1
|
Salamat-Talab M, Zeinolabedin-Beygi A, Soltani F, Akhavan-Safar A, Carbas RJC, da Silva LFM. Tensile Strength and Mode I Fracture Toughness of Polymer Concretes Enhanced with Glass Fibers and Metal Chips. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:2094. [PMID: 38730902 PMCID: PMC11084449 DOI: 10.3390/ma17092094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
This study experimentally investigates the influence of metal chips and glass fibers on the mode I fracture toughness, energy absorption, and tensile strength of polymer concretes (PCs) manufactured by waste aggregates. A substantial portion of the materials employed in manufacturing and enhancing the tested polymer concrete are sourced from waste material. To achieve this, semi-circular bend (SCB) samples were fabricated, both with and without a central crack, to analyze the strength and fracture behavior of the composite specimens. The specimens incorporated varying weight percentages comprising 50 wt% coarse mineral aggregate, 25 wt% fine mineral aggregate, and 25 wt% epoxy resin. Metal chips and glass fibers were introduced at 2, 4, and 8 wt% of the PC material to enhance its mechanical response. Subsequently, the specimens underwent 3-point bending tests to obtain tensile strength, mode I fracture toughness, and energy absorption up to failure. The findings revealed that adding 4% brass chips along with 4% glass fibers significantly enhanced energy absorption (by a factor of 3.8). However, using 4% glass fibers alone improved it even more (by a factor of 10.5). According to the results, glass fibers have a greater impact than brass chips. Introducing 8% glass fibers enhanced the fracture energy by 92%. However, in unfilled samples, aggregate fracture and separation hindered crack propagation, and filled samples presented added barriers, resulting in multiple-site cracking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mazaher Salamat-Talab
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Arak University of Technology, Arak 3818146763, Iran;
| | - Ali Zeinolabedin-Beygi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 1411713116, Iran;
| | - Faraz Soltani
- Department of Mining Engineering, Arak University of Technology, Arak 3818146763, Iran;
| | - Alireza Akhavan-Safar
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo J. C. Carbas
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lucas F. M. da Silva
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Correia DS, Costa ID, Marques EAS, Carbas RJC, da Silva LFM. Development of a Unified Specimen for Adhesive Characterization-Part 2: Experimental Study on the Mode I (mDCB) and II (ELS) Fracture Components. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:1049. [PMID: 38473521 DOI: 10.3390/ma17051049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Adhesive bonding has been increasingly employed in multiple industrial applications. This has led to a large industrial demand for faster, simpler, and cheaper characterization methods that allow engineers to predict the mechanical behavior of an adhesive with numerical models. Currently, these characterization processes feature a wide variety of distinct standards, specimen configurations, and testing procedures and require deep knowhow of complex data-reduction schemes. By suggesting the creation of a new and integrated experimental tool for adhesive characterization, it becomes possible to address this problem in a faster and unified manner. In this work, following a previous numerical study, the mode I and II components of fracture-toughness characterization were validated experimentally in two different configurations, Balanced and Unbalanced. For mode I, it was demonstrated that both configurations presented similar numerical and experimental R-curves. The relative error against standard tests was lower than ±5% for the Balanced specimen; the Unbalanced system showed higher variations, which were predicted by the numerical results. Under mode II, the Balanced specimen displayed plastic deformation due to high deflections. On the contrary, the Unbalanced specimen did not show this effect and presented a relative error of approximately ±2%. Nonetheless, it was proven that this approach to obtain such data by using a single unified specimen is still feasible but needs further development to obtain with similar precision of standard tests. In the end, a conceptual change is proposed to solve the current mode II issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Correia
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês D Costa
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo A S Marques
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering (FEUP), University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo J C Carbas
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lucas F M da Silva
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering (FEUP), University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Morais P, Akhavan-Safar A, Carbas RJC, Marques EAS, Karunamurthy B, da Silva LFM. Mode I Fatigue and Fracture Assessment of Polyimide-Epoxy and Silicon-Epoxy Interfaces in Chip-Package Components. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:463. [PMID: 38399841 PMCID: PMC10893487 DOI: 10.3390/polym16040463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Semiconductor advancements demand greater integrated circuit density, structural miniaturization, and complex material combinations, resulting in stress concentrations from property mismatches. This study investigates the failure in two types of interfaces found in chip packages: silicon-epoxy mold compound (EMC) and polyimide-EMC. These interfaces were subjected to quasi-static and fatigue loading conditions. Employing a compliance-based beam method, the tests determined interfacial critical fracture energy values, (GIC), of 0.051 N/mm and 0.037 N/mm for the silicon-EMC and polyimide-EMC interfaces, respectively. Fatigue testing on the polyimide-epoxy interface revealed a fatigue threshold strain energy, (Gth), of 0.042 N/mm. We also observed diverse failure modes and discuss potential mechanical failures in multi-layer chip packages. The findings of this study can contribute to the prediction and mitigation of failure modes in the analyzed chip packaging. The obtained threshold energy and crack growth rate provide insights for designing safe lives for bi-material interfaces in chip packaging under cyclic loads. These insights can guide future research directions, emphasizing the improvement of material properties and exploration of the influence of manufacturing parameters on delamination in multilayer semiconductors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Morais
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Alireza Akhavan-Safar
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo J. C. Carbas
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo A. S. Marques
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bala Karunamurthy
- Infineon Technologies Austria AG, Siemensstrasse 2, 9500 Villach, Austria;
| | - Lucas F. M. da Silva
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Adler C, Morais P, Akhavan-Safar A, Carbas RJC, Marques EAS, Karunamurthy B, da Silva LFM. Cohesive Properties of Bimaterial Interfaces in Semiconductors: Experimental Study and Numerical Simulation Using an Inverse Cohesive Contact Approach. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:289. [PMID: 38255456 DOI: 10.3390/ma17020289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Examining crack propagation at the interface of bimaterial components under various conditions is essential for improving the reliability of semiconductor designs. However, the fracture behavior of bimaterial interfaces has been relatively underexplored in the literature, particularly in terms of numerical predictions. Numerical simulations offer vital insights into the evolution of interfacial damage and stress distribution in wafers, showcasing their dependence on material properties. The lack of knowledge about specific interfaces poses a significant obstacle to the development of new products and necessitates active remediation for further progress. The objective of this paper is twofold: firstly, to experimentally investigate the behavior of bimaterial interfaces commonly found in semiconductors under quasi-static loading conditions, and secondly, to determine their respective interfacial cohesive properties using an inverse cohesive zone modeling approach. For this purpose, double cantilever beam specimens were manufactured that allow Mode I static fracture analysis of the interfaces. A compliance-based method was used to obtain the crack size during the tests and the Mode I energy release rate (GIc). Experimental results were utilized to simulate the behavior of different interfaces under specific test conditions in Abaqus. The simulation aimed to extract the interfacial cohesive contact properties of the studied bimaterial interfaces. These properties enable designers to predict the strength of the interfaces, particularly under Mode I loading conditions. To this extent, the cohesive zone modeling (CZM) assisted in defining the behavior of the damage propagation through the bimaterial interfaces. As a result, for the silicon-epoxy molding compound (EMC) interface, the results for maximum strength and GIc are, respectively, 26 MPa and 0.05 N/mm. The second interface tested consisted of polyimide and silicon oxide between the silicon and EMC layers, and the results obtained are 21.5 MPa for the maximum tensile strength and 0.02 N/mm for GIc. This study's findings aid in predicting and mitigating failure modes in the studied chip packaging. The insights offer directions for future research, focusing on enhancing material properties and exploring the impact of manufacturing parameters and temperature conditions on delamination in multilayer semiconductors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caio Adler
