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Koji Tsujimura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamanaka
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Marie Garvey
- Virology Unit, Irish Equine Centre, Kildare, Ireland
| | - Ann Cullinane
- Virology Unit, Irish Equine Centre, Kildare, Ireland
| | - Seiya Yamayoshi
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Manabu Nemoto
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi, Japan.
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Kambayashi Y, Nemoto M, Tsujimura K, Ohta M, Bannai H. Serosurveillance of equine coronavirus infection among Thoroughbreds in Japan. Equine Vet J 2022; 55:481-486. [PMID: 35822940 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine coronavirus (ECoV) causes fever, lethargy, anorexia and gastrointestinal signs in horses. There has been limited information about the prevalence and seasonality of ECoV among Thoroughbreds in Japan. OBJECTIVES To understand the epidemiology and to evaluate the potential risk of ECoV infection to the horse industry in Japan. STUDY DESIGN Longitudinal. METHODS The virus-neutralisation (VN) test was performed using sera collected three times a year at 4 months intervals from 161 yearlings and at 6-7 months intervals from 181 active racehorses in Japan in 2017-18, 2018-19 and 2019-20. VN titre ≥1:8 was defined as seropositive, and ≥ 4-fold increase in titres between paired sera was regarded as indicative of infection. RESULTS The VN test showed that 44.1% (71/161) of yearlings were seropositive in August, when they first entered the yearling farm. The infection rate was significantly higher between August and December (60.9%, 98/161) than between December and the following April (5.6%, 9/161; P = 0.002). Among the racehorses, it was significantly higher between November and the following May (15.5%, 28/181) than between the preceding April/May and November (0%; P = 0.02). The morbidity rates during the estimated periods of viral exposure were 39.2% in the yearlings and 4% in the racehorses. No horses showed any severe clinical signs. MAIN LIMITATIONS Clinical records did not cover the period during horses' absence from the training centre. CONCLUSIONS ECoV was substantially prevalent in Thoroughbred yearlings and racehorses in Japan, and there was a difference in epizootic pattern between these populations in terms of predominant periods of infection. ECoV infection was considered to be responsible for some of the pyretic cases in the yearlings. However, no diseased horses were severely affected in either population, suggesting that the potential risk of ECoV infection to the horse industry in Japan is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Kambayashi
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Manabu Nemoto
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Koji Tsujimura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Minoru Ohta
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Bannai
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
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Kambayashi Y, Kishi D, Ueno T, Ohta M, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Kinoshita Y, Nemoto M. Distribution of equine coronavirus RNA in the intestinal and respiratory tracts of experimentally infected horses. Arch Virol 2022; 167:1611-1618. [PMID: 35639190 PMCID: PMC9152306 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05488-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Kambayashi
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Daiki Kishi
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Takanori Ueno
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Minoru Ohta
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Bannai
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Koji Tsujimura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yuta Kinoshita
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Manabu Nemoto
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
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Ohta M, Bannai H, Kambayashi Y, Tsujimura K, Tamura N, Iwamoto Y, Wakuno A, Yamayoshi S, Kawaoka Y, Nemoto M. Antibody Responses to a Reverse Genetics-Derived Bivalent Inactivated Equine Influenza Vaccine in Thoroughbred Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 109:103860. [PMID: 34973368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Updating vaccine strains is important to control equine influenza (EI). Previously, we reported that a monovalent inactivated EI vaccine derived from a virus generated by reverse genetics (RG) elicited immunogenicity in horses. In the present study, we compared antibody responses to a bivalent inactivated EI vaccine generated by RG and a commercially available bivalent inactivated EI (CO) vaccine derived from wild-type equine influenza viruses in Thoroughbred horses. The CO vaccine contained A/equine/Ibaraki/1/2007 (Florida sub-lineage clade 1) and A/equine/Yokohama/aq13/2010 (Florida sub-lineage clade 2) as vaccine strains. We generated two RG viruses possessing the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes from A/equine/Ibaraki/1/2007 or A/equine/Yokohama/aq13/2010. These viruses were inactivated by formalin, and the hemagglutinin titer of the RG vaccine was adjusted to be the same as that of the CO vaccine. Sixteen unvaccinated yearlings (7 for the RG vaccine group and 9 for the CO vaccine group) received two doses of a primary vaccination course four weeks apart. Thirty-two vaccinated adult horses (18 in the RG-vaccinated group and 14 in the CO vaccine group) received a single dose of a booster vaccination. The patterns of hemagglutination inhibition antibody response to the primary and booster vaccinations were similar for the RG and CO groups in unvaccinated yearlings and vaccinated adult horses. These results suggest that a bivalent vaccine derived from RG viruses elicits equivalent immunogenicity to that elicited by a CO vaccine derived from wild-type viruses. RG viruses can, therefore, be used in multivalent as well as monovalent vaccines for horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Ohta
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Bannai
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi, Japan
| | | | - Koji Tsujimura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Norihisa Tamura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yohei Iwamoto
- Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ai Wakuno
- The Horse Racing School, Japan Racing Association, Chiba, Japan
| | - Seiya Yamayoshi
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Manabu Nemoto
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi, Japan.
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Bannai H, Kambayashi Y, Tsujimura K, Nagashima T, Takebe N, Tominari M, Nemoto M, Ohta M. Persistence of virus-neutralizing antibodies in horses inoculated with two doses of a live equine herpesvirus type 1 vaccine with different vaccination intervals. J Equine Sci 2021; 32:99-102. [PMID: 34539211 PMCID: PMC8437755 DOI: 10.1294/jes.32.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The antibody response in horses inoculated with 2 doses of a live equine herpesvirus type
1 vaccine with different vaccination intervals (1 to 3 months) was evaluated with regard
to the persistence of virus-neutralizing (VN) antibodies. The durations for which the
geometric mean VN titers were maintained significantly higher than those before the first
vaccination (P<0.05) were up to 5 months in horses that received the vaccination with a
1-month interval (n=17) and 7 months for those that received it with a 2-month (n=17) or
3-month interval (n=14 or 17). The vaccination program with the 2-month interval was the
most effective in maintaining VN antibodies for a long duration with the smallest gap of
antibody decline between the first and second vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Bannai
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | | | - Koji Tsujimura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Nagashima
- Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, Hokkaido 057-0171, Japan
| | - Naoya Takebe
- Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, Hokkaido 057-0171, Japan
| | - Masataka Tominari
- Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, Hokkaido 057-0171, Japan
| | - Manabu Nemoto
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Minoru Ohta
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
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Bannai H, Takahashi Y, Ohmura H, Ebisuda Y, Mukai K, Kambayashi Y, Nemoto M, Tsujimura K, Ohta M, Raidal S, Padalino B. Decreased Virus-Neutralizing Antibodies Against Equine Herpesvirus type 1 In Nasal Secretions of Horses After 12-hour Transportation. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 103:103665. [PMID: 34281635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of 12-hour transportation on immune responses to equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) and type 4 (EHV-4). Possible replication of EHV-1 and EHV-4 was monitored by real-time PCR of nasal swabs and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and changes in systemic and mucosal antibodies were investigated. Six healthy Thoroughbreds with transport experience were transported in commercial trucks, repeating the same three-hour route four times. Blood samples for cortisol measurement were taken before departure and every three hours. Nasal swabs, PBMCs, nasal wash and serum samples were collected before departure, at unloading, two and six days after arrival. Cortisol concentration increased significantly after three and six hours of transport (P < 0.05), confirming acute transport stress. However, no evidence of viral replication or lytic infection was observed, and serum virus neutralization (VN) titers for EHV-1 and EHV-4 were unchanged, except for one horse that showed a four-fold decrease in titer against EHV-1 after transportation. Urea and total IgA concentration in nasal washes increased significantly after transportation (P < 0.05), while total IgA/protein ratio was unchanged. A transient, ≥4-fold decrease in VN titers for EHV-1 in nasal wash concentrates was observed in four out of six horses after transportation (geometric mean titer declined from 202 to 57, P < 0.05), suggesting suppression of VN capacity in the nasal mucosa may contribute to susceptibility to EHV-1 after transportation. VN antibodies against EHV-4 in nasal secretion were not detected at any timepoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Bannai
- Japan Racing Association, Equine Research Institute, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
| | - Yuji Takahashi
- Japan Racing Association, Equine Research Institute, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hajime Ohmura
- Japan Racing Association, Equine Research Institute, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yusaku Ebisuda
