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Jobson L, McAvoy D, Ahmadi SJ. Psychological Problems in the Context of Political Violence in Afghan Children. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2024; 26:222-228. [PMID: 38564145 PMCID: PMC11081985 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-024-01496-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review provides an overview of recent literature examining psychological problems in the context of political violence among Afghan children. RECENT FINDINGS Using recent literature (2018-2023) we identified: 1) heightened levels of psychological problems experienced by children in Afghanistan; 2) the factors associated with these psychological problems, including loss of family and community members, poverty, continuous risk of injury and death, gender, substance use, war, daily stressors, and poor access to education; 3) psychological problems have potentially worsened since the 2021 political changes; 4) conflict and poverty have resulted in violence against children being a serious issue; 5) emerging psychological interventions have been adapted to Afghan contexts; and 6) there is a desperate need for psychological assistance and further research in the region. All children in Afghanistan have experienced conflict and political violence. While children are not responsible for this conflict, it has impacted their mental health. Further research is needed to examine the development and evaluation of interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Jobson
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Daniel McAvoy
- Centre for Humanitarian Leadership, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Falon SL, Jobson L, Liddell BJ. Does culture moderate the encoding and recognition of negative cues? Evidence from an eye-tracking study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0295301. [PMID: 38630733 PMCID: PMC11023573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Cross-cultural research has elucidated many important differences between people from Western European and East Asian cultural backgrounds regarding how each group encodes and consolidates the contents of complex visual stimuli. While Western European groups typically demonstrate a perceptual bias towards centralised information, East Asian groups favour a perceptual bias towards background information. However, this research has largely focused on the perception of neutral cues and thus questions remain regarding cultural group differences in both the perception and recognition of negative, emotionally significant cues. The present study therefore compared Western European (n = 42) and East Asian (n = 40) participants on a free-viewing task and a subsequent memory task utilising negative and neutral social cues. Attentional deployment to the centralised versus background components of negative and neutral social cues was indexed via eye-tracking, and memory was assessed with a cued-recognition task two days later. While both groups demonstrated an attentional bias towards the centralised components of the neutral cues, only the Western European group demonstrated this bias in the case of the negative cues. There were no significant differences observed between Western European and East Asian groups in terms of memory accuracy, although the Western European group was unexpectedly less sensitive to the centralised components of the negative cues. These findings suggest that culture modulates low-level attentional deployment to negative information, however not higher-level recognition after a temporal interval. This paper is, to our knowledge, the first to concurrently consider the effect of culture on both attentional outcomes and memory for both negative and neutral cues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Jobson
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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Falahatpishe Z, Moradi A, Parhoon H, Parhoon K, Jobson L. Investigating executive functioning and episodic future thinking in Iranian women with breast cancer. J Psychosoc Oncol 2024:1-17. [PMID: 38459900 DOI: 10.1080/07347332.2024.2312970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined executive functioning and episodic future thinking among Iranian women with breast cancer. METHOD We recruited 40 healthy female community volunteers and 80 females with breast cancer (either currently undergoing chemotherapy n = 40 or not undergoing chemotherapy n = 40). Participants were assessed using cognitive tasks that assessed executive functioning and episodic future thinking and a measure of cancer-related fatigue. RESULTS Both cancer groups had poorer performance than controls on all measures of executive functioning and episodic future thinking. Those undergoing chemotherapy had poorer performance on all measures of executive functioning than those not undergoing chemotherapy. Cross-sectional mediation analyses revealed cancer-related fatigue had a significant mediator role between cancer group and executive functioning and episodic future thinking. CONCLUSION Those with breast cancer, particularly those undergoing chemotherapy, may be experiencing cognitive difficulties. These cognitive concerns should be considered by health teams as addressing these impairments may assist in improving quality of life and treatment adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alireza Moradi
- Kharazmi University and Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Parhoon
- Department of Psychology, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Kamal Parhoon
- Postdoc Researcher in Cognitive Psychology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Laura Jobson
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Dehghan Manshadi Z, Neshat-Doost HT, Jobson L. Cognitive factors as mediators of the relationship between childhood trauma and depression symptoms: the mediating roles of cognitive overgeneralisation, rumination, and social problem-solving. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2024; 15:2320041. [PMID: 38433724 PMCID: PMC10913708 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2024.2320041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Childhood trauma has negative immediate and long-term impacts on depression. Questions remain, however, regarding the cognitive factors influencing this relationship. This study aimed to investigate the role of three cognitive factors - cognitive overgeneralisation, rumination and social problem-solving - as mediating factors in the relationship between childhood trauma and symptoms of depression.Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in Iran from March to July 2023. Participants (N = 227; Mean age 32.44 ± 8.95 years) with depression completed measures of childhood trauma, depression, self-overgeneralisation, cognitive errors, memory specificity, rumination and social problem-solving. The conceptual model was assessed using structural equation modelling.Results: Structural equation modelling indicated that childhood trauma had a positive direct effect on depression symptoms. Childhood trauma had a positive indirect effect on depression symptoms through both self-overgeneralisation and rumination and a negative indirect effect on depression through effective social problem-solving strategies.Conclusions: The findings suggest increased exposure to childhood trauma may be associated with elevated depression and self-overgeneralisation, rumination, and effective social problem-solving strategies may play an important role in this relationship. These findings hold potential implications for those working with patients with depression and a history of childhood trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura Jobson
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Madsen J, Jobson L, Slewa-Younan S, Li H, King K. Mental health literacy among Arab men living in high-income Western countries: A systematic review and narrative synthesis. Soc Sci Med 2024; 346:116718. [PMID: 38489937 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
While interest in mental health literacy (MHL) is growing rapidly, cross-cultural research focusing on MHL is developing more slowly. This inaugural systematic review explored the recognition and beliefs about the causes of mental health disorders amongst Arab men living in high income Western countries (HIWC), their help-seeking beliefs, behaviors, and sources of help, as well as barriers and facilitators to help-seeking. Six electronic database searches were conducted using Medline, Embase, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science. These searches yielded a total of 9,460 citations. After applying inclusion criteria through both database and manual hand searches, 46 studies were identified. The findings corresponded with four of the socioecological model's five factors: intrapersonal, interpersonal, societal, and institutional. Intrapersonal factors included attributing mental health illness to life and migration stressors, and religious reasons. Interpersonal and societal factors included men favoring informal help-seeking sources as stigma was a barrier to formal help-seeking. Institutional factors around the perceived cultural competence of healthcare professionals and access difficulties were obstacles to seeking formal help. The growth in Arab migration to HIWC highlights the need for culturally tailored care. Research is needed to understand the perspectives of healthcare providers working with Arab men in addition to how men's stigmatizing attitudes are an obstacle to formal help-seeking. Interventions should be designed to address the unique mental health needs of Arab men, recognizing that some explanatory beliefs may not align with current Western models of mental health. Moreover, efforts should be made to integrate men's informal sources of support into treatment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Madsen
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Building 17, 18 Innovation Walk, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Laura Jobson
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Building 17, 18 Innovation Walk, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Shameran Slewa-Younan
- Macarthur Clinical School, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 275, Australia.