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Morais
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Alireza Akhavan-Safar
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo J C Carbas
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo A S Marques
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bala Karunamurthy
- Infineon Technologies Austria AG, Siemensstrasse 2, 9500 Villach, Austria
| | - Lucas F M da Silva
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Calheiros-Lobo MJ, Calheiros-Lobo JM, Carbas R, da Silva LFM, Pinho T. Shear Bond Strength of Simulated Single-Retainer Resin-Bonded Bridges Made of Four CAD/CAM Materials for Maxillary Lateral Incisor Agenesis Rehabilitation. Eur J Dent 2023. [PMID: 38158209 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1776335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis (MLIA), treated orthodontically by space opening, requires complimentary aesthetic rehabilitation. Resin-bonded bridges (RBBs) can be equated as interim rehabilitation until skeletal maturity is achieved to place an implant-supported crown or as definitive rehabilitation in case of financial restrictions or implant contraindications. Scientific evidence of the best material must be confirmed in specific clinical situations. Computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) materials are promising versatile restorative options. This study aimed to identify a straightforward material to deliver interim or definitive RBBs for nonprepared tooth replacement in MLIA. MATERIALS AND METHODS Single-retainer RBB made from CAD/CAM ceramic blocks (Vita Enamic [ENA], Suprinity [SUP], and zirconia [Y-ZPT]) and a three-dimensional (3D) printed material (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene [ABS]) were evaluated by shear bond strength (SBS) and mode of failure, after adherence to an artificial tooth with RelyX Ultimate used in a three-step adhesive strategy. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The load to fracture (N) was recorded, and the mean shear stress (MPa) was calculated with standard deviations (SD) for each group and compared between materials using boxplot graphics. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Tukey-Kramer post hoc test was used to compare the differences (α = 0.05). A meta-analysis focusing on CAD/CAM materials evaluated the magnitude of the difference between groups based on differences in means and effect sizes (α = 0.05; 95% confidence interval [CI]; Z-value = 1.96). Failure mode was determined by microscopic observation and correlated with the maximum load to fracture of the specimen. RESULTS The mean ± SD SBS values were ENA (24.24 ± 9.05 MPa) < ABS (24.01 ± 1.94 MPa) < SUP (29.17 ± 4.78 MPa) < Y-ZPT (37.43 ± 12.20 MPa). The failure modes were mainly adhesive for Y-ZPT, cohesive for SUP and ENA, and cohesive with plastic deformation for ABS. CONCLUSION Vita Enamic, Suprinity, Y-ZPT zirconia, and 3D-printed ABS RBBs are optional materials for rehabilitating MLIA. The option for each material is conditioned to estimate the time of use and necessity of removal for orthodontic or surgical techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Calheiros-Lobo
- UNIPRO - Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS-CESPU), Gandra, Portugal
- Conservative Dentistry, Department of Dental Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS(IUCS-CESPU), Gandra, Portugal
| | | | - Ricardo Carbas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- INEGI - Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lucas F M da Silva
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- INEGI - Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Teresa Pinho
- UNIPRO - Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS-CESPU), Gandra, Portugal
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Institute of Innovation and Investigation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bidadi J, Saeidi Googarchin H, Akhavan-Safar A, da Silva LFM. Effects of Mode Mixity and Loading Rate on Fracture Behavior of Cracked Thin-Walled 304L Stainless Steel Sheets with Large Non-Linear Plastic Deformation. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:7690. [PMID: 38138831 PMCID: PMC10745099 DOI: 10.3390/ma16247690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the mixed-mode I/II fracture behavior of O-notched diagonally loaded square plate (DLSP) samples containing an edge crack within the O-notch. This investigation aims to explore the combined effects of loading rate and mode mixity on the fracture properties of steel 304L, utilizing DLSP samples. The DLSP samples, made from strain-hardening steel 304L, were tested at three different loading rates: 1, 50, and 400 mm/min, covering five mode mixities from pure mode I to pure mode II. Additionally, tensile tests were performed on dumbbell-shaped specimens at the same loading rates to examine their influence on the material's mechanical properties. The findings revealed that stress and strain diagrams derived from the dumbbell-shaped samples were largely independent of the tested loading rates (i.e., 1-400 mm/min). Furthermore, experimental results from DLSP samples showed no significant impact of the loading rates on the maximum load values, but did indicate an increase in the ultimate displacement. In contrast to the loading rate, mode mixity exhibited a notable effect on the fracture behavior of DLSP samples. Ultimately, it was observed that the loading rate had an insignificant effect on the fracture path or trajectory of the tested DLSP samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Bidadi
- Automotive Fluid and Structures Analysis Research Laboratory, School of Automotive Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran 13114-16846, Iran;
| | - Hamed Saeidi Googarchin
- Automotive Fluid and Structures Analysis Research Laboratory, School of Automotive Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran 13114-16846, Iran;
| | - Alireza Akhavan-Safar
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Lucas F. M. da Silva
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rodrigues VCMB, Marques EAS, Carbas RJC, Youngberg M, Dussaud A, Beygi R, da Silva LFM. The Development and Study of a New Silylated Polyurethane-Based Flexible Adhesive-Part 2: Joint Testing and Numerical Modelling. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:7022. [PMID: 37959619 PMCID: PMC10649326 DOI: 10.3390/ma16217022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The need for more sustainable adhesive formulations has presented the possibility of using silane-based adhesives in the automotive industry. In this work, a dual-cure two-component silylated polyurethane resin (SPUR) adhesive was tested in single-lap joints, to assess in-joint behaviour at room temperature under quasi-static conditions for aluminium substrates. The effect of two different overlap lengths, 25 and 50 mm, was also considered. A numerical model was built using cohesive zone modelling in finite element software, to reproduce the mechanical behaviour of the joint. The model was fed with data experimentally withdrawn from the first part of this paper. A triangular-shaped cohesive zone model (CZM) law was chosen as the adhesive behaviour was highly elastic and lacked yielding phenomena. The experimental results served as the base for the numerical validation, allowing accurate CZM parameters to be successfully determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasco C. M. B. Rodrigues
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (V.C.M.B.R.); (R.J.C.C.)