- Japan Racing Association, Equine Research Institute, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Mukai
- Japan Racing Association, Equine Research Institute, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | | | - Manabu Nemoto
- Japan Racing Association, Equine Research Institute, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Koji Tsujimura
- Japan Racing Association, Equine Research Institute, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Minoru Ohta
- Japan Racing Association, Equine Research Institute, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Sharanne Raidal
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Barbara Padalino
- Department of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Nemoto M, Ohta M, Yamanaka T, Kambayashi Y, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Yamayoshi S, Kawaoka Y, Cullinane A. Antigenic differences between equine influenza virus vaccine strains and Florida sublineage clade 1 strains isolated in Europe in 2019. Vet J 2021; 272:105674. [PMID: 33941332 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
From late 2018 to 2019, equine influenza virus (EIV) strains of Florida sublineage clade 1 (Fc1), which had until then been circulating mainly in the United States, suddenly spread across Europe causing many outbreaks, and Florida sublineage clade 2 (Fc2) strains, which had been circulating mainly in Europe, have not been detected in Europe since 2018. Since 2010, the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) has recommended that EIV vaccines contain an Fc1 strain that is like A/equine/South Africa/4/2003 or A/equine/Ohio/2003. Accordingly, Japanese vaccines contain A/equine/Ibaraki/1/2007 as the Fc1 strain. To evaluate the effectiveness of these vaccines against the Fc1 strains detected in Europe in 2019, we performed virus neutralization tests using horse antisera. Challenge viruses used were Irish strain A/equine/Tipperary/1/2019 and two recombinant viruses generated by reverse genetics. Recombinant viruses possessing hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) derived from A/equine/Tipperary/1/2019 (rA/equine/Tipperary/1/2019) or British strain A/equine/Essex/1/2019 (rA/equine/Essex/1/2019) were generated. Equine antisera against A/equine/South Africa/2003 and A/equine/Ibaraki/2007 were produced by experimental infection. Antibody titers against A/equine/Tipperary/1/2019, rA/equine/Tipperary/1/2019, and rA/equine/Essex/1/2019 were 2.5- to 6.3-fold lower than those against the homologous vaccine strains A/equine/South Africa/4/2003 or A/equine/Ibaraki/2007. These results suggest that the ongoing evolution of the Fc1 viruses may impact on antigenicity and although antibodies against current vaccine strains neutralize the 2019 strains, ongoing surveillance is essential for optimum choice of candidate vaccine strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Nemoto
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan.
| | - Minoru Ohta
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamanaka
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kambayashi
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Bannai
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Koji Tsujimura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Seiya Yamayoshi
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Ann Cullinane
- Virology Unit, Irish Equine Centre, Naas, Co. Kildare, W91 RH93 Johnstown, Ireland
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Bannai H, Tominari M, Kambayashi Y, Nemoto M, Tsujimura K, Ohta M. Evaluation of Antibody Response in Horses After Vaccination With an Inactivated Getah Virus Vaccine Using an Accelerated Immunization Schedule. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 99:103396. [PMID: 33781410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antibody response in horses after accelerated-schedule Getah virus vaccination was evaluated for its potential adoption during outbreaks. One-year-old Thoroughbred horses received two doses of priming vaccinations following an accelerated schedule (accelerated group: 14-day interval, n = 30) or the conventional schedule (control group: 28-day interval, n = 30). At Day 14, both groups showed similar seropositive rates (66.7% in control group and 73.3% in accelerated group) and geometric mean (GM) virus-neutralizing titers (5.2 [95% confidence interval (CI), 3.0-8.8] in control group and 5.3 [95% CI, 3.1-8.9]). At Day 28, the controls showed a lower seropositive rate (40.0%) and GM titer (2.2 [95% CI, 1.5-3.3]), whereas these figures were significantly higher in the accelerated group, at 80.0% and 7.0 (95%CI, 4.2-11.6, P < .05). The control group's antibody response peaked on Day 42, with a seropositive rate of 80.0% and GM titer of 11.3 (95% CI, 5.6-24.0). From Day 42, the accelerated group showed a faster decline in seropositive rate and GM titer than the control group. Despite the relatively short persistence of antibodies after a second vaccination, the accelerated vaccination schedule proved effective in bridging the detrimental immunity gap that is observed in conventionally vaccinated horses, suggesting the potential usefulness of this accelerated vaccination schedule as an emergency control measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Bannai
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
| | - Masataka Tominari
- Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, Urakawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | - Manabu Nemoto
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Koji Tsujimura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Minoru Ohta
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
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Ohta M, Bannai H, Kambayashi Y, Tamura N, Tsujimura K, Yamayoshi S, Kawaoka Y, Nemoto M. Growth properties and immunogenicity of a virus generated by reverse genetics for an inactivated equine influenza vaccine. Equine Vet J 2021; 54:139-144. [PMID: 33527477 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Keeping vaccine strains up to date is the key to controlling equine influenza (EI). Viruses generated by reverse genetics (RG) are likely to be effective for quickly updating a vaccine strain. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the growth properties of an RG virus in embryonated chicken eggs, and to evaluate antibody responses to a formalin-inactivated vaccine derived from the RG virus in Thoroughbred horses. STUDY DESIGN In vitro and in vivo experiments. METHODS Wild-type (WT) viruses (A/equine/Ibaraki/1/2007) or RG viruses (consisting of haemagglutinin [HA] and neuraminidase genes derived from A/equine/Ibaraki/1/2007 and the six other genes derived from high-growth A/Puerto Rico/8/34) were inoculated into embryonated chicken eggs, and the allantoic fluids were harvested at every 24 hours after inoculation. WT and RG viruses were inactivated by formalin for vaccine use. Ten unvaccinated yearlings (five each for WT or RG vaccine) received the first two doses of a primary vaccination course 4 weeks apart followed by their third dose 12 weeks later. Twenty vaccinated adult horses (10 each for WT or RG vaccine) received a single dose of a booster vaccination. RESULTS The RG virus had high growth properties in embryonated chicken eggs. Unvaccinated yearlings responded poorly to the first vaccination, especially those that received the RG vaccine, but mounted better responses to the second and the third vaccinations, and maintained relatively high haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titres up to 28 weeks after the first vaccination. Vaccinated adult horses did not respond remarkably to the booster vaccination, but no horses showed titres below their pre-booster values even at 12 weeks after vaccination. The RG virus elicited immunogenicity in horses adequate for vaccine use. MAIN LIMITATIONS No virus challenge study was performed. CONCLUSIONS The RG viruses are useful as an EI vaccine strain, and quick updates of an EI vaccine strain can be achieved by using RG techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Ohta
- Molecular Biology Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Bannai
- Molecular Biology Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kambayashi
- Molecular Biology Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Norihisa Tamura
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Koji Tsujimura
- Molecular Biology Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Seiya Yamayoshi
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Manabu Nemoto
- Molecular Biology Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi, Japan
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Nemoto M, Niwa H, Kida H, Higuchi T, Orita Y, Sato S, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Ohta M. Isolation and characterization of a rare group A rotavirus G13P[18] strain from a diarrhoeic foal in Japan. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:800-805. [PMID: 32490792 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A rare genotype G13P[18] group A rotavirus (RVA/Horse-tc/JPN/MK9/2019/G13P[18]) was isolated from a diarrhoeic foal for the first time in 28 years. The genotype constellation of the virus was assigned to G13-P[18]-I6-R9-C9-M6-A6-N9-T12-E14-H11 and was the same as that of the first isolated strain, RVA/Horse-tc/GBR/L338/1991/G13P[18]. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the virus is related to RVA/Horse-tc/GBR/L338/1991/G13P[18] and is distant from typical equine rotaviruses of the G3P[12] and G14P[12] genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Nemoto
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Niwa
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kida
- Hokkaido South Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Hidaka-cho, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tohru Higuchi
- Hokkaido South Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Shinhidaka-cho, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Orita
- Hokkaido South Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Niikappu-cho, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Sato
- Hokkaido South Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Niikappu-cho, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Bannai
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Koji Tsujimura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Minoru Ohta
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
