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Abstract
This chapter describes the core procedures that we have developed over the last two decades to isolate routinely the microglia from postmortem human brains. The method is suitable for brain slices consisting of both gray and white matter.The ability to concomitantly isolate vascular cells with glial cells provides the opportunity to investigate multiple cell types originating from the same donor. This represents a novel approach for -omics research, with the potential for discovering the shared or distinct molecular features among the glia and vascular cells from the same individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lih-Fen Lue
- Human Cell Core for Translational Research, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA.
| | - Douglas G Walker
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Otsu, Japan
| | - Suet Theng Beh
- Human Cell Core for Translational Research, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA
| | - Thomas G Beach
- Civin Neuropathology Laboratory, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA
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2
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Sabbagh MN, Lue L, Decourt B, Shill H. Plasma biomarkers combined with UPDRS and MoCA for differential assessments of amnestic cognitive impairment (aMCI), Parkinson’s disease (PD+PDD) and dementia with Lewy body (DLB): A pilot study. Alzheimers Dement 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.059716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - LihFen Lue
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute Sun City AZ USA
| | - Boris Decourt
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health Las Vegas NV USA
| | - Holly Shill
- Barrow Neurological Institute Phoenix AZ USA
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3
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Beach TG, Russell A, Sue LI, Intorcia AJ, Glass MJ, Walker JE, Arce R, Nelson CM, Hidalgo T, Chiarolanza G, Mariner M, Scroggins A, Pullen J, Souders L, Sivananthan K, Carter N, Saxon-LaBelle M, Hoffman B, Garcia A, Callan M, Fornwalt BE, Carew J, Filon J, Cutler B, Papa J, Curry JR, Oliver J, Shprecher D, Atri A, Belden C, Shill HA, Driver-Dunckley E, Mehta SH, Adler CH, Haarer CF, Ruhlen T, Torres M, Nguyen S, Schmitt D, Fietz M, Lue LF, Walker DG, Mizgerd JP, Serrano GE. Increased Risk of Autopsy-Proven Pneumonia with Sex, Season and Neurodegenerative Disease. medRxiv 2021:2021.01.07.21249410. [PMID: 33442709 PMCID: PMC7805471 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.07.21249410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
There has been a markedly renewed interest in factors associated with pneumonia, a leading cause of death worldwide, due to its frequent concurrence with pandemics of influenza and Covid-19 disease. Reported predisposing factors to both bacterial pneumonia and pandemic viral lower respiratory infections are wintertime occurrence, older age, obesity, pre-existing cardiopulmonary conditions and diabetes. Also implicated are age-related neurodegenerative diseases that cause parkinsonism and dementia. We investigated the prevalence of autopsy-proven pneumonia in the Arizona Study of Aging and Neurodegenerative Disorders (AZSAND), a longitudinal clinicopathological study, between the years 2006 and 2019 and before the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic. Of 691 subjects dying at advanced ages (mean 83.4), pneumonia was diagnosed postmortem in 343 (49.6%). There were 185 subjects without dementia or parkinsonism while clinicopathological diagnoses for the other subjects included 319 with Alzheimer's disease dementia, 127 with idiopathic Parkinson's disease, 72 with dementia with Lewy bodies, 49 with progressive supranuclear palsy and 78 with vascular dementia. Subjects with one or more of these neurodegenerative diseases all had higher pneumonia rates, ranging between 50 and 61%, as compared to those without dementia or parkinsonism (40%). In multivariable logistic regression models, male sex and a non-summer death both had independent contributions (ORs of 1.67 and 1.53) towards the presence of pneumonia at autopsy while the absence of parkinsonism or dementia was a significant negative predictor of pneumonia (OR 0.54). Male sex, dementia and parkinsonism may also be risk factors for Covid-19 pneumonia. The apolipoprotein E4 allele, as well as obesity, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, hypertension, congestive heart failure, cardiomegaly and cigarette smoking history, were not significantly associated with pneumonia, in contradistinction to what has been reported for Covid-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lucia I. Sue
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ
| | | | | | | | - Richard Arce
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ
| | | | - Tony Hidalgo
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ
| | | | | | | | - Joel Pullen
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ
| | | | | | - Niana Carter
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Brett Cutler
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ
| | - Jaclyn Papa
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ
| | | | - Javon Oliver
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ
| | | | - Alireza Atri
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | | | | | - Shyamal H. Mehta
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - Charles H. Adler
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lih-Fen Lue
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ
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4
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Mendsaikhan A, Tooyama I, Bellier JP, Serrano GE, Sue LI, Lue LF, Beach TG, Walker DG. Characterization of lysosomal proteins Progranulin and Prosaposin and their interactions in Alzheimer's disease and aged brains: increased levels correlate with neuropathology. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:215. [PMID: 31864418 PMCID: PMC6925443 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0862-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is a protein encoded by the GRN gene with multiple identified functions including as a neurotrophic factor, tumorigenic growth factor, anti-inflammatory cytokine and regulator of lysosomal function. A single mutation in the human GRN gene resulting in reduced PGRN expression causes types of frontotemporal lobar degeneration resulting in frontotemporal dementia. Prosaposin (PSAP) is also a multifunctional neuroprotective secreted protein and regulator of lysosomal function. Interactions of PGRN and PSAP affect their functional properties. Their roles in Alzheimer's disease (AD), the leading cause of dementia, have not been defined. In this report, we examined in detail the cellular expression of PGRN in middle temporal gyrus samples of a series of human brain cases (n = 45) staged for increasing plaque pathology. Immunohistochemistry showed PGRN expression in cortical neurons, microglia, cerebral vessels and amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques, while PSAP expression was mainly detected in neurons and Aβ plaques, and to a limited extent in astrocytes. We showed that there were increased levels of PGRN protein in AD cases and corresponding increased levels of PSAP. Levels of PGRN and PSAP protein positively correlated with amyloid beta (Aβ), with PGRN levels correlating with phosphorylated tau (serine 205) levels in these samples. Although PGRN colocalized with lysosomal-associated membrane protein-1 in neurons, most PGRN associated with Aβ plaques did not. Aβ plaques with PGRN and PSAP deposits were identified in the low plaque non-demented cases suggesting this was an early event in plaque formation. We did not observe PGRN-positive neurofibrillary tangles. Co-immunoprecipitation studies of PGRN from brain samples identified only PSAP associated with PGRN, not sortilin or other known PGRN-binding proteins, under conditions used. Most PGRN associated with Aβ plaques were immunoreactive for PSAP showing a high degree of colocalization of these proteins that did not change between disease groups. As PGRN supplementation has been considered as a therapeutic approach for AD, the possible involvement of PGRN and PSAP interactions in AD pathology needs to be further considered.
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5
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Abstract
New super-sensitive biomarker assay platforms for measuring Alzheimer's disease (AD) core pathological markers in plasma have recently been developed and tested. Research findings from these technologies offer promising evidence for identifying the earliest stages of AD and correlating them with brain pathological progression. Here, we review findings using immunomagnetic reduction, one of these ultrasensitive technologies. The principles, technology and assays developed, along with selected published findings will be discussed. The major findings from this technology were significant increases of amyloid beta (Aβ) 42 and total tau (t-tau) levels in subjects clinically diagnosed with early AD when compared with cognitively normal control (NC) subjects. The composite marker of the product of Aβ42 and t-tau discriminated subjects with early AD from NC subjects with high accuracy. The potential of this technology for the purpose of early or preclinical disease stage detection has yet to be explored in subjects who have also been assessed with brain imaging and cerebrospinal fluid AD core biomarker measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lih-Fen Lue
- Civin Neuropathology Laboratory, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, Sun City, AZ, 85351, USA.
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 East Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA.