| | - Eduardo A. S. Marques
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (E.A.S.M.); (L.F.M.d.S.)
| | - Ricardo J. C. Carbas
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (V.C.M.B.R.); (R.J.C.C.)
| | - Michael Youngberg
- Momentive Performance Materials Inc., 769 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA; (M.Y.); (A.D.)
| | - Anne Dussaud
- Momentive Performance Materials Inc., 769 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA; (M.Y.); (A.D.)
| | - Reza Beygi
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (V.C.M.B.R.); (R.J.C.C.)
| | - Lucas F. M. da Silva
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (E.A.S.M.); (L.F.M.d.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Malekinejad H, Carbas RJC, Akhavan-Safar A, Marques EAS, Castro Sousa F, da Silva LFM. Enhancing Fatigue Life and Strength of Adhesively Bonded Composite Joints: A Comprehensive Review. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:6468. [PMID: 37834605 PMCID: PMC10573937 DOI: 10.3390/ma16196468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Adhesive bonding is widely seen as the most optimal method for joining composite materials, bringing significant benefits over mechanical joining, such as lower weight and reduced stress concentrations. Adhesively bonded composite joints find extensive applications where cyclic fatigue loading takes place, but this might ultimately lead to crack damage and safety issues. Consequently, it has become essential to study how these structures behave under fatigue loads and identify the remaining gaps in knowledge to give insights into new possibilities. The fatigue life of adhesively bonded composite joints is influenced by various parameters, including joint configuration and material properties of adherends and adhesive. Numerous studies with varying outcomes have been documented in the literature. However, due to the multitude of influential factors, deriving conclusive insights from these studies for practical design purposes has proven to be challenging. Hence, this review aims to address this challenge by discussing different methods to enhance the fatigue performance of adhesively bonded composite joints. Additionally, it provides a comprehensive overview of the existing literature on adhesively bonded composite joints under cyclic fatigue loading, focusing on three main aspects: Adherends modification, adhesive modification, and joint configurations. Since the effect of modifying the adhesive, adherends, and joint configurations on fatigue performance has not been comprehensively studied in the literature, this review aims to fill this gap by compiling and comparing the relevant experimental data. Furthermore, this review discusses the challenges and limitations associated with the methods that can be used to monitor the initiation and propagation of fatigue cracks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Malekinejad
- Instituto de Ciência e Inovação em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo J. C. Carbas
- Instituto de Ciência e Inovação em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Faculdade de Engenharia (FEUP), Universidade Do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Alireza Akhavan-Safar
- Instituto de Ciência e Inovação em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo A. S. Marques
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Faculdade de Engenharia (FEUP), Universidade Do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Castro Sousa
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Faculdade de Engenharia (FEUP), Universidade Do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lucas F. M. da Silva
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Faculdade de Engenharia (FEUP), Universidade Do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Simões BD, Marques EAS, Carbas RJC, Maul S, Stihler P, Weißgraeber P, da Silva LFM. Rheological and Mechanical Properties of an Acrylic PSA. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3843. [PMID: 37765696 PMCID: PMC10537401 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The adhesion of pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) is a complex phenomenon that can be understood through the characterization of different properties, including viscoelastic, mechanical, and fracture properties. The aim of the present paper is to determine the viscoelastic behaviour of an acrylic PSA and place it in the viscoelastic window, as well as to determine the tensile strength of the material. Additionally, different numbers of stacked adhesive layers and two crosshead speeds were applied to characterize the tensile strength of the adhesive in the different conditions. Adding a new interface between layers showed a negative influence in the tensile strength, while a higher crosshead speed implied a considerable increase in the same value. Finally, double cantilever beam (DCB) fracture tests were performed, and the J-integral approach was used to evaluate the fracture energy throughout the tests. The substrate roughness, the number of stacked layers, and the thickness of the PSA proved to decrease the performance of the PSA in fracture tests. While tensile bulk tests in viscoelastic materials are not easily found in the literature, as well as DCB tests, for fracture characterization, the obtained results allowed for the characterization of those properties in an acrylic PSA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz D. Simões
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo A. S. Marques
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo J. C. Carbas
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Steven Maul
- Robert Bosch GmbH, Corporate Research and Advance Engineering, 71272 Renningen, Germany (P.S.)
| | - P. Stihler
- Robert Bosch GmbH, Corporate Research and Advance Engineering, 71272 Renningen, Germany (P.S.)