| | - Haoxiang Li
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Building 17, 18 Innovation Walk, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Kylie King
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Building 17, 18 Innovation Walk, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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Thong JJA, Ting RSK, Takeuchi T, Jobson L, Phipps ME. A qualitative study exploring the epistemology of suffering within a Malaysian Indigenous tribe. Transcult Psychiatry 2024:13634615231225158. [PMID: 38356281 DOI: 10.1177/13634615231225158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Despite the universal nature of suffering, few studies have examined how Indigenous ethnic minorities in non-western regions understand and respond to adversity. This study explored the epistemology of suffering among the Temiar ethnic group of Peninsular Malaysia using participant observation and semi-structured interviews. Interview transcripts of 43 participants were coded through inductive thematic analysis and a consensual qualitative approach. Three-tier themes were defined and named after subsequent analysis of core ideas and domains in the data. Major adversities reported included a lack of basic needs, lack of land-rights and unjust treatment from authorities, destruction of the forest environment and livelihood, and lack of accessibility and facilities, which were attributed to authorities' negligence of responsibilities, increasing human-animal conflict, environmental threats and imposed lifestyle changes. Faced with adversity, the Temiar endeavoured to survive by working crops and gathering forest resources. They utilized resources from family, fellow villagers, external agencies and spiritual-religious traditions. Theoretical mapping of attribution styles into the Ecological Rationality Framework revealed predominantly external-focused and concrete-perceptual rationalities privileged by strong-ties societies. These findings pointed to the resilience of a strong-ties community while adapting to the systemic suffering and risk factors stemming from a rationality mismatch with modernization and globalization trends. To conclude, we advocate for culture-sensitive mental health and psychiatric practices, as well as sustainable development for the well-being of Indigenous communities locally and globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Jian-Ai Thong
- Department of Psychology, Monash University Malaysia
- Department of Psychology, HELP University, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Laura Jobson
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Australia
| | - Maude Elvira Phipps
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia
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Moradi A, Tahmasebi E, Parhoon H, Jobson L. Distinguishing between Iranian adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder and high and low depressive symptoms: The role of cognitive and emotional variables. Psychol Trauma 2024:2024-48481-001. [PMID: 38271006 DOI: 10.1037/tra0001639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the role of cognitive and emotional variables in distinguishing between adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and either low or high symptoms of depression. METHOD Adolescents (N = 90) aged between 13 and 17 years (Mage = 15.53, SD = 1.13) who had been exposed to an earthquake in Iran and had (a) not developed PTSD (n = 30), (b) developed PTSD with low symptoms of depression (n = 30), and (c) developed PTSD with high symptoms of depression (n = 30) completed a clinical interview, cognitive tasks, and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. RESULTS We found that those with PTSD had poorer performance on executive functioning (inhibition, cognitive flexibility, and working memory), episodic future thinking, and attention bias and had greater maladaptive emotion regulation strategies than healthy controls. Among those with PTSD, adolescents with high symptoms of depression performed worse on measures of executive function, attention bias, episodic future thinking, and the emotion regulation strategies of rumination and catastrophizing than adolescents with low depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION Exploring these cognitive and emotion difficulties can assist in further understanding PTSD and depression and improve targeted interventions among adolescents. This is of particular relevance in Iran where the need for policies and interventions targeting PTSD has been identified. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hadi Parhoon
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Razi University
| | - Laura Jobson
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University
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Reyneke T, Lee B, Li H, Haque S, Abdullah SZ, Tan BKW, Liddell B, Jobson L. Examining the associations between control (primary and secondary) appraisals and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in Malaysian and Australian trauma survivors. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1017566. [PMID: 38144986 PMCID: PMC10739294 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1017566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Little research has considered the influence of culture on control appraisals in the context of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Objectives This study aimed to investigate whether cultural group moderated the relationship between control (primary and secondary) appraisals and PTSD symptoms in trauma survivors from Western (Australian) and Asian (Malaysian) cultural contexts. Methods Trauma survivors (107 Australian with European cultural heritage; 121 Malaysian with Malay, Indian or Chinese cultural heritage) completed an online survey assessing PTSD symptoms and appraisals of control. Results Cultural group moderated the association between primary control and PTSD symptoms; the positive association was significant for the Australian group but not the Malaysian group. While cultural group did not moderate the association between secondary control and PTSD symptoms, there was an indirect pathway between secondary control appraisals and PTSD symptoms through interdependent self-construal for both cultural groups. Conclusion The findings indicate that cultural group and self-construal influence the associations between different types of control appraisals and PTSD. Further research exploring the role of culture and different appraisal types in PTSD is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamsyn Reyneke
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Bryan Lee
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Haoxiang Li
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Shamsul Haque
- Department of Psychology, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Zainab Abdullah
- Department of Psychology, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Britney Kerr Wen Tan
- Department of Psychology, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Belinda Liddell
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Laura Jobson
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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Chau T, Tiego J, Brown L, Coghill D, Jobson L, Montgomery A, Murrup-Stewart C, Sciberras E, Silk TJ, Spencer-Smith M, Stefanac N, Sullivan DP, Bellgrove MA. Against the use of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children aged 2-15 years. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2023; 57:1343-1358. [PMID: 36974891 PMCID: PMC10517593 DOI: 10.1177/00048674231161504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire is a widely used screening tool for emotional and behavioural problems in children. Recent quantitative analyses have raised concerns regarding its structural validity in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. This paper aims to extend upon existing findings by analysing the factor structure of both the parent- and teacher-reported Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire in this population across a broader age range than in previous studies. METHODS Participants were the caregivers and teachers of 1624 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children (820 male, 804 female) aged 2-15 years from Waves 2-11 of the Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children. The majority of children were Aboriginal living in major cities and inner regional areas. Internal consistency was estimated with McDonald's Omega. Exploratory structural equation modelling was conducted to investigate the factor structure of the parent-reported and teacher-reported versions of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. RESULTS Responses from teachers demonstrated higher internal consistency than responses from parents, which was unacceptably low across most age groups. The purported five-factor structure of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire failed to be replicated across both parent- and teacher-reported questionnaires. The results of bifactor and hierarchical exploratory structural equation models also failed to approximate the higher-order summary scales. These results indicate that the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire subscales and summary scores do not provide a valid index of emotional and behavioural problems in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children. CONCLUSION The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire should not be used with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Chau
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeggan Tiego
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Louise Brown
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - David Coghill
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Laura Jobson
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Alicia Montgomery
- Sydney Local Health District, NSW Health, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Cammi Murrup-Stewart
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Emma Sciberras
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Tim J Silk
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Megan Spencer-Smith
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicole Stefanac
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel P Sullivan
- Child and Youth Mental Health Service, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Child Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark A Bellgrove
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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Toobaei M, Taghavi M, Goodarzi MA, Sarafraz M, Jobson L. Exploring expected reward and efficacy in enhancing cognitive control in patients with depression. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2023; 45:636-646. [PMID: 38059811 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2023.2287782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is associated with impairments in cognitive control. Considering the lack of mechanistic models accounting for cognitive control deficits in depression, the expected value of control (EVC) theory offers a mechanistic view for allocating cognitive control emphasizing motivational components (efficacy, value). Efficacy refers to the possibility that an effort leads to a special outcome and reward refers to the value (amount) associated with the outcome. This study aimed to examine the role of the EVC in depression. METHOD This study used a within-between-subject design. Participants with depression (n = 36) and healthy controls (n = 31) completed a clinical diagnostic interview, the Beck Depression Inventory-II, the General Health Questionnaire-12, and a computer-based incentivized Stroop Color-Word Paradigm in which levels of efficacy (high vs. low) and the amount of rewards (high vs. low) were presented as cues before target stimuli. RESULTS We found significant interaction effects of group × efficacy and efficacy × reward in terms of reaction time in the Stroop Paradigm. Follow-up analyses indicated the Depressed group were significantly slower than Controls on high efficacy trials, but the two groups did not differ significantly on low efficacy trials. Additionally, on high efficacy trials, reward did not influence performance, but on low efficacy trials, high reward improved performance in both groups. LIMITATION Lack of neurological measures and eye tracking techniques. CONCLUSION Overall, our findings suggest that reward and efficacy may jointly improve cognitive control allocation and highlight the need for further research examining EVC theory as a mechanistic account of cognitive control deficits in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Toobaei
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Taghavi
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Goodarzi
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdireza Sarafraz
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Laura Jobson