| | - Yu-Min Kuo
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical School, 1 Dasyue Road, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Marwan Sabbagh
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, 888 W Bonneville Ave, Las Vegas, NV, 89106, USA
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6
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Lue LF, Pai MC, Chen TF, Hu CJ, Huang LK, Lin WC, Wu CC, Jeng JS, Blennow K, Sabbagh MN, Yan SH, Wang PN, Yang SY, Hatsuta H, Morimoto S, Takeda A, Itoh Y, Liu J, Xie H, Chiu MJ. Corrigendum: Age-Dependent Relationship Between Plasma Aβ40 and Aβ42 and Total Tau Levels in Cognitively Normal Subjects. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:292. [PMID: 31754353 PMCID: PMC6856676 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lih-Fen Lue
- Civin Neuropathology Laboratory, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, United States
| | - Ming-Chyi Pai
- Division of Behavioral Neurology, Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Fu Chen
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chaur-Jong Hu
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Li-Kai Huang
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Che Lin
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Chung Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Shing Jeng
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Marwan N Sabbagh
- Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Cleveland Clinic Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Sui-Hing Yan
- Department of Neurology, Renai Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ning Wang
- Department of Neurology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shieh-Yueh Yang
- MagQu Company Limited, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,MagQu LLC, Surprise, AZ, United States
| | - Hiroyuki Hatsuta
- Hatsuta Neurology Clinic, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoru Morimoto
- Hatsuta Neurology Clinic, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akitoshi Takeda
- Department of Neurology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Itoh
- Department of Neurology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Liu
- Departemnt of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiqun Xie
- Department of Neurology, Foshan Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Foshan, China
| | - Ming-Jang Chiu
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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7
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Lue LF, Pai MC, Chen TF, Hu CJ, Huang LK, Lin WC, Wu CC, Jeng JS, Blennow K, Sabbagh MN, Yan SH, Wang PN, Yang SY, Hatsuta H, Morimoto S, Takeda A, Itoh Y, Liu J, Xie H, Chiu MJ. Age-Dependent Relationship Between Plasma Aβ40 and Aβ42 and Total Tau Levels in Cognitively Normal Subjects. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:222. [PMID: 31551751 PMCID: PMC6734161 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Both amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are pathological hallmarks in the brains of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the constituents of these hallmarks, amyloid beta (Aβ) 40, Aβ42, and total Tau (t-Tau), have been detected in the blood of cognitively normal subjects by using an immunomagnetic reduction (IMR) assay. Whether these levels are age-dependent is not known, and their interrelation remains undefined. We determined the levels of these biomarkers in cognitively normal subjects of different age groups. A total of 391 cognitively normal subjects aged 23–91 were enrolled from hospitals in Asia, Europe, and North America. Healthy cognition was evaluated by NIA-AA guidelines to exclude subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD and by cognitive assessment using the Mini Mental State Examination and Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR). We examined the effect of age on plasma levels of Aβ40, Aβ42, and t-Tau and the relationship between these biomarkers during aging. Additionally, we explored age-related reference intervals for each biomarker. Plasma t-Tau and Aβ42 levels had modest but significant correlations with chronological age (r = 0.127, p = 0.0120 for t-Tau; r = −0.126, p = 0.0128 for Aβ42), ranging from ages 23 to 91. Significant positive correlations were detected between Aβ42 and t-Tau in the groups aged 50 years and older, with Rho values ranging from 0.249 to 0.474. Significant negative correlations were detected between Aβ40 and t-Tau from age 40 to 91 (r ranged from −0.293 to −0.582) and between Aβ40 and Aβ42 in the age groups of 30–39 (r = −0.562, p = 0.0235), 50–59 (r = −0.261, p = 0.0142), 60–69 (r = −0.303, p = 0.0004), and 80–91 (r = 0.459, p = 0.0083). We also provided age-related reference intervals for each biomarker. In this multicenter study, age had weak but significant effects on the levels of Aβ42 and t-Tau in plasma. However, the age group defined by decade revealed the emergence of a relationship between Aβ40, Aβ42, and t-Tau in the 6th and 7th decades. Validation of our findings in a large-scale and longitudinal study is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lih-Fen Lue
- Civin Neuropathology Laboratory, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, United States
| | - Ming-Chyi Pai
- Division of Behavioral Neurology, Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Fu Chen
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chaur-Jong Hu
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Li-Kai Huang
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Che Lin
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Chung Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Shing Jeng
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Marwan N Sabbagh
- Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Cleveland Clinic Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Sui-Hing Yan
- Department of Neurology, Renai Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ning Wang
- Department of Neurology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shieh-Yueh Yang
- MagQu Company Limited, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,MagQu LLC, Surprise, AZ, United States
| | - Hiroyuki Hatsuta
- Hatsuta Neurology Clinic, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoru Morimoto
- Hatsuta Neurology Clinic, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akitoshi Takeda
- Department of Neurology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Itoh
- Department of Neurology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Liu
- Departemnt of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiqun Xie
- Department of Neurology, Foshan Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Foshan, China
| | - Ming-Jang Chiu
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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8
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Abstract
Experimental studies of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) have mostly investigated microglia, the brain-resident macrophages. This review focused on human microglia obtained at rapid autopsies. Studies employing methods to isolate and culture human brain microglia in high purity for experimental studies were discussed. These methods were employed to isolate human microglia for investigation of a number of features of neuroinflammation, including activation phenotypes, neurotoxicity, responses to abnormal aggregated proteins such as amyloid beta, phagocytosis, and the effects of aging and disease on microglia cellular properties. In recent years, interest in human microglia and neuroinflammation has been renewed due to the identification of inflammation-related AD genetic risk factors, in particular the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM)-2. Because of the difficulties in developing effective treatments for AD, there has been a general need for greater understanding of the functions of microglia in normal and AD brains. While most experimental studies on neuroinflammation have employed rodent microglia, this review considered the role of human microglia in experimental studies. This review focused on the development of in vitro methodology for the culture of postmortem human microglia and the key findings obtained from experimental studies with these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lih-Fen Lue
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, 85351, USA.
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 84027, USA.
| | - Thomas G Beach
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, 85351, USA
| | - Douglas G Walker
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 84027, USA
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu 520, Japan
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Walker DG, Lue LF, Beach TG, Tooyama I. P4-510: IMMUNOPHENOTYPING OF MICROGLIA: CHARACTERIZATION OF A VARIANT OF CD105 AS A MARKER OF ACTIVATED MICROGLIA IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE AND AGED BRAINS. Alzheimers Dement 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2019.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lih-Fen Lue
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute; Sun City AZ USA
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10
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Lue LF, Pai MC, Chen TF, Hu CJ, Huang LK, Lin WC, Wu CC, Yan SH, Wang PN, Hatsuta H, Itoh Y, Morimoto S, Takeda A, Liu J, Xie H, Jeng JS, Sabbagh MN, Blennow K, Yang SY, Chiu MJ. P3-238: IMR-ASSAYED PLASMA Aβ42 AND T-TAU CLASSIFIED MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRED AND MILD ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE SUBJECTS WITH HIGH ACCURACIES IN A MULTI-COUNTRY CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY. Alzheimers Dement 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2019.06.3268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lih-Fen Lue
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute; Sun City AZ USA
| | - Ming-Chyi Pai
- Medical College and Hospital; National Cheng Kung University; Tainan Taiwan
| | - Ta-Fu Chen
- National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chaur-Jong Hu
- Taipei Medical University Shuang-Ho Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Li-Kai Huang
- Taipei Medical University-Shuang-Ho Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Wei-Che Lin
- Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | | | - Sui-Hing Yan
- Renai Branch; Taipei City Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ning Wang
- National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Hiroyuki Hatsuta
- Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology; Tokyo Japan
| | | | - Satoru Morimoto
- Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology; Tokyo Japan
| | | | - Jun Liu
- Sun Yet-Sen Memorial Hospital; Guangzhou City China
| | - Haiqun Xie
- Foshan Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University; Foshan China
| | | | | | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Mölndal Sweden
| | | | - Ming-Jang Chiu
- National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
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11
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Malek-Ahmadi M, Belden C, Powell J, Zamrini E, Adler C, Sabbagh MN, Shill H, Jacobson S, Caselli RJ, Woodruff BK, Rapscak SZ, Ahern GL, Shi J, Caviness JN, Driver-Dunckley E, Mehta S, Shprecher D, Spann B, Tariot PN, Davis K, Long K, Nicholson L, Intorcia A, Glass M, Walker J, Callan M, Curry J, Cutler B, Oliver J, Arce R, Walker DG, Lue LF, Serrano GE, Sue LI, Reiman EM, Beach TG. P2-430: RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LONGITUDINAL RATES OF LEARNING AND MEMORY DECLINE AND DIFFERENT FORMS OF CEREBROVASCULAR PATHOLOGY IN COGNITIVELY UNIMPAIRED BRAIN DONORS. Alzheimers Dement 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2019.06.2837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Malek-Ahmadi
- Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium; Phoenix AZ USA
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute; Phoenix AZ USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Holly Shill
- Barrow Neurological Institute; Phoenix AZ USA
| | | | - Richard J. Caselli
- Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium; Phoenix AZ USA
- Mayo Clinic Arizona; Scottsdale AZ USA
| | - Bryan K. Woodruff
- Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium; Phoenix AZ USA
- Mayo Clinic Arizona; Scottsdale AZ USA
| | | | | | - Jiong Shi
- Barrow Neurological Institute; St Joseph Hospital and Medical Center; Phoenix AZ USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Bryan Spann
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute; Sun City AZ USA
| | - Pierre N. Tariot
- Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium; Phoenix AZ USA
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute; Phoenix AZ USA
- University of Arizona; Phoenix AZ USA
| | - Kathryn Davis
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute; Sun City AZ USA
| | - Kathy Long
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute; Sun City AZ USA
| | | | | | - Michael Glass
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute; Sun City AZ USA
| | | | | | - Jasmine Curry
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute; Sun City AZ USA
| | - Brett Cutler
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute; Sun City AZ USA
| | - Javon Oliver
- Banner Sun Health Research Center; Sun City AZ USA
| | - Richard Arce
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute; Sun City AZ USA
| | | | - Lih-Fen Lue
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute; Sun City AZ USA
- Arizona State University; Tempe AZ USA
| | | | - Lucia I. Sue
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute; Sun City AZ USA
| | - Eric M. Reiman
- Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium; Phoenix AZ USA
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute; Phoenix AZ USA
- University of Arizona; Tucson AZ USA
- Arizona State University; Tempe AZ USA
- Translational Genomics Research Institute; Phoenix AZ USA
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12
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Lue LF, Beach TG, Walker DG. P2-191: TWO DECADES OF RESEARCH USING POSTMORTEM HUMAN MICROGLIA: FINDINGS AND EXPERIENCES FROM BANNER SUN HEALTH RESEARCH INSTITUTE RAPID AUTOPSY PROGRAM. Alzheimers Dement 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2019.06.2598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lih-Fen Lue
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute; Sun City AZ USA
- Arizona State University; Tempe AZ USA
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13
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Mendsaikhan A, Tang TM, Lue LF, Serrano GE, Beach TG, Tooyama I, Walker DG. P1-185: CHARACTERIZATION OF PROGRANULIN EXPRESSION AND LOCALIZATION IN HUMAN BRAIN TISSUES OF AGED, ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE AND FRONTOTEMPORAL DEMENTIA CASES. Alzheimers Dement 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2019.06.740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lih-Fen Lue
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute; Sun City AZ USA
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14
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Chiu MJ, Lue LF, Sabbagh MN, Chen TF, Chen HH, Yang SY. Long-Term Storage Effects on Stability of Aβ 1-40, Aβ 1-42, and Total Tau Proteins in Human Plasma Samples Measured with Immunomagnetic Reduction Assays. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 2019; 9:77-86. [PMID: 31043966 PMCID: PMC6477481 DOI: 10.1159/000496099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The stability of Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers in plasma, measured by immunomagnetic reduction (IMR) after long-term storage at −80°C, has not been established before. Method Ninety-nine human plasma samples from 53 normal controls (NCs), 5 patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), and 41 AD patients were collected. Each plasma sample was aliquoted and stored as single-use aliquots at −80°C. The baseline measurements for Aβ1–40, Aβ1–42, and total Tau protein (T-Tau) concentrations for each sample were done within 3 months of blood draw by IMR. They are referred to as baseline concentrations. A separate aliquot from each sample was assayed with IMR to assess the stability of the measured analytes during storage at −80°C between 1.1 and 5.4 years. This is referred to as a repeated result. Results IMR shows that plasma levels of Aβ1–40 and Aβ1–42 exhibit stability over 5-year storage at −80°C and that plasma levels of T-Tau are less stable (approximately 1.5 years). Conclusion Although the measured concentrations of T-Tau in human plasma may alter during storage, the diagnostic utility of the results are only slightly affected when the product of Aβ1–42 and T-Tau concentrations are used. The results show that the overall agreement between baseline and repeated measurements in the ability of discriminating NCs from aMCI/AD patients is higher than 80%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jang Chiu
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lih-Fen Lue
- Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA.,Biodesign Institute, Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Marwan N Sabbagh
- Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Ta-Fu Chen
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - H H Chen
- MagQu Co., Ltd, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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15
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Bamji-Mirza M, Li Y, Najem D, Liu QY, Walker D, Lue LF, Stupak J, Chan K, Li J, Ghani M, Yang Z, Rogaeva E, Zhang W. Genetic Variations in ABCA7 Can Increase Secreted Levels of Amyloid-β40 and Amyloid-β42 Peptides and ABCA7 Transcription in Cell Culture Models. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 66:853-854. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-189009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Walker DG, Tang TM, Lue LF. Increased expression of toll-like receptor 3, an anti-viral signaling molecule, and related genes in Alzheimer's disease brains. Exp Neurol 2018; 309:91-106. [PMID: 30076830 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The focus of this study is the expression of Toll-like receptor-3 (TLR-3), a receptor for double-stranded RNA, in human brains affected by Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Toll-like receptors are a family of pattern recognition molecules primarily involved in host defenses to microbial pathogens, but roles in neurodegenerative disease have also been shown, as amyloid beta (Aβ) can be a ligand for TLR-2 and -4 and α-synuclein for TLR-1 and TLR-2, while TLR-9 activation promotes Aβ removal. However, involvement of TLR-3 in AD has not been rigorously studied. Immunohistochemical analyses in human temporal cortical sections with a validated antibody for TLR-3 predominantly identified microglia, particularly strongly in cells associated with amyloid plaques, also brain vascular endothelial cells and subsets of astrocytes, but not neurons or p62-immunoreactive structures. Microglial TLR-3 colocalized with the endosomal/lysosomal marker CD68, which identifies phagocytic cells. Quantitative analyses of neuropathologically-staged human brain middle temporal gyrus samples using immunohistochemistry and mRNA expression methods demonstrated increased TLR-3 immunoreactivity and increased TLR-3 mRNA in AD compared to non-demented cases. There were significant positive correlations between TLR-3 mRNA levels and plaque or tangle loads in both series of samples. Increased expression of interferon beta (IFN-β) and interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-3 mRNA, two factors induced by TLR-3 signaling, were detected in the AD cases. Increased expression of TLR-4 and TLR-9 mRNA was also observed in these same samples, but not TLR-2. In vitro cultured human brain microglia responses to Aβ inflammatory activation were not altered by TLR-3 activation with activator polyinosinic;polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), while human brain endothelial cells showed reduction in responses when stimulated with both agents. Treatment of microglia with poly I:C did not increase their uptake and breakdown of Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas G Walker
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan; Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA; Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA.