| | - Philipp Weißgraeber
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Marine Technology, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Lucas F. M. da Silva
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ribas MJP, Akhavan-Safar A, Pigray N, Carbas RJC, Marques EAS, Borges CSP, Wenig S, da Silva LFM. From High Strain Rates to Elevated Temperatures: Investigating Mixed-Mode Fracture Behaviour in a Polyurethane Adhesive. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2675. [PMID: 37376321 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The investigation of the behaviour of adhesive joints under high strain rates is an active area of research, primarily due to the widespread use of adhesives in various industries, including automotive manufacturing. Understanding how adhesives perform when subjected to high strain rates is crucial for designing vehicle structures. Additionally, it is particularly important to comprehend the behaviour of adhesive joints when exposed to elevated temperatures. Therefore, this study aims to analyse the impact of strain rate and temperature on the mixed-mode fracture characteristics of a polyurethane adhesive. To achieve this, mixed-mode bending tests were conducted on test specimens. These specimens were subjected to three different strain rates (0.2 mm/min, 200 mm/min, and 6000 mm/min) and tested at temperatures ranging from -30 °C to 60 °C. The crack size was measured using a compliance-based method during the tests. For temperatures above Tg, the maximum load supported by the specimen increased with an increasing loading rate. GI increased by a factor of 35 for an intermediate strain rate and 38 for a high strain rate from low temperature (-30 °C) to room temperature (23 °C). GII also increased for the same conditions by a factor of 25 and 95 times, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria J P Ribas
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Alireza Akhavan-Safar
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nicolas Pigray
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo J C Carbas
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo A S Marques
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina S P Borges
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sabine Wenig
- Sika Automotive AG, Kreuzlingerstrasse 35, 8590 Romanshorn, Switzerland
| | - Lucas F M da Silva
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ramezani F, Carbas RJC, Marques EAS, da Silva LFM. Study of Hybrid Composite Joints with Thin-Ply-Reinforced Adherends. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:ma16114002. [PMID: 37297137 DOI: 10.3390/ma16114002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that a possible solution to reducing delamination in a unidirectional composite laminate lies in the replacement of conventional carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer layers with optimized thin-ply layers, thus creating hybrid laminates. This leads to an increase in the transverse tensile strength of the hybrid composite laminate. This study investigates the performance of a hybrid composite laminate reinforced by thin plies used as adherends in bonded single lap joints. Two different composites with the commercial references Texipreg HS 160 T700 and NTPT-TP415 were used as the conventional composite and thin-ply material, respectively. Three configurations were considered in this study: two reference single lap joints with a conventional composite or thin ply used as the adherends and a hybrid single lap. The joints were quasi-statically loaded and recorded with a high-speed camera, allowing for the determination of damage initiation sites. Numerical models of the joints were also created, allowing for a better understanding of the underlying failure mechanisms and the identification of the damage initiation sites. The results show a significant increase in tensile strength for the hybrid joints compared to the conventional ones as a result of changes in the damage initiation sites and the level of delamination present in the joint.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farin Ramezani
- Instituto de Ciência e Inovação Em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo J C Carbas
- Instituto de Ciência e Inovação Em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Faculdade de Engenharia (FEUP), Universidade Do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo A S Marques
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Faculdade de Engenharia (FEUP), Universidade Do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lucas F M da Silva
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Faculdade de Engenharia (FEUP), Universidade Do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Calheiros-Lobo MJ, Vieira T, Carbas R, da Silva LFM, Pinho T. Effectiveness of Self-Adhesive Resin Luting Cement in CAD-CAM Blocks-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:2996. [PMID: 37109832 PMCID: PMC10140979 DOI: 10.3390/ma16082996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Self-adhesive resin cements (SARCs) are used because of their mechanical properties, ease of cementation protocols, and lack of requirements for acid conditioning or adhesive systems. SARCs are generally dual-cured, photoactivated, and self-cured, with a slight increase in acidic pH, allowing self-adhesiveness and increasing resistance to hydrolysis. This systematic review assessed the adhesive strength of SARC systems luted to different substrates and computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) ceramic blocks. The PubMed/MedLine and Science Direct databases were searched using the Boolean formula [((dental or tooth) AND (self-adhesive) AND (luting or cement) AND CAD-CAM) NOT (endodontics or implants)]. Of the 199 articles obtained, 31 were selected for the quality assessment. Lava Ultimate (resin matrix filled with nanoceramic) and Vita Enamic (polymer-infiltrated ceramic) blocks were the most tested. Rely X Unicem 2 was the most tested resin cement, followed by Rely X Unicem > Ultimate > U200, and μTBS was the test most used. The meta-analysis confirmed the substrate-dependent adhesive strength of SARCs, with significant differences between them and between SARCs and conventional resin-based adhesive cement (α < 0.05). SARCs are promising. However, one must be aware of the differences in the adhesive strengths. An appropriate combination of materials must be considered to improve the durability and stability of restorations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Calheiros-Lobo
- UNIPRO—Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
- Conservative Dentistry, Department of Dental Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Tatiana Vieira
- UNIPRO—Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Carbas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- INEGI—Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lucas F. M. da Silva
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- INEGI—Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Teresa Pinho
- UNIPRO—Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
- IBMC—Instituto Biologia Molecular e Celular, i3S—Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Institute of Innovation and Investigation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Correia DS, Costa ID, Simões BD, Marques EAS, Carbas RJC, da Silva LFM. Development of a Unified Specimen for Adhesive Characterisation-Part 1: Numerical Study on the Mode I (mDCB) and II (ELS) Fracture Components. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:2951. [PMID: 37109787 PMCID: PMC10145897 DOI: 10.3390/ma16082951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Adhesives are increasingly being employed in industrial applications as a replacement for traditional mechanical joining methods, since they enable improvements in the strength-to-weight ratio and lower the cost of the overall structures. This has led to a need for adhesive mechanical characterisation techniques that can provide the data needed to build advanced numerical models, allowing structural designers to expedite the adhesive selection process and grant precise optimisation of bonded connection performance. However, mechanically mapping the behaviour of an adhesive involves numerous different standards resulting in a complex network of various specimens, testing procedures and data reduction methods that concern techniques which are exceedingly complex, time-consuming, and expensive. As such, and to address this problem, a novel fully integrated experimental characterisation tool is being developed to significantly reduce all the issues associated with adhesive characterisation. In this work, a numerical optimisation of the unified specimen's fracture toughness components, comprising the combined mode I (modified double cantilever beam) and II (end-loaded split) test, was performed. This was achieved by computing the desired behaviour as a function of the apparatus' and specimens' geometries, through several dimensional parameters, and by testing different adhesives, widening the range of applications of this tool. In the end, a custom data reduction scheme was deduced and set of design guidelines was defined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S. Correia
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês D. Costa
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Beatriz D. Simões
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo A. S. Marques
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering (FEUP), University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo J. C. Carbas