- School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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May T, Birch E, Chaves K, Cranswick N, Culnane E, Delaney J, Derrick M, Eapen V, Edlington C, Efron D, Ewais T, Garner I, Gathercole M, Jagadheesan K, Jobson L, Kramer J, Mack M, Misso M, Murrup-Stewart C, Savage E, Sciberras E, Singh B, Testa R, Vale L, Weirman A, Petch E, Williams K, Bellgrove M. The Australian evidence-based clinical practice guideline for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2023; 57:1101-1116. [PMID: 37254562 PMCID: PMC10363932 DOI: 10.1177/00048674231166329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this article was to provide an overview of the development and recommendations from the Australian evidence-based clinical practice guideline for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The guideline aims to promote accurate and timely identification and diagnosis, and optimal and consistent treatment of ADHD. METHODS Development integrated the best available evidence with multidisciplinary clinical expertise and the preferences of those with lived experience, underpinned by the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) framework. The 23 guideline development group members included psychiatrists, paediatricians, general practitioners, psychologists, speech pathologists, occupational therapists, educators, Indigenous psychologists, and people with a lived experience; with two independent chairs and a methodologist. Where appropriate, evidence reviews from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) 2018 'Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Management' guideline were updated. Fifty prioritised clinical questions were addressed in 14 systematic reviews (new and updated from NICE 2018) and 28 narrative reviews. RESULTS The 113 clinical recommendations apply to young children (5 years and under), children, adolescents and adults. They provide guidance for clinicians on identification, screening, diagnosis, multimodal treatment and support, including pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. The guideline and supporting information are available online: https://adhdguideline.aadpa.com.au/. CONCLUSIONS The guideline was approved by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia and relevant medical and allied health professional associations. It is anticipated that successful implementation and uptake of the guideline by organisations, health care providers and other professionals will increase delivery of evidence-based treatment and improve health outcomes for the more than 800,000 Australians with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara May
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | - Noel Cranswick
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medicine and Melbourne Children’s Trials Centre, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Vic, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville Vic, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Evelyn Culnane
- The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jane Delaney
- Speech Pathology Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Valsamma Eapen
- South Western Sydney Local Health District and Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, UNSW Sydney, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Daryl Efron
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville Vic, Australia
- The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Tatjana Ewais
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Ingrid Garner
- ADHD Guideline Development Group, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Gathercole
- Youth Justice, Department of Community and Justice, Grafton, NSW, Australia
| | - Karuppiah Jagadheesan
- NWAMHS–North West Area Mental Health Services, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Bi-National ADHD Network Committee, RANZCP - Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Laura Jobson
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - John Kramer
- ADHD, ASD and Neurodiversity Special Interest Group, Faculty of Special Interests, RACGP
- Rural Medical School, UNSW Medicine & Health, Coffs Harbour, NSW, Australia
| | - Martha Mack
- Applied Neuroscience Society of Australasia (ANSA)
| | - Marie Misso
- The Knowledge Synthesis Lab, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Cammi Murrup-Stewart
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Emma Sciberras
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville Vic, Australia
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Bruce Singh
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Renee Testa
- Department of Mental Health, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Psychology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lisa Vale
- Occupational Therapy Australia, Splash Paediatric Therapy, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alyssa Weirman
- ADHD Guideline Development Group, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Edward Petch
- Hakea Prison, Department of Justice, Perth, WA, Australia
- University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Katrina Williams
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Monash Children’s Hospital, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark Bellgrove
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- AADPA Australian ADHD Professionals Association, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Destrée L, Albertella L, Jobson L, McGorry P, Chanen A, Ratheesh A, Davey C, Polari A, Amminger P, Yuen HP, Hartmann J, Spooner R, Fontenelle LF, Nelson B. The association between stressful experiences and OCD symptoms in young adults at transdiagnostic risk. J Affect Disord 2023; 328:128-134. [PMID: 36812805 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unclear whether there is a specific association between stressful experiences and obsessive-compulsive symptoms or whether this relationship is due to stressful experiences increasing risk for psychopathology generally. AIMS The current study examined the association between stressful experiences and obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions, while adjusting for coexisting psychiatric symptoms and psychological distress in a young adult transdiagnostic at-risk sample. METHODS Forty-three participants completed self-report measures assessing obsessive-compulsive symptoms, stressful experiences, and a range of other psychiatric symptoms. Regression models examined the relationship between stressful experiences and different obsessive-compulsive symptoms dimensions (i.e., symmetry, fear of harm, contamination, and unacceptable thoughts), adjusting for the influence of coexisting psychiatric symptoms and psychological distress. RESULTS The results showed that there was an association between stressful experiences and obsessive-compulsive symptoms dimension of symmetry. Symptoms of borderline personality disorder were positively associated with the obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions of symmetry and fear of harm symptoms. Symptoms of psychosis were found to be negatively associated with the obsessive-compulsive symptoms dimension of fear of harm. CONCLUSIONS These findings have implications for understanding the psychological mechanisms that underlie symmetry symptoms and highlight the need to study OCS dimensions separately to inform more precise, mechanism-targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Destrée
- BrainPark, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences & Monash Biomedical Imaging Facility, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Orygen, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Lucy Albertella
- BrainPark, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences & Monash Biomedical Imaging Facility, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura Jobson
- BrainPark, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences & Monash Biomedical Imaging Facility, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick McGorry
- Orygen, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Chanen
- Orygen, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Aswin Ratheesh
- Orygen, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher Davey
- Orygen, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrea Polari
- Orygen, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul Amminger
- Orygen, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Hok Pan Yuen
- Orygen, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jessica Hartmann
- Orygen, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Rachael Spooner
- Orygen, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Leonardo F Fontenelle
- Obsessive, Compulsive, and Anxiety Spectrum Research Program, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil; D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Barnaby Nelson
- Orygen, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Laghaei M, Mehrabizadeh Honarmand M, Jobson L, Abdollahpour Ranjbar H, Habibi Asgarabad M. Pathways from childhood trauma to suicidal ideation: mediating through difficulties in emotion regulation and depressive symptoms. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:295. [PMID: 37118697 PMCID: PMC10148382 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-04699-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Suicidal ideation is a clinical exigency heightening the risk of suicide at different levels of suicidal behavior. This study sought to explore crucial correlates of this phenomenon with a structural equation modeling approach. Accordingly, the mediating role of depressive symptoms and difficulties in emotion regulation between childhood trauma and suicidal ideation were explored. METHOD The sample consisted of 372 university students (57.3% females, M = 20.75, SD = 2.25) who completed self-report measures examining experiences of childhood trauma, depressive symptoms, difficulties in emotion regulation, and suicidal ideation. Structural equation modeling was employed, and mediation analysis was conducted. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the measurement model of each construct before evaluating the conceptual mediated model. RESULTS Findings indicate that depressive symptoms with difficulties in emotion regulation had the strongest association (r = 0.60, P = 0.001), then depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation (r = 0.58, P = 0.001), suicidal ideation with difficulties in emotion regulation (r = 0.45, P = 0.001) then suicidal ideation with childhood trauma (r = 0.39, P = 0.001), difficulties in emotion regulation with childhood trauma (r = 0.36 P = 0.001) and finally depressive symptoms and childhood trauma (r = 0.35, P = 0.001). Regarding indirect paths, difficulties in emotion regulation and depression function together (in a sequential path) to mediate the association between childhood trauma and suicidal ideation ( χ2(68) = 216.86, P < 0.01, CFI = 0.95, TLI = 0.93, RMSE = 0.077, CI [0.066 to 0.089], SRMR = 0.049). CONCLUSION Results demonstrate that childhood trauma, depressive symptoms, and difficulties in emotion regulation are linked to suicidal ideation, highlighting the necessity of recognizing and addressing suicidal ideation as well as the factors that contribute to suicidal ideation. Emotion regulation interventions can be effective in reducing the negative effects of childhood trauma and lowering the risk of suicide. These interventions can help in reducing depressive symptoms and improve overall mental well-being, leading to a lower risk of suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marziyeh Laghaei
- Department of Psychology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Laura Jobson
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Mojtaba Habibi Asgarabad
- Health Promotion Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Dragvoll, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
- Department of Health Psychology, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Positive Youth Development Lab, Human Development & Family Sciences, Texas Tech University, Texas, USA.
- Center of Excellence in Cognitive Neuropsychology, Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
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Ahmadi SJ, Jobson L, Musavi Z, Rezwani SR, Amini FA, Earnest A, Samim N, Sarwary SAA, Sarwary SA, McAvoy D. Effect of the Memory Training for Recovery-Adolescent Intervention vs Treatment as Usual on Psychiatric Symptoms Among Adolescent Girls in Afghanistan: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e236086. [PMID: 36995710 PMCID: PMC10064255 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.6086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Adolescents who experience conflict in humanitarian contexts often have high levels of psychiatric distress but rarely have access to evidence-based interventions. Objective To investigate the efficacy of Memory Training for Recovery-Adolescent (METRA) intervention in improving psychiatric symptoms among adolescent girls in Afghanistan. Design, Setting, and Participants This randomized clinical trial included girls and young women aged 11 to 19 years with heightened psychiatric distress living in Kabul, Afghanistan, and was conducted as a parallel-group trial comparing METRA with treatment as usual (TAU), with a 3-month follow-up. Participants were randomized 2:1 to receive either METRA or TAU. The study occurred between November 2021 and March 2022 in Kabul. An intention-to-treat approach was used. Interventions Participants assigned to METRA received a 10-session group-intervention comprised of 2 modules (module 1: memory specificity; module 2: trauma writing). The TAU group received 10 group adolescent health sessions. Interventions were delivered over 2 weeks. Main Outcomes and Measures Primary outcome measures were self-reported posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression symptoms after the intervention. Secondary outcomes were self-reported measures of anxiety, Afghan-cultural distress symptoms, and psychiatric difficulties. Assessments occurred at baseline, after modules 1 and 2, and at 3 months after treatment. Results The 125 participants had a mean (SD) age of 15.96 (1.97) years. Overall sample size for primary analyses included 80 adolescents in the METRA group and 45 adolescents in TAU. Following the intention-to-treat principle, generalized estimating equations found that the METRA group had a 17.64-point decrease (95% CI, -20.38 to -14.91 points) in PTSD symptoms and a 6.73-point decrease (95% CI, -8.50 to -4.95 points) in depression symptoms, while the TAU group had a 3.34-point decrease (95% CI, -6.05 to -0.62 points) in PTSD symptoms and a 0.66-point increase (95% CI, -0.70 to 2.01 points) in depression symptoms, with the group × time interactions being significant (all P < .001). METRA participants had significantly greater reductions in anxiety, Afghan-cultural distress symptoms, and psychiatric difficulties than TAU participants. All improvements were maintained at 3-month follow-up. Dropout in the METRA group was 22.5% (18 participants) vs 8.9% for TAU (4 participants). Conclusions and Relevance In this randomized clinical trial, those in the METRA group had significantly greater improvements in psychiatric symptoms relative to those in the TAU group. METRA appeared to be a feasible and effective intervention for adolescents in humanitarian contexts. Trial Registration anzctr.org.au Identifier: ACTRN12621001160820.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Jobson