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Nemoto M, Okita N, Kitahata M, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Kinoshita Y, Kambayashi Y, Cullinane A, Yamanaka T, Ohta M. Evaluation of cobas Influenza A/B & RSV Test for Diagnosis of Equine Influenza. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 94:103249. [PMID: 33077083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive diagnostic method is needed to help prevent the spread of equine influenza virus. The cobas Influenza A/B & RSV test for the cobas Liat system (Roche Diagnostics) is based on real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and is designed to broadly detect influenza A virus RNA within 20 minutes. It detected a broad range of equine influenza virus strains, and detected equine influenza virus RNA from nasal swabs of infected horses at the same level as real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, although it returned some invalid results (7.7%). This suggests that cobas Influenza A/B & RSV test is highly sensitive to equine influenza virus, but should be improved to reduce the rate of invalid results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Nemoto
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
| | - Noriyuki Okita
- Molecular Diagnostics, Roche Diagnostics K.K., Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Bannai
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Koji Tsujimura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yuta Kinoshita
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | | | - Ann Cullinane
- Virology Unit, Irish Equine Centre, Kildare, Ireland
| | - Takashi Yamanaka
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Minoru Ohta
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
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16
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Ohta M, Bannai H, Nemoto M, Kambayashi Y, Tamura N, Tsujimura K. Antibody Responses Against Equine Influenza Virus Induced by Concurrent and by Consecutive Use of an Inactivated Equine Influenza Virus Vaccine and a Modified Live Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 Vaccine in Thoroughbred Racehorses. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 94:103221. [PMID: 33077093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An inactivated equine influenza virus (EIV) vaccine and a live equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) vaccine are usually administered concurrently to Thoroughbred racehorses in Japan. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether concurrent administration of an inactivated EIV vaccine and a live EHV-1 vaccine in Thoroughbred racehorses influences the antibody response against EIV. We compared the antibody response against EIV in horses administered both vaccines on the same day (Group A; n = 27) and the response in horses administered an inactivated EIV vaccine first and then a live EHV-1 vaccine 1-2 weeks later (Group B; n = 20). In both groups, geometric mean hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers against A/equine/Ibaraki/1/2007 and A/equine/Yokohama/aq13/2010 increased significantly after EIV vaccination. However, the percentage of horses that showed a twofold increase or greater in HI titers against A/equine/Yokohama/aq13/2010 was significantly higher in Group B (75%) than in Group A (37%; P = .02). These results suggest that the concurrent use of an inactivated EIV vaccine and a live EHV-1 vaccine reduced the immune response against EIV to some extent, and it would be better to use these vaccines consecutively, especially for naïve horses or horses whose vaccination history is incomplete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Ohta
- Molecular Biology Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Bannai
- Molecular Biology Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Manabu Nemoto
- Molecular Biology Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kambayashi
- Molecular Biology Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Norihisa Tamura
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Koji Tsujimura
- Molecular Biology Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
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17
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Nemoto M, Tamura N, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Kokado H, Ohta M, Yamanaka T. Mutated influenza A virus exhibiting reduced susceptibility to baloxavir marboxil from an experimentally infected horse. J Gen Virol 2020; 100:1471-1477. [PMID: 31526451 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Baloxavir marboxil (BXM), an inhibitor of the cap-dependent endonuclease of the influenza virus polymerase acidic protein (PA), exerts an antiviral effect against influenza A virus. It has been available in Japan since March 2018. This study evaluated the antiviral efficacy of BXM against equine influenza A virus (EIV) by an experimental challenge study using horses. Six horses were experimentally inoculated with EIV, and BXM was administered to the three horses at 2 days post inoculation. Horses treated with BXM showed milder clinical signs than horses without treatment and shed less virus. These results suggest that BXM is effective against EIV. The PA gene of viruses present in the nasopharyngeal swabs collected from horses treated with BXM was sequenced. Two mutations have been detected in viruses recovered from horses treated with BXM. These mutations were the substitution of isoleucine with threonine at position 38 (PA-I38T) and that of asparagine with aspartic acid at position 675 in PA (PA-N675D). A mutated virus with PA-I38T was less susceptible to BXM than viruses with PA-N675D or without mutation. A PA-I38T mutation has also been detected in viruses recovered from humans treated with BXM and is responsible for the reduction in susceptibility to BXM. This suggests that we should not unthinkingly use BXM for the treatment of EI. BXM is likely to easily induce resistance in influenza A viruses, not only in humans but also in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Nemoto
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Norihisa Tamura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Bannai
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Koji Tsujimura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kokado
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Minoru Ohta
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamanaka
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
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Bannai H, Nemoto M, Tsujimura K, Ohta M. Establishment of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Getah virus infection in horses using a 20-mer synthetic peptide for the E2 glycoprotein as an antigen. Arch Virol 2019; 165:377-385. [PMID: 31853643 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04508-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a synthetic peptide for the E2 glycoprotein was developed for the serodiagnosis of Getah virus infection in horses. To identify an immunogenic epitope, a series of 20-mer peptides (n = 22) for the E2 protein was screened with pooled sera from horses infected with Getah virus. Peptide P11 (PTEEEIDMHTPPDIPDITLL) showed the strongest reaction. ELISA using P11 (E2-P11-ELISA) detected increased antibody levels in all seven experimentally infected horses and in five out of nine vaccinated horses. Out of 28 naturally infected horses, 25 were seronegative in their acute sera but turned seropositive in their convalescent sera. For the remaining three horses whose acute sera were seropositive, an endpoint method with serial dilutions detected a ≥ 4-fold increase in titer between paired sera. The concordance between E2-P11-ELISA and a virus-neutralization test in terms of seropositivity was assessed using a series of 220 horse sera, resulting in almost perfect agreement, with a kappa coefficient value of 0.865. E2-P11-ELISA had a sensitivity of 93.3% (95% CI 86.6-97.1%) and a specificity of 95.0% (95% CI 92.5-96.4%). This highly sensitive and specific E2-P11-ELISA should be useful for serodiagnosis of Getah virus infection in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Bannai
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan.
| | - Manabu Nemoto
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Koji Tsujimura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Minoru Ohta
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
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Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Nemoto M, Ohta M, Yamanaka T, Kokado H, Matsumura T. Epizootiological investigation of equine herpesvirus type 1 infection among Japanese racehorses before and after the replacement of an inactivated vaccine with a modified live vaccine. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:280. [PMID: 31387602 PMCID: PMC6683523 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2036-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) infection is a major cause of pyrexias in winter among Japanese racehorses. In 2014–2015, the Japan Racing Association (JRA) changed the EHV-1 vaccine from an inactivated vaccine to a live vaccine (both produced by Nisseiken). To evaluate the effect of changing the vaccines, the capacities of these vaccines to induce virus-neutralizing (VN) antibodies were compared, and an epizootiological investigation of EHV-1 was performed at the JRA Ritto Training Center during epizootic periods from 2010–2011 to 2016–2017. Results Three-year-old horses that received the first dose of live vaccine showed higher geometric mean (GM) VN titers (205 and 220) than those that received inactivated vaccine (83, P < 0.05). The response rates after vaccination with the live vaccine (76 and 90%) were higher than that after vaccination with inactivated vaccine (42%, P < 0.05). Four-year-old horses from 2015 to 2017 that had received the live vaccine in the previous epizootic periods had higher GM titers (205 to 246) than those from 2011 to 2014, which had received the inactivated vaccine (139 to 164, P < 0.05). The estimated numbers of horses infected with EHV-1 or EHV-4, or both, in 2011–2012 (29 [95%CI: 21–37]) and 2013–2014 (37 [95%CI: 27–47]) were higher than those in the other periods (7 [95%CI: 2–12] to 16 [95%CI: 9–23]). Likewise, the seroconversion rates to EHV-1 in horses that stayed at the training center in 2011–2012 (66.0%) and 2013–2014 (52.0%) were higher than those in the other periods (12.0 to 28.6%). Conclusions The live EHV-1 vaccine is highly immunogenic and provides greater VN antibody responses than the inactivated vaccine. Unlike the period when the policy was to use inactivated vaccine, there was no detectable epizootic EHV-1 infection at the training center during three consecutive periods after the introduction of the live vaccine. These results suggest that the replacement of inactivated vaccine with live vaccine, together with the achievement of high vaccination coverage, reinforced the herd effect, and contributed to better control of EHV-1 epizootics in the training center. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-019-2036-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Bannai
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan.