| | - Tiffany M Tang
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Lih-Fen Lue
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA; Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
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17
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Lue LF, Chiu MJ, Pai MC, Chen TF, Hu CJ, Huang LK, Lin WC, Wu CC, Jeng JS, Blennow K, Sabbagh MN, Yan SH, Wang PN, Yang SY. P4‐277: CORRELATION BETWEEN PLASMA AMYLOID BETA AND TAU CONCENTRATIONS IN COGNITIVELY NORMAL CONTROLS AGED 24 TO 91 YEARS OLD. Alzheimers Dement 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.07.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ta-Fu Chen
- National Taiwan University Hospital, College of MedicineNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chaur-Jong Hu
- Taipei Medical University Shuang-Ho HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Li-Kai Huang
- Taipei Medical University-Shuang-Ho HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Wei-Che Lin
- Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial HospitalKaohsiungTaiwan
| | | | | | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and PhysiologyThe Sahlgrenska Academy at University of GothenburgMölndalSweden
| | | | | | - Pei-Ning Wang
- National Yang-Ming University School of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
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18
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Walker DG, Tang TM, Takeuchi S, Mendsaikhan A, Lue LF, Tooyama I. P4‐255: IMMUNOPHENOTYPING OF MICROGLIA IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE BRAINS: COMPARISON OF EXPRESSION OF PROGRANULIN AND PURINERGIC RECEPTOR P2RY12. Alzheimers Dement 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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19
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Lue LF, Guerra A, Wu M, Leung S, Tang TM, Walker DG, Beach TG. P2‐185: HUMAN CHOROID PLEXUS INFLAMMATORY FEATURES: A STUDY IN POSTMORTEM CHOROID PLEXUS TISSUES AND EPITHELIAL CELLS. Alzheimers Dement 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.06.872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Walker DG, Tang TM, Takeuchi S, Mendsaikhan A, Lue LF, Tooyama I. P4‐191: FEATURES OF PURINERGIC RECEPTOR P2RY12 IMMUNOREACTIVE MICROGLIA IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE AND NON‐DEMENTED AGED BRAINS: ARE P2RY12 POSITIVE MICROGLIA NON‐ACTIVATED? Alzheimers Dement 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.06.2596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Dorey E, Bamji-Mirza M, Najem D, Li Y, Liu H, Callaghan D, Walker D, Lue LF, Stanimirovic D, Zhang W. Apolipoprotein E Isoforms Differentially Regulate Alzheimer's Disease and Amyloid-β-Induced Inflammatory Response in vivo and in vitro. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 57:1265-1279. [PMID: 28372324 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a critical role in neuronal dysfunction and death of Alzheimer's disease (AD). ApoE4 is a major risk factor of AD, while ApoE2 is neuroprotective. Little is known about the roles of ApoE isoforms in the neuroinflammation seen in AD. Their roles and mechanisms in Aβ-induced/neuroinflammation were investigated in this study using in vivo and in vitro models. Rat astrocytes were treated with lipid-poor recombinant hApoE and/or Aβ42. Mouse astrocyte lines-expressing lipidated hApoE were treated with Aβ42 and/or vitamin D receptor (VDR) agonist, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Cells and media were harvested for cytokine ELISA, RNA isolated for qRT-PCR, and nuclear protein for transcription factor (TF) arrays and EMSA. hApoE-transgenic and AD mice were mated to generate hApoE2/AD and hApoE4/AD mice. Mice were euthanized at 6 months of age. Brain tissues were collected for cytokine ELISA array, Aβ ELISA, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry. hApoE4/AD mice had significantly higher levels of inflammatory cytokines than hApoE2/AD mice. Lipidated hApoE4 significantly promoted inflammatory gene expression induced by Aβ42 but not recombinant hApoE4 in astrocytes as compared to controls. Lipidated hApoE3 provided a certain degree of protection against Aβ42-induced inflammatory response but not recombinant hApoE3 as compared to controls. Both lipidated and recombinant hApoE2 provided protection against Aβ42-induced inflammatory response compared to controls. TF array revealed that ApoE2 strongly activated VDR in Aβ42-treated astrocytes. Application of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 completely inhibited Aβ-induced inflammatory gene expression in hApoE4-expressing astrocytes. The results suggest that ApoE4 promotes, but ApoE2 inhibits, AD/Aβ-induced neuroinflammation via VDR signaling. Targeting VDR signaling or active form of VD3 may relieve AD neuroinflammation or/and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Dorey
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Michelle Bamji-Mirza
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Dema Najem
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Yan Li
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Hong Liu
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Debbie Callaghan
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Lih-Fen Lue
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA
| | - Danica Stanimirovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Wandong Zhang
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada
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22
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Bamji-Mirza M, Li Y, Najem D, Liu QY, Walker D, Lue LF, Stupak J, Chan K, Li J, Ghani M, Yang Z, Rogaeva E, Zhang W. Genetic Variations in ABCA7 Can Increase Secreted Levels of Amyloid-β40 and Amyloid-β42 Peptides and ABCA7 Transcription in Cell Culture Models. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 53:875-92. [PMID: 27314524 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by extracellular deposits of amyloid-β (Aβ) in the brain. ABCA7 is highly expressed in the brain and a susceptibility gene for late-onset AD (LOAD). The minor alleles at two ABCA7 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs3764650 (T>G; intron13) and rs3752246 at a predicted myristoylation site (C>G; exon33; p.Gly1527Ala), are significantly associated with LOAD risk; however, the mechanism of this association is unknown. Functional consequences of both SNPs were examined in HEK293 and CHO cells stably expressing AβPPSwe. Luciferase reporter assays in HEK293 cells suggested that intron13 carrying rs3764650 major T-allele (int13-T) possessed promoter-enhancing capabilities. Co-transfection experiments with hABCA7 and int13-T resulted in significantly increased ABCA7 protein level relative to that with int13-G. Expression of hABCA7 carrying rs3752246 risk allele led to increases in secreted Aβ40 and Aβ42 and β-secretase activity in CHO- and HEK-AβPPSwe cells. Hydroxymyristic acid treatment of cells expressing hABCA7 carrying the rs3752246 major G allele resulted in increased β-secretase activity and levels of Aβ, suggesting that lack of myristoylation contributes to the observed cell-phenotypes. Molecular weight determination, by gel-electrophoresis and mass spectrometry, of hABCA7 peptides spanning position 1527 showed loss of post-translational modification in the risk-allele peptide. These results suggest that decreased expression, or impaired function, of ABCA7 may contribute to AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Bamji-Mirza
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, Life Sciences Division, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, Life Sciences Division, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Dema Najem
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, Life Sciences Division, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Qing Yan Liu
- Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, Life Sciences Division, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Lih-Fen Lue
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA
| | - Jacek Stupak
- Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, Life Sciences Division, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kenneth Chan
- Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, Life Sciences Division, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jianjun Li
- Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, Life Sciences Division, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mahdi Ghani
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ze Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital & Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Chinese Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Ekaterina Rogaeva
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Wandong Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, Life Sciences Division, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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23
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Du F, Yu Q, Yan S, Hu G, Lue LF, Walker DG, Wu L, Yan SF, Tieu K, Yan SS. PINK1 signalling rescues amyloid pathology and mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Brain 2017; 140:3233-3251. [PMID: 29077793 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and synaptic damage are early pathological features of the Alzheimer's disease-affected brain. Memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease is a manifestation of brain pathologies such as accumulation of amyloid-β peptide and mitochondrial damage. The underlying pathogenic mechanisms and effective disease-modifying therapies for Alzheimer's disease remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that decreased PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) expression is associated with Alzheimer's disease pathology. Restoring neuronal PINK1 function strikingly reduces amyloid-β levels, amyloid-associated pathology, oxidative stress, as well as mitochondrial and synaptic dysfunction. In contrast, PINK1-deficient mAPP mice augmented cerebral amyloid-β accumulation, mitochondrial abnormalities, impairments in learning and memory, as well as synaptic plasticity at an earlier age than mAPP mice. Notably, gene therapy-mediated PINK1 overexpression promotes the clearance of damaged mitochondria by augmenting autophagy signalling via activation of autophagy receptors (OPTN and NDP52), thereby alleviating amyloid-β-induced loss of synapses and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease mice. Loss of PINK1 activity or blockade of PINK1-mediated signalling (OPTN or NDP52) fails to reverse amyloid-β-induced detrimental effects. Our findings highlight a novel mechanism by which PINK1-dependent signalling promotes the rescue of amyloid pathology and amyloid-β-mediated mitochondrial and synaptic dysfunctions in a manner requiring activation of autophagy receptor OPTN or NDP52. Thus, activation of PINK1 may represent a new therapeutic avenue for combating Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Du
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Higuchi Bioscience Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| | - Qing Yu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Higuchi Bioscience Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| | - Shijun Yan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Higuchi Bioscience Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| | - Gang Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Higuchi Bioscience Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| | - Lih-Fen Lue
- Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ85281, USA
| | | | - Long Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Higuchi Bioscience Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| | - Shi Fang Yan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Higuchi Bioscience Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| | - Kim Tieu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Shirley ShiDu Yan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Higuchi Bioscience Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
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24
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Walker DG, Tang TM, Lue LF. Studies on Colony Stimulating Factor Receptor-1 and Ligands Colony Stimulating Factor-1 and Interleukin-34 in Alzheimer's Disease Brains and Human Microglia. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:244. [PMID: 28848420 PMCID: PMC5552759 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are dependent on signaling through the colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R/CD115) for growth and survival. Activation of CSF-1R can lead to cell division, while blocking CSF-1R can lead to rapid microglia cell death. CSF-1R has two ligands, the growth factors colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) and the more recently identified interleukin-34 (IL-34). Studies of IL-34 activation of rodent microglia and human macrophages have suggested it has different properties to CSF-1, resulting in an anti-inflammatory reparative phenotype. The goal of this study was to identify if the responses of human postmortem brain microglia to IL-34 differed from their responses to CSF-1 with the aim of identifying different phenotypes of microglia as a result of their responses. To approach this question, we also sought to identify differences between IL-34, CSF-1, and CSF-1R expression in human brain samples to establish whether there was an imbalance in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Using human brain samples [inferior temporal gyrus (ITG) and middle temporal gyrus (MTG)] from distinct cohorts of AD, control and high pathology, or mild cognitive impairment cases, we showed that there was increased expression of CSF-1R and CSF-1 mRNAs in both series of AD cases, and reduced expression of IL-34 mRNA in AD ITG samples. There was no change in expression of these genes in RNA from cerebellum of AD, Parkinson's disease (PD), or control cases. The results suggested an imbalance in CSF-1R signaling in AD. Using RNA sequencing to compare gene expression responses of CSF-1 and IL-34 stimulated human microglia, a profile of responses to CSF-1 and IL-34 was identified. Contrary to earlier work with rodent microglia, IL-34 induced primarily a classical activation response similar to that of CSF-1. It was not possible to identify any genes expressed significantly different by IL-34-stimulated microglia compared to CSF-1-stimulated microglia, but both cytokines did induce certain alternative activation-associated genes. These profiles also showed that a number of genes associated with lysosomal function and Aβ removal were downregulated by IL-34 and CSF-1 stimulation. Compared to earlier results our data indicate that CSF-1R stimulation by IL-34 or CSF-1 produced similar types of responses by elderly postmortem brain-derived microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas G Walker