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zeinab Musavi
- Behrawan Research and Psychology Services Organization, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | | | | | - Arul Earnest
- Biostatistics Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nasratullah Samim
- Behrawan Research and Psychology Services Organization, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | | | | | - Daniel McAvoy
- Centre for Humanitarian Leadership, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Jobson L, Wade KA, Rasor S, Spearing E, McEwen C, Fahmi D. Associations between the misinformation effect, trauma exposure and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression. Memory 2023; 31:179-191. [PMID: 36242540 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2022.2134422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This research aimed to conduct an initial investigation into the relationships between the "misinformation effect" and trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. Study 1 was a pilot study developing an online misinformation paradigm that could assess the influence of emotion and arousal on memory distortions. Participants (n = 162, Mage = 39.90; SD = 10.90) were recruited through TurkPrime. In Study 2 community members (n = 116, Mage = 28.96; SD = 10.33) completed this misinformation paradigm and measures of trauma exposure, PTSD, and depression. Study 1 found memory for central details was better for high-arousal than low-arousal and neutral-arousal images. Peripheral memory appeared worse for negative and neutral images than positive images. Study 2 found that, when controlling for age and gender, PTSD symptoms significantly predicted proportion of correct responses on control items. However, there was no evidence to indicate that trauma exposure, PTSD symptoms nor depression symptoms, were associated with proportion of correct responses on misled items. Valence and arousal did not influence these associations. These findings have important implications in clinical and legal contexts where individuals with a history of trauma, or who are experiencing symptoms of PTSD or depression, are often required to recall emotionally-laden events. There is a surprising dearth of research into the misinformation effect in clinical populations and further research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Jobson
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Samantha Rasor
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Emily Spearing
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Cassandra McEwen
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Danielle Fahmi
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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16
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Jobson L, Matharu TK, Kulendran S, Sivakumar VD, Lee QY, Li H, Haque S. Exploring the associations between social support and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder among Malaysian and Australian trauma survivors. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2023; 14:2192962. [PMID: 36994615 PMCID: PMC10064831 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2023.2192962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Social support is an important feature in understanding posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its treatment. Non-clinical research has identified distinct profiles of culturally appropriate social support. Despite this, little research has examined cultural influences on social support in the context of PTSD.Objective: This study examined cultural differences in the associations between social support and symptoms of PTSD.Method: The study employed a cross-sectional design. Australian (n = 91) and Malaysian (n = 91) trauma survivors completed an online survey assessing PTSD symptomatology and social support (explicit and implicit social support, perceived helpfulness of support provider, attitudes towards professional help-seeking). A quasi-experimental paradigm assessed the influence of mutual (i.e. the sharing of support between relationship partners) and non-mutual support (i.e. where one person constantly receives support, while the other person constantly provides support) on negative emotion and subjective distress.Results: First, explicit social support was negatively associated with PTSD symptoms for the Australian group but not the Malaysian group. Second, perceived helpfulness of support from family was negatively associated with PTSD symptoms for the Malaysian group but not the Australian group. Third, the Malaysian group reported significantly greater distress for non-mutual support and significantly fewer negative emotions and distress for mutual support than the Australian group. Fourth, the Malaysian group reported that they were significantly more open to acknowledging psychological problems and the possibility of seeking professional help for these problems than the Australian group.Conclusions: As the PTSD social support literature continues to evolve, it is essential that cultural influences are considered given the important theoretical and clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Jobson
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Taranpreet Kaur Matharu
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shiromie Kulendran
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vishaal D Sivakumar
- Department of Psychology, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Qian Yi Lee
- Department of Psychology, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Haoxiang Li
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shamsul Haque
- Department of Psychology, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
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Sharma PR, Wade KA, Jobson L. A systematic review of the relationship between emotion and susceptibility to misinformation. Memory 2023; 31:1-21. [PMID: 36093958 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2022.2120623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Inaccurate memory reports can have serious consequences within forensic and clinical settings, where emotion and misinformation are two common sources of memory distortion. Many studies have investigated how these factors are related; does emotion protect memory or leave it more vulnerable to the distorting effects of misinformation? The findings remain diffused. Thus, the present review aimed to clarify the relationship between emotion and susceptibility to misinformation. 39 eligible studies were reviewed. Results varied according to the type and dimension of emotion measured. Level of arousal may be unrelated to susceptibility to misinformation when retrieval occurs without delay; studies including delayed retrieval were limited. Stimuli valence may be associated with increased susceptibility to peripheral misinformation but unrelated to other misinformation. The following results were reported by limited studies: short-term distress and moderate levels of stress may decrease susceptibility, while anger and greater cortisol response to stress may increase susceptibility to misinformation. Source memory may also be unaffected by emotion. The results have important potential implications for forensic and clinical practice, for example by highlighting the value of enquiring witnesses' source memory. Methodological recommendations for future studies are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerika R Sharma
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kimberley A Wade
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Warwick, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Jobson
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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18
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McEwen C, Alisic E, Jobson L. Moral injury appraisals in young people from refugee backgrounds in Melbourne, Australia. Psychol Trauma 2023; 15:153-162. [PMID: 35201836 DOI: 10.1037/tra0001214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While moral injury can influence psychological outcomes experienced by adult refugees, no research to date has examined moral injury among young refugees. This study aimed to investigate the associations between moral injury and mental health in young people with refugee backgrounds. METHOD Participants were 85 young refugees (58.80% female), aged on average 20.78 years (SD = 2.29, range = 16-25 years), living in Melbourne Australia. This community sample completed measures of moral injury appraisals, traumatic stress, resilience, and mental health using an online survey. RESULTS Moral injury appraisals significantly correlated with poorer mental health. Regression analyses demonstrated that moral injury predicted differences on externalizing symptoms but not internalizing or PTSD symptoms. Further, the relationship between traumatic stress and externalizing symptoms was mediated by moral injury appraisals. Similarly, the relationship between postmigration living difficulties and internalizing symptoms was mediated by moral injury appraisals. CONCLUSIONS Findings indicated young people with refugee backgrounds also experience moral injury appraisals and these are associated with poor mental health. Further research is needed to understand the factors associated with psychological outcomes experienced by young refugees and to guide clinical assessments and novel interventions for this population. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Alisic
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health
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19
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Ahmadi SJ, Musavi Z, Ahmadi S, Masha S, Muradi N, Samim NU, Sarwary SA, Sarwary SAA, Shahinzada S, McAvoy D, Earnest A, Jobson L. Examining MEmory Training for Recovery-Adolescent among Afghan adolescent boys: a pilot randomised controlled trial. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2023; 14:2251780. [PMID: 37672117 PMCID: PMC10484046 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2023.2251780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To conduct a pilot randomised controlled trial examining the feasibility, acceptability and efficacy of MEmory Training for Recovery-Adolescent (METRA) in improving psychological symptoms among Afghan adolescent boys following a terrorist attack.Method: A pilot randomised controlled trial compared METRA to a Control Group, with a three-month follow-up. The study occurred in Kabul (June-November 2022). Fifty-eight boys aged 14-19 years (Mage = 16.70, SD = 1.26) with heightened posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were recruited through a local school that had recently experienced a terrorist attack. Participants were randomised 1:1 to receive METRA (n = 28) (10 session group-intervention) or Control (n = 30) (10 group-sessions of study skills). Primary outcomes were self-reported PTSD symptoms at post-intervention. Secondary outcomes included self-reported anxiety, depression, Afghan-cultural distress symptoms and psychiatric difficulties.Results: There were challenges in youth participation related to security and competing education demands. For those who did complete METRA, METRA was deemed feasible and acceptable. Following the intent-to-treat principle, linear mixed effects models found at posttreatment the METRA group had a 20.89-point (95%CI -30.66, -11.11) decrease in PTSD symptoms, while the Control Group had a 1.42-point (95%CI -8.11, 5.27) decrease, with the group over time interaction being significant (p < .001). METRA participants had significantly greater reductions in depression, anxiety, Afghan-cultural distress symptoms and psychiatric difficulties than did Controls. All gains were maintained at three-month follow-up.Conclusions: With some modifications, METRA appears a feasible intervention for adolescent boys in humanitarian contexts in the aftermath of a terrorist attack.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zeinab Musavi
- American University of Afghanistan (AUAF), Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Sumia Ahmadi
- Behrawan Research and Psychology Services Organization, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Sakina Masha
- Behrawan Research and Psychology Services Organization, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Nasima Muradi
- Behrawan Research and Psychology Services Organization, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Nasrat Ullah Samim
- Behrawan Research and Psychology Services Organization, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | | | | | - Shamila Shahinzada
- Behrawan Research and Psychology Services Organization, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Daniel McAvoy
- Centre for Humanitarian Leadership, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Arul Earnest
- Biostatistics Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Laura Jobson