| | - Koji Tsujimura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Manabu Nemoto
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Minoru Ohta
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamanaka
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kokado
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Tomio Matsumura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
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Nemoto M, Yamayoshi S, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Kokado H, Kawaoka Y, Yamanaka T. A single amino acid change in hemagglutinin reduces the cross-reactivity of antiserum against an equine influenza vaccine strain. Arch Virol 2019; 164:2355-2358. [PMID: 31227892 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04328-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Equine influenza virus is an important pathogen for the horse industry because of its economic impact, and vaccination is a key control measure. Our previous work suggested that a mutation at position 144 in the hemagglutinin of Florida sublineage clade 2 viruses reduces the cross-neutralizing activity of antiserum against a former vaccine strain. To confirm this suggestion, here, we generated viruses by reverse genetics. Antibody titers against the mutated viruses were one-tenth to one-sixteenth of those against the former vaccine strain. Our findings confirm that this single amino acid substitution reduces the cross-reactivity of antiserum against this former Japanese vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Nemoto
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
| | - Seiya Yamayoshi
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Bannai
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Koji Tsujimura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kokado
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Takashi Yamanaka
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
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Bannai H, Nemoto M, Tsujimura K, Yamanaka T, Kokado H. Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Getah virus infection in horses using recombinant E2 protein as an antigen. J Virol Methods 2019; 271:113681. [PMID: 31207276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.113681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Getah virus causes fever, skin eruptions, and limb edema in horses. For a high-throughput and time-saving method for serodiagnosis, we explored immunogenic antigens of Getah virus, and established an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a recombinant protein. Western blot analysis using sera from infected horses showed strong reaction with viral antigens around 46 kDa corresponding to E1 or E2 glycoproteins. Recombinant E2 (rE2) protein reacted more strongly with infected horse sera than did rE1 protein in both Western blotting and ELISA. In ELISA using rE2 protein (rE2-ELISA), for all horses experimentally infected with Getah virus (n = 7), optical density (OD) exceeded the cutoff value at 14 days post-infection. ODs in five of nine vaccinated horses also slightly exceeded the cutoff value after vaccination. Among naturally infected horses (n = 28), 24 were seronegative in the acute sera, which turned seropositive in the convalescent sera. For the four horses seropositive in the acute sera, an endpoint method with serial dilutions of paired sera detected a ≥4-fold increase in titer. In conclusion, we established rE2-ELISA that could detect horse antibodies against Getah virus after experimental and natural infections; this should be useful in the diagnosis and surveillance of Getah virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Bannai
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan.
| | - Manabu Nemoto
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan.
| | - Koji Tsujimura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan.
| | - Takashi Yamanaka
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Kokado
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan.
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Ochi A, Sekiguchi M, Tsujimura K, Kinoshita T, Ueno T, Katayama Y. Two Cases of Equine Multinodular Pulmonary Fibrosis in Japan. J Comp Pathol 2019; 170:46-52. [PMID: 31375158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis (EMPF) is a recently described form of interstitial pneumonia associated with equine herpesvirus type 5 (EHV-5). This disease has been reported in North and South America, Europe and Oceania but not, to our knowledge, in horses in Japan. We diagnosed EMPF in two Thoroughbred horses in Japan on the basis of gross and histopathological findings. In both cases, significant gross lesions, restricted to the lungs, consisted of numerous firm and coalescing nodules widely distributed throughout the lung. The nodules were <3 cm in diameter and pale white to tan in colour. Microscopically, they showed severe interstitial fibrosis and infiltration of macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes and a few eosinophils. The residual alveoli were lined by cuboidal epithelial cells (type II pneumocytes) and filled with many macrophages, which rarely displayed oval eosinophilic to amphophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies. Polymerase chain reaction and sequence analyses identified the glycoprotein H gene of EHV-5, and in-situ hybridization detected EHV-5 in the alveolar macrophages in the lesions. In one case, electron microscopy revealed herpesvirus-like particles and EHV-5 was isolated from pulmonary lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ochi
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4, Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - M Sekiguchi
- Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Office of Chiba Prefecture, 497 Iwatomi-machi, Sakura, Chiba, Japan.
| | - K Tsujimura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4, Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - T Kinoshita
- Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Office of Chiba Prefecture, 497 Iwatomi-machi, Sakura, Chiba, Japan
| | - T Ueno
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4, Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Y Katayama
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4, Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
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Tsujimura K, Bannai H, Nemoto M, Kokado H. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification-fluorescent loop primer assay for the genotyping of a single nucleotide polymorphism at position 2254 in the viral DNA polymerase gene of equid alphaherpesvirus 1. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:640-644. [PMID: 31170890 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719856404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)-fluorescent loop primer (FLP) assay for genotyping the A/G2254 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the viral DNA polymerase gene of species Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EHV-1), which is associated with the neuropathogenic potential of this virus. In addition to the use of regular LAMP primers to amplify the target region, a 5'-FAM-labeled backward loop primer (FLB) and 3'-dabcyl-labeled quencher probe (QP) were designed for annealing curve analysis of the amplification product. The QP, which contacts the FLB, is located at the SNP site and has the A2254 allele. LAMP reactions were performed at 63°C for 40 min, and the subsequent annealing curve analyses were accomplished within 20 min. The LAMP-FLP assay could clearly differentiate A2254 and G2254 genotypes according to the difference in the annealing temperature of the QP between the 2 genotypes. Good agreement between the LAMP-FLP and the real-time PCR for genotyping of this SNP was observed in the detection of EHV-1 in equine clinical samples. The newly developed assay is a simple and rapid method for detecting and differentiating EHV-1 strains with A2254 and G2254 polymorphisms and would be suitable for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Tsujimura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan (Tsujimura, Bannai, Nemoto).,Japan Farriery Association, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan (Kokado)
| | - Hiroshi Bannai
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan (Tsujimura, Bannai, Nemoto).,Japan Farriery Association, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan (Kokado)
| | - Manabu Nemoto
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan (Tsujimura, Bannai, Nemoto).,Japan Farriery Association, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan (Kokado)
| | - Hiroshi Kokado
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan (Tsujimura, Bannai, Nemoto).,Japan Farriery Association, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan (Kokado)
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24
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Nemoto M, Niwa H, Murakami S, Miki R, Higuchi T, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Kokado H. Molecular analyses of G3A/G3B and G14 equine group A rotaviruses detected between 2012 and 2018 in Japan. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:913-931. [PMID: 31090536 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine group A rotaviruses (RVAs) cause diarrhoea in foals. We investigated the G genotypes of 360 RVA-positive samples obtained from diarrhoeic foals between 2012 and 2018 in the Hidaka district of Hokkaido, Japan, through sequence analysis of VP7. All samples were classified into genotypes G3A, G3B and G14. G3B RVAs were detected until 2016, and G3A RVAs were detected from 2016 to 2018. G14 RVAs were detected from 2012 to 2018. Although G3B RVAs had been circulating in Japan for a long time, G3A RVAs suddenly emerged in 2016, and have replaced G3B RVAs since 2017. Molecular analyses of VP7 and VP4 showed that these Japanese G3A RVAs are closely related to North American G3A RVAs detected in 2017. Additionally, whole-genome analyses suggested that genetic reassortments occurred between G3A and G14 RVAs in NSP1, NSP2, NSP4 and NSP5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Nemoto