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lucas F. M. da Silva
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering (FEUP), University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Simões BD, Fernandes ÉMD, Marques EAS, Carbas RJC, Maul S, Stihler P, Weißgraeber P, da Silva LFM. An Exploratory Study on Determining and Modeling the Creep Behavior of an Acrylic Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:2029. [PMID: 36903144 PMCID: PMC10004165 DOI: 10.3390/ma16052029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In the present paper, an exploratory study on the creep behavior of a pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) is performed. After the determination of the quasi-static behavior of the adhesive for bulk specimens and single lap joints (SLJ), SLJs were subjected to creep tests at 80%, 60%, and 30% of their respective failure load. It was verified that the durability of the joints increases under static creep conditions as the load level decreases, with the second phase of the creep curve becoming more pronounced, where the strain rate is close to zero. In addition, cyclic creep tests were performed for the 30% load level at a frequency of 0.04 Hz. Finally, an analytical model was applied to the experimental results in order to reproduce the values obtained for both static and cyclic tests. The model was found to be effective, reproducing the three phases of the curves which allowed for the characterization of the full creep curve, something not commonly found in the literature, especially for PSAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz D. Simões
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Élio M. D. Fernandes
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo A. S. Marques
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo J. C. Carbas
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Steven Maul
- Robert Bosch GmbH, Corporate Research and Advance Engineering, 71272 Renningen, Germany
| | - Patrick Stihler
- Robert Bosch GmbH, Corporate Research and Advance Engineering, 71272 Renningen, Germany
| | - Philipp Weißgraeber
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Marine Technology, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Lucas F. M. da Silva
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Salamat-Talab M, Akhavan-Safar A, Zeinolabedin-Beygi A, Carbas RJC, da Silva LFM. Effect of Through-the-Thickness Delamination Position on the R-Curve Behavior of Plain-Woven ENF Specimens. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:1811. [PMID: 36902925 PMCID: PMC10004044 DOI: 10.3390/ma16051811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of through-the-thickness delamination plane position on the R-curve behavior of end-notch-flexure (ENF) specimens was investigated using experimental and numerical procedures. From the experimental point of view, plain-woven E-glass/epoxy ENF specimens with two different delamination planes, i.e., [012//012] and [017//07], were manufactured by hand lay-up method. Afterward, fracture tests were conducted on the specimens by aiding ASTM standards. The main three parameters of R-curves, including the initiation and propagation of mode II interlaminar fracture toughness and the fracture process zone length, were analyzed. The experimental results revealed that changing the delamination position in ENF specimen has a negligible effect on the initiation and steady steady-state toughness values of delamination. In the numerical part, the virtual crack closure technique (VCCT) was used in order to analyze the imitation delamination toughness as well as the contribution of another mode on the obtained delamination toughness. The numerical results indicated that by choosing an appropriate value of cohesive parameters, the trilinear cohesive zone model (CZM) is capable of predicting the initiation as well as propagation of the ENF specimens. Finally, the damage mechanisms at the delaminated interface were investigated with microscopic images taken using a scanning electron microscope.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mazaher Salamat-Talab
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Arak University of Technology, Arak 38181-41167, Iran
| | - Alireza Akhavan-Safar
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ali Zeinolabedin-Beygi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Arak University of Technology, Arak 38181-41167, Iran
| | - Ricardo J. C. Carbas
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lucas F. M. da Silva
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Moreira BS, Nunes PDP, da Silva CM, Tenreiro AFG, Lopes AM, Carbas RJC, Marques EAS, Parente MPL, da Silva LFM. Numerical Design of a Thread-Optimized Gripping System for Lap Joint Testing in a Split Hopkinson Apparatus. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:2273. [PMID: 36850872 PMCID: PMC9964832 DOI: 10.3390/s23042273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Currently, few experimental methods exist that enable the mechanical characterization of adhesives under high strain rates. One such method is the Split Hopkinson Bar (SHB) test. The mechanical characterization of adhesives is performed using different specimen configurations, such as Single Lap Joint (SLJ) specimens. A gripping system, attached to the bars through threading, was conceived to enable the testing of SLJs. An optimization study for selecting the best thread was performed, analyzing the thread type, the nominal diameter, and the thread pitch. Afterwards, the gripping system geometry was numerically evaluated. The optimal threaded connection for the specimen consists of a trapezoidal thread with a 14 mm diameter and a 2 mm thread pitch. To validate the gripping system, the load-displacement (P-δ) curve of an SLJ, which was simulated as if it were tested on the SHB apparatus, was compared with an analogous curve from a validated drop-weight test numerical model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo S. Moreira
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Faculdade de Engenharia (FEUP), Universidade do Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo D. P. Nunes
- Instituto de Ciência e Inovação em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial (INEGI), Campus da FEUP, R. Dr. Roberto Frias 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos M. da Silva
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Faculdade de Engenharia (FEUP), Universidade do Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - António Francisco G. Tenreiro
- Instituto de Ciência e Inovação em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial (INEGI), Campus da FEUP, R. Dr. Roberto Frias 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - António M. Lopes
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Faculdade de Engenharia (FEUP), Universidade do Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciência e Inovação em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial (INEGI), Campus da FEUP, R. Dr. Roberto Frias 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo J. C. Carbas
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Faculdade de Engenharia (FEUP), Universidade do Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciência e Inovação em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial (INEGI), Campus da FEUP, R. Dr. Roberto Frias 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo A. S. Marques
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Faculdade de Engenharia (FEUP), Universidade do Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciência e Inovação em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial (INEGI), Campus da FEUP, R. Dr. Roberto Frias 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marco P. L. Parente
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Faculdade de Engenharia (FEUP), Universidade do Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciência e Inovação em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial (INEGI), Campus da FEUP, R. Dr. Roberto Frias 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lucas F. M. da Silva
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Faculdade de Engenharia (FEUP), Universidade do Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciência e Inovação em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial (INEGI), Campus da FEUP, R. Dr. Roberto Frias 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ramezani F, Simões BD, Carbas RJC, Marques EAS, da Silva LFM. Developments in Laminate Modification of Adhesively Bonded Composite Joints. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:568. [PMID: 36676305 PMCID: PMC9861377 DOI: 10.3390/ma16020568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The use of carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) materials is increasing in many different industries, such as those operating in the aviation, marine, and automotive sectors. In these applications, composite parts are often joined with other composite or metallic parts, where adhesive bonding plays a key role. Unlike conventional joining methods, adhesive bonding does not add weight or require the drilling of holes, both of which are major sources of stress concentration. The performance of a composite joint is dependent on multiple factors and can be improved by modifying the adhesive layer or the composite layup of the adherend. Moreover, joint geometry, surface preparation, and the manufacturing methods used for production are also important factors. The present work reviews recent developments on the design and manufacture of adhesively bonded joints with composite substrates, with particular interest in adherend modification techniques. The effects of stacking sequence, use of thin-plies, composite metal laminates and its specific surface preparations, and the use of toughened surface layers in the composite adherends are described for adhesively bonded CFRP structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farin Ramezani