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Zolfa R, Moradi A, Mahdavi M, Parhoon H, Parhoon K, Jobson L. Feasibility and acceptability of written exposure therapy in addressing posttraumatic stress disorder in Iranian patients with breast cancer. Psychooncology 2023; 32:68-76. [PMID: 36116086 DOI: 10.1002/pon.6037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the feasibility and acceptability of written exposure therapy (WET) in reducing symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Iranian women with breast cancer. Secondary aims included examining the influence of WET on quality of life (QoL), overgeneral memory and illness perceptions. METHOD Forty-six females with breast cancer and clinical symptoms of PTSD referred to the Razi Hospital in Rasht, Iran were randomly assigned to either WET (n = 23) or control (n = 23) groups. WET is a 5-session low-intensity exposure-based intervention for treating PTSD. The control group had no additional contact. Measures assessing PTSD, illness perceptions, overgeneral memory, and QoL were administered at baseline, post-intervention and 3-month follow-up. RESULTS Acceptability of WET was high; all participants completed all WET sessions. At post-intervention, 95.65% of the WET group met criteria for reliable change and 100% met criteria for minimal clinically important difference (MCID) and clinically significant change in PTSD symptom improvement. At follow-up, all WET participants met criteria for reliable change, MCID and clinically significant change in PTSD symptom improvement. No participants in the control group met reliable change, MCID or clinically significant change. The WET group had improved QoL and memory specificity and decreased threatening illness perceptions at post-intervention and follow-up when compared to controls. CONCLUSION WET may be a useful intervention for use with breast cancer patients with PTSD symptoms and may be an important adjunct to medical and pharmacological treatments, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This study indicates further research in this area is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reihane Zolfa
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Moradi
- Kharazmi University and Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdavi
- Kharazmi University and Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Parhoon
- Department of Psychology, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Kamal Parhoon
- Postdoc Researcher in Cognitive Psychology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Laura Jobson
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Mashayekhi S, Moradi A, Mirabolfathi V, Hasani J, Farahimanesh S, Jobson L. False Memory, Attentional Bias and Future Thinking among People living with HIV with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Applied Cognitive Psychology 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.4026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - AliReza Moradi
- Department of Clinical Psychology Kharazmi University Tehran Iran
- Department of Cognitive Psychology Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS) Tehran Iran
| | - Vida Mirabolfathi
- Department of Cognitive Psychology Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS) Tehran Iran
| | - Jafar Hasani
- Department of Clinical Psychology Kharazmi University Tehran Iran
| | - Sharareh Farahimanesh
- Department of Cognitive Psychology Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS) Tehran Iran
| | - Laura Jobson
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
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22
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Li H, Lee B, Reyneke T, Haque S, Abdullah SZ, Tan BKW, Liddell B, Jobson L. Does culture moderate the relationships between rumination and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression? PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278328. [PMID: 36445879 PMCID: PMC9707787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Brooding rumination is positively associated with symptoms of both depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, non-clinical cross-cultural research indicates that culture may influence these associations. This study aimed to examine the moderating effect of cultural group (Australian versus Malaysian) on the associations between brooding rumination and symptoms of depression and PTSD. European Australians (n = 109) and Malaysians of varying Asian heritages (n = 144) completed an online questionnaire containing the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, PTSD checklist for DSM-5 and the Ruminative Response Scale-Short Form. First, Malaysian participants had higher brooding rumination than Australian participants. Second, higher levels of brooding rumination were positively associated with depression and PTSD symptom severity. Third, contrary to our expectations, cultural group did not moderate the relationships between brooding rumination and symptoms of depression and PTSD. If replicable, these results suggest that existing assessment and treatment approaches that target brooding rumination may apply to Malaysian individuals with depression and PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxiang Li
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- * E-mail: (HL); (BL)
| | - Bryan Lee
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- * E-mail: (HL); (BL)
| | - Tamsyn Reyneke
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shamsul Haque
- Department of Psychology, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Siti Zainab Abdullah
- Department of Psychology, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Britney Kerr Wen Tan
- Department of Psychology, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Belinda Liddell
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, Australia
| | - Laura Jobson
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Jobson L, Willoughby C, Specker P, Wong J, Draganidis A, Lau W, Liddell B. Investigating the associations between cognitive appraisals, emotion regulation and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder among Asian American and European American trauma survivors. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18127. [PMID: 36307529 PMCID: PMC9616820 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22995-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated whether the associations between emotion regulation and cognitive appraisals and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) differ between Asian American and European American trauma survivors. Asian American (n = 103) and European American (n = 104) trauma survivors were recruited through mTurk and completed an on-line questionnaire assessing cognitive appraisals, emotion regulation and PTSD symptomatology. The European American group reported greater trauma-specific rumination, psychological inflexibility, seeking out others for comfort, and negative self-appraisals than the Asian American group. The Asian American group reported greater secondary control appraisals and cultural beliefs about adversity than the European American group. Second, cultural group moderated the associations between (a) brooding rumination, (b) fatalism, (c) self-blame, and (d) negative communal self-appraisals and PTSD symptoms. These associations were larger for the European American group than the Asian American group. Third, there was an indirect pathway from self-construal (independent and interdependent) to PTSD symptoms through certain emotion regulation approaches and cognitive appraisals. Additionally, cultural group was found to moderate several of these indirect effects. These findings highlight the importance of considering cultural background and cultural values in understanding the processes involved in PTSD. Further research in this area is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Jobson
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Casey Willoughby
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800 Australia ,grid.1005.40000 0004 4902 0432School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Philippa Specker
- grid.1005.40000 0004 4902 0432School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Joshua Wong
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800 Australia ,grid.1005.40000 0004 4902 0432School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Adriana Draganidis
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Winnie Lau
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XPhoenix Australia-Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC 3053 Australia
| | - Belinda Liddell
- grid.1005.40000 0004 4902 0432School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
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Gentile V, Jobson L, Carter A, Adams K. Much being Written about Us, not much being Written with Us: Examining how alcohol and other drug use by indigenous Australians is portrayed in Australian Government policies and strategies: A discourse analysis. Int J Drug Policy 2022; 109:103855. [PMID: 36130419 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using critical discourse analysis, this study examined the portrayal of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Australian Government policies regarding alcohol and other drug (AOD) use. METHODS We used critical discourse analysis, informed by an Indigenous Research Paradigm, to analyse texts and contexts of six key Australian Government AOD drug policies; two Aboriginal AOD data documents, two reporting documents and two AOD strategy documents. RESULTS The social practice analysis found issues of power imbalance relating to the socio-political situation the documents were created in. Textual analysis identified: culture being performative or functional in documents; cultural unsafety in construction of targets and outcomes, and; the decentring of Aboriginal peoples in the framing of the documents. The discourse analysis identified that the documents often wrote about Aboriginal peoples rather than writing documents with or by Aboriginal peoples. This typically: absented complexities of consultation occurring within a complex power imbalanced cultural interface; did not support an Aboriginal paradigm; centred Gubba people in power and; promoted a paternalistic view of 'helping' Aboriginal people. CONCLUSIONS There is an urgent need to move from policy relating to Aboriginal affairs that relies on a deficit discourse, to more effective AOD policy that improves power balance in policy development, is written with or by Aboriginal people, is inclusive of Aboriginal epistemologies and ontologies, and represents a paradigm-shift to a strength-based approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Gentile
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Laura Jobson
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Adrian Carter
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karen Adams
- Gukwonderuk Indigenous Health Unit, Faculty Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia
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Ahmadi SJ, Jobson L, Earnest A, McAvoy D, Musavi Z, Samim N, Sarwary SAA. Prevalence of Poor Mental Health Among Adolescents in Kabul, Afghanistan, as of November 2021. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e2218981. [PMID: 35737391 PMCID: PMC9226996 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.18981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This cross-sectional study assesses the mental health of adolescents in Afghanistan and evaluates their risk of having a psychiatric disorder by age and sex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Jobson
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Arul Earnest
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Daniel McAvoy
- Centre for Humanitarian Leadership, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Zeinab Musavi
- Behrawan Research and Psychology Services Organization, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Nasratullah Samim
- Behrawan Research and Psychology Services Organization, Kabul, Afghanistan
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Pfaltz MC, Halligan SL, Haim-Nachum S, Sopp MR, Åhs F, Bachem R, Bartoli E, Belete H, Belete T, Berzengi A, Dukes D, Essadek A, Iqbal N, Jobson L, Langevin R, Levy-Gigi E, Lüönd AM, Martin-Soelch C, Michael T, Oe M, Olff M, Ceylan D, Raghavan V, Ramakrishnan M, Sar V, Spies G, Wadji DL, Wamser-Nanney R, Fares-Otero NE, Schnyder U, Seedat S. Social Functioning in Individuals Affected by Childhood Maltreatment: Establishing a Research Agenda to Inform Interventions. Psychother Psychosom 2022; 91:238-251. [PMID: 35381589 PMCID: PMC9393832 DOI: 10.1159/000523667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Childhood maltreatment (CM) is linked to impairments in various domains of social functioning. Here, we argue that it is critical to identify factors that underlie impaired social functioning as well as processes that mediate the beneficial health effects of positive relationships in individuals exposed to CM. Key research recommendations are presented, focusing on: (1) identifying attachment-related alterations in specific inter- and intrapersonal processes (e.g., regulation of closeness and distance) that underlie problems in broader domains of social functioning (e.g., lack of perceived social support) in individuals affected by CM; (2) identifying internal (e.g., current emotional state) and external situational factors (e.g., cultural factors, presence of close others) that modulate alterations in specific social processes; and (3) identifying mechanisms that explain the positive health effects of intact social functioning. Methodological recommendations include: (1) assessing social processes through interactive and (close to) real-life assessments inside and outside the laboratory; (2) adopting an interdisciplinary, lifespan perspective to assess social processes, using multi-method assessments; (3) establishing global research collaborations to account for cultural influences on social processes and enable replications across laboratories and countries. The proposed line of research will contribute to globally develop and refine interventions that prevent CM and further positive relationships, which - likely through buffering the effects of chronic stress and corresponding allostatic load - foster resilience and improve mental and physical health, thereby reducing personal suffering and the societal and economic costs of CM and its consequences. Interventions targeting euthymia and psychological well-being are promising therapeutic concepts in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique C. Pfaltz