- 1 Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Niwa
- 1 Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | | | - Ryoka Miki
- 2 Thermo Fisher Scientific, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tohru Higuchi
- 3 Mitsuishi Animal Medical Center, Hokkaido South Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Shinhidaka-cho, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Bannai
- 1 Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Koji Tsujimura
- 1 Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kokado
- 1 Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
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Bannai H, Nemoto M, Tsujimura K, Yamanaka T, Kokado H, Kondo T. Evaluation of two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the detection of antibodies against equine arteritis virus. J Equine Sci 2019; 29:111-115. [PMID: 30607135 PMCID: PMC6306293 DOI: 10.1294/jes.29.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to establish an efficient system for serological diagnosis of equine viral arteritis in Japan, we compared enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) provided by two manufacturers (Nisseiken Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan, and VMRD Inc., Pullman, WA, U.S.A.) by testing a series of horse sera. The results revealed that 159 of 160 virus-neutralizing (VN) antibody-positive serum samples were positive in both the Nisseiken-ELISA and VMRD-ELISA. Of the VN-negative sera (n=157), 134 and 154 samples were negative in the Nisseiken-ELISA and VMRD-ELISA, respectively. Sensitivity was 99.4% for both the Nisseiken-ELISA and VMRD-ELISA. The specificity of the VMRD-ELISA (98.1%) was significantly higher than that of the Nisseiken-ELISA (85.4%, P<0.05). The diagnostic performance of the VMRD-ELISA was superior to that of the Nisseiken-ELISA because of this greater specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Bannai
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Manabu Nemoto
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Koji Tsujimura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamanaka
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kokado
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Takashi Kondo
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
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26
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Bannai H, Nemoto M, Tsujimura K, Yamanaka T, Kokado H, Kondo T, Matsumura T. Comparison of protective efficacies between intranasal and intramuscular vaccination of horses with a modified live equine herpesvirus type-1 vaccine. Vet Microbiol 2018; 222:18-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Nemoto M, Inagaki M, Tamura N, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Yamanaka T, Kokado H. Evaluation of inactivated vaccines against equine group A rotaviruses by use of a suckling mouse model. Vaccine 2018; 36:5551-5555. [PMID: 30076106 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine group A rotaviruses (RVAs) cause diarrhea in suckling foals. The dominant RVAs circulating among horses worldwide, including Japan, are G3P[12] and/or G14P[12] genotypes. Inactivated vaccines containing a G3P[12] RVA are commercially available in some countries for prevention of diarrhea caused by equine RVAs. However, there is no reported evidence whether vaccines containing a G3P[12] RVA are effective against G14P[12] RVAs or whether using a G14P[12] RVA results in a more effective vaccine. This study used a suckling mouse model to evaluate the effectiveness of inactivated vaccines containing G3P[12] (G3 vaccine) or G14P[12] (G14 vaccine) RVAs against G3P[12] and G14P[12] RVAs. METHODS Female mice were inoculated twice with G3 or G14 vaccines, and were then mated. After parturition, suckling mice were challenged with one of either two G3P[12] RVAs, two G14P[12] RVAs, or one G13P[18] RVA. After virus inoculation, suckling mice were observed for diarrhea, and the incidence rates of diarrhea in the vaccinated groups were compared with those in the non-vaccinated groups. RESULTS Following G3P[12] RVA challenge, suckling mice in the G3 and G14 vaccinated groups had significantly lower rates of diarrhea incidence than did those in the non-vaccinated group, and the rates in the G3 vaccinated group tended to be lower than in the G14 vaccinated group. Following G14P[12] RVA challenge, suckling mice in the G14 vaccinated group had significantly lower rates of diarrhea incidence than did those in the non-vaccinated and G3 vaccinated groups. The G3 and G14 vaccines did not reduce the rate when challenged with the G13P[18] RVA. CONCLUSION The mouse model showed that the G3 and G14 vaccines were both effective against G3P[12] RVAs, and that the G14 vaccine was effective against G14P[12] RVAs. These results suggest that at least a G14 RVA strain should be included in as a vaccine strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Nemoto
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan.
| | - Mizuho Inagaki
- Department of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Norihisa Tamura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Bannai
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Koji Tsujimura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamanaka
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kokado
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
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28
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Nemoto M, Yamanaka T, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Ueno T, Mekata H, Yoshida A, Koyama A, Kokado H. Comparison of two agar gel immunodiffusion protocols for diagnosing equine infectious anemia. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1245-1247. [PMID: 29899176 PMCID: PMC6115256 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) protocols for diagnosing equine
infectious anemia. Two commercial testing kits were used: one following the Japanese Act
on Domestic Animal Infectious Diseases Control and one following the World Organisation
for Animal Health (OIE) manual. From 651 samples tested, both protocols gave identical
results for 647 samples (23 samples tested positive; 624 tested negative). Non-specific
reactions were observed in 21 samples testing negative by the Japanese protocol, but none
were observed with the OIE protocol. The kappa coefficient value was 0.962, indicating
almost perfect agreement between the two protocols. This study found no difference in
diagnostic agreement between the two protocols, but the OIE protocol produced non-specific
reactions less frequently than the Japanese protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Nemoto
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamanaka
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Bannai
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Koji Tsujimura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Takanori Ueno
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Mekata
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Ayako Yoshida
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Aki Koyama
- IDEXX Laboratories K.K., 1-22-19 Izumi, Suginami-ku, Tokyo 168-0063, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kokado
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
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Tsujimura K, Ota M, Chinen K, Nagayama K, Oroku M, Shiohira Y, Iseki K, Ishida H, Tanabe K. Effect of Influenza Vaccine in Patients With Kidney Transplant. Transplant Proc 2018; 50:2443-2446. [PMID: 30316375 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2018.02.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among infectious diseases, influenza is the most common cause of infection in Japan and worldwide. We aimed to evaluate the effect of influenza vaccination in kidney transplantation (KTx) recipients. METHODS We retrospectively evaluated the records of 98 participants who underwent KTx at our institution between March 2009 and May 2016. All patients received tacrolimus or cyclosporine, mycophenolate mofetil, and methylprednisolone for maintenance immunosuppression after KTx. In accordance with the criteria of our institution, everolimus was administered for the maintenance of immunosuppression after KTx. We compared the rate of influenza infection during the 2016-2017 season (8 months, from October 2016-May 2017) between KTx patients treated with 1 or 2 doses of influenza vaccine (treatment group, n = 71) and KTx patients who did not receive a vaccine (nontreatment group, n = 27). RESULTS Among patient characteristics, only the prevalence of diabetes mellitus differed significantly between the groups (treatment group: 9.9%, 7 of 71 patients; nontreatment group: 29.6%, 8 of 21 patients; P = .02). Influenza infection occurred at similar rates in the 2 groups (treatment group, 5.63% 4 of 71 patients; nontreatment group: 3.70%, 1 of 27 patients; P = .70). CONCLUSIONS Among KTx patients managed in our institution, treatment with 1 or 2 doses of influenza vaccine did not reduce the rate of influenza infection in the 2016-2017 season, suggesting that influenza vaccination may currently be ineffective in KTx patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tsujimura
- Department of Surgery, Tomishiro Central Hospital, Okinawa, Japan.