- Instituto de Ciência e Inovação em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Beatriz D. Simões
- Instituto de Ciência e Inovação em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo J. C. Carbas
- Instituto de Ciência e Inovação em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo A. S. Marques
- Instituto de Ciência e Inovação em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lucas F. M. da Silva
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Faculdade de Engenharia (FEUP), Universidade Do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Akhavan-Safar A, Eisaabadi Bozchaloei G, Jalali S, Beygi R, Ayatollahi MR, da Silva LFM. Impact Fatigue Life of Adhesively Bonded Composite-Steel Joints Enhanced with the Bi-Adhesive Technique. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:419. [PMID: 36614758 PMCID: PMC9822137 DOI: 10.3390/ma16010419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
One of the most common loading conditions that bonded joints experience in service is repeated impact. Despite the destructive effects of impact fatigue, the behavior of metal-composite bonded joints subjected to repeated impact loads has rarely been studied in the literature. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to pay attention to this phenomenon on the one hand and to find solutions to improve the impact fatigue life of bonded composite metal components on the other hand. Accordingly, in this study, the use of the bi-adhesive technique is proposed to improve the durability of composite-metal single-lap joints (SLJs) under impact fatigue loading conditions. J-N (energy-life) method is also used to analyze the experimental data obtained. Accordingly, in the present study, the impact fatigue behavior of single adhesive metal to composite joints was analyzed experimentally based on the J-N method and also numerically using the finite element method (FEM). By using two adhesives along a single overlap, the impact fatigue life of joints between dissimilar composite and metal joints was also analyzed experimentally. The results show that the double adhesives technique can significantly improve the impact fatigue life of the tested joints. It was also found that the optimum length ratio of the adhesives (the length covered by the ductile adhesive relative to the total overlap size) is a function of the stiffness of the joint and is more pronounced for less stiff bonded joints. A linear elastic numerical analysis was also conducted to evaluate the stress state along the bloodline of the bonded joints. Results show that the compressive peel stress made at the boundary of the two adhesives can be a possible reason behind the different results observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Akhavan-Safar
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Materials Engineering and Metallurgy, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak 3815688349, Iran
| | - Ghasem Eisaabadi Bozchaloei
- Department of Materials Engineering and Metallurgy, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak 3815688349, Iran
| | - Shahin Jalali
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecanica, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Reza Beygi
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Materials Engineering and Metallurgy, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak 3815688349, Iran
| | - Majid R. Ayatollahi
- Fatigue and Fracture Research Laboratory, Center of Excellence in Experimental Solid Mechanics and Dynamics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran 16846, Iran
| | - Lucas F. M. da Silva
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecanica, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Borges CSP, Jalali S, Tsokanas P, Marques EAS, Carbas RJC, da Silva LFM. Sustainable Development Approaches through Wooden Adhesive Joints Design. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010089. [PMID: 36616439 PMCID: PMC9823423 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Over recent decades, the need to comply with environmental standards has become a concern in many industrial sectors. As a result, manufacturers have increased their use of eco-friendly, recycled, recyclable, and, overall, more sustainable materials and industrial techniques. One technique highly dependent on petroleum-based products, and at the edge of a paradigm change, is adhesive bonding. Adhesive bonding is often used to join composite materials and depends upon an adhesive to achieve the connection. However, the matrices of the composite materials and the adhesives used, as well as, in some cases, the composite fibres, are manufactured from petrochemical products. Efforts to use natural composites and adhesives are therefore ongoing. One composite that has proven to be promising is wood due to its high strength and stiffness (particularly when it is densified), formability, and durability. However, wood must be very carefully characterised since its properties can be variable, depending on the slope of the grains, irregularities (such as knots, shakes, or splits), and on the location and climate of each individual tree. Therefore, in addition to neat wood, wood composites may also be a promising option to increase sustainability, with more predictable properties. To bond wood or wooden composite substrates, bio-adhesives can be considered. These adhesives are now formulated with increasingly enhanced mechanical properties and are becoming promising alternatives at the structural application level. In this paper, wooden adhesive joints are surveyed considering bio-adhesives and wood-based substrates, taking into consideration the recent approaches to improve these base materials, accurately characterise them, and implement them in adhesive joints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catarina S. P. Borges
- Instituto de Ciência e Inovação em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial (INEGI), Campus da FEUP, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Shahin Jalali
- Instituto de Ciência e Inovação em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial (INEGI), Campus da FEUP, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Panayiotis Tsokanas
- Instituto de Ciência e Inovação em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial (INEGI), Campus da FEUP, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo A. S. Marques
- Instituto de Ciência e Inovação em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial (INEGI), Campus da FEUP, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo J. C. Carbas
- Instituto de Ciência e Inovação em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial (INEGI), Campus da FEUP, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Lucas F. M. da Silva
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Faculdade de Engenharia (FEUP), Universidade do Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Calheiros-Lobo MJ, Carbas R, da Silva LFM, Pinho T. Impact of in vitro findings on clinical protocols for the adhesion of CAD-CAM blocks: A systematic integrative review and meta-analysis. J Prosthet Dent 2022:S0022-3913(22)00551-0. [PMID: 36543700 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2022.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) blocks have evolved rapidly, making it difficult to establish the best clinical protocol for bonding a given block and whether an established protocol is appropriate for a newly introduced product. PURPOSE This integrative systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to clarify whether the clinician can select the most efficient adhesion protocols for CAD-CAM blocks by reading published in vitro studies and implementing them in daily practice. MATERIAL AND METHODS Based on the population, intervention, comparison, and outcome (PICO) strategy, 3 databases were searched for in vitro studies, randomized clinical trials, prospective or retrospective studies, and case reports from January 1, 2015, to July 31, 2021. A meta-analysis analyzed 28 studies to calculate the mean difference between best and worst protocols for each author and block with a random-effects model (α=.05). RESULTS From 508 relevant studies, 37 in vitro studies, 2 clinical studies, and 1 clinical report were selected for data extraction and qualitative analysis. Vita Enamic, IPS e.max CAD, LAVA Ultimate, and Vita Mark II blocks were the most studied, and RelyX Ultimate was the most used luting cement. The meta-analysis confirmed the null hypothesis that the evidence-based efficacy of clinical protocols to bond CAD-CAM blocks is still controversial (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS There are objective standards for individual in vitro tests, but the studies lack standardization. Some tested protocols were more efficient than others. Randomized clinical trials and well-documented clinical situations were almost nonexistent, making direct application of in vitro findings in clinical practice impossible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Calheiros-Lobo
- Clinical Professor, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Researcher, UNIPRO - Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, IUCS - CESPU, Gandra, Portugal.