- Department of Psychology and Social Work, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
- Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah L. Halligan
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Marie R. Sopp
- School of Education, Bar-Ilan University, Bar-Ilan, Israel
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Saarland University, Saarland, Germany
| | - Fredrik Åhs
- Department of Psychology and Social Work, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Rahel Bachem
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eleonora Bartoli
- Faculty of Psychology, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Habte Belete
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Tilahun Belete
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Azi Berzengi
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Dukes
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Special Education, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Aziz Essadek
- Interpsy EA4432, University of Lorraine, Lorraine, France
| | - Naved Iqbal
- Department of Psychology, Jamia Millia islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Laura Jobson
- School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Monash, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Rachel Langevin
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Antonia M. Lüönd
- Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Tanja Michael
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Saarland University, Saarland, Germany
| | - Misari Oe
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Miranda Olff
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience and Public Health, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- ARQ National Psychotrauma Centre, Diemen, The Netherlands
| | - Deniz Ceylan
- Department of Psychiatry, Koç University School of Medicine, Koç, Turkey
| | | | | | - Vedat Sar
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Georgina Spies
- DSI/NRF South African Research Chairs Initiative in PTSD, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Psychology, University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Dany Laure Wadji
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Rachel Wamser-Nanney
- CIBERSAM: Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Ulrich Schnyder
- Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- DSI/NRF South African Research Chairs Initiative in PTSD, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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Whyman T, Murrup-Stewart C, Carter A, Young UM, Jobson L. Ngarratja Kulpaana: Talking together about the impacts of lateral violence on aboriginal social and emotional well-being and identity. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol 2022; 28:290-298. [PMID: 35025546 DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lateral violence occurs when oppressed group members take out their anger and frustrations, due to their experiences of oppression, on members of their own group. It is common among Indigenous people, including Aboriginal Australians. Limited literature exists on the holistic impacts of lateral violence on Aboriginal Australians. This study investigated the impacts of lateral violence on Aboriginal social and emotional well-being (SEWB) and identity. METHOD Seventeen Aboriginal knowledge-holders (53% males, 47% females) participated in either a yarning circle or individual yarn. Knowledge-holders were aged from 18 to 65 years. Yarns were analyzed using thematic analysis and yarn summaries. RESULTS Themes identified included: (a) influences of lateral violence on SEWB (subthemes: mind and emotions, body, family and kinship, community, culture, Country, and spirit); (b) lateral violence and identity (subthemes: "genuine" Aboriginal and confidence in identity); and (c) interconnected influences of lateral violence on identity and SEWB. The influences of lateral violence were found to encompass all domains of SEWB. Lateral violence also impacts Aboriginal identity and creates notions of an (in)authentic Aboriginal person, which can further undermine Aboriginality and SEWB. CONCLUSION As a population who already experience poor SEWB, the additional negative consequences of lateral violence further deteriorate the SEWB of Aboriginal Australians. Lateral violence must be addressed urgently. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Jobson L, Haque S, Abdullah SZ, Lee B, Li H, Reyneke T, Tan BKW, Lau W, Liddell B. Examining Cultural Differences in the Associations between Appraisals and Emotion Regulation and PostTraumatic Stress Disorder in Malaysian and Australian Trauma Survivors. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:ijerph19031163. [PMID: 35162187 PMCID: PMC8834521 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Appraisals and emotional regulation play a central role in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Despite research demonstrating cultural differences in everyday appraisals and emotion regulation, little research has investigated the influence of culture on these processes in PTSD. This study examined cultural differences in the associations between appraisals, emotion regulation and PTSD symptoms using trauma survivors from an individualistic Western culture (Australia) and a collectivistic Asian culture (Malaysia). Trauma survivors (N = 228; 107 Australian with European cultural heritage, 121 Malaysian with Malay, Indian or Chinese cultural heritage) completed an on-line survey assessing PTSD (PTSD Checklist for the DSM-5 with Life Events Checklist), appraisals (trauma-related, fatalism, cultural beliefs about adversity) and emotion regulation (suppression, reappraisal, interpersonal). The Malaysian group reported significantly greater fatalism, cultural beliefs about adversity, suppression and interpersonal emotion regulation than the Australian group. Greater trauma-specific appraisals, greater suppression, fewer cultural beliefs about adversity, and less use of social skills to enhance positivity were generally associated with greater PTSD symptom severity, with little evidence of cultural group moderating these associations. Interdependent self-construal mediated the relationships between cultural adversity beliefs, enhanced positivity, reappraisal, perspective taking and PTSD symptoms. Independent self-construal mediated the relationships between fatalism and perspective taking and PTSD symptoms. Cultural group did not moderate these indirect effects. Interdependent self-construal mediated the associations between interpersonal regulation strategies of soothing and social modelling with PTSD symptoms for the Malaysian but not the Australian group. These findings demonstrate the importance of considering self-construal and culture in understanding factors associated with PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Jobson
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (B.L.); (H.L.); (T.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-399-053-945
| | - Shamsul Haque
- Department of Psychology, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (S.H.); (S.Z.A.); (B.K.W.T.)
| | - Siti Zainab Abdullah
- Department of Psychology, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (S.H.); (S.Z.A.); (B.K.W.T.)
| | - Bryan Lee
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (B.L.); (H.L.); (T.R.)
| | - Haoxiang Li
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (B.L.); (H.L.); (T.R.)
| | - Tamsyn Reyneke
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (B.L.); (H.L.); (T.R.)
| | - Britney Kerr Wen Tan
- Department of Psychology, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (S.H.); (S.Z.A.); (B.K.W.T.)
| | - Winnie Lau
- Phoenix Australia-Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia;
| | - Belinda Liddell
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;
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McEwen C, Alisic E, Jobson L. Moderating role of moral injury in the mental health of adolescent refugees. J Clin Psychol 2022; 78:1478-1490. [PMID: 34993952 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated whether moral injury appraisals moderated the relationships between trauma, postmigration living difficulties, resilience, and mental health outcomes in adolescent refugees. METHOD Eighty-five adolescent refugees from a community sample completed an online survey. RESULTS A significant interaction was found between moral injury and discrimination for externalizing and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms; adolescents whom had experienced high levels of discrimination combined with high levels of moral injury had poorer mental health. A significant interaction was found between moral injury and resilience for internalizing symptoms: high levels of resilience appeared to buffer the association between moral injury and internalizing symptoms. Contrary to predictions, stressful life experiences and postmigration living difficulties did not interact significantly with moral injury to predict mental health. CONCLUSIONS Discrimination may contribute to perpetuating poor mental health in adolescent refugees with high levels of moral injury. Resilience may buffer some of the negative effects of moral injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra McEwen
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eva Alisic
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura Jobson
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Ahmadi SJ, Musavi Z, Samim N, Sadeqi M, Jobson L. Investigating the Feasibility, Acceptability and Efficacy of Using Modified-Written Exposure Therapy in the Aftermath of a Terrorist Attack on Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Afghan Adolescent Girls. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:826633. [PMID: 35463492 PMCID: PMC9027104 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.826633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy, acceptability and feasibility of using modified written exposure therapy (m-WET) to treat symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Afghan adolescent girls in the aftermath of a terrorist attack. METHODS 120 Afghan (Hazara) adolescent girls who had been exposed to the Sayed al-Shuhada school terrorist attack were randomly assigned to the m-WET (n = 40), trauma-focused cognitive behavior therapy (TF-CBT) (n = 40), or control groups (n = 40). m-WET involved five consecutive daily group sessions where participants simply wrote about the terrorist attack including thoughts and feelings. TF-CBT was an intensive five-session group intervention. The control group had no additional contact. The trial was undertaken at a local non-government organization in Kabul. The primary analysis was comparing PTSD symptoms (Child Revised Impact of Event Scale-13) in the three groups at post-intervention and three-month follow-up. RESULTS Overall, participant and facilitator satisfaction with m-WET was high. Acceptability of m-WET was relatively high, with 15% drop-out in the m-WET group and all m-WET sessions were attended. While the groups did not differ significantly in PTSD symptoms at baseline, the m-WET group had significantly lower levels of PTSD symptoms compared to the control group at post-intervention and follow-up. There was no significant difference between the m-WET and TF-CBT groups. CONCLUSION The findings suggest m-WET may be promising intervention for the treatment of PTSD among adolescent girls in humanitarian settings. Further research in the area is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed Jafar Ahmadi
- Counselling Department, Psychology Faculty, Kabul Education University, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Zeinab Musavi
- Behrawan Research and Psychological Services Organization, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Nasratullah Samim
- Behrawan Research and Psychological Services Organization, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Masooma Sadeqi
- Behrawan Research and Psychological Services Organization, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Laura Jobson
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Services, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Wu Y, He Z, Jobson L. Maternal Emotional Reminiscing, Child Autobiographical Memory, and Their Associations with Pre-Schoolers’ Socioemotional Functioning. Journal of Cognition and Development 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15248372.2021.1987241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wu
- Monash University, Australia
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Taylor-Bragge RL, Whyman T, Jobson L. People Needs Country: the symbiotic effects of landcare and wellbeing for Aboriginal peoples and their countries. Australian Psychologist 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00050067.2021.1983756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rudi Louis Taylor-Bragge
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University - Boonwurrung Country, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Theoni Whyman
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University - Boonwurrung Country, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Laura Jobson
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University - Boonwurrung Country, Melbourne, Australia