| | - M Ota
- Department of Surgery, Tomishiro Central Hospital, Okinawa, Japan
| | - K Chinen
- Department of Surgery, Tomishiro Central Hospital, Okinawa, Japan
| | - K Nagayama
- Department of Nephrology, Tomishiro Central Hospital, Okinawa, Japan
| | - M Oroku
- Department of Nephrology, Tomishiro Central Hospital, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Y Shiohira
- Department of Nephrology, Tomishiro Central Hospital, Okinawa, Japan
| | - K Iseki
- Clinical Research Support Center, Tomishiro Central Hospital, Okinawa, Japan
| | - H Ishida
- Department of Urology, Kidney Center, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Tanabe
- Department of Urology, Kidney Center, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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30
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Satake Y, Nakamura Y, Kono M, Hozumi H, Nagata T, Tsujimura K, Enomoto N, Fujisawa T, Inui N, Fujiyama T, Tokura Y, Matsui T, Yokomura K, Shirai M, Hayakawa H, Suda T. Type-1 polarised dendritic cells are a potent immunogen against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2018; 21:523-530. [PMID: 28399967 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.16.0371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Application of immunotherapy using dendritic cells (DCs) is considered an effective treatment strategy against persistent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. With the goal of developing improved therapeutic vaccination strategies for patients with tuberculosis (TB), we tested the ability of ex vivo-generated DCs to induce an effective TB antigen-specific type-1 immune response. METHODS Monocyte-derived DCs from TB patients were induced to mature using a 'standard' cytokine cocktail (interleukin [IL] 1β, tumour necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], IL-6 and prostaglandin E2) or a type 1-polarised DC (DC1) cocktail (IL-1β, TNF-α, interferon [IFN] α, IFN-γ and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid), and were loaded with the established TB antigen 6-kDa early secretory antigenic target protein (ESAT-6). RESULTS Although DC1s from TB patients expressed the same levels of multiple co-stimulatory molecules (CD83, CD86, CD80 and CD40) as the standard DCs (sDCs), DC1s secreted substantially higher levels of IL-12p70. Furthermore, when DCs pulsed with or without ESAT-6 were cultured with lymphocytes from the same patients, DC1s induced much higher numbers of ESAT-6-specific IFN-γ-producing T-cells than sDCs, as manifested by their superior induction of natural killer cell activation and antigen-independent suppression of regulatory T-cells. CONCLUSION TB antigen-loaded DC1s are potent inducers of antigen-specific T-cells, which could be used to develop improved immunotherapies of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Satake
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Y Nakamura
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - M Kono
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - H Hozumi
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine
| | | | - K Tsujimura
- Department of Infectious Disease, Department of Health Science
| | - N Enomoto
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - T Fujisawa
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - N Inui
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
| | - T Fujiyama
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu
| | - Y Tokura
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu
| | - T Matsui
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Seirei Mikatahara General Hospital, Hamamatsu
| | - K Yokomura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Seirei Mikatahara General Hospital, Hamamatsu
| | - M Shirai
- Department of Health Science, Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - H Hayakawa
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - T Suda
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine
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Yamanaka T, Nemoto M, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Matsumura T, Kokado H, Gildea S, Cullinane A. Neutralization antibody response to booster/priming immunization with new equine influenza vaccine in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 80:382-386. [PMID: 29237998 PMCID: PMC5836781 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine influenza (EI) vaccine has been widely used. However, the causative EI virus
(H3N8) undergoes continuous antigenic drift, and the vaccine strains must be periodically
reviewed and if necessary, updated to maintain vaccine efficacy against circulating
viruses. In 2016, the Japanese vaccine was updated by replacing the old viruses with the
Florida sub-lineage Clade (Fc) 2 virus, A/equine/Yokohama/aq13/2010 (Y10). We investigated
the virus neutralization (VN) antibody response to Fc2 viruses currently circulating in
Europe, after booster or primary immunization with the new vaccine. These European viruses
have the amino acid substitution A144V or I179V of the hemagglutinin. In horses that had
previously received a primary course and bi-annual boosters with the old vaccine booster,
immunization with the updated vaccine increased the VN antibody levels against the
European Fc2 viruses as well as Y10. There were no significant differences in the VN
titers against Y10 and the Fc2 viruses with A144V or I179V substitution in horses that had
received a primary course of the updated vaccine. However, a mixed primary course where
the first dose was the old vaccine and the second dose was the updated vaccine, reduced VN
titers against the European viruses compared to that against Y10. In summary, the new
vaccine affords horses protective level of VN titers against the Fc2 viruses carrying
A144V or I179V substitution, but our results suggest that the combination of the old and
new vaccines for primary immunization would not be optimum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yamanaka
- Equine Research Institute, the Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Manabu Nemoto
- Equine Research Institute, the Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Bannai
- Equine Research Institute, the Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Koji Tsujimura
- Equine Research Institute, the Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Tomio Matsumura
- Equine Research Institute, the Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kokado
- Equine Research Institute, the Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Sarah Gildea
- Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co., Kildare, W91 RH93, Ireland
| | - Ann Cullinane
- Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co., Kildare, W91 RH93, Ireland
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Bannai H, Nemoto M, Niwa H, Murakami S, Tsujimura K, Yamanaka T, Kondo T. Geospatial and temporal associations of Getah virus circulation among pigs and horses around the perimeter of outbreaks in Japanese racehorses in 2014 and 2015. BMC Vet Res 2017. [PMID: 28629406 PMCID: PMC5477264 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1112-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We studied a recent epizootic of Getah virus infection among pigs in the southern part of Ibaraki Prefecture and the northern part of Chiba Prefecture, Japan, focusing on its possible association with outbreaks in racehorses in 2014 and 2015. The genomic sequence of a Getah virus strain from an infected pig was analyzed to evaluate the degree of identity with the strains from horses. RESULTS Sera were collected from pigs from September to December 2012 to 2015 in south Ibaraki (380 pigs in 29 batches), and from September to December 2010 to 2015 in north Chiba (538 pigs in 104 batches). They were examined by using a virus-neutralizing test for Getah virus. Seropositivity rates in 2012-2013 in south Ibaraki and 2010-2012 in north Chiba ranged from 0% to 1.6%. In south Ibaraki, seropositivity rates in 2014 (28.8%) and 2015 (65.0%) were significantly higher than those in the previous years (P < 0.01); 4/5 batches had positive sera in 2014 and 7/7 in 2015. In north Chiba, seropositivity rates in 2013 (14.1%), 2014 (17.8%), and 2015 (48.0%) were significantly higher than those in the previous years (P < 0.01); 6/27 batches had positive sera in 2013, 3/9 in 2014, and 5/5 in 2015. Complete genome analysis revealed that the virus isolated from an infected pig had 99.89% to 99.94% nucleotide identity to the strains isolated from horses during the outbreaks in 2014 and 2015. CONCLUSIONS Serological surveillance of Getah virus in pigs revealed that the virus was circulating in south Ibaraki and north Chiba in 2014 and 2015; this was concomitant with the outbreaks in racehorses. The Getah virus strain isolated from a pig was closely related to the ones from horses during the 2014 and 2015 outbreaks. To our knowledge, this is the first convincing case of simultaneous circulation of Getah virus both among pigs and horses in specific areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Bannai
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan.
| | - Manabu Nemoto
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Niwa
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Satoshi Murakami
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Life Technologies Japan Ltd, 4-2-8 Shibaura, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Tsujimura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamanaka
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Takashi Kondo
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
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Yamanaka T, Nemoto M, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Kondo T, Matsumura T, Fu TQH, Fernandez CJ, Gildea S, Cullinane A. Rapid diagnosis of equine influenza by highly sensitive silver amplification immunochromatography system. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:1061-1063. [PMID: 28458275 PMCID: PMC5487783 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine influenza (EI) is a respiratory disease caused by equine influenza A virus (EIV,
H3N8) infection. Rapid diagnosis is essential to limit the disease spread. We previously
reported that some rapid antigen detection (RAD) tests are fit for diagnosing EI although
their sensitivity is not optimal. Here, we evaluated the performance of the newly
developed RAD test using silver amplification immunochromatography (Quick Chaser Auto Flu
A, B: QCA) to diagnose EI. The detection limits of QCA for EIVs were five-fold lower than
the conventional RAD tests. The duration of virus antigen detection in the infected horses
was longer than the conventional RAD tests. We conclude that QCA could be a valuable
diagnostic method for EI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yamanaka
- Equine Research Institute, the Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Manabu Nemoto
- Equine Research Institute, the Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Bannai
- Equine Research Institute, the Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Koji Tsujimura
- Equine Research Institute, the Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Takashi Kondo
- Equine Research Institute, the Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Tomio Matsumura
- Equine Research Institute, the Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Tao Qi Huang Fu
- Agri-Food & Veterinary Authority of Singapore, Animal and Plant Health Centre, 6 Perahu Road, 718827 Singapore
| | - Charlene Judith Fernandez
- Agri-Food & Veterinary Authority of Singapore, Animal and Plant Health Centre, 6 Perahu Road, 718827 Singapore
| | - Sarah Gildea
- Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co. Kildare, W91 RH93 Ireland
| | - Ann Cullinane
- Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co. Kildare, W91 RH93 Ireland
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Yamanaka T, Nemoto M, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Kondo T, Matsumura T, Gildea S, Cullinane A. Assessment of antigenic difference of equine influenza virus strains by challenge study in horses. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2016; 10:536-539. [PMID: 27465864 PMCID: PMC5059955 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that horse antiserum against the Japanese equine influenza vaccine virus, A/equine/La Plata/1993 (LP93) exhibited reduced cross-neutralization against some Florida sublineage Clade (Fc) 2 viruses, for example, A/equine/Carlow/2011 (CL11). As a result, Japanese vaccine manufacturers will replace LP93 with A/equine/Yokohama/aq13/2010 (Y10, Fc2). To assess the benefit of updating the vaccine, five horses vaccinated with inactivated Y10 vaccine and five vaccinated with inactivated LP93 were challenged by exposure to a nebulized aerosol of CL11. The durations of pyrexia (≥38.5°C) and other adverse clinical symptoms experienced by the Y10 group were significantly shorter than those of the LP93 group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yamanaka
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
| | - Manabu Nemoto
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
- Virology Unit, Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Hiroshi Bannai
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Koji Tsujimura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Takashi Kondo
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tomio Matsumura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Sarah Gildea
- Virology Unit, Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Ann Cullinane
- Virology Unit, Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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Tsujimura K, Shirakawa H, Tokumoto T, Endou M, Wakai S, Ishida H, Tanabe K. Utility of the Japanese Glomerular Filtration Rate Equation in Estimating Glomerular Filtration Rate of Donor Kidney. Transplant Proc 2016; 48:734-7. [PMID: 27234724 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2015.12.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An equation for the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is generally used for evaluating renal function in Japan. OBJECTIVE To assess the accuracy of the preoperative eGFR for estimating kidney donors' measured glomerular filtration rate (mGFR). METHODS Between April 2009 and August 2014, 91 Japanese living kidney donors were included in this study. The eGFR was calculated as follows: eGFR = 194 × serum creatinine(-1.094) × Age(-0.287) (and × 0.739 for women), and the mGFR was evaluated using inulin clearance. The preoperative eGFR was then compared with the mGFR. RESULTS Patients included 27 men and 64 women with a mean age of 56.8 ± 9.5 years (range, 36-79 years), mean body surface area of 1.56 ± 0.14 m(2) (range 1.27-1.92 m(2)), mean body mass index of 22.3 ± 2.3 kg/m(2) (range 14.0-27.0 kg/m(2)), and mean serum creatinine level of 0.66 ± 0.14 mg/dL (range 0.39-0.97 mg/dL). The mean eGFR was 81.3 ± 14.2 mL/min/1.73 m(2) (range 45.5-125.9 mL/min/1.73 m(2)), and the mean mGFR was 89.0 ± 15.5 mL/min/1.73 m(2) (range 45.4-130.7 mL/min/1.73 m(2)). The eGFR was significantly lower than the mGFR (P < .001). The correlation coefficient for the relationship between the eGFR and mGFR values was 0.503, and the mean difference between the 2 values was -7.8 (8.7%). CONCLUSIONS Although the eGFR correlated with the mGFR, the eGFR values did not accurately estimate the mGFR in living kidney donors. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the mGFR, especially in marginal kidney donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tsujimura
- Department of Surgery, Tomishiro Central Hospital, Okinawa, Japan.