| | - Ricardo Carbas
- Postdoctoral Researcher, INEGI - Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lucas F M da Silva
- Full Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Teresa Pinho
- Full Professor and Researcher, UNIPRO - Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, IUCS - CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Perez M, Akhavan-Safar A, Carbas RJC, Marques EAS, Wenig S, da Silva LFM. Loading Rate and Temperature Interaction Effects on the Mode I Fracture Response of a Ductile Polyurethane Adhesive Used in the Automotive Industry. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:8948. [PMID: 36556755 PMCID: PMC9781555 DOI: 10.3390/ma15248948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Due to their high elongation at failure and damping capacity, polyurethanes are one of the main types of adhesives used in automotive structures. However, despite the wide range of applications of adhesives, their fracture mechanics behavior is still poorly studied in the literature, especially when both the loading rate and ambient temperature change. Accordingly, the main aim of the current work is to deal with the research gap. In the current research, mode I fracture energy of a ductile polyurethane adhesive with adaptive properties for its industrial application is determined at different test speeds and temperatures. Tests were done at quasi-static, intermediate, and high-speed levels and each at three different temperatures, including low, high, and room temperature. Mode I fracture toughness was determined using DCB tests. Increasing the loading rate from quasi-static to 6000 mm/min was found to significantly increase the maximum strength of the tested DCBs (from 1770 N to about 4180 N). The greatest sensitivity to the loading rate was observed for the DCBs tested at room temperature, where the fracture energy increased by a factor of 3.5 from quasi-static (0.2 mm/min) to a high loading rate (6000 mm/min). The stiffness analysis of the DCB samples showed that the transition from below the Tg to room temperature decreases the bond stiffness by about 60%, while a further temperature increase (from 23 °C to 60 °C) has no significant effect on this parameter. Since polyurethane-bonded joints often experience a wide range of temperatures and loading rates in service, the obtained results can be used to design these joints more securely against such loading/environmental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mael Perez
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecanica, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Alireza Akhavan-Safar
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo J. C. Carbas
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo A. S. Marques
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sabine Wenig
- Sika Automotive AG, Kreuzlingerstrasse 35, 8590 Romanshorn, Switzerland
| | - Lucas F. M. da Silva
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecanica, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
de Castro Lopes FVB, Akhavan‐Safar A, Carbas RJC, Marques EAS, Goyal R, Jennings J, da Silva LFM. The interaction of loading mode and humidity on the properties degradation of an epoxy adhesive subjected to strength, fracture, and fatigue tests. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alireza Akhavan‐Safar
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI) Porto Portugal
| | - Ricardo J. C. Carbas
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI) Porto Portugal
| | - Eduardo A. S. Marques
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI) Porto Portugal
| | - Rakesh Goyal
- Deere & Company, Enterprise Technology and Engineering Center Pune India
| | - Justin Jennings
- Deere & Company, Intelligent Solutions Group Moline Illinois USA
| | - Lucas F. M. da Silva
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering University of Porto Porto Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Simões BD, Nunes PDP, Ramezani F, Carbas RJC, Marques EAS, da Silva LFM. Experimental and Numerical Study of Thermal Residual Stresses on Multimaterial Adherends in Single-Lap Joints. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:8541. [PMID: 36500037 PMCID: PMC9739702 DOI: 10.3390/ma15238541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The presence of residual stresses in composite materials can significantly affect material performance, especially when integrated in bonded joints. These stresses, often generated during the cure process, can cause cracking and distortion of the material, and are caused by differences in the coefficients of thermal expansion or cure shrinkage. In the current research, multimaterial adherends combining carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) and aluminium in a single-lap joint (SLJ) configuration are analysed, allowing us to understand the effect of the thermal residual stresses, developed during the curing process, in the overall performance of the joints. A numerical model resorting to a finite element analysis (FEA) is developed to assess and predict the behaviour of the joints. The use of FML (fibre metal laminates) was found to significantly improve the strength of the joints, as well as the failure mode. The proposed geometry performed similarly to the comparable FML geometry, in addition to a decrease in the joint weight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz D. Simões
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo D. P. Nunes
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Farin Ramezani
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo J. C. Carbas
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo A. S. Marques
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lucas F. M. da Silva
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Corte-Real LMRM, Jalali S, Borges CSP, Marques EAS, Carbas RJC, da Silva LFM. Development and Characterisation of Joints with Novel Densified and Wood/Cork Composite Substrates. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:7163. [PMID: 36295230 PMCID: PMC9605562 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The automotive industry, driven by the desire to decrease the environmental impact of vehicles, is permanently seeking to develop lightweight structural components, which lead to lower gas emissions and energy consumption, reducing their carbon footprint. In parallel, adopting innovative, constructive solutions, which dispense non-recyclable and energy-intensive materials, can increase the footprint reduction. Thus, an increase in the use of renewable materials for structural applications, including wood and its by-products, has been observed over the last few decades. Furthermore, composite materials are often joined by using petroleum-based synthetic adhesives, which should be progressively replaced by eco-friendly bio-adhesives. In this study, novel densified wood and wood/cork composites, joined with a bio-adhesive, are proposed and characterised. The densification of the wood aims to enhance the mechanical properties of the natural material, with the purpose of improving the energy absorption of the wood/bio-adhesive joint. To mitigate delamination and the brittle behaviour of wood/cork agglomerates were introduced between the wood substrate and the bio-adhesive. Different configurations of single lap joints (SLJ) were manufactured to study the effect of the overlap length and loading rate on the performance of the joints, both in terms of failure load and energy absorption. Afterward, the joints were numerically simulated. The densification process was successful, although it represents an additional challenge in terms of surface flatness, because the bio-adhesive requires zero bondline thickness. The increase of the overlap had a positive impact on the energy absorption of the joint, and the addition of cork resulted in a more consistent failure mode and higher strain to failure. The numerical models developed had a good correlation with the experimental results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis M. R. M. Corte-Real