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State UniversityTempe, AZ, United States.,Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun CityArizona, AZ, United States
| | - Tiffany M Tang
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State UniversityTempe, AZ, United States
| | - Lih-Fen Lue
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State UniversityTempe, AZ, United States.,Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun CityArizona, AZ, United States
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25
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Lue LF, Sabbagh MN, Chiu MJ, Jing N, Snyder NL, Schmitz C, Guerra A, Belden CM, Chen TF, Yang CC, Yang SY, Walker DG, Chen K, Reiman EM. Plasma Levels of Aβ42 and Tau Identified Probable Alzheimer's Dementia: Findings in Two Cohorts. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:226. [PMID: 28790911 PMCID: PMC5522888 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The utility of plasma amyloid beta (Aβ) and tau levels for the clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) dementia has been controversial. The main objective of this study was to compare Aβ42 and tau levels measured by the ultra-sensitive immunomagnetic reduction (IMR) assays in plasma samples collected at the Banner Sun Health Institute (BSHRI) (United States) with those from the National Taiwan University Hospital (NTUH) (Taiwan). Significant increase in tau levels were detected in AD subjects from both cohorts, while Aβ42 levels were increased only in the NTUH cohort. A regression model incorporating age showed that tau levels identified probable ADs with 81 and 96% accuracy in the BSHRI and NTUH cohorts, respectively, while computed products of Aβ42 and tau increased the accuracy to 84% in the BSHRI cohorts. Using 382.68 (pg/ml)2 as the cut-off value, the product achieved 92% accuracy in identifying AD in the combined cohorts. Overall findings support that plasma Aβ42 and tau assayed by IMR technology can be used to assist in the clinical diagnosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lih-Fen Lue
- Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun CityAZ, United States.,Arizona State University-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, TempeAZ, United States
| | - Marwan N Sabbagh
- Cleo Roberts Center for Clinical Research, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun CityAZ, United States
| | - Ming-Jang Chiu
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan UniversityTaipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan UniversityTaipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychology, National Taiwan UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Naomi Jing
- Department of Statistics, College of Letters and Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, BerkeleyCA, United States
| | | | - Christopher Schmitz
- Arizona State University-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, TempeAZ, United States
| | - Andre Guerra
- Arizona State University-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, TempeAZ, United States
| | - Christine M Belden
- Cleo Roberts Center for Clinical Research, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun CityAZ, United States
| | - Ta-Fu Chen
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan UniversityTaipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Douglas G Walker
- Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun CityAZ, United States.,Arizona State University-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, TempeAZ, United States
| | - Kewei Chen
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, PhoenixAZ, United States
| | - Eric M Reiman
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, PhoenixAZ, United States.,Translational Genomics Research Institute, PhoenixAZ, United States.,Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, PhoenixAZ, United States
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26
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Walker DG, Lue LF, Tang TM, Adler CH, Caviness JN, Sabbagh MN, Serrano GE, Sue LI, Beach TG. Changes in CD200 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) levels in brains of Lewy body disorder cases are associated with amounts of Alzheimer's pathology not α-synuclein pathology. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 54:175-186. [PMID: 28390825 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced inflammation has been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and diseases with Lewy body (LB) pathology, such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). One issue is whether amyloid and tangle pathology, features of AD, or α-synuclein LB pathology have similar or different effects on brain inflammation. An aim of this study was to examine if certain features of inflammation changed in brains with increasing LB pathology. To assess this, we measured levels of the anti-inflammatory protein CD200 and the pro-inflammatory protein intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in cingulate and temporal cortex from a total of 143 cases classified according to the Unified Staging System for LB disorders. Changes in CD200 and ICAM-1 levels did not correlate with LB pathology, but with AD pathology. CD200 negatively correlated with density of neurofibrillary tangles, phosphorylated tau, and amyloid plaque density. ICAM-1 positively correlated with these AD pathology measures. Double immunohistochemistry for phosphorylated α-synuclein and markers for microglia showed limited association of microglia with LB pathology, but microglia strongly associated with amyloid plaques or phosphorylated tau. These results suggest that there are different features of inflammatory pathology in diseases associated with abnormal α-synuclein compared with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas G Walker
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA.
| | - Lih-Fen Lue
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA
| | - Tiffany M Tang
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Charles H Adler
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - John N Caviness
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | | | | | - Lucia I Sue
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA
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Yan S, Du F, Wu L, Zhang Z, Zhong C, Yu Q, Wang Y, Lue LF, Walker DG, Douglas JT, Yan SS. F1F0 ATP Synthase-Cyclophilin D Interaction Contributes to Diabetes-Induced Synaptic Dysfunction and Cognitive Decline. Diabetes 2016; 65:3482-3494. [PMID: 27554467 PMCID: PMC5079631 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial abnormalities are well known to cause cognitive decline. However, the underlying molecular basis of mitochondria-associated neuronal and synaptic dysfunction in the diabetic brain remains unclear. Here, using a mitochondrial single-channel patch clamp and cyclophilin D (CypD)-deficient mice (Ppif -/-) with streptozotocin-induced diabetes, we observed an increase in the probability of Ca2+-induced mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening in brain mitochondria of diabetic mice, which was further confirmed by mitochondrial swelling and cytochrome c release induced by Ca2+ overload. Diabetes-induced elevation of CypD triggers enhancement of F1F0 ATP synthase-CypD interaction, which in turn leads to mPTP opening. Indeed, in patients with diabetes, brain cypD protein levels were increased. Notably, blockade of the F1F0 ATP synthase-CypD interaction by CypD ablation protected against diabetes-induced mPTP opening, ATP synthesis deficits, oxidative stress, and mitochondria dysfunction. Furthermore, the absence of CypD alleviated deficits in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory in diabetic mice. Thus, blockade of ATP synthase interaction with CypD provides a promising new target for therapeutic intervention in diabetic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijun Yan
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Higuchi Bioscience Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Fang Du
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Higuchi Bioscience Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Long Wu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Higuchi Bioscience Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Zhihua Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Higuchi Bioscience Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Changjia Zhong
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Higuchi Bioscience Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Qing Yu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Higuchi Bioscience Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Yongfu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Higuchi Bioscience Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Lih-Fen Lue
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
| | - Douglas G Walker
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
| | - Justin T Douglas
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, Molecular Structures Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Shirley ShiDu Yan
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Higuchi Bioscience Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
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Yang SY, Sabbagh MN, Lue LF, Chen TF, Yang CC, Liu BH, Chen HH, Chiu MJ. P4‐110: Prospects of Using Plasma AB
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and Tau Protein in Identifying Alzheimer’s Disease Dementia in Clinics. Alzheimers Dement 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.06.2201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ta-Fu Chen
- Department of Neurology National Taiwan University HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | | | | | | | - Ming-Jang Chiu
- National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- National Taiwan University HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
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Walker DG, Whetzel AM, Serrano G, Sue LI, Lue LF, Beach TG. Characterization of RNA isolated from eighteen different human tissues: results from a rapid human autopsy program. Cell Tissue Bank 2016; 17:361-75. [PMID: 27083469 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-016-9555-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Many factors affect the integrity of messenger RNA from human autopsy tissues including postmortem interval (PMI) between death and tissue preservation and the pre-mortem agonal and disease states. In this communication, we describe RNA isolation and characterization of 389 samples from 18 different tissues from elderly donors who were participants in a rapid whole-body autopsy program located in Sun City, Arizona ( www.brainandbodydonationprogram.org ). Most tissues were collected within a PMI of 2-6 h (median 3.15 h; N = 455), but for this study, tissue from cases with longer PMIs (1.25-29.25 h) were included. RNA quality was assessed by RNA integrity number (RIN) and total yield (ng RNA/mg tissue). RIN correlated with PMI for heart (r = -0.531, p = 0.009) and liver (r = -558, p = 0.0017), while RNA yield correlated with PMI for colon (r = -485, p = 0.016) and skin (r = -0.460, p = 0.031). RNAs with the lowest integrity were from skin and cervix where 22.7 and 31.4 % of samples respectively failed to produce intact RNA; by contrast all samples from esophagus, lymph node, jejunum, lung, stomach, submandibular gland and kidney produced RNA with measurable RINs. Expression levels in heart RNA of 4 common housekeeping normalization genes showed significant correlations of Ct values with RIN, but only one gene, glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase, showed a correlation of Ct with PMI. There were no correlations between RIN values obtained for liver, adrenal, cervix, esophagus and lymph node and those obtained from corresponding brain samples. We show that high quality RNA can be produced from most human autopsy tissues, though with significant differences between tissues and donors. The RNA stability and yield did not depend solely on PMI; other undetermined factors are involved, but these do not include the age of the donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas G Walker
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA.