| | - H Shirakawa
- Department of Transplant Surgery, Okubo Hospital Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Tokumoto
- Department of Transplant Surgery, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital Kanagawa, Japan
| | - M Endou
- Department of Nephrology, Okubo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Wakai
- Department of Nephrology, Okubo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Ishida
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Tanabe
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Tsujimura K, Yamamoto A, Miyazawa M, Harada T, Bannai H, Nemoto M, Yamanaka T, Ozawa M, Kato K, Kondo T. Application of ORF68-based grouping to an epidemiological survey of epidemic abortions caused by equine herpesvirus type 1. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.02.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Nemoto M, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Yamanaka T, Kondo T. Genetic and antigenic analysis of Getah virus isolated in 1978 and 2014 in Japan. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Bannai H, Nemoto M, Tsujimura K, Yamanaka T, Kondo T. Protective effect of intranasal vaccination of horses with a modified live equine herpesvirus type 1 vaccine. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.02.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Nemoto M, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Yamanaka T, Kondo T. Genomic, pathogenic, and antigenic comparisons of Getah virus strains isolated in 1978 and 2014 in Japan. Arch Virol 2016; 161:1691-5. [PMID: 27016932 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2840-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A Getah virus strain isolated during an outbreak in racehorses in Japan in 2014 (14-I-605) was compared with the vaccine strain isolated in 1978 (MI-110). A comparison of the genome sequences of these strains revealed seven amino acid substitutions in non-structural protein 3, and one or two substitutions in each of other non-structural proteins. In contrast, the structural proteins were highly conserved (99.8-99.9 % amino acid sequence identity). Horse antisera raised against the MI-110 strain showed similar virus-neutralization titers against both MI-110 and 14-I-605 strains (512 and 256, respectively). Therefore, antigenic mutation was probably not a direct cause of the outbreak that occurred in 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Nemoto
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4, Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Bannai
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4, Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan.
| | - Koji Tsujimura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4, Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamanaka
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4, Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Takashi Kondo
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4, Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
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Yamanaka T, Nemoto M, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Kondo T, Matsumura T, Gildea S, Cullinane A. Evaluation of twenty-two rapid antigen detection tests in the diagnosis of Equine Influenza caused by viruses of H3N8 subtype. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2016; 10:127-33. [PMID: 26568369 PMCID: PMC4746556 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Equine influenza (EI) is a highly contagious disease caused by viruses of the H3N8 subtype. The rapid diagnosis of EI is essential to reduce the disease spread. Many rapid antigen detection (RAD) tests for diagnosing human influenza are available, but their ability to diagnose EI has not been systematically evaluated. Objectives The aim of this study was to compare the performance of 22 RAD tests in the diagnosis of EI. Methods The 22 RAD tests were performed on fivefold serial dilutions of EI virus to determine their detection limits. The four most sensitive RAD tests (ImmunoAce Flu, BD Flu examan, Quick chaser Flu A, B and ESPLINE Influenza A&B‐N) were further evaluated using nasopharyngeal samples collected from experimentally infected and naturally infected horses. The results were compared to those obtained using molecular tests. Results The detection limits of the 22 RAD tests varied hugely. Even the four RAD tests showing the best sensitivity were 125‐fold less sensitive than the molecular techniques. The duration of virus detection in the experimentally infected horses was shorter using the RAD tests than using the molecular techniques. The RAD tests detected between 27% and 73% of real‐time RT‐PCR‐positive samples from naturally infected horses. Conclusions The study demonstrated the importance of choosing the right RAD tests as only three of 22 were fit for diagnosing EI. It was also indicated that even RAD tests with the highest sensitivity serve only as an adjunct to molecular tests because of the potential for false‐negative results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yamanaka
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Manabu Nemoto
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Bannai
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Koji Tsujimura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Takashi Kondo
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tomio Matsumura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Sarah Gildea
- Virology Unit, Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Ann Cullinane
- Virology Unit, Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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Abstract
An outbreak of Getah virus infection occurred among racehorses in Japan during September and October 2014. Of 49 febrile horses tested by reverse transcription PCR, 25 were positive for Getah virus. Viruses detected in 2014 were phylogenetically different from the virus isolated in Japan in 1978.
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Bannai H, Nemoto M, Tsujimura K, Yamanaka T, Maeda K, Kondo T. Improvement of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for equine herpesvirus type 4 by using a synthetic-peptide 24-mer repeat sequence of glycoprotein G as an antigen. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 78:309-11. [PMID: 26424485 PMCID: PMC4785124 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To increase the sensitivity of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for equine herpesvirus type 4
(EHV-4) that uses a 12-mer peptide of glycoprotein G (gG4-12-mer: MKNNPIYSEGSL) [4], we used a longer peptide consisting of a 24-mer repeat sequence (gG4-24-mer:
MKNNPIYSEGSLMLNVQHDDSIHT) as an antigen. Sera of horses experimentally infected with EHV-4 reacted much more
strongly to the gG4-24-mer peptide than to the gG4-12-mer peptide. We used peptide ELISAs to test paired sera
from horses naturally infected with EHV-4 (n=40). gG4-24-mer ELISA detected 37 positive samples (92.5%),
whereas gG4-12-mer ELISA detected only 28 (70.0%). gG4-24-mer ELISA was much more sensitive than gG4-12-mer
ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Bannai
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
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Nemoto M, Oue Y, Higuchi T, Kinoshita Y, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Yamanaka T, Kondo T. Low prevalence of equine coronavirus in foals in the largest thoroughbred horse breeding region of Japan, 2012-2014. Acta Vet Scand 2015; 57:53. [PMID: 26395082 PMCID: PMC4579792 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-015-0149-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Equine coronavirus (ECoV) is considered to be a diarrheic pathogen in foals. In central Kentucky in the United States, it has been shown that approximately 30 % of thoroughbred foals are infected with ECoV and thus it is considered widely prevalent. In contrast, the epidemiology of ECoV and its relationship to diarrhea in foals are poorly understood in Japan. We investigated ECoV in rectal swabs collected from thoroughbred foals in Japan. Results We collected 337 rectal swabs from 307 diarrheic foals in the Hidaka district of Hokkaido, the largest thoroughbred horse breeding region in Japan, between 2012 and 2014. In addition, 120 rectal swabs were collected from 120 healthy foals in 2012. These samples were tested by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification and a real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. All samples collected from diarrheic foals were negative, and only three samples (2.5 %) collected from healthy foals were positive for ECoV. Compared with central Kentucky, ECoV is not prevalent among thoroughbred foals in the Hidaka district of Hokkaido. Conclusion ECoV is not prevalent and was not related to diarrhea in thoroughbred foals in the Hidaka district of Hokkaido between 2012 and 2014.
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Nemoto M, Oue Y, Murakami S, Kanno T, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Yamanaka T, Kondo T. Complete genome analysis of equine coronavirus isolated in Japan. Arch Virol 2015; 160:2903-6. [PMID: 26271151 PMCID: PMC7086706 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2565-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Equine coronavirus has been responsible for several outbreaks of disease in the United States and Japan. Only one complete genome sequence (NC99 isolated in the US) had been reported for this pathogenic RNA virus. Here, we report the complete genome sequences of three equine coronaviruses isolated in 2009 and 2012 in Japan. The genome sequences of Tokachi09, Obihiro12-1 and Obihiro12-2 were 30,782, 30,916 and 30,916 nucleotides in length, respectively, excluding the 3'-poly (A) tails. All three isolates were genetically similar to NC99 (98.2-98.7%), but deletions and insertions were observed in the genes nsp3 of ORF1a, NS2 and p4.7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Nemoto
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Oue
- Hokkaido Kushiro Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 127-1 Otanoshike, Kushiro, Hokkaido, 084-0917, Japan
| | - Satoshi Murakami
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Life technologies Japan Ltd., Sumitomo Fudosan Mita Twin Bldg., 4-2-8 Shibaura, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-0023, Japan
| | - Toru Kanno
- Dairy Hygiene Research Division, Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, 4 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 062-0045, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Bannai
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Koji Tsujimura
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamanaka
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Takashi Kondo
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
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Tsujimura K, Murase H, Bannai H, Nemoto M, Yamanaka T, Kondo T. Efficacy of five commercial disinfectants and one anionic surfactant against equine herpesvirus type 1. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:1545-8. [PMID: 26074409 PMCID: PMC4667681 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the influences of various reaction conditions on equine
herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) disinfection by 5 commercial disinfectants (3 quaternary
ammonium compounds [QACs] and 2 chlorine-based disinfectants) and 1 anionic surfactant.
QACs at their highest recommended concentrations had no virucidal effect on EHV-1 with a
10-min reaction time at 0°C or a 1-min reaction time at room temperature. Chlorine-based
disinfectants achieved EHV-1 disinfection with a 10-min reaction time at −10°C or a 30-sec
reaction time at room temperature. In the presence of 5% fetal bovine serum, QACs (except
for benzalkonium chloride) showed more stable virucidal effects than did chlorine-based
disinfectants. The virucidal effect of the anionic surfactant was almost equivalent to
that of the QACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Tsujimura
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association,1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
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Nemoto M, Morita Y, Niwa H, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Yamanaka T, Kondo T. Rapid detection of equine coronavirus by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification. J Virol Methods 2015; 215-216:13-6. [PMID: 25682750 PMCID: PMC7113660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
An RT-LAMP assay was developed for the detection of equine coronavirus. The RT-LAMP assay was more sensitive than conventional RT-PCR. Quantitative RT-PCR was more sensitive than RT-LAMP. RT-LAMP allows for rapid and simple detection of equine coronavirus.
A reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay was developed for the rapid detection of equine coronavirus (ECoV). This assay was conducted at 60 °C for 40 min. Specificity of the RT-LAMP assay was confirmed using several equine intestinal and respiratory pathogens in addition to ECoV. The novel assay failed to cross-react with the other pathogens tested, suggesting it is highly specific for ECoV. Using artificially synthesized ECoV RNA, the 50% detection limit of the RT-LAMP assay was 101.8 copies/reaction. This is a 50-fold greater sensitivity than conventional reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays, but a 4-fold lower sensitivity than quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) assays. Eighty-two fecal samples collected during ECoV outbreaks were analyzed. ECoV was detected in 59 samples using the RT-LAMP assay, and in 30 and 65 samples using RT-PCR or qRT-PCR assays, respectively. Although the RT-LAMP assay is less sensitive than qRT-PCR techniques, it can be performed without the need for expensive equipment. Thus, the RT-LAMP assay might be suitable for large-scale surveillance and diagnosis of ECoV infection in laboratories with limited resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Nemoto
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan.
| | - Yoshinori Morita
- Tokachi Draft Horse Clinic, Nishi 13, Minami 9-1, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-0023, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Niwa
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Bannai
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Koji Tsujimura
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamanaka
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Takashi Kondo
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
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47
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Yamanaka T, Cullinane A, Gildea S, Bannai H, Nemoto M, Tsujimura K, Kondo T, Matsumura T. The potential impact of a single amino-acid substitution on the efficacy of equine influenza vaccines. Equine Vet J 2014; 47:456-62. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Yamanaka
- Epizootic Research Center; Equine Research Institute; Japan Racing Association; Shimotsuke Japan
| | - A. Cullinane
- Virology Unit; Irish Equine Centre; Johnstown Naas Co.; Kildare Ireland
| | - S. Gildea
- Virology Unit; Irish Equine Centre; Johnstown Naas Co.; Kildare Ireland
| | - H. Bannai
- Epizootic Research Center; Equine Research Institute; Japan Racing Association; Shimotsuke Japan
| | - M. Nemoto
- Epizootic Research Center; Equine Research Institute; Japan Racing Association; Shimotsuke Japan
| | - K. Tsujimura
- Epizootic Research Center; Equine Research Institute; Japan Racing Association; Shimotsuke Japan
| | - T. Kondo
- Epizootic Research Center; Equine Research Institute; Japan Racing Association; Shimotsuke Japan
| | - T. Matsumura
- Epizootic Research Center; Equine Research Institute; Japan Racing Association; Shimotsuke Japan
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48
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Yamanaka T, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Nemoto M, Kondo T, Matsumura T. Comparison of the Virucidal Effects of Disinfectant Agents Against Equine Influenza A Virus. J Equine Vet Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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49
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Nemoto M, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Yamanaka T, Kondo T. Virucidal effect of commercially available disinfectants on equine group A rotavirus. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 76:1061-3. [PMID: 24681569 PMCID: PMC4143650 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many disinfectants are commercially available in the veterinary field,
information on the virucidal effects of disinfectants against equine group A rotavirus
(RVA) is limited. We evaluated the performance of commercially available disinfectants
against equine RVA. Chlorine- and iodine-based disinfectants showed virucidal effects, but
these were reduced by the presence of organic matter. Glutaraldehyde had a virucidal
effect regardless of the presence of organic matter, but the effect was reduced by low
temperature or short reaction time, or both. Benzalkonium chloride had the greatest
virucidal effect among the three quaternary ammonium compounds examined, but its effect
was reduced by the presence of organic matter or by low temperature or a short reaction
time. These findings will be useful for preventing the spread of equine RVA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Nemoto
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
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50
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Hozumi H, Tsujimura K, Yamamura Y, Seto S, Uchijima M, Nagata T, Miwa S, Hayakawa H, Fujisawa T, Hashimoto D, Inui N, Suda T, Chida K, Koide Y. Immunogenicity of dormancy-related antigens in individuals infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Japan. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2013; 17:818-24. [DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.12.0695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H. Hozumi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, and Internal Medicine 2 (Divisions of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Respiratology & Hepatology), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - K. Tsujimura
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Y. Yamamura
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Yaizu City Hospital, Yaizu, Japan
| | - S. Seto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - M. Uchijima
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - T. Nagata
- Department of Health Science, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - S. Miwa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tenryu Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - H. Hayakawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tenryu Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - T. Fujisawa
- Internal Medicine 2 (Divisions of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Respiratology & Hepatology), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - D. Hashimoto
- Internal Medicine 2 (Divisions of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Respiratology & Hepatology), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - N. Inui
- Internal Medicine 2 (Divisions of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Respiratology & Hepatology), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Hamamatsu University School of
Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - T. Suda
- Internal Medicine 2 (Divisions of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Respiratology & Hepatology), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - K. Chida
- Internal Medicine 2 (Divisions of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Respiratology & Hepatology), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Y. Koide
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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