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Coleman RM, Ojeda-Torres G, Bragg W, Fearey D, McKinney P, Castrodale L, Verbrugge D, Stryker K, DeHart E, Cooper M, Hamelin E, Thomas J, Johnson RC. Saxitoxin Exposure Confirmed by Human Urine and Food Analysis. J Anal Toxicol 2018; 42:e61-e64. [PMID: 29800291 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bky031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A case of an elderly female with suspected paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is presented. The patient shared a meal of recreationally-harvested shellfish with her family and soon began to experience nausea and weakness. She was taken to the local emergency department and then transported to a larger hospital in Anchorage where she was admitted to the intensive care unit with respiratory depression and shock. Her condition improved, and she was discharged from the hospital 6 days later. No others who shared the meal reported symptoms of PSP. A clam remaining from the meal was collected and analyzed for paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) by the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation Environmental Health Laboratory; the clam tested positive for saxitoxin (STX; 277 μg/100 g), neosaxitoxin (NEO; 309 μg/100 g), multiple gonyautoxins (GTX; 576-2490 μg/100 g), decarbamoyl congeners (7.52-11.3 μg/100 g) and C-toxins (10.8-221 μg/100 g) using high-pressure liquid chromatography with post-column oxidation (AOAC Method 2011.02). Urine from the patient was submitted to Centers for Disease Control for analysis of selected PSTs and creatinine. STX (64.0 μg/g-creatinine), NEO (60.0 μg/g-creatinine) and GTX1-4 (492-4780 μg/g-creatinine) were identified in the urine using online solid phase extraction with HPLC and tandem mass spectrometry. This was the first time GTX were identified in urine of a PSP case from Alaska, highlighting the need to include all STX congeners in testing to protect the public's health through a better understand of PST toxicity, monitoring and prevention of exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Coleman
- Division of Laboratory Science, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, MS F44, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - G Ojeda-Torres
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, 100 ORAU Way, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - W Bragg
- Division of Laboratory Science, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, MS F44, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - D Fearey
- Alaska Department of Health and Social Services, 3601 C Street, Suite 540, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - P McKinney
- Food Safety and Sanitation Program, Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, 555 Cordova St., Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - L Castrodale
- Alaska Department of Health and Social Services, 3601 C Street, Suite 540, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - D Verbrugge
- Alaska Department of Health and Social Services, 3601 C Street, Suite 540, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - K Stryker
- Food Safety and Sanitation Program, Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, 555 Cordova St., Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - E DeHart
- Alaska Department of Health and Social Services, Division of Public Health, Kodiak Public Health Center, 316 Mission Road, Kodiak, AK, USA
| | - M Cooper
- Alaska Department of Health and Social Services, 3601 C Street, Suite 540, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - E Hamelin
- Division of Laboratory Science, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, MS F44, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J Thomas
- Division of Laboratory Science, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, MS F44, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - R C Johnson
- Division of Laboratory Science, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, MS F44, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Hennessy TW, Bruden D, Castrodale L, Komatsu K, Erhart LM, Thompson D, Bradley K, O'Leary DR, McLaughlin J, Landen M. A case-control study of risk factors for death from 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1): is American Indian racial status an independent risk factor? Epidemiol Infect 2016; 144:315-24. [PMID: 26118767 PMCID: PMC5222627 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268815001211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) populations have suffered excess morbidity and mortality from influenza. We investigated the risk factors for death from 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) in persons residing in five states with substantial AI/AN populations. We conducted a case-control investigation using pandemic influenza fatalities from 2009 in Alaska, Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma and Wyoming. Controls were outpatients with influenza. We reviewed medical records and interviewed case proxies and controls. We used multiple imputation to predict missing data and multivariable conditional logistic regression to determine risk factors. We included 145 fatal cases and 236 controls; 22% of cases were AI/AN. Risk factors (P 45 years vs. <18 years], pre-existing medical conditions (mOR 7·1), smoking (mOR 3·0), delayed receipt of antivirals (mOR 6·5), and barriers to healthcare access (mOR 5·3). AI/AN race was not significantly associated with death. The increased influenza mortality in AI/AN individuals was due to factors other than racial status. Prevention of influenza deaths should focus on modifiable factors (smoking, early antiviral use, access to care) and identifying high-risk persons for immunization and prompt medical attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Hennessy