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Destrée L, Brierley MEE, Albertella L, Jobson L, Fontenelle LF. The effect of childhood trauma on the severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms: A systematic review. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 142:345-360. [PMID: 34425487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood trauma is associated with a range of psychiatric disorders, including obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, our understanding of the different types of childhood trauma and its impact on the different types and severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) is still in its infancy. AIMS We conducted a systematic review to synthesise the current knowledge on the possible relationships between childhood trauma and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in clinical and non-clinical populations. METHODS We systematically searched four electronic databases for studies reporting on childhood trauma and OCS severity. Subsequently, we qualitatively synthesised results of eligible studies and effect sizes were also calculated. RESULTS Twenty-four studies were included in this systematic review. Most studies used OCD samples (k = 16), with a few studies using a sample comprising of a range of psychiatric disorders (k = 6) and some studies using a general community sample (k = 2). Overall, there was support for a significant relationship between childhood trauma and OCS severity (8 out of 16 of the studies using OCD clinical samples, both studies using general population samples, and 5 out of 6 studies used mixed psychiatric samples). CONCLUSIONS We found evidence of a significant relationship between exposure to childhood trauma and OCS severity across clinical and non-clinical populations. Our results also suggest that a range rather than a single type of childhood trauma was associated with OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Destrée
- BrainPark, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences & Monash Biomedical Imaging Facility, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Mary-Ellen E Brierley
- BrainPark, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences & Monash Biomedical Imaging Facility, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lucy Albertella
- BrainPark, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences & Monash Biomedical Imaging Facility, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura Jobson
- BrainPark, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences & Monash Biomedical Imaging Facility, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leonardo F Fontenelle
- BrainPark, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences & Monash Biomedical Imaging Facility, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Obsessive, Compulsive, And Anxiety Spectrum Research Program. Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil; D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Murrup-Stewart C, Whyman T, Jobson L, Adams K. "Connection to Culture Is Like a Massive Lifeline": Yarning With Aboriginal Young People About Culture and Social and Emotional Wellbeing. Qual Health Res 2021; 31:1833-1846. [PMID: 33938295 DOI: 10.1177/10497323211009475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Culture is an important social and emotional wellbeing factor for Aboriginal peoples in Australia, particularly regarding recovery from colonization. However, little is understood about how culture and wellbeing interact for young urban Aboriginal people. This study used Yarning methods to explore experiences and perceptions of culture and wellbeing for young urban Aboriginal people in Narrm, Australia. Findings indicate that culture is experienced as connection, and that perceived connection or disconnection has an essential influence on the wellbeing of young people. Through sharing young people stories, a range of factors, including colonization, relationships, cultural knowledge, community support, and agency, were identified as affecting perceptions of connectedness, and therefore on wellbeing. Youth were able to develop strategies to increase connection and provided illuminating advice and suggestions for improving connection for future generations. This study thus contributes to efforts to improved understanding of Aboriginal perspectives about social and emotional wellbeing and culture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura Jobson
- Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karen Adams
- Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Lies J, Jobson L, Mascaro L, Whyman T, Drummond SPA. Postmigration stress and sleep disturbances mediate the relationship between trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress symptoms among Syrian and Iraqi refugees. J Clin Sleep Med 2021; 17:479-489. [PMID: 33141012 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.8972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Sleep disturbance is common in those who experience trauma. In a sample of nontreatment-seeking refugees, we examined the associations between trauma exposure, postmigration stress, sleep symptoms, and posttraumatic psychological symptoms. METHODS Syrian and Iraqi refugees (n = 86; 51% female; mean age = 45 years) residing in Australia were recruited from the local community. Cross-sectional descriptive design, multinominal regression analyses, and mediation analyses were used. Participants completed measures in Arabic assessing premigration trauma exposure, postmigration stress, sleep symptoms, and mental health. They also completed 7 days of sleep diaries and actigraphy. RESULTS We identified 34.9% of the participants as normal sleepers, 32.6% as probably having insomnia, and 32.6% as likely having insomnia. Variables associated with greater sleep disturbance (McFadden's R² = 0.57) included greater trauma exposure, increased time of resettlement, greater postmigration stress, and greater presleep arousal. The association of premigration trauma exposure to current posttraumatic symptoms was mediated sequentially by postmigration stress and sleep symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the extent of sleep disturbance in refugees. We found evidence for an indirect pathway between trauma exposure and posttraumatic symptoms through premigration stress and sleep (particularly presleep arousal). In the current global refugee crisis, improving the existing system of care in countries experiencing increased migration is critical. Because sleep disturbance is a modifiable condition associated with mental health, targeting sleep could be an important component of psychological interventions for refugees.
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Affiliation(s)
- July Lies
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura Jobson
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Luis Mascaro
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Theoni Whyman
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sean P A Drummond
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Daneshvar S, Taghavi MR, Jobson L. Proactive Interference in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. J Trauma Stress 2021; 34:641-653. [PMID: 33175438 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Deficits in working memory (WM) have a role in maintaining posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, including intrusions, which are a hallmark of PTSD symptomatology. As intrusions are distressing and uncontrollable, it is important to investigate whether PTSD is associated with altered control of proactive interference in WM. Moreover, it is important to consider both verbal and visual WM, as previous research has demonstrated a visual versus verbal dissociation in PTSD. Although previous studies have explored proactive interference in visual and verbal stimuli using a recent probe task, the stimuli used thus far have been non-trauma-related. Therefore, we aimed to investigate proactive interference in PTSD using trauma-related verbal and visual stimuli. Road traffic accident (RTA) survivors with (n = 60) and without PTSD (n = 30) completed a recent probe task to assess proactive interference of visual and verbal trauma-related material. Participants with PTSD displayed significantly more proactive interference than trauma-exposed controls for visual, ηp 2 = .40, and verbal material, ηp 2 = .10, indicating that proactive interference is significantly impaired in PTSD. This demonstrates that further research is warranted and highlights the possibility of considering proactive interference of trauma-related stimuli in therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura Jobson
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Abdollahpour Ranjbar H, Parhoon H, Mohammadkhani S, Munawar K, Moradi A, Jobson L. Investigating cognitive control and cognitive emotion regulation in Iranian depressed women with suicidal ideation or suicide attempts. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2021; 51:586-595. [PMID: 33565166 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study compared cognitive control (working memory, interference control, perseveration) and cognitive emotion regulation among Iranian women with depression who had attempted suicide, had only suicidal ideation, and healthy controls. METHOD Participants (N = 75) completed a clinical interview, cognitive control tasks, and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. RESULTS Those with suicidal ideation or previous attempts had poorer cognitive control and cognitive emotion regulation than controls. Furthermore, those who had attempted suicide had poorer cognitive control and reported greater use of self-blame, rumination, and catastrophizing, and less use of acceptance, than those with suicidal ideation only. There was an indirect effect of cognitive control deficits on suicidality through cognitive emotion regulation (self-blame, acceptance, rumination, catastrophizing). CONCLUSIONS Exploring these cognitive deficits and difficulties can assist in further understanding the risk factors for suicidality and improve targeted interventions. This is of particular relevance in Iran where the need for policies and interventions targeting the prevention of suicide has been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hadi Parhoon
- Department of Psychology, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Khadeeja Munawar
- Department of Psychology, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - AliReza Moradi
- Kharazmi University and Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies, Tehran, Iran
| | - Laura Jobson
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University Australia, Selangor, Malaysia
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Berger E, Jamshidi N, Reupert A, Jobson L, Miko A. Review: The mental health implications for children and adolescents impacted by infectious outbreaks - a systematic review. Child Adolesc Ment Health 2021; 26:157-166. [PMID: 33733620 DOI: 10.1111/camh.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This systematic review synthesized available research on the psychological implications for children and adolescents who either were directly or indirectly exposed to an infectious outbreak. On this basis, the current paper aims to provide recommendations for future research, practice and policy regarding children during pandemics. METHOD A total of 2195 records were retrieved from the PsycINFO, SCOPUS and MEDLINE databases, and three from Google Scholar. RESULTS Including only those papers that focused on children or adolescent's mental health in association with respiratory infectious outbreaks, 11 articles were identified. The majority of research utilized qualitative or retrospective hospital record data. Children and adolescents reported fear and anxiety, as well as disruptions to their day to day routines as a result of outbreaks. However, children were also able to demonstrate resilience during outbreaks with the right support. CONCLUSIONS Children's psychological response to the outbreak appeared to be largely attributed to how their parents, healthcare providers and the media communicated the event. Recommendations for policy, practitioners and researchers concerning the current COVID-19 outbreak concludes the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Berger
- Faculty of Education, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Negar Jamshidi
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Andrea Reupert
- Faculty of Education, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Laura Jobson
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Amy Miko
- Faculty of Education, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- Theoni Whyman
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karen Adams
- Gukwonderuk Indigenous Unit, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Adrian Carter
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Laura Jobson
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Hansford M, Jobson L. Sociocultural context and the posttraumatic psychological response: Considering culture, social support, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychol Trauma 2021; 14:669-679. [PMID: 33507796 DOI: 10.1037/tra0001009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A lack of posttrauma social support is an important contributor to the maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, there is a paucity of cross-cultural research regarding social support in PTSD. This article considers how culture (with a specific focus on independent and interdependent self-construal) influences posttrauma social support and its relationship with PTSD. METHOD We review models of PTSD elucidating the role of social support and explored empirical support for the relationship between social support and PTSD. We consider the role of culture in social support and conducted a review of literature examining culture, social support, and PTSD. Finally, we discuss theoretical and clinical implications and future research directions. RESULTS Functional social support tended to be negatively associated with PTSD; supportive social environments tended to foster disclosure of trauma; and increased number, diversity, and continuity of social contact in one's social relationships might reduce the risk of PTSD. In nontrauma research, researchers have identified distinct profiles of culturally appropriate social support, which differs between cultures. Cross-cultural research examining social support in PTSD was limited (k = 14, N = 18,552), and findings were inconsistent. CONCLUSIONS The nontraumatic stress literature clearly demonstrates cross-cultural differences in preferences for, and psychological and physiological benefits of, social support. However, the psychotraumatology literature lags concerningly behind. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Hansford M, Jobson L. Associations between relationship quality, social network resources, appraisals, coping, and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Psychol Trauma 2021; 13:575-585. [PMID: 33475407 DOI: 10.1037/tra0001015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to explore whether posttrauma cognitions and maladaptive coping strategies mediated the association between perceived social support (availability of social network and quality of specific relationships) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Method: A community sample of trauma survivors (N = 67, 84% female) completed self-report measures assessing relationship quality, perceived availability of social network support, PTSD symptoms, negative posttrauma appraisals and maladaptive coping strategies. Results: Posttrauma appraisals mediated the association between quality of relationships (support, conflict and depth) and PTSD symptoms, and between availability of social network support and PTSD symptoms. Further, there was an indirect pathway between social support (quality of relationship and availability of social network) and PTSD symptoms through negative cognitive appraisals and maladaptive coping strategies (serial mediation). Conclusions: Our results are consistent with theoretical predictions that socially supportive (support, depth and social network availability) and unsupportive (conflict) relationships are associated with PTSD, through cognitive appraisal and coping processes. Clinical implications for further integrating interpersonal support into cognitive therapies were discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Hansford
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University
| | - Laura Jobson
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University
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Daneshvar S, Taghavi MR, Goodarzi MA, Jobson L. Emotionally valenced and modality-specific dual tasks: Effects on voluntary reminding and proactive interference in trauma-exposed individuals suffering from PTSD. Psychol Trauma 2021; 13:586-595. [PMID: 33475403 DOI: 10.1037/tra0000599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: People suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often experience distressing traumatic memories. Therapeutic methods that apply a secondary task while clients recall a trauma memory may further assist in modifying the vividness and emotionality of the trauma memory and in reducing intrusions. In this experiment, we aimed to investigate whether the emotional valence (positive vs. neutral) and sensory modality (visual vs. auditory) of a secondary task reduces the vividness and emotionality of the trauma memory and the proactive interference. Method: Sixty PTSD patients exposed to road traffic accident traumas were randomized to one of four groups in a 2 (emotional valence: positive, neutral) × 2 (modality: visual, auditory) design. Participants were then exposed to a positive or a neutral clip that was visual or auditory and were required to recall the trauma memory during exposure to the clip. Vividness and emotionality of the trauma memory and proactive interference were assessed before and after exposure to the clip and at a 1-week follow-up. Results: Results revealed that participants who recalled the trauma memory while exposed to the positive clip reported their trauma memory as being less distressing (but not less vivid) and indicated less proactive interference than did participants exposed to the neutral clip. Nevertheless, modality had no significant effect in attenuating the proactive interference under conditions of modality congruence. Conclusion: Inducing positive emotion while performing a dual task may be an effective module in therapeutic approaches. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Mohan SN, Mukhtar F, Jobson L. An Exploratory Study on Cross-Cultural Differences in Facial Emotion Recognition Between Adults From Malaysia and Australia. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:622077. [PMID: 34177636 PMCID: PMC8219914 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.622077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
While culture and depression influence the way in which humans process emotion, these two areas of investigation are rarely combined. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the difference in facial emotion recognition among Malaysian Malays and Australians with a European heritage with and without depression. A total of 88 participants took part in this study (Malays n = 47, Australians n = 41). All participants were screened using The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Clinician Version (SCID-5-CV) to assess the Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) diagnosis and they also completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). This study consisted of the facial emotion recognition (FER) task whereby the participants were asked to look at facial images and determine the emotion depicted by each of the facial expressions. It was found that depression status and cultural group did not significantly influence overall FER accuracy. Malaysian participants without MDD and Australian participants with MDD performed quicker as compared to Australian participants without MDD on the FER task. Also, Malaysian participants more accurately recognized fear as compared to Australian participants. Future studies can focus on the extent of the influence and other aspects of culture and participant condition on facial emotion recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu Nair Mohan
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Firdaus Mukhtar
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Laura Jobson
- School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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Lies J, Drummond SPA, Jobson L. Longitudinal investigation of the relationships between trauma exposure, post-migration stress, sleep disturbance, and mental health in Syrian refugees. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2020; 11:1825166. [PMID: 33425241 PMCID: PMC7755403 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2020.1825166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Background High prevalence of sleep disturbance, which is associated with poor mental health, has been observed among non-treatment seeking refugees. However, no longitudinal research has investigated the chronicity of untreated sleep disturbance and its impact on refugees' mental health. OBJECTIVE This longitudinal study investigated associations between mental health (posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression), sleep symptoms (insomnia severity, pre-sleep arousal), and factors predicting mental health, over a 12-month period. METHOD Syrian refugees (N = 69) from a cross-sectional study (Time 1) participated in the current 12-month (Time 2) follow-up study. Participants completed a series of questionnaires examining sleep, trauma exposure, post-migration living difficulties, and mental health at both time points. RESULTS When compared to Time 1, participants showed a significant increase in post-migration stress at Time 2. However, there was an improvement in their mental health and levels of sleep disturbance. Half of the participants met criteria for moderate (36%) or severe sleep disturbance (15%) at Time 2. Forty-two per cent of the participants had moderate to severe sleep disturbance at both Time 1 and Time 2. When predicting mental health at 12-month follow-up, only pre-sleep arousal at Time 1 uniquely predicted mental health at Time 2. Mediation analysis indicated that change in pre-sleep arousal (from Time 1 to Time 2) significantly mediated the relationship between change in post-migration stress and change in mental health symptoms. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that sleep symptoms have an indirect and long-term impact on mental health among refugees. Understanding modifiable factors, such as sleep, mediating the relationship between trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms is important, as such factors can be targeted in psychological interventions for refugees.
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Affiliation(s)
- July Lies
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton VIC, Australia
| | - Sean P A Drummond
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton VIC, Australia
| | - Laura Jobson
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton VIC, Australia
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Murrup‐stewart C, Searle AK, Jobson L, Adams K. Aboriginal perceptions of social and emotional wellbeing programs: A systematic review of literature assessing social and emotional wellbeing programs for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians perspectives. Australian Psychologist 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ap.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cammi Murrup‐stewart
- Gukwonderuk Unit, Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Amy K. Searle
- Department of Medicine, Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Laura Jobson
- School of Psychological Science, Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karen Adams
- Gukwonderuk Unit, Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Bernardi J, Engelbrecht A, Jobson L. The impact of culture on cognitive appraisals: Implications for the development, maintenance, and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. CLIN PSYCHOL-UK 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/cp.12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Bernardi
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia,
| | - Alberta Engelbrecht
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia,
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK,
| | - Laura Jobson
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia,
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Webb
- School of Medicine, Health Policy and Practice, University of East Anglia, Norwich, England
| | - Laura Jobson
- School of Medicine, Health Policy and Practice, University of East Anglia, Norwich, England
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Abstract
Maternal reminiscing styles and mother-child memory features were examined in a cross-cultural context. Fifty-five Chinese (Guangzhou, China) and 48 Australian (Melbourne, Australia) mother-child dyads (child age: 3-6 years) independently retrieved autobiographical memories and jointly discussed past events. Australian mothers used greater elaborative and supportive reminiscing and provided more specific memories than Chinese mothers. Australian children provided greater memory elaboration than Chinese children, but they did not differ in memory specificity. Maternal reminiscing styles and cultural group were independently predictive of child memory elaboration but not specificity. Nonetheless, moderation analyses showed that the two maternal reminiscing styles (elaborative and supportive) interacted to predict child memory specificity. These findings indicate the importance of culture and types of reminiscing on memory development.
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Mihailova S, Jobson L. Cross-cultural exploration of the characteristics, content and themes of intrusive autobiographical memories recalled during depression. Memory 2020; 28:1-11. [PMID: 32422070 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2020.1767143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The recall of intrusive memories is highly prevalent during depression. While past research has examined memory themes and characteristics (e.g., frequency), possible cultural differences in these variables have not been investigated. Furthermore, cross-cultural research has documented content differences in voluntary autobiographical remembering, but such content analyses have not been conducted in regard to intrusive memories. This study, therefore, investigated the characteristics, content and themes of intrusive memories using a 2 (group: European Australian, East Asian) × 2 (depression: depressed, control) cross-sectional design. European Australian (n = 46) and East Asian (n = 45) participants living in Australia reported two memories in real-time using an online memory diary and rated the characteristics of their memories. East Asian participants reported more frequent and distressing memories, compared to European Australians, while the European Australian group reported more specific memories than the East Asian group. Most of the characteristics, themes and content variables, however, did not differ between cultural groups. Additionally, depressed participants, regardless of cultural group, reported more frequent, distressing and numbing memories, compared to healthy controls. These findings suggest that while depressive symptomatology impacts the experience of intrusive memories, memory content and characteristics are largely similar across the two cultural groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Mihailova
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura Jobson
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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