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Faculdade de Engenharia (FEUP), Universidade do Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Shahin Jalali
- Instituto de Ciência e Inovação em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial (INEGI), Campus da FEUP, R. Dr. Roberto Frias 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina S. P. Borges
- Instituto de Ciência e Inovação em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial (INEGI), Campus da FEUP, R. Dr. Roberto Frias 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo A. S. Marques
- Instituto de Ciência e Inovação em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial (INEGI), Campus da FEUP, R. Dr. Roberto Frias 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo J. C. Carbas
- Instituto de Ciência e Inovação em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial (INEGI), Campus da FEUP, R. Dr. Roberto Frias 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lucas F. M. da Silva
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Faculdade de Engenharia (FEUP), Universidade do Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
NajiMehr H, Shariati M, Zamani P, da Silva LFM, Ghahremani Moghadam D. Investigating on the influence of multi‐walled carbon nanotube and graphene nanoplatelet additives on residual strength of bonded joints subjected to partial fatigue loading. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hasan NajiMehr
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Mashhad Iran
| | - Mahmoud Shariati
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Mashhad Iran
| | - Pedram Zamani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Mashhad Iran
| | - Lucas F. M. da Silva
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering University of Porto Porto Portugal
| | - Danial Ghahremani Moghadam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Quchan University of Technology Quchan Iran
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Teixeira P, Akhavan‐Safar A, Carbas RJC, da Silva LFM. Influence of the cure state on mechanical properties of an epoxy‐based adhesive: Experimental characterization and numerical simulation. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Teixeira
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI) Porto Portugal
| | - Alireza Akhavan‐Safar
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI) Porto Portugal
| | - Ricardo J. C. Carbas
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI) Porto Portugal
| | - Lucas F. M. da Silva
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Faculdade de Engenharia Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Carneiro Neto RM, Akhavan‐Safar A, Sampaio EM, Assis JT, da Silva LFM. Effect of creep on the mode II residual fracture energy of adhesives. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ranulfo M. Carneiro Neto
- Center of Technology and Application of Composite Materials Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Macaé Brazil
| | - Alireza Akhavan‐Safar
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI) Porto Portugal
| | - Eduardo M. Sampaio
- Laboratory of Adhesion and Adherence University of State of Rio de Janeiro, Polytechnic Institute Nova Friburgo Brazil
| | - Joaquim T. Assis
- Laboratory of Adhesion and Adherence University of State of Rio de Janeiro, Polytechnic Institute Nova Friburgo Brazil
| | - Lucas F. M. da Silva
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Faculdade de Engenharia Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias Porto Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Santos JPJR, Marques EAS, Carbas RJC, Gilbert F, da Silva LFM. Experimental Study of the Impact of Glass Beads on Adhesive Joint Strength and Its Failure Mechanism. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14227013. [PMID: 34832412 PMCID: PMC8620911 DOI: 10.3390/ma14227013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of modern structural adhesives provides a lightweight, practical, and high strength joining methodology, which is increasingly being adopted in the automotive and aeronautical sectors, among many others. However, the strict mechanical performance standards that must be met in these applications require a constant search for ways of improving the adhesives’ behavior, which has led to the growing use of reinforcements as a way of improving the capabilities of bonded joints. The aim of this work was, thus, to analyze how the addition of inorganic fillers to the adhesive layer affects a joint’s strength and its failure mechanism. To this end, single lap joint specimens with mild steel and high strength steel substrates were tested, at quasi-static speeds, and with different amounts of glass microspheres reinforcing two different structural adhesives. The experimental results indicated that the addition of glass particles reduced the joint performance for both substrates under study. Furthermore, the failure pattern was found to evolve from adhesive failure to a cohesive type of failure as the amount of glass particles present in the adhesive was increased.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João P. J. R. Santos
- Instituto de Ciência e Inovação em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial (INEGI), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (J.P.J.R.S.); (R.J.C.C.)
| | - Eduardo A. S. Marques
- Instituto de Ciência e Inovação em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial (INEGI), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (J.P.J.R.S.); (R.J.C.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ricardo J. C. Carbas
- Instituto de Ciência e Inovação em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial (INEGI), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (J.P.J.R.S.); (R.J.C.C.)
| | | | - Lucas F. M. da Silva
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Faculdade de Engenharia (FEUP), Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Carbas RJC, da Silva LFM, Andrés LFS. The Mechanical Response of a Structural Epoxy Adhesive Reinforced with Carbon Black Nanoparticles. Microsc Microanal 2019; 25:187-191. [PMID: 30231947 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927618015106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The influence of the concentration of carbon black nanoparticles on the mechanical behavior of a structural adhesive was studied to evaluate and understand the stiffness, strength, and deformation behavior of a reinforced epoxy adhesive. Two carbon black nanoparticles with different dielectric properties and sizes (Monarch® 120 and Vulcan® XC72R) were studied. A bi-component structural epoxy adhesive was selected. Specimens with different concentrations of carbon black were manufactured (0, 5, 10, and 20% on volume of resin) for each type of nanoparticle. The specimens were cured in a hydraulic hot-plates press machine. The mechanical behavior of the adhesives was found not to vary significantly as a function of carbon black nanoparticles amount. A scanning electron microscopy analysis was performed to evaluate the fracture surface. The fracture surfaces of specimens were correlated with the mechanical response obtained through tensile tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo J C Carbas
- 1Faculty of Engineering,Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI),University of Porto,4200-465 Porto,Portugal
| | - Lucas F M da Silva
- 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,University of Porto,4200-465 Porto,Portugal
| | - Luís F S Andrés
- 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,University of Porto,4200-465 Porto,Portugal
| |
Collapse
|