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Biodesign Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Room 538, School of Life Sciences - E Wing, 427 E. Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
| | | | - Geidy Serrano
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA
| | - Lucia I Sue
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA
| | - Lih-Fen Lue
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Biodesign Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Room 538, School of Life Sciences - E Wing, 427 E. Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
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30
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Caviness JN, Lue LF, Hentz JG, Schmitz CT, Adler CH, Shill HA, Sabbagh MN, Beach TG, Walker DG. Cortical phosphorylated α-Synuclein levels correlate with brain wave spectra in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2016; 31:1012-9. [PMID: 27062301 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Quantitative EEG features have been identified as surrogates and predictors of cognitive decline/dementia, a common feature of progressive PD. The biochemical correlates for altered quantitative EEG features are unknown. Our primary objective was to test the hypothesis that quantitative EEG measures correlate with cortical levels of phosphorylated α-synuclein, a modified form of the synaptic protein α-synuclein, in PD cases, in contrast to other pathology-associated proteins. A secondary objective was to explore the same correlations among cellular fractions of these proteins. METHODS We used posterior cingulate cortex autopsy tissue from 44 PD subjects with various degrees of cognitive decline, who had undergone EEG. In this brain region, which is a major hub of the default mode network, biochemical measurements for levels of phosphorylated α-synuclein, unmodified α-synuclein, amyloid beta peptide, phosphorylated tau, and key synaptic proteins were analyzed and data correlated with spectral EEG measures. RESULTS Findings revealed significant correlations between background rhythm peak frequency and all bandpower values (highest in delta bandpower) with total phosphorylated α-synuclein, but not any correlation with total α-synuclein, phosphorylated tau protein, amyloid beta peptide, or synaptic proteins. Certain fractions of synaptosomal-associated protein 25 showed correlation with some quantitative EEG measures. CONCLUSIONS These data show an association between increased phosphorylation of α-synuclein and the abnormal EEG signatures of cognitive decline. Results suggest that quantitative EEG may provide an in vivo approximation of phosphorylated α-synuclein in PD cortex. This adds to previous evidence that quantitative EEG measures can be considered valid biomarkers of PD cognitive decline. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N Caviness
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Lih-Fen Lue
- Laboratories of Neuroregeneration and Neuroinflammation, Banner-Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Joseph G Hentz
- Department of Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Christopher T Schmitz
- Laboratories of Neuroregeneration and Neuroinflammation, Banner-Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Charles H Adler
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Holly A Shill
- Cleo Roberts Center, Banner-Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Marwan N Sabbagh
- Cleo Roberts Center, Banner-Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Thomas G Beach
- Department of Neuropathology, Banner-Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Douglas G Walker
- Laboratories of Neuroregeneration and Neuroinflammation, Banner-Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
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31
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Lue LF, Schmitz CT, Snyder NL, Chen K, Walker DG, Davis KJ, Belden C, Caviness JN, Driver-Dunckley E, Adler CH, Sabbagh MN, Shill HA. Converging mediators from immune and trophic pathways to identify Parkinson disease dementia. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2016; 3:e193. [PMID: 26848485 PMCID: PMC4733150 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To identify a panel of peripheral inflammatory/immune mediators that could discriminate Parkinson disease with dementia (PDD) from Parkinson disease (PD) without dementia. Methods: Plasma samples from 52 patients with PD and 22 patients with PDD were prepared from freshly collected blood following an institutional review board–approved protocol. A total of 160 proteins were measured using a multiplex antibody array. Plasma α-synuclein levels were analyzed by an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. The main objective of the statistical analyses was to identify PDD discriminants using the plasma protein profile alone or in combination with age. Results: The PD and PDD groups differed significantly in cognitive measurements (Mini-Mental State Examination, Auditory Verbal Learning Test-A7, and Clinical Dementia Rating) and age. The age-adjusted levels of thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AA were significantly different between disease groups. The levels of plasma α-synuclein significantly correlated with 26 proteins; among them, PDGF-BB, TARC, PDGF-AA, and epidermal growth factor were the highest. Linear discriminant analysis with leave-one-out cross-validation identified a 14-protein panel with age as discriminants of PDD (96% sensitivity, 89% specificity, area under the curve = 0.9615). Conclusions: We showed that multiple proteins that are mediators of growth/trophic and immune response-related pathways had discriminatory power for identifying PDD in patients with PD. Validation of this discovery-based study in longitudinal population-based studies is warranted. Classification of evidence: This study provides Class III evidence that a 14-protein panel plasma assay combined with age has a sensitivity of 96% and a specificity of 89% for PDD.
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Walker DG, Lue LF, Serrano G, Adler CH, Caviness JN, Sue LI, Beach TG. Altered Expression Patterns of Inflammation-Associated and Trophic Molecules in Substantia Nigra and Striatum Brain Samples from Parkinson's Disease, Incidental Lewy Body Disease and Normal Control Cases. Front Neurosci 2016; 9:507. [PMID: 26834537 PMCID: PMC4712383 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence of inflammation has been consistently associated with pathology in Parkinson's disease (PD)-affected brains, and has been suggested as a causative factor. Dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) pars compacta, whose loss results in the clinical symptoms associated with PD, are particularly susceptible to inflammatory damage and oxidative stress. Inflammation in the striatum, where SN dopaminergic neurons project, is also a feature of PD brains. It is not known whether inflammatory changes occur first in striatum or SN. Many animal models of PD have implicated certain inflammatory molecules with dopaminergic cell neuronal loss; however, there have been few studies to validate these findings by measuring the levels of these and other inflammatory factors in human PD brain samples. This study also included samples from incidental Lewy body disease (ILBD) cases, since ILBD is considered a non-symptomatic precursor to PD, with subjects having significant loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-producing neurons. We hypothesized that there may be a progressive change in key inflammatory factors in ILBD samples intermediate between neurologically normal and PD. To address this, we used a quantitative antibody-array platform (Raybiotech-Quantibody arrays) to measure the levels of 160 different inflammation-associated cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and related molecules in extracts of SN and striatum from clinically and neuropathologically characterized PD, ILBD, and normal control cases. Patterns of changes in inflammation and related molecules were distinctly different between SN and striatum. Our results showed significantly different levels of interleukin (IL)-5, IL-15, monokine induced by gamma interferon, and IL-6 soluble receptor in SN between disease groups. A different panel of 13 proteins with significant changes in striatum, with IL-15 as the common feature, was identified. Although the ability to detect some proteins was limited by sensitivity, patterns of expression indicated involvement of certain T-cell cytokines, vascular changes, and loss of certain growth factors, with disease progression. The results demonstrate the feasibility of profiling inflammatory molecules using diseased human brain samples, and have provided additional targets to validate in relation to PD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas G Walker
- Banner Sun Health Research InstituteSun City, AZ, USA; Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State UniversityTempe, AZ, USA
| | - Lih-Fen Lue
- Banner Sun Health Research InstituteSun City, AZ, USA; Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State UniversityTempe, AZ, USA
| | - Geidy Serrano
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute Sun City, AZ, USA
| | - Charles H Adler
- Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - John N Caviness
- Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Lucia I Sue
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute Sun City, AZ, USA
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Walker DG, Lue LF. Immune phenotypes of microglia in human neurodegenerative disease: challenges to detecting microglial polarization in human brains. Alzheimers Res Ther 2015; 7:56. [PMID: 26286145 PMCID: PMC4543480 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-015-0139-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory responses in the brain, which can be demonstrated by changes in properties of microglia, the brain-resident macrophages, are a common feature of human neurodegenerative diseases. Different monocyte/macrophage phenotypes have been defined by changes in expression of cytokines, receptors and other markers as a response to different classes of stimuli. Monocytes, macrophages and microglia can have a range of phenotypes with associated properties depending on their microenvironment. Macrophage/microglia polarization states have been defined as classical activation (M1), alternative activation (M2a), type II alternative activation (M2b) or acquired deactivation (M2c). Available markers for identifying microglial phenotypes in human brains are still limited; those available provide incomplete information on the functions or polarization states of microglia observed in tissues from diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis. The most widely used marker to describe activated microglia in human brains, particularly diseased brains, has been HLA-DR, the major histocompatibility complex II protein. HLA-DR-positive microglia can have a wide range of activation morphologies that are affected not only by disease pathology, but also by their differentiation states and brain regions. Two other widely used markers to identify microglia in human brains are ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1 and CD68. Although their expression changes in diseased brains, these markers do not show specificity for different phenotypes. Over the years there have been studies with additional markers that attempt to further define microglial properties, particularly in Alzheimer's disease brains. Most studies have employed immunohistochemical techniques to identify microglia in tissue sections, but recent advances in this field have allowed gene expression profiling of microglia upon immediate isolation from brains. We will review which markers might better define different activation phenotypes of microglia in human brains and whether they fit into current microglial polarization schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas G Walker
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, Sun City, AZ, 85351, USA.
| | - Lih-Fen Lue
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, Sun City, AZ, 85351, USA.