- Arctic Investigations Program,US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC),Anchorage,AK,USA
| | - D Bruden
- Arctic Investigations Program,US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC),Anchorage,AK,USA
| | - L Castrodale
- State of Alaska,Division of Public Health,Anchorage,AK,USA
| | - K Komatsu
- Arizona Department of Health Services,Phoenix,AZ,USA
| | - L M Erhart
- Arizona Department of Health Services,Phoenix,AZ,USA
| | - D Thompson
- New Mexico Department of Health,Santa Fe,NM,USA
| | - K Bradley
- Oklahoma State Department of Health,Oklahoma City,OK,USA
| | - D R O'Leary
- Wyoming Department of Health,Cheyenne,WY,USA
| | - J McLaughlin
- State of Alaska,Division of Public Health,Anchorage,AK,USA
| | - M Landen
- New Mexico Department of Health,Santa Fe,NM,USA
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Hennessy T, Bruden D, Castrodale L, McLaughlin JB, Komatsu K, Laura E, O'Leary D, Bradley K, Thompson D, Landen M. Risk Factors for Death from 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1): Is American Indian/Alaska Native Racial Status an Independent Risk Factor? Int J Epidemiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyv097.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Kim BI, Blanton JD, Gilbert A, Castrodale L, Hueffer K, Slate D, Rupprecht CE. A conceptual model for the impact of climate change on fox rabies in Alaska, 1980-2010. Zoonoses Public Health 2014; 61:72-80. [PMID: 23452510 PMCID: PMC3701727 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The direct and interactive effects of climate change on host species and infectious disease dynamics are likely to initially manifest\ at latitudinal extremes. As such, Alaska represents a region in the United States for introspection on climate change and disease. Rabies is enzootic among arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) throughout the northern polar region. In Alaska, arctic and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) are reservoirs for rabies, with most domestic animal and wildlife cases reported from northern and western coastal Alaska. Based on passive surveillance, a pronounced seasonal trend in rabid foxes occurs in Alaska, with a peak in winter and spring. This study describes climatic factors that may be associated with reported cyclic rabies occurrence. Based upon probabilistic modelling, a stronger seasonal effect in reported fox rabies cases appears at higher latitudes in Alaska, and rabies in arctic foxes appear disproportionately affected by climatic factors in comparison with red foxes. As temperatures continue a warming trend, a decrease in reported rabid arctic foxes may be expected. The overall epidemiology of rabies in Alaska is likely to shift to increased viral transmission among red foxes as the primary reservoir in the region. Information on fox and lemming demographics, in addition to enhanced rabies surveillance among foxes at finer geographic scales, will be critical to develop more comprehensive models for rabies virus transmission in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- B I Kim
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Abstract
In March 2007, a puppy that was recently imported from India into the United States was found to be positive for rabies by the Alaska Department of Health and Social Services. This case report highlights several important public health issues. First, recognizing that humans and animals are part of a global community with frequent travel and translocation, the risks of disease introduction, particularly with sub-clinical or incubating animals, are real and present. Animal-importation regulations, policies and practices are intended to minimize these risks and should be routinely evaluated and updated as needed in response to occurrences such as detailed in this communication. Second, veterinarians play key roles in safeguarding the public's health with regard to monitoring the movement of animals and diagnosing zoonoses. Third, investigating rabies cases that involve multiple jurisdictions are labour-intensive and require significant resources to ensure that all potentially exposed persons are identified and receive the appropriate rabies post-exposure prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Castrodale
- Alaska Department of Health and Social Services, Anchorage, AK 99503, USA.
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Gessner BD, Castrodale L, Soriano-Gabarro M. Aetiologies and risk factors for neonatal sepsis and pneumonia mortality among Alaskan infants. Epidemiol Infect 2005; 133:877-81. [PMID: 16181508 PMCID: PMC2870319 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268805004449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated all fatal neonatal sepsis and pneumonia cases occurring in Alaska during 1992-2000. Risk factors were evaluated using a database of all births occurring during the study period. Of 32 cases, group B streptococcus (GBS) was isolated from 21% (all 7 days of age), non-GBS Gram-positive bacteria from 50% (53% <7 days of age), and Gram-negative infections from 38% (58% <7 days of age). Infants born at <37 weeks gestation accounted for 72% of cases and had an increased risk of GBS [rate ratio (RR) 9.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.0-41] and non-GBS (RR 40, 95% CI 16-101) disease. Neonatal sepsis mortality has become an outcome concentrated among pre-term infants. Aetiologies include GBS during the early neonatal period, Candida spp. during the late neonatal period, and other bacteria during both periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Gessner
- Alaska Division of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, Anchorage, Alaska 99524, USA.
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