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Beach TG, Adler CH, Sue LI, Serrano G, Shill HA, Walker DG, Lue L, Roher AE, Dugger BN, Maarouf C, Birdsill AC, Intorcia A, Saxon-Labelle M, Pullen J, Scroggins A, Filon J, Scott S, Hoffman B, Garcia A, Caviness JN, Hentz JG, Driver-Dunckley E, Jacobson SA, Davis KJ, Belden CM, Long KE, Malek-Ahmadi M, Powell JJ, Gale LD, Nicholson LR, Caselli RJ, Woodruff BK, Rapscak SZ, Ahern GL, Shi J, Burke AD, Reiman EM, Sabbagh MN. Arizona Study of Aging and Neurodegenerative Disorders and Brain and Body Donation Program. Neuropathology 2015; 35:354-89. [PMID: 25619230 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Brain and Body Donation Program (BBDP) at Banner Sun Health Research Institute (http://www.brainandbodydonationprogram.org) started in 1987 with brain-only donations and currently has banked more than 1600 brains. More than 430 whole-body donations have been received since this service was commenced in 2005. The collective academic output of the BBDP is now described as the Arizona Study of Aging and Neurodegenerative Disorders (AZSAND). Most BBDP subjects are enrolled as cognitively normal volunteers residing in the retirement communities of metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona. Specific recruitment efforts are also directed at subjects with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and cancer. The median age at death is 82. Subjects receive standardized general medical, neurological, neuropsychological and movement disorders assessments during life and more than 90% receive full pathological examinations by medically licensed pathologists after death. The Program has been funded through a combination of internal, federal and state of Arizona grants as well as user fees and pharmaceutical industry collaborations. Subsets of the Program are utilized by the US National Institute on Aging Arizona Alzheimer's Disease Core Center and the US National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke National Brain and Tissue Resource for Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders. Substantial funding has also been received from the Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research. The Program has made rapid autopsy a priority, with a 3.0-hour median post-mortem interval for the entire collection. The median RNA Integrity Number (RIN) for frozen brain and body tissue is 8.9 and 7.4, respectively. More than 2500 tissue requests have been served and currently about 200 are served annually. These requests have been made by more than 400 investigators located in 32 US states and 15 countries. Tissue from the BBDP has contributed to more than 350 publications and more than 200 grant-funded projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Beach
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Lucia I Sue
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Geidy Serrano
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Holly A Shill
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | | | - LihFen Lue
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Alex E Roher
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Chera Maarouf
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Alex C Birdsill
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | | | | | - Joel Pullen
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Jessica Filon
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Sarah Scott
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Angelica Garcia
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Kathryn J Davis
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Kathy E Long
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | | | | | - Lisa D Gale
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jiong Shi
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Anna D Burke
- Banner Alzheimer Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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Lue LF, Schmitz CT, Serrano G, Sue LI, Beach TG, Walker DG. TREM2 Protein Expression Changes Correlate with Alzheimer's Disease Neurodegenerative Pathologies in Post-Mortem Temporal Cortices. Brain Pathol 2014; 25:469-80. [PMID: 25186950 PMCID: PMC4427527 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed by myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, has anti-inflammatory phagocytic function in myeloid cells. Several studies have shown that TREM2 gene variant rs75932628-T increased the risks for Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease, frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. It has been suggested that the risks could be resulted from the loss of TREM2 function caused by the mutation. Indeed, new evidence showed that several mutations in the immunoglobulin-like V-region led to low cell surface expression of TREM2 and reduced phagocytic function. Because of the emerging importance in understanding TREM2 expression and functions in human neurodegenerative diseases, we conducted biochemical and morphological studies of TREM2 expression in human post-mortem temporal cortical samples from AD and normal cases. Increased expression of TREM2 protein was found to significantly correlate with increases of phosphorylated-tau and active caspase 3, a marker of apoptosis, and also loss of the presynaptic protein SNAP25. Strong intensities of TREM2 immunoreactivity were observed in the microglia associated with amyloid plaques and in neuritic pathology-enriched areas. Based on the findings that TREM2 expression correlated with neurodegenerative markers, further investigation on whether there is abnormality of TREM2 functions in AD brains with nonmutated TREM2 is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lih-Fen Lue
- Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ
| | | | - Geidy Serrano
- W. H. Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ
| | - Lucia I Sue
- W. H. Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ
| | - Thomas G Beach
- W. H. Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ
| | - Douglas G Walker
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ
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Malek-Ahmadi M, Beach T, Obradov A, Sue L, Belden C, Davis K, Walker DG, Lue L, Adem A, Sabbagh MN. Increased Alzheimer's disease neuropathology is associated with type 2 diabetes and ApoE ε.4 carrier status. Curr Alzheimer Res 2014; 10:654-9. [PMID: 23627755 DOI: 10.2174/15672050113109990006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Past studies investigating the association between Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology and diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) have provided conflicting results. While several studies indicate that subjects with comorbid AD and DM2 have less AD pathology, others have found no significant differences in AD pathology between the two groups. Other studies have indicated that individuals with AD and DM2 have significantly greater neuropathology than AD individuals who do not have DM2. Additional research has demonstrated that ApoE ε4 carriers with AD and DM2 have significantly greater pathology than ApoE ε4 non-carriers. METHODS Data on clinically and pathologically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease cases (NINDS-ADRDA clinically and NIA Reagan intermediate or high pathologically) with DM2 (n= 40) and those without DM2 (n= 322) from the Banner Sun Health Research Institute Brain and Body Donation Program were obtained for this study. Plaque and tangle scores from the frontal, parietal, temporal, entorhinal and hippocampal regions were compared between the DM2+ and DM2 - groups. In addition, total plaque count, total tangle count, and Braak scores were also compared between groups. Similar analyses were conducted to determine the effect of ApoE ε4 carrier status on the neuropathological variables while also accounting for and DM2 status. RESULTS The DM2+ and DM2 - groups showed no significant differences on plaque and tangle pathology. Logistic regression analyses, which accounted for the effects of ApoE .ε4 carrier status and age at death, found no association between total plaque [OR 1.05 (0.87, 1.27), p = 0.60] or total tangle [OR 0.97 (0.89, 1.07) p = 0.58] counts and DM2 status. ApoE ε4 carrier status was not significantly associated with DM2 status [.Χ2 = 0.30 (df = 1), p = 0.58]. Within the DM2+ group, significantly greater plaque and tangle pathology was found for ApoE ε4 carriers in relation to DM2+ ApoE ε4 non-carriers. CONCLUSION Overall, the presence of DM2 does not affect plaque and tangle burden in a sample of clinically and pathologically confirmed AD cases. Among AD individuals with DM2, those who are ApoE ε4 carriers had significantly greater neuropathology than those who do not carry an ApoE ε4 allele. Positive DM2 status appears to exacerbate AD neuropathology in the presence of ApoE ε4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Malek-Ahmadi
- The Cleo Robert Center for Clinical Research, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA
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Walker DG, Lue LF. Understanding the neurobiology of CD200 and the CD200 receptor: a therapeutic target for controlling inflammation in human brains? Future Neurol 2013; 8. [PMID: 24198718 DOI: 10.2217/fnl.13.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CD200 and its receptor, CD200 receptor (CD200R), have uniaue roles in controlling damaging inflammatory processes. At present, the only identified function for CD200 is as a ligand for CD200R. These proteins interact resulting in the activation of anti-inflammatory signaling by CD200R-expressing cells. When this interaction becomes deficient with aging or disease, chronic inflammation occurs, Experimental animal studies have demonstrated the consequences of disrupting CD200-CD200R interactions in the brain, but there have been few studies in human brains. Deficiency in neuronal CD200 may explain the chronic inflammation in human neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis; however, deficits in the microglial expression of CD200R may also be of functional significance. The purpose of this review is to assess the data regarding the role of CD200-CD200R interactions in relation to the brain in order to determine if this could be a therapeutic target for human brain diseases with inflammatory components, and what additional studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas G Walker
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA
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Wolf AB, Braden BB, Bimonte-Nelson H, Kusne Y, Young N, Engler-Chiurazzi E, Garcia AN, Walker DG, Moses GSD, Tran H, LaFerla F, Lue L, Emerson Lombardo N, Valla J. Broad-based nutritional supplementation in 3xTg mice corrects mitochondrial function and indicates sex-specificity in response to Alzheimer's disease intervention. J Alzheimers Dis 2013; 32:217-32. [PMID: 22796872 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2012-120478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Nutrition has been highlighted as a potential factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk and decline and has been investigated as a therapeutic target. Broad-based combination diet therapies have the potential to simultaneously effect numerous protective and corrective processes, both directly (e.g., neuroprotection) and indirectly (e.g., improved vascular health). Here we administered either normal mouse chow with a broad-based nutritional supplement or mouse chow alone to aged male and female 3xTg mice and wildtype (WT) controls. After approximately 4 months of feeding, mice were given a battery of cognitive tasks and then injected with a radiolabeled glucose analog. Brains were assessed for differences in regional glucose uptake and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase activity, AD pathology, and inflammatory markers. Supplementation induced behavioral changes in the 3xTg, but not WT, mice, and the mode of these changes was influenced by sex. Subsequent analyses indicated that differential response to supplementation by male and female 3xTg mice highlighted brain regional strategies for the preservation of function. Several regions involved have been shown to mediate responses to steroid hormones, indicating a mechanism for sex-based vulnerability. Thus, these findings may have broad implications for the human response to future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Wolf
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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Castaño EM, Maarouf CL, Wu T, Leal MC, Whiteside CM, Lue LF, Kokjohn TA, Sabbagh MN, Beach TG, Roher AE. Alzheimer disease periventricular white matter lesions exhibit specific proteomic profile alterations. Neurochem Int 2012; 62:145-56. [PMID: 23231993 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The white matter (WM) represents approximately half the cerebrum volume and is profoundly affected in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, both the WM responses to AD as well as potential influences of this compartment to dementia pathogenesis remain comparatively neglected. Neuroimaging studies have revealed WM alterations are commonly associated with AD and renewed interest in examining the pathologic basis and importance of these changes. In AD subjects, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy revealed changes in astrocyte morphology and myelin loss as well as up to 30% axonal loss in areas of WM rarefaction when measured against non-demented control (NDC) tissue. Comparative proteomic analyses were performed on pooled samples of periventricular WM (PVWM) obtained from AD (n=4) and NDC (n=5) subjects with both groups having a mean age of death of 86 years. All subjects had an apolipoprotein E ε3/3 genotype with the exception of one NDC subject who was ε2/3. Urea-detergent homogenates were analyzed using two different separation techniques: 2-dimensional isoelectric focusing/reverse-phase chromatography and 2-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE). Proteins with different expression levels between the 2 diagnostic groups were identified using MALDI-Tof/Tof mass spectrometry. In addition, Western blots were used to quantify proteins of interest in individual AD and NDC cases. Our proteomic studies revealed that when WM protein pools were loaded at equal amounts of total protein for comparative analyses, there were quantitative differences between the 2 groups. Molecules related to cytoskeleton maintenance, calcium metabolism and cellular survival such as glial fibrillary acidic protein, vimentin, tropomyosin, collapsin response mediator protein-2, calmodulin, S100-P, annexin A1, α-internexin, α- and β-synuclein, α-B-crystalline, fascin-1, ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal esterase and thymosine were altered between AD and NDC pools. Our experiments suggest that WM activities become globally impaired during the course of AD with significant morphological, biochemical and functional consequential implications for gray matter function and cognitive deficits. These observations may endorse the hypothesis that WM dysfunction is not only a consequence of AD pathology, but that it may precipitate and/or potentiate AD dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo M Castaño
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina.
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Walker DG, Lue LF, Adler CH, Shill HA, Caviness JN, Sabbagh MN, Akiyama H, Serrano GE, Sue LI, Beach TG. Changes in properties of serine 129 phosphorylated α-synuclein with progression of Lewy-type histopathology in human brains. Exp Neurol 2012. [PMID: 23201181 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Modifications of α-synuclein resulting in changes in its conformation are considered to be key pathological events for Lewy body diseases (LBD), which include Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). We have previously described a histopathological Unified Staging System for LBD that classifies the spread of α-synuclein phosphorylated at serine 129 (pS129-α-synuclein) from olfactory bulb to brainstem or limbic regions, and finally neocortex. Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites are highly enriched in pS129-α-synuclein. Increased formation of pS129-α-synuclein changes its solubility properties enhancing its tendency to aggregate and disrupt normal function. As in vitro and animal studies have shown that inhibiting formation of pS129-α-synuclein can prevent toxic consequences, this has become one of the therapeutic targets for LBD. However, detailed biochemical descriptions of the changes in pS129-α-synuclein properties in diseased human brains are needed to further our understanding of how these might contribute to molecular pathogenesis. In this study, we used 130 separate brain samples from cingulate cortex (limbic cortex) and 131 from temporal cortex (neocortex) that had been staged according to our Unified Staging System to examine progressive changes in properties of pS129-α-synuclein with the formation of progressively more severe histological Lewy-type pathology. The brain samples from these staged cases had been separated into cytosol-enriched, membrane-enriched (detergent soluble) and insoluble (ureas/SDS soluble) fractions. We also characterized the nature and appearance of higher molecular weight forms of pS129-α-synuclein. The major species was the 16 kD monomeric form; this accumulated with increasing stage with a large increase in Stage IV samples. By comparing two brain regions, we showed higher accumulation of insoluble pS129-α-synuclein in cingulate cortex, where histological deposits occur first, than in temporal cortex in samples with advanced (stage IV) LB pathology.
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Lue LF, Walker DG, Adler CH, Shill H, Tran H, Akiyama H, Sue LI, Caviness J, Sabbagh MN, Beach TG. Biochemical increase in phosphorylated alpha-synuclein precedes histopathology of Lewy-type synucleinopathies. Brain Pathol 2012; 22:745-56. [PMID: 22369130 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2012.00585.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A key component in Lewy body (LB) pathology in LB disorders is α-synuclein phosphorylated at serine 129 (pαsyn). However, it is not known if increase in the level of biochemically measurable pαsyn precedes the presence of histologically identified Lewy-type synucleinopathy (LTS). To gain sights into possible temporal sequence, we measured levels of pαsyn in cingulate and temporal cortices that develop LTS pathology at later stages of LB disorders. Brain homogenates from 128 autopsy cases including normal controls and subjects classified by Unified LTS histopathology staging system were studied. We found that biochemically measurable pαsyn levels in cingulate and temporal cortices were significantly increased at Unified stages III and IV. When pαsyn levels were compared between LTS density scores instead of Unified stages, significant increases were detected even as LTS density scores increased from 0 to 1 in olfactory bulb and substantia nigra. Therefore, our findings demonstrated that changes of pαsyn levels in cingulate and temporal cortices coincided with the early appearance of the LTS pathology in olfactory bulb and substantia nigra, even though histologically demonstrable LTS was lacking in the cortical region. Therefore, identifying the underlying mechanisms driving these changes could be crucial to understanding the pathogenesis of LB disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lih-Fen Lue
- Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA.
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Shill HA, Adler CH, Beach TG, Lue LF, Caviness JN, Sabbagh MN, Sue LI, Walker DG. Brain biochemistry in autopsied patients with essential tremor. Mov Disord 2011; 27:113-7. [PMID: 22038525 DOI: 10.1002/mds.24004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathology of essential tremor is increasingly being studied; however, there are limited studies of biochemical changes in this condition. We studied several candidate biochemical/anatomical systems in the brain stem, striatum, and cerebellum of 23 essential tremor subjects who came to autopsy, comparing them with a control population. Striatal tyrosine hydroxylase, a marker of dopaminergic neurons, was 91.7 ± 113.2 versus 96.4 ± 102.7 ng/mg (not significant) in cases and controls, respectively. Locus coeruleus dopamine beta-hydroxylase, a marker of noradrenergic neurons, was not significantly different between the essential tremor and control groups. Parvalbumin, a marker of GABAergic neurons, was 199.3 ± 42.0 versus 251.4 ± 74.8 ng/mg (P = .025) in the pons in the region of the locus coeruleus of essential tremor subjects versus controls, whereas there was no difference in cerebellar parvalbumin. These results are supportive of a possible role for reduced GABAergic function in the locus coeruleus in essential tremor. The hypothesis that essential tremor represents early Parkinson's disease was not supported, as striatal dopaminergic markers were not reduced compared with control subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly A Shill
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA.
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Fang F, Chen X, Huang T, Lue LF, Luddy JS, Yan SS. Multi-faced neuroprotective effects of Ginsenoside Rg1 in an Alzheimer mouse model. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1822:286-92. [PMID: 22015470 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 09/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
There has been no extensive characterization of the effects of Ginsenoside Rg1, a pharmacological active component purified from the nature product ginseng, in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. The well-characterized transgenic Alzheimer disease (AD) mice over expressing amyloid precursor protein (APP)/Aβ (Tg mAPP) and nontransgenic (nonTg) littermates at age of 6 and 9 months were treated with Rg 1 for three months via intraperitoneal injection. Mice were then evaluated for changes in amyloid pathology, neuropathology and behavior. Tg mAPP treated with Rg1 showed a significant reduction of cerebral Aβ levels, reversal of certain neuropathological changes, and preservation of spatial learning and memory, as compared to vehicle-treated mice. Rg1 treatment inhibited activity of γ-secretase in both Tg mAPP mice and B103-APP cells, indicating the involvement of Rg1 in APP regulation pathway. Furthermore, administration of Rg1 enhanced PKA/CREB pathway activation in mAPP mice and in cultured cortical neurons exposed to Aβ or glutamate-mediated synaptic stress. Most importantly, the beneficial effects on attenuation of cerebral Aβ accumulation, improvement in neuropathological and behavioral changes can be extended to the aged mAPP mice, even to 12-13 months old mice that had extensive amyloid pathology and severe neuropathological and cognitive malfunction. These studies indicate that Rg1 has profound multi-faced and neuroprotective effects in an AD mouse model. Rg1 induces neuroprotection through ameliorating amyloid pathology, modulating APP process, improving cognition, and activating PKA/CREB signaling. These findings provide a new perspective for the treatment of AD and demonstrate potential for a new class of drugs for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Fang
- Department of Surgery, Physicians & Surgeons College of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Caviness JN, Lue LF, Beach TG, Hentz JG, Adler CH, Sue L, Sadeghi R, Driver-Dunckley E, Evidente VG, Sabbagh MN, Shill HA, Walker DG. Parkinson's disease, cortical dysfunction, and alpha-synuclein. Mov Disord 2011; 26:1436-42. [PMID: 21542019 DOI: 10.1002/mds.23697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 01/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to understand how Parkinson's disease neurodegeneration leads to cortical dysfunction will be critical for developing therapeutic advances in Parkinson's disease dementia. The overall purpose of this project was to study the small-amplitude cortical myoclonus in Parkinson's disease as an in vivo model of focal cortical dysfunction secondary to Parkinson's disease neurodegeneration. The objectives were to test the hypothesis that cortical myoclonus in Parkinson's disease is linked to abnormal levels of α-synuclein in the primary motor cortex and to define its relationship to various biochemical, clinical, and pathological measures. The primary motor cortex was evaluated for 11 Parkinson's disease subjects with and 8 without electrophysiologically confirmed cortical myoclonus (the Parkinson's disease + myoclonus group and the Parkinson's disease group, respectively) who had premortem movement and cognitive testing. Similarly assessed 9 controls were used for comparison. Measurements for α-synuclein, Aβ-42 peptide, and other biochemical measures were made in the primary motor cortex. A 36% increase in α-synuclein was found in the motor cortex of Parkinson's disease + myoclonus cases when compared with Parkinson's disease without myoclonus. This occurred without significant differences in insoluble α-synuclein, phosphorylated to total α-synuclein ratio, or Aβ-42 peptide levels. Higher total motor cortex α-synuclein levels significantly correlated with the presence of cortical myoclonus but did not correlate with multiple clinical or pathological findings. These results suggest an association between elevated α-synuclein and the dysfunctional physiology arising from the motor cortex in Parkinson's disease + myoclonus cases. Alzheimer's disease pathology was not associated with cortical myoclonus in Parkinson's disease. Cortical myoclonus arising from the motor cortex is a model to study cortical dysfunction in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N Caviness
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA.
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Abstract
Dementia in Parkinson's disease (PD-D) has only been acknowledged in the recent three decades, but research in this field has accelerated. The purpose of this review was to discuss advances in PD-D regarding biomarker correlates and potential therapeutic targets. Attention and executive dysfunction, memory deficits that improve with cueing, and visual hallucinations are characteristic in PD-D. PD-D dramatically increases the disability and misery of the disease. Current treatment for PD-D is symptomatic, modest, and only transiently effective. There is wide agreement that more effective treatment is needed, but this will require more knowledge about PD-D pathophysiology. Advances in the pathogenesis of PD have focused on the substantia nigra, which is the location from where the pathophysiology of motor symptoms primarily arises in initial stages. In contradistinction, pathology studies have suggested that cognitive decline correlates with cortical and subcortical-cortical projection pathway abnormalities. There is evidence that substantia nigra mechanisms, including protein aggregation of α-synuclein (e.g., Lewy bodies) may also play a role in cortical neuron degeneration. Other different mechanisms, such as Alzheimer's disease pathology (e.g., Aβ aggregation) may be operant for PD-D. Biomarkers of various types are being proposed for the study of PD-D as well as for objective measures of PD-D prediction and progression. Therapeutic targets are currently derived mostly from general PD neurodegeneration research rather than cortical PD neurodegeneration per se. Protein aggregation, genes that are associated with PD, oxidative stress, inflammation, and trophic factors constitute the major classes of therapeutic targets for PD-D. More research is needed on the specific aspects of cortical dysfunction and degeneration that create PD-D.
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Beach TG, Maarouf CL, Brooks RG, Shirohi S, Daugs ID, Sue LI, Sabbagh MN, Walker DG, Lue L, Roher AE. Reduced clinical and postmortem measures of cardiac pathology in subjects with advanced Alzheimer's Disease. BMC Geriatr 2011; 11:3. [PMID: 21266042 PMCID: PMC3039594 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2318-11-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies indicate a statistical linkage between atherosclerotic vascular disease (ATH) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Autopsy studies of cardiac disease in AD have been few and inconclusive. In this report, clinical and gross anatomic measures of cardiac disease were compared in deceased human subjects with and without AD. METHODS Clinically documented cardiovascular conditions from AD (n = 35) and elderly non-demented control subjects (n = 22) were obtained by review of medical records. Coronary artery stenosis and other gross anatomical measures, including heart weight, ventricular wall thickness, valvular circumferences, valvular calcifications and myocardial infarct number and volume were determined at autopsy. RESULTS Compared to non-demented age-similar control subjects, those with AD had significantly fewer total diagnosed clinical conditions (2.91 vs 4.18), decreased coronary artery stenosis (70.8 vs 74.8%), heart weight (402 vs 489 g for males; 319 vs 412 g for females) and valvular circumferences. Carriage of the Apolipoprotein E-ε4 allele did not influence the degree of coronary stenosis. Group differences in heart weight remained significant after adjustment for age, gender, body mass index and apolipoprotein E genotype while differences in coronary artery stenosis were significantly associated with body mass index alone. CONCLUSIONS The results are in agreement with an emerging understanding that, while midlife risk factors for ATH increase the risk for the later development of AD, once dementia begins, both risk factors and manifest disease diminish, possibly due to progressive weight loss with increasing dementia as well as disease involvement of the brain's vasomotor centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Beach
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA.
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Ryan L, Walther K, Bendlin BB, Lue LF, Walker DG, Glisky EL. Age-related differences in white matter integrity and cognitive function are related to APOE status. Neuroimage 2011; 54:1565-77. [PMID: 20804847 PMCID: PMC2997188 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While an extensive literature is now available on age-related differences in white matter integrity measured by diffusion MRI, relatively little is known about the relationships between diffusion and cognitive functions in older adults. Even less is known about whether these relationships are influenced by the apolipoprotein (APOE) ε4 allele, despite growing evidence that ε4 increases cognitive impairment in older adults. The purpose of the present study was to examine these relationships in a group of community-dwelling cognitively normal older adults. Data were obtained from a sample of 126 individuals (ages 52-92) that included 32 ε4 heterozygotes, 6 ε4 homozygotes, and 88 noncarriers. Two measures of diffusion, the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and fractional anisotropy (FA), were obtained from six brain regions-frontal white matter, lateral parietal white matter, the centrum semiovale, the genu and splenium of the corpus callosum, and the temporal stem white matter-and were used to predict composite scores of cognitive function in two domains, executive function and memory function. Results indicated that ADC and FA differed with increasing age in all six brain regions, and these differences were significantly greater for ε4 carriers compared to noncarriers. Importantly, after controlling for age, diffusion measures predicted cognitive function in a region-specific way that was also influenced by ε4 status. Regardless of APOE status, frontal ADC and FA independently predicted executive function scores for all participants, while temporal lobe ADC additionally predicted executive function for ε4 carriers but not noncarriers. Memory scores were predicted by temporal lobe ADC but not frontal diffusion for all participants, and this relationship was significantly stronger in ε4 carriers compared to noncarriers. Taken together, age and temporal lobe ADC accounted for a striking 53% of the variance in memory scores within the ε4 carrier group. The results provide further evidence that APOE ε4 has a significant impact on the trajectory of age-related cognitive functioning in older adults. Possible mechanisms are discussed that could account for the associations between ε4, diffusion, and cognitive function, including the influence of ε4 on neural repair, oxidative stress, and the health of myelin-producing oligodendroglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Ryan
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0068, USA.
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Birdsill AC, Walker DG, Lue L, Sue LI, Beach TG. Postmortem interval effect on RNA and gene expression in human brain tissue. Cell Tissue Bank 2010; 12:311-8. [PMID: 20703815 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-010-9210-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Banked tissue is essential to the study of neurological disease but using postmortem tissue introduces a number of possible confounds. Foremost amongst these are factors relating to variation in postmortem interval (PMI). Currently there are conflicting reports on how PMI affects overall RNA integrity, and very few reports of how gene expression is affected by PMI. We analyzed total RNA extracted from frozen cerebellar cortex from 79 deceased human subjects enrolled in the Banner Sun Health Research Institute Brain and Body Donation Program. The PMI, which ranged from 1.5 to 45 h, correlated with overall RNA quality measures including RNA Integrity Number (RIN) (r = -0.34, P = 0.002) and RNA quantitative yield (r = -0.25, P = 0.02). Additionally, we determined the expression of 89 genes using a PCR-based gene expression array (RT(2) Profiler™ PCR Array: Human Alzheimer's Disease; SABiosciences™, Frederick, MD). A greater proportion of genes had decreased rather than increased expression with increasing PMI (65/89 vs. 20/89; P < 0.0001). Of these, transcripts from the genes ADAM9, LPL, PRKCG, and SERPINA3 had significantly decreased expression with increasing PMI (P < 0.01). No individual gene transcripts had significantly increased expression with increasing PMI. In conclusion, it is apparent that RNA degrades progressively with increasing PMI and that measurement of gene expression in brain tissue with longer PMI may give artificially low values. For tissue derived from autopsy, a short PMI optimizes its utility for molecular research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex C Birdsill
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Brain and Body Donation Program, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA
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Fang F, Lue LF, Yan S, Xu H, Luddy JS, Chen D, Walker DG, Stern DM, Yan S, Schmidt AM, Chen JX, Yan SS. RAGE-dependent signaling in microglia contributes to neuroinflammation, Abeta accumulation, and impaired learning/memory in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. FASEB J 2009; 24:1043-55. [PMID: 19906677 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-139634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are critical for amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta)-mediated neuronal perturbation relevant to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. We demonstrate that overexpression of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in imbroglio exaggerates neuroinflammation, as evidenced by increased proinflammatory mediator production, Abeta accumulation, impaired learning/memory, and neurotoxicity in an Abeta-rich environment. Transgenic (Tg) mice expressing human mutant APP (mAPP) in neurons and RAGE in microglia displayed enhanced IL-1beta and TNF-alpha production, increased infiltration of microglia and astrocytes, accumulation of Abeta, reduced acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity, and accelerated deterioration of spatial learning/memory. Notably, introduction of a signal transduction-defective mutant RAGE (DN-RAGE) to microglia attenuates deterioration induced by Abeta. These findings indicate that RAGE signaling in microglia contributes to the pathogenesis of an inflammatory response that ultimately impairs neuronal function and directly affects amyloid accumulation. We conclude that blockade of microglial RAGE may have a beneficial effect on Abeta-mediated neuronal perturbation relevant to AD pathogenesis.-Fang, F., Lue, L.-F., Yan, S., Xu, H., Luddy, J. S., Chen, D., Walker, D. G., Stern, D. M., Yan, S., Schmidt, A. M., Chen, J. X., Yan, S. S. RAGE-dependent signaling in microglia contributes to neuroinflammation, Abeta accumulation, and impaired learning/memory in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Fang
- P&S 17-410, Department Surgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th St., New York, NY 10032, USA
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Vukic V, Callaghan D, Walker D, Lue LF, Liu QY, Couraud PO, Romero IA, Weksler B, Stanimirovic DB, Zhang W. Expression of inflammatory genes induced by beta-amyloid peptides in human brain endothelial cells and in Alzheimer's brain is mediated by the JNK-AP1 signaling pathway. Neurobiol Dis 2009; 34:95-106. [PMID: 19162185 PMCID: PMC2720310 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2008.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Revised: 12/10/2008] [Accepted: 12/20/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by accumulation and deposition of Abeta peptides in the brain. Abeta deposition in cerebral vessels occurs in many AD patients and results in cerebral amyloid angiopathy (AD/CAA). Abeta deposits evoke neuro- and neurovascular inflammation contributing to neurodegeneration. In this study, we found that exposure of cultured human brain endothelial cells (HBEC) to Abeta(1-40) elicited expression of inflammatory genes MCP-1, GRO, IL-1beta and IL-6. Up-regulation of these genes was confirmed in AD and AD/CAA brains by qRT-PCR. Profiling of 54 transcription factors indicated that AP-1 was strongly activated not only in Abeta-treated HBEC but also in AD and AD/CAA brains. AP-1 complex in nuclear extracts from Abeta-treated HBEC bound to AP-1 DNA-binding sequence and activated the reporter gene of a luciferase vector carrying AP-1-binding site from human MCP-1 gene. AP-1 is a dimeric protein complex and supershift assay identified c-Jun as a component of the activated AP-1 complex. Western blot analyses showed that c-Jun was activated via JNK-mediated phosphorylation, suggesting that as a result of c-Jun phosphorylation, AP-1 was activated and thus up-regulated MCP-1 expression. A JNK inhibitor SP600125 strongly inhibited Abeta-induced c-Jun phosphorylation, AP-1 activation, AP-1 reporter gene activity and MCP-1 expression in cells stimulated with Abeta peptides. The results suggested that JNK-AP1 signaling pathway is responsible for Abeta-induced neuroinflammation in HBEC and Alzheimer's brain and that this signaling pathway may serve as a therapeutic target for relieving Abeta-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanja Vukic
- Neurobiology Program, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Debbie Callaghan
- Neurobiology Program, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | | | - Lih-Fen Lue
- Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Qing Yan Liu
- Neurobiology Program, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Pierre-Oliver Couraud
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France
- INSERM, U567, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Danica B. Stanimirovic
- Neurobiology Program, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Wandong Zhang
- Neurobiology Program